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      ,      1940   1944.,   ,      .       ,             ,   .             1940- .     ,               (           ).    purificarea etnica  epurarea etnica      ,           .

   ,            -     ,          ,               [1 - .: Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).          ,         .       ,    . ,     : Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Benjamin Lieberman, Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006); Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: In 2 vols, vol. I: The Meaning of Genocide, vol. II The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005); Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).].         ,       ,   .          ,               .  ,          ,            .  ,        ,    .

  ,                  ,          ,      ,     [2 -        (Rogers Brubaker): Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), ch. 4: Nationalizing States in the Old New Europe and the New, p.79103.].         ,      :   ,    .     ,             .

   ,    ,         .   ,  ,         ,     ,       [3 -     : Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000); Jean Ancel, Transnistria, 19411942: The Romanian Mass Murder Campaign, Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center, vol. 1, transl. Rachel Garfinkel, Karen Gold (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2003) (2-  3-   ); idem, Contributii la istoria Romaniei. Problema evreiasca, vols. 12 (     ) (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 2001).].       ,        1946.  [4 - Matatias Carp, ed., Cartea neagra. Suferintele evreilor din Romania, 3 vols. (Bucuresti: Diogene, 1996 [Atelierele Grafice Socec, 1946]).]. .     ,         (),      1941.  ,       .     ,                  . .         ,     ,                  .

 1950-1960- .         ,            .     ,      1970- .,             :       ( )  .  ,       ,     [5 - .: Victor Eskenasy, The Holocaust and Romanian Historiography: Communist and Neo-Communist Revisionism, Randolph L. Braham, ed., The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, 1994), pp. 79-194.].         ,   ,         ,    [6 -      ,      .: Comisia Internationala pentru Studierea Holocaustului in Romania, Documente. Ed. de Lya Benjamin (Iasi: Polirom, 2005), pp. 333380.        From Silence to Justification? Moldovan Historians on the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Teansnistrian Jews, Nationalities Papers, 30, nr. 3 (2002), pp. 436457.].      ,     .               2003.               (Elie Wiesel). ,     , ,   ,      2005.,           ,       [7 - ICHR. Final Report.].   ,                ,       .          ,      ,        ,      .

,       ,    ,   ,      .            ,         ,      !      ,   ?  ?  [8 - Irina Livezeanu, The Romanian Holocaust: Family Quarrels, East European Politics and Societies., 16, nr. 3 (2002), pp. 934947,  p. 941.].        ,         :       ,        ;       .      (Timothy Snyder),        ,        [9 - Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, 15691999 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 10.].

     ,       ,     ,        .    ,   ,        ,   ,   ,              [10 - Jean Ancel, ed., Documents Concerning the Romanian Jewry during the Holocaust. 10 vols. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1986; Evreii din Romania intre anii 19401944. Izvoare si marturisiri referitoare la evreii din Romania (serie speciala), : Lya Benjamin, Sergiu Stanciu, eds., vol. I, Legislatia antievreiasca (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1993); Lya Benjamin, ed., vol. II, Problema evreiasca in stenogramele Consiliului de Ministri (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1996); Ion Serbanescu, ed., vol. III, partile III, 19401942: Perioada unei mari retristi (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1997); Ion Serbanescu, ed., vol. IV, 19431944: Bilantul tragediei  renasterea sperantei (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1998).].      ,        ,  ,    [11 - CISHR. Documente, ed., de Lya Benjamin (Iasi: Polirom, 2005); Ottmar Trasca, Dennis Deletant, eds., Al III Reich si Holocaustul din Romania, 19401944. Documente din arhivelee germane (Bucuresti: Editura Institutuiui National pentru Studierea Holocaustului din Romania Elie Wiesel, 2007).].           ,      ,    [12 - Lucian Nastasa, Andrea Varga, eds., Minoritati etnoculturale. Marturii documentare. Tiganii din Romania (19191944) (Cluj-Napoca: Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturala, 2001); Viorel Achim, ed., Documente privind deportarea tiganilor in Transnistria, 2 vols. (Bucuresti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2004).].          ,     [13 - Viorel Achim, Proiectul guvernului de la Bucuresti privind schimbul de populatie romano-ruso-ucrainean (1943), Revista istorica, 11, 9 (2000), pp. 395421; The Romanian Population Exchange Project elaborated by Sabin Manuila in October 1941, Annali dell Instituto storico italo-germanico in Trento, 27 (2001), pp. 593617; Schimbul de populatie in viziunea lui Sabin Manuila, Revista istorica, 13, 56 (2002), pp. 133150.].    ,           ,               1940  1944.[14 - Marcel-Dumitru Ciuca, Aurelian Teodorescu, Bogdan Florin Popovici, eds., Stenogramele sedintelor Consiliului de Ministri. Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, 9 vols. (Bucure?ti: Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei, 19972006).]            .

                   . -,           ,            . ,              ,                .   ,    ,       ,  ,           ,       [15 -              (Mariana Hausleitner) c            . .: Die Rumanisierung der Bukowina: Die Durchsetzung des Nationalstaatlichen Anspruchs Grossrumaniens 19181944 (Munchen: Oldenbourg, 2001).].  ,           ,                   [16 -   ,    ,    1.].

-,                 ,         ,  , ,   1941.         ,        ,      ,       .   ,         - 1941.,   ,       ,  .

-,        ,       .  ,       ,     ,         .

     ,    ,         ;       ;  ,                 1940- ;   ,    ; ,  ,          .

     19401943.,           1930- .                ,        1940.  ,      , ,     1940.     ,           .      ,          ,   ,           .               ,      .      ,         .                 .

 ,      ,  ,      1930-   1940- .    ,       .         1920- .       1930- .[17 - Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 19181930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).]        (Zigu Ornea)            ,      ,         [18 - Zigu Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreapta romaneasca (Bucure?ti: Editura Funda?iei Culturale Romane, 1995);    : The Romanian Extreme Right: The Nineteen Thirties, trad. de Maria Popescu (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1999). ,  ,  ,     .].   ,    (Maria Bucur)              [19 - Maria Bucur, Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002). . : Marius Turda, The Nation as Object: Race, Blood, and Biopolitics in Interwar Romania, Slavic Review, 66, nr. 3 (2007), pp. 413442.].  ,              ,           ,       ,           [20 -         : William O. Oldson, A Providential Anti-Semitism: Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth Century Romania (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1991); Leon Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Anti-Semitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s, trad. de Charles Kormos (New York: Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Pergamon Press, 1991); Andrei Oisteanu, Imaginea evreului in cultura romana. Studiu de imagologie in context est-central-european, ed. IlI-a, revazuta, adaugata si ilustrata (Iasi: Polirom, 2012).].

  ,              .      .   19411942.                ,    1941   1944.     .  , ,  ,         ,    . ,              , ,  .  ,    ,               .      ,            ,    .       ;    [21 -           : Ancel, Transnistria; Ekkehard Volkl, Transnistrien und Odessa (19411944), Schriftenreihe des Osteuropainstituts Regensburg-Passau, Bd. 14 (Kalmunz: Lassleben, 1996); Mariana Hausleitner, Brigitte Mihok, Juliane Wetzel, eds., Rumanien und der Holocaust: zu den Massenverbrechen in Transnistrien 19411944, Nationalsozialistische Besatzungspolitik in Europa 19391945. Bd. 10. Berlin: Metropol, 2001.].

       .           ,       .               1930-   1940- .  ,          .              ,   ,    .   ,      ,       ,      ,          [22 -        1930-   1944.    .            : Rumanien und die Grofimachte in derAra Antonescu (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005).        ,     ,     .].         .

    ,  ,    ,   ,      .   1930- .                .  1938  1940.   ,   1940  1944.  . ,   ,          ,               ,      ,       ,      .

 ,         ,        ,                  .        ,  ,     ?        ?     ,    ,    ,    ,    ?            .  ,     ,       .

 ,            .            ,       .           . ,       ,     , ,       ,    ,    .         , .. ,             ,               .  ,     ,   ,    .          ,  ,         ,     [23 -        .: Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4


 ed. (London: Arnold, 2000), pp. 93-160.].

          ,    ,      ,     ,  , ,    .           ;     ,       .          ,   ,     ,      .         ,  ,       [24 -     . . : Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981); Judit Molnar, ed., The Holocaust in Hungary: A European Perspective (Budapest: Balassi Klado, 2005),     (Krisztian Ungvary), Deportation, Population Exchange and Certain Aspects of the Holocaust, pp. 86-102.   .: Walter Brandmuller, Holocaust in der Slowakei und katolische Kirche (Neustadt an der Aisch: Ph. C. W Schmidt, 2003); Holly Case, Territorial Division and the Holocaust: Hungary and Slovakia during World War II, Doris L. Bergen, ed., Lessons and Legacies, VIII from Generation to Generation (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2009), pp. 222224.   .: Tomislav Dulie, Mass Killing in the Independent State of Croatia, 19411945: A Case for Comparative Research, Journal of Genocide Studies, 8, nr. 3 (2006), pp. 255281.   .: Tzvetan Todorov, ed., The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgarias Jews Survived the Holocaust: A Collection of Texts with Commentary (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).].  ,       ,     .




   


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CISHR       (. Comisia interna?ionala pentru studierea Holocaustului din Rom?nia)

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 1.      






 2.   1942.







     1941.  ,        ,           ,    .          ,     ,         ,   ,   ,   [25 -     1941. : Arhivele Na?ionale Istorice, Bucure?ti, Rom?nia (  ANI), Biroul Pre?edintelui, Consiliul de Mini?tri, Cabinetul Militar, Ion Antonescu, 608/1941. .  : ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/211.       The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuila in October 1941, Annali dellInstituto storico it?lo-germanico in Trento, 27 (2001), pp. 593617. . : Achim, Schimbul de popula?ie ?n versiunea lui Sabin Manuila Revista istorica, 13, nr. 56 (2002), pp. 133150.].  ,          . ,          ,               [26 - ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, ff. 1 .].

          1939.,      .  , -,     , ,            1940.,          ,         .       ,            ;  , , , ,        . , , ,          .       :                    .     ,   ,        :                         ,    ,     ,        [27 -     : ibid. f. 9.   ,    ,     . . Achim, Schimbul de popula?ie ?n versiunea lui Sabin Manuila, p. 144.         ,         ,   ,       .  , ,   .].

    .   1930.,           18 057 028 ,     5 075 028,  28,1%.      ,     ,      1 633 121,    (4,5%  )   .  ,    ,  - (1,1%   ),  ,           -  1936.[28 -  -  1936.,        , . . 2.]      , ,   , ,        ,     618554 ,     3,4%    .        ,   .       ,  -      ,       .

    ,     3 581 618 ,        1 602 399  [29 - ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/211, ff. 12, 9-10.      ,   1930. ,   ,  2 .].  5200000                ,        .           18 036 087          .           .

 ,   ,     ,    :         .   ,             .       ,     ,            ,          ,       .      ,     [30 - Ibid., ff. 12.].    ,     .           .




 I

 





 1

   ?  





1.1.  


 ,     ,          .        , ..        .   -    1859.    ,   ,   ,         (     1878.).     1859. (,     ,  )    ,    ,       ,    .                .        ,    ,          .

      ,         :   ,         ,        .   XX. ,          ,      - .     ,           ,   -,        .               ,      - ,          --[31 - .: Charles  Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 178182, 246247.].

, ,  :     ,   ,       .     ,          .   ,   .     ,     ,    ,  1200   ,   23.   [32 -   .: Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, Nicolae Iorga: A Biography (Portland, OR: Center for Romanian Studies, 1998).].              .       ,    ,      . ,      ,        .  ,              <>    .  ,             [33 -    ,      . .: Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, ed. Nedic Lemnaru (Bucure?ti, Casa Editoriala G?ndirea, 1991), pp. 105106.].

,     (   )  ,       .     . -,       ,     .                   (270275. ..),    ,   XII.,             [34 -  ,           , ., : Nicolae lorga, A History of Roumania: Land, People, Civilization (London: T. F. Unwin Ltd., 1925), pp. 1179.         : Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2001), pp. 83-128.].       ,   ,             .

-,   XIX    .          ,       .              , , ,   ,     .        ,                      (    1880- .)[35 - .: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 202230.].       ,         .      ,     .      ,  :   [ ]  ![36 - Crainic, Zile albe zile negre, p. 77.]

 ,     -      1916.  .       .    ,     ,    1918.         ,        ,     .    1918.       ,  10  1918.       . - ,        ,            . (          1918.,     -,        .)        21  1919.,      -      .           ,    1919.     [37 - Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 279287.].            .

     [38 -             (Sherman David Spector), Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. Bratianu (New York: Bookman Associates, 1962).    . ., : Gheorghe Bratianu, Ac?iunea politica ?i militara a Rom?niei ?n 1919, ed. ?erban Papacostea (Bucure?ti: Corint, 2001; Cartea rom?neasca, 1940),    .: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, p. 562.        .: Jacques Bariety Le comite d etudies du quai d Orsay et les frontieres de la Grande Roumanie, 19181919 Revue roumaine d histoire, 35, nr. 1 (1996), pp. 4351.].   ,          ,    ,               ,           . . ,              ,      .   ,     ,  ,   [39 -          . .       (    , , , )  29  1919. (. : Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, p. 140).].

-,    ,     :   1910.,   37,42%   .    ,      ,   ,     ,    -    ,  , ,     ;    [40 - Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 123126; 220221.         ,  ,      ,   .    ,     . . Hausleitner, Die Rum?nisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 3839, 102107, 126127, 195, 221222.]. -,    ,         ,             .               .                     [41 - .: Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 205208, 213219; Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 286291.].

  ,   ,      :  , ,     ,       (      1913.    ,    1918.       ),          ,  7750.  16 250.    140.  290. . [42 - Ibid., p. 290.].      ,  ,        ,       ,     - .




1.2.    1920-   1930- .   


     ,      ,  ,       ,     .   . ,   ,  ,     [43 - Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, p. 147.].  ,         ,        ,     .  ,   ,    ,      .    ,               .

            ,     , ,    ,       [44 - ,    ,        ,   1920- .          .        , Cultural Politics in Greater Rumania,  pp. 211296.].  , -,      .  1919.     ,   1923.     . -,    , ,      .               .       ,               ,      - .                   .     1923.           (Mihail Manoilescu):



    ,   :     <>

[]      ,           [45 - Mihail Manoilescu, Neolliberalismul, Petre Dan, ed., Doctrinele partidelor politice (Bucure?ti: Cultura Na?ionala, 1923), pp. 226227.       .].


       ,       :   .    ,      .       1  [46 - The Kingdom of Romania is a national, unitary, and indivisible state, Ioan Scurtu, Constantin Mocanu ?i Doina Smarcea, eds., Documente privind istoria Rom?niei ?ntre anii 19181944 (Bucure?ti: Editura Didactica ?i Pedagogica, 1995), doc. 17, 54.].   ,      [47 -  1926.           ,  - (-)  (). . .]   ,    -   ,      ,          [48 -       1923. .: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 409410;       .: Apostol Stan, luliu Maniu: na?ionalism ?i democra?ie. Biografia unui mare rom?n (Bucure?ti: Saeculum I.O., 1997), pp. 143-145].

 ,        1930- .,       -    ,     . ,  . ,   1932.     [49 - Constantin C. Giurescu, Un nou ideal (Turnu-Severin: f. e., 1932).  .          ,      .].  ,  ,   -       1920-   1930- .   ,   ,    ,   ,      ,  .  , ,  ,            .     ,         .    ,  ,    ,     ,       ,         ,       .         ,      (1878.),       (1918.),     (1919.)    [50 - Ibid., pp. 12.     .].     ,      ,   :   ,    ?

  ,   :      ,          ,   ,    ,  ,        ,   (  ).   ,              .       :          ;             ,           [51 - Ibid., pp. 23.]^

 ,    ,          .             ,           . ,  1930.,           ,            ,       . ,  ,    ,   - ( )  (),   1924. ,        ,     , , , , ,      <>.    ,   ,   ,           ,        [52 - luliu Maniu, Problema minorita?ilor. Conferin?a ?inuta la funda?ia universitara Carol I ?n ziua de 11 maiu 1924 (f. l.: Cultura na?ionala, f.d.), pp. 12.   ,       . .: ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/77bis, ff. 23.].

  ,        ,          , ,      ,    ,       ,       ,            .       , .. ,           [53 -     ,    Politica de vorbe ?i omul politic (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Convorbiri literare, 1920), pp. 162177.            .: Livezeanu. Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, pp. 192, 204205.].   - ,        (  - ),     . ,  1923.  . ,       - ,    , ,                [],    ,      .         ,      ,      ,           [54 - I.G. Duc, Doctrina Liberala, Petre Dan, ed. Doctrinele partidelor politice, pp. 145, 147.   -  14   30  1933.,       .].

 ,              ,      .  ,      .      ,  ,           ,    .

               .         (       ), ,   ,      .          ,   .     ,            ,               [55 - .: Yuri Slezkine. The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 4-39.].            ,    ,    ,    ,      , ..  . -,      ,     1920- .,         [56 -         XIX.  . .  (18211891),       () . .  (18641927),   (18671930)   . .  (18661951),     19091927, 19271930   19331947. ,  ,     .                   . . Apostol Stan, Ion C. Bratianu. Un promotor al liberalismului ?n Rom?nia (Bucure?ti: Globus, 1993), pp. 374394.       .: Henry L. Roberts. Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1951), pp. 94-129, 187205.].

            ,             .             ,     ,       ,   ,    ,    ,    . ,   1930.,  ,  ,   42,4%  ,   35,7%    17,1%.  ,          ,                .          ,       1897.:   45,9% ,   27%,      17%[57 - .: Sabin Manuila, Studiu etnografic asupra popula?iei Rom?niei (Bucure?ti: Editura Institutului Central de Statistica, 1940), p. 50;  .., .,       1897 , . III (-:       , 1905), . 226227.      1930.,     ,  .          ,      ,      ,      .].  1930. ,  ,   27% ,   37,9%,    14,6%;   1910.     (Umgangssprache),    , 48,4%     , 17,9%   (.. ), 17,4%     15,7%  .    , ,  1930.   34,6%,   47,3%,   13%,      1910.   : 12,4, 71,7  11,6% [58 - Manuila, Studiu etnografic, p. 51; Manuila, Evolu?ia demografica a ora?elor ?i minorita?ilor etnice din Transilvania, Arhiva pentru ?tiin?a ?i reforma sociala, 8 (1929), p. 133.    1910.   .: Hausleitner, Die Rumanisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 3940.             15% . .: Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, p. 17.].

    ,    ,  ,  ,       .     ,       <>       .  , , , ,       ,    <.>       [59 - Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, p. 17.].

            ,     ,       . , ,    1930.   ,    . ,  ,                    ,         , ,  . ,                ,   ,      ,    .     !   [60 - ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/77bis, ff. 34.    (strain)     ,        .       -   . . Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century, vol. II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 135136.].

                 ,     ,           ,   ,     ,    ,          , ..           .             ,     ,      - [61 -    (Terry Martin)         .     ,            ,           ,           (Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 19231939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 179).       (Liah Greenfeld),     (ressentiment). .: Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).].

  ,                        ,    ,      .   1920-   1930- .      ,     .             - ,              :   ,      ,            [62 -     .  Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, ch. 4, pp. 79-106.].  ,    , ,       .     ,      ,     .  ,             ,            ,  .






 1.1.  .

     



          ,       ,        .            1926  1933.  1937   1946.,            ,   ,  ,     ,     5  1953.   -    1928   1930.   1932   1933.

   1873.     ,          .                [63 - .: Matei Boila, Marturii privind atitudinea lui luliu Maniu ?n anii 19431946, Ni-culae Paraschiv ?i Gabriel ?epelea, eds. luliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei (Bucure?ti: G?ndirea Rom?neasca, 1993), pp. 8687.].       (  ),   .  1906.           ,      ,    .                .         -      ,        ,       -.        ,      ,    1918.          ,      .          ,   1  1918.  -    ,      .  2  1918  2  1920.       ,        [64 -        .: Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, pp. 132135.].

 ,    ,    ,        ,    .            , <>    ,        [65 - Paraschiv, ?epelea, eds. Iuliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, p. 277.].       :      1938.,         II.              .             ,     1944.             ,  ,    ,    .

            ,  ,     ,          .             ,        ,            .            ,  1  1918. -[66 - Victor Isac, ed. Iuliu Maniu. Testament moral politic (Bucure?ti: G?ndirea Rom?neasca, 1991), pp. 23.].         [67 -   - . : Scurtu et al., ed. Documente privind istoria Rom?niei, doc. 5, pp. 1011.   1944.         1918. -           . .: Vasile Arimia, Ion Ardeleanu ?i Alexandru Cebuc, eds. Istoria Partidului Na?ional-?aranesc. Documente, 19261947 (Bucure?ti: Arc, 2000), p. 242.].

          ,     1924.,     . ,           ,  ,        ,          .       ,        ,   .                    ,    .     ,   ,    ,            [68 - Maniu, Problema minorita?ilor, pp. 1421.].          .

      ,         ,    ,  ,            .       ,      ;       ,          [69 - Ibid., pp. 24.].      ,        ,       ,   ,      .  ,       ,     ,          ,     .  ,                ,       [70 - Ibid., p. 13.].  ,           .       ,     ,    ,     []    ,     ,       ,   [71 - Ibid., pp. 1213.].

         ,     ,           . ,            1928. 77,8%  ,      ,       .        1928   1930.    -  ,       ,       1925.  ,             [72 - .: Hausleitner, Die Rumanisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 225226;  ,  , . II (, -  , 19911993), . 120.]. ,   1935.        -             ,   ,       ,       ,  -    [73 -      - .: Stan, IuliuManiu. Na?ionalism ?i democra?ie, pp. 251, 266267; Grigore Gafencu, ?nsemnari politice, 19291939, ed. Stelian Neagoe (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1991), pp. 328329; Vasile Marin, Democra?ia, du?manul na?ionalismului, Marin, Crez de genera?ie (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Bucovina I.E. Torou?iu, 1937), pp. 3537.].

,           1937.        (Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu),            ,         !,      ,  .                  ,    ,    .  ,    . , ,      ,   ,          .   ,          ,   ,            [74 -   .: Ioan Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iunile de dreapta ?n Rom?nia 7 iulie 1934  30 martie 1938 (Bucure?ti: Institutul Na?ional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, 2003), vol. IV, pp. 356357.].                ,     ,        (            ),        .      [75 - .: Paraschiv, ?epelea, eds. Iuliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, pp. 277279; Rebecca Ann Haynes, Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania, Slavonic and East European Review, 85, nr. 1 (2007), pp. 104134.].

    ,           ,     ,              .    ,          ,            ,  ,             ,     .   ,            ,      .




1.3.     1930- :   


,     ,                  -  . .  ()      [76 -       ,         .      .: Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), pp. 206220; Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004),  pp. 353376.].    ,     ,    1930- .      ,      ,   .   1937.          1938.            1940   1941.     ,  ,     ,            .           : . .      , ,        ,           (. .       ),      ,       ,     ,              [77 -            Eugen Weber, Romania, The European Right: A Historical Profile, ed. Hans Rogger ?i Eugen Weber (Londra: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1965), pp. 501574; Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press and 318 NOTE Stanford University, 1970), pp. 246344; Radu Ioanid, The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania, trad. de Peter Heinegg (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1990); Francisco Veiga, La mistica del ultranacionalismo: historia de la Guardia de Hierro, Rumania, 19191941 (Bellaterra: Publicaciones de la Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 1989) [trad. ?n limba rom?na: Francisco Veiga, Istoria Garzii de Fier, 19191941. Mistica ultrana?ionalismului (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1995)]; Armin Heinen, Die Legion Erzengel Michael in Rumanien: soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation: ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus (Munchen: Oldenbourg, 1986) [trad. ?n limba rom?na: Armin Heinen, Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail  mi?care sociala ?i organiza?ie politica. O contribu?ie la problema fascismului interna?ional (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1999)]; Constantin lordachi, Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the Archangel Michael in Inter-War Romania, Trodheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies (f. l.: f. e, 2004).   .: Paul Shapiro, Prelude to Dictatorship in Romania: National Christian Party ?n Power, December 1937  February 1938, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 8, nr. 1 (primavara 1974), pp. 4588.].                           [78 -        ,    ,     ,            , .: Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism.    . : McLinscott Ricketts, The Romanian Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998);    . Marta Petreu, An Infamous Past: E.M. Cioran and the Rise of Fascism in Romania, trad. de Bogdan Aldea (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2005) [ed. rom.: Cioran sau un trecut deocheat (ed. aIII-a revazuta ?i adaugita), Ia?i: Polirom, 2011].].

     ,    -    ,    ,       ,   .        ,       ,              II.         ,     ,          1930-   1940- .      ,          ,           [79 -        (     )    : Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Pentru legionari, vol. I, (Sibiu: Totul pentru ?ara, 1936), pp. 78, 9293, 312, 383,   Codreanu, Circulari ?i manifeste ([Madrid]: f. p., 1951), pp. 6, 9.          .  , ,      ,           . ,           . . Puiu Dumitru Bordeiu, Mi?carea Legionara ?n Dobrogea ?ntre 19331941 (Constan?a: Ex Ponto, 2003), p. 100.  , ,                1930- .,                ,    1937 . Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iuni de dreapta, vol. IV, pp. 342346.].               .

 ,       ,     1930- .;                   ,        1923.           ,            ,   ,                 [80 - .: Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1999), pp. 1231; Martin Blinkhorn, ed. Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe (Londra: Unwin Hyman, 1990).].          :       ,   II,        .       ,        .

 II (18931953)      -,     1866.            .       -[81 -   II       : Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others, p. 275.     - .: Paul D. Quinlan, The Playboy King (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995).               .].   ,    ,     .

    ,    1925.,     ,  ,   ,   I,      ,          ,     - .          ,     1920.      1925.         ,    [82 - Quinlan, The Playboy King, pp. 6567.].       ,   , ,     .                 ,            - .        4  1926.     .             .   ,       . ,     .       ,      [83 - Ibid., pp. 7480.].

  1927.    I,    .    -.        ,             -   .. .    1930.  ,   ,   - ,   .         -.  ,     . ,      1928.,    ,         ,                    [84 - Ibid., pp. 9798.].

7  1930.      ,      .     495    1     4  1926.     ,      .               .    ,         .                6  1940.,          [85 - Ibid., pp. 98-114.].         .

        ,         ,        .                 .            [86 - Quinlan, The Playboy King, p. 116.].       - ,      .       ,        .          ,         ,       [87 - .: Heinen, Die Legion Erzengel Michaelin Rumanien, pp. 240241;  .: Constantin Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, ed. Stelian Neagoe (Bucure?ti: Machiavelli, 19982003), vol. 3, p. 143.].                  .                  .

     .              ,    2003.      ,      ,          ,      ,   .     ,    ,            ,  -     . ,    .         1980.,                XVIII.,      .  ,          ,      ,             .                   . ,  ,          ,   ,  [88 - Zolt?n Rost?s, O istorie orala a ?colii sociologice de la Bucure?ti (Bucure?ti: Printech, 2001), pp. 7375.].

     ,     ,    . .   ,                ,           1938.[89 - ., ,      ,   1938   1939.,    ,            . Paraschiv ?i ?epelea, eds., luliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, p. 362.]  , ,    19301938.       . ,            ,         .     -   ,           .    ,         , ,       ,   .       ,         ,         ,    .     ,     II    ;     [90 - Mihail Manoilescu, Memorii (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 1993), vol. 2, p. 266; Vezi ?i Stan, luliu Maniu, pp. 218223.].  (lichea)    ,     .      ,      ,   ,         .

             ,  ,       [91 -     ,    (Keith Hitchins)   ,            . . Hitchins, Rumania, 18661918, pp. 378379, 416.].           ,      [92 -  . ,         ,          ,        :    ,   ,       ,     <>  !   ,      . []      ,        ,       ,      ,    (Gafencu, ?nsemnari politice 19291939, p. 42).].            ,            1937.   ,   ,     .          .   ,       ,     1923.    .       ,       1938.,       ,    ,       ,  ,                   ,         .      :              .             ,           ,     ,   ,   .         ,    :



 <>    ,         ,       ,            (  . . .)[93 - Mihail Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 9596.].


     ,    ,         ,        .              [94 - Stan, luliu Maniu, p. 221; George I. Duca, Cronica unui rom?n ?n veacul XX (Munchen: Jon Dumitru Verlag, 1984), vol. 2, pp. 282283.].

           ,             .          ,       ,      ;            ,  , ,   ,        .          ,   .     ,           , ..  .       ,      ,            .          ,     ,    .

          (  ,      ).      1889.,               .        ,       .     ,   19201922.       ,      ,   [95 - Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, pp. 179185.].       1922.    ,    ,         G?ndirea (, 1922)[96 -    .: Zigu Ornea, Tradi?ionalism ?i modernitatea ?n deceniul al treilea (Bucure?ti: Eminescu, 1980), pp. 133135, 284; Ornea, Anii treizeci, pp. 100129, 241264.],         .       .  1927.         ,           ໠ ..     II.             ,      .

  1930- .              ,            .   ,      :         .           - ,   -  .       1935.             -  ()     . ,         .    .         [97 - Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreapta rom?neasca, p. 250.  1940.                ,   1940.          1940   1941.        ,             1941.,  -          . . Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, p. 350.   1945.,   ,       ,       .   1947.              1962.,         .     1972.    . Enciclopedia cugetare ?i Mircea Pacurariu, Dic?ionarul teologilor rom?ni (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2002),   http://biserica.org/WhosWho/DTR/ClNichiforCrainic. html ( : 13.07.2008).].

           ,   1930- .                      .         1936.    Ortodoxie ?i etnocra?ie (  ),        1935.  -  .

       . -,         .       ,    .       ,               . -,     , ,   ,             ,  ,    .          , .. ,       ,      .

   ,   ,   ,   : (1)          ; (2)            ; (3)       ,        ; (4)        ,                  ; (5)  ,      ,      ; (6)           ,           ,     ,        [98 - Nichifor Crainic, Ortodoxie ?i etnocra?ie, cu o anexa. Programul statului etnocratic (Bucure?ti: Albatros, 1997; Cugetare, 1936), pp. 245256.].              , ..          ,          .          (     ,         ).            ,          .  ,        [99 - Ibid., pp. 250251.].

 1935.,     ,     .         .           ,       ,       ,        [100 - ., ,        ,     ,  . Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, vol. 1, p. 181.].       , -  .   1934.      ,       .     ,            ,   :        80%     [101 -   .: Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iuni de dreapta, vol. 4, pp. 5860.           80.  ,          1919.   ,           . . Carol lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938): De lmancipation ? la marginalization (Paris: Peteers, 1996), pp. 91-117.          .  1866. ,           .   1878.               .       ,             .        ,    . . lancu, Jews in Romania 18661919: From Exclusion to Emancipation, trad. de Carvel de Bussy (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1996), pp. 3767, 90-109.].   , , ,        ,    .         1923.,     . ,      ,      ,        1935.  ,             :    ,      .                    ,                .         ,     [102 - .: lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938), pp. 280287, 299303.].

 19341935.           -  19191920   19321933.      ,  -,    .        ,                  :   ,   .  ,       ,    :  ,      ,         [103 - .          - (Teodorescu-Brani?te),    1937.       ,     , .: Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, vol. 2, pp. 231232.].       numerus valachiqus;  ,              .    ,        ,    ,                    [104 - .     -, Cuv?ntare catre Na?iunea Rom?na (Cluj: Ofensiva Rom?na, f. d.).].

 1935.         ,  ,      .      ,  ,  ,      (   )[105 - . Valeriu Pop, Amintiri politice (Bucure?ti: Editura Vestala, 1999), pp. 86  .].         , ,      ,   .      1891.,   ,   ,      ,     .     .         .   1920.      ,     - .            ,                 ,       [106 - . : Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, p. 194.      1922.,   -     .].   1926   1927.,            ,        [107 -    . : Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 1980.      .: Ibid., pp. 6365.       , .: Philippe C. Schmitter, Reflections on Manoilescu and the Political Consequences of Delayed Development on the Periphery of Western Europe, Social Change in Romania: A Debate on Development in a European Nation, ed. Kenneth Jowitt (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1978), pp. 117139.].

 1928.,       ,       [108 -      .: Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 104  .].     1930.,      ,      ,    , ,      ,    ,       (  . . .).    , ,   ,      [109 - Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, p. 223.].  19301931.           : 1930.        ,   19301931.    ,      .    1931.         ,       Marmorosch Blank,           ,   . ,     ,        ,   ,      ,  [110 - Ibid., pp. 268303.].

       ,          ,         ,     ,       .           1937.[111 - Ornea, Anii treizeci, pp. 265279; Bordeiu, Mi?carea Legionara ?n Dobrogea, p. 75. ,    ,       Buna Vestire,       . .: Horia Sima, Era liberta?ii. Statul na?ional-legionar (Madrid: Mi?carii legionare, 1982), pp. 2122.            . ., ,    26  1937.,           ,      II (Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iunile de dreapta, p. 322).] ,   ,    .  1934.    ,   1937.  :    [112 -      F. Alcan    Les reuvres fran?aises.] .                    .          - .  ,        ,        [113 - Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, pp. 313  .].

    ,      :          ,        .       ,           .

,             .           ,  ,     XIX. ,   ,  ,     .             (  . . .)         [114 - Ibid., p. 378.].

    ,  ,         ,       .    ,   ,  ,    .      , ..     .            .        ,     :



,  ,  ,     , ,          (  . . .)[115 - Mihail Manoilescu, Le si?cle du corporatism: Doctrine du corporatisme intgral et pur (Paris: Librairie Flix Alcan, 1934), pp. 39, 178180.].


  ,   ,    , ..       ,      ,         [116 - .: Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci, p. 274.].

  3  1935.       ,  ,       ,    -[117 - Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, p. 375.].             ,   ,        .      ,          ,     ,      [118 - Ibid., pp. 372373.      .: lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938), pp. 290295.].

   ,        ,       :       . . . ,          ,    ,        ,  -,   ,    ,    ,       .       ( )      ,         .

   ,   - .  ,   ,     , ,        ,       , ,  .         -          1918.              ,      .   1920- .,    ,         ,      .        ,     .  1923.,           ,                      1926.  .   , ,   1927.,          ,   ,         ,     .         -,      ,     .   ,      ,   -,         .   ,   1927.,   ,     ,    [119 - Pop, Amintiri politice, pp. 166191.    LANC . : Codreanu, Pentru legionari, pp. 280291.].

     ,       ,        - ,      -   ,     ,         .  1931.           ,    ,    -.   ,      ,        ,        .         ,           .     ,   1935.    numerus valachiqus,      ,          [120 - Ibid., pp. 190  .].

    ,         ,         ,     .         ,     ,   .            II.              ,            ,   .   ,     -   ,       ,       .                          ,       .   ,                    .   ,        ,  ,                     .         ,       ,       ,    .




 2

  :   


         ,        ,     .   1930- .,      ,             ,                    .

              18771878.,         ,     ,   ,   [121 -      .: Catherine Durandin, La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvelles fronti?res dans les Balkans: le cas de Dobrogea, Cahiers du Monde russe et sovietique, 20, nr. 1 (janvier-mars 1979), pp. 6165.].       ,        ,      ,  ,      ,  1879.      30%  (  29,2%    26,9%)[122 - .: Constantin lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 18781913, The Carl Beck Papers ?n Russian & East European Studies (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002), p. 8.             .    ,          ,   100. ,     . .:  ,     18781913 (:  , 1991), . 81  .].

                .   1880  1882.,      ,         ,      ,   ,  ,    .   ,                   (  ,      ).     ,     ,       ;                      . ,  ,    88.   ,       [123 - lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2831.].       :  3  10    10  100 .      ,     ,     30 ;      .              ,     3  1866., :       [124 - Ioan lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia: Teza pentru doctorat ?n ?tiin?ele economice prezentata ?i sus?inuta ?n octombrie 1937 (Ia?i: Institutul de arte grafice Brawo, 1937), pp. 4445; lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2738.   ,         - ,     .            .   1923. . 3    1866.;     ,  ,     . .: lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 1820.].

   1888, 1903  1916.                      18771878.,     .        ( 20)    ,      ,     .                .      [125 - Ibid., p. 46.].

   ,     ,   ,   .   ,       ,    ,       ,         .     ,  ,    -  .    1916.    4500 -,      2,5 ,      3017         1903.,      38.   [126 - lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 147151; . : lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, p. 32.].      1930.,   [.. ]  ,     [127 - . : lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 52.]

     ,     ,        (    1895.),   .    ,     ,           ,           [128 -       .: lordachi, Citizenship, Nation-and State-Building, pp. 4346; Durandin, La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvel  les fronti?res dans les Balkans, pp. 6667.].    261 490   1900. 368 189  1912.     : 1912.   56,9%    ,  13,4%,      10,8%[129 - lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, p. 36.  ,    ,          ,          1912.,        . .: , , .85105.].  1930.       437 131 ,      65%. ,      (67,3%)   ,     (64,3%).    ,            ,     [130 -     : Studiu etnografic, pp. 3447.           ,       .         :  ,            (.  lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2, 36),  ,           .].

    (1913.),   ,      ,     ,       .           ,  .    7695 . ,    281931 ,       2,3%,  ,   , 47,6%,    43% (        ).    ,     [131 - Jean Nouzille, La fronti?re bulgaro-roumaine en Dobroudja, Revue Roumaine dHistoire, 35, nr. 12 (1996), pp. 3637.].  ,     ,              . 1 1914.       ,     ,     ,         1878.  1913.,     .     ,     ,       ,      ,  1914.             (           )      ,     .             ,            .      ,             ,    ,       ,     .        ,     [132 - .: lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 45, 130131; Constantin Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, Sociologie rom?neasca, 3, nr. 46 (1938), pp. 120121.].

       .   1916.    ,       ;     1918.    ,      1918.    .        ͸     ,    1919.

           ,        .        -       .    1917.        ,      1918     1920- .     ( )  ,         (   )              .         ,           [133 - Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, pp. 2239; Katherine Ver-dery, Transylvanian Villagers: Three Centuries of Political, Economic, and Ethnic Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 278280.].

     ,            . -,      , ..          ,      .    3  (      ),          . , ,   ,      :  1930.  33093   256095         1479  ,      [134 - lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 73; Victor Axenciuc, Evolu?ia economica a Rom?niei. Cercetari statistico-istorice. 18591947, vol. 2, Agricultura (Bucure?ti: Editura Academiei, 1996), p. 107]. -,          ,       .         ,    1925.           ,       709. .       [135 - lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 66, 153.      ,      1881., ,              .].                  ,   , ,    ,    . , , , ,               [136 - Ibid., p. 68.].

 1924.       ,       .     1914.        .        ,          90 .  ,               ,    .  ,           ,    ,    ,            ,     1  1914.[137 - Ibid., pp. 131133; Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, pp. 121123.       .:                     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , .      19191941 (:      , 1993), . 2, .264266.]

   ,         .           ,          .   (comitadji),            ()    ,          ,     [138 -            ,      ,      , .: Ibid.,  . 75-192. .    : Dan Catanu?, ed., Cadrilaterul. Ideologie cominternista ?i iredentism bulgar, 19191940 (Bucure?ti: Institutul Na?ional pentru Studiul totalitarismului, 2001).   .: Hugh Poulton, Who Are the Macedonians? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 9299.].

       ,                 .            ,          ,      ,         19191923. .     4  1936.             ,     [139 -    . Arcadie Gherasim, Schimbul de popula?ii ?ntre state (Bucure?ti: Monitorul oficial ?i imprimeriile statului, 1943), pp. 6972.  ,   170. ,    70. .].        ,          ,     .    9  1936.      3617,5        120. ,       [140 - lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 135.].   ,          48% ,     [141 - .: Todorov et al., eds., Izvori za istoriata na Dobrugia, p. 464.].

             .   1912.   6. (2,3%  ),   1930.  69. (19%),   1940. 86. (21%),                : 1912. 122. (43%); 1930. 137. (37%); 1940. 152. (37,2%).         : 1912.,    136. (48%),  137. (40,6%)  1928   96. (26%)  1938.[142 - .: Sabin Manuila, The Population of Dobrogea, Dobrogea, Studii romane?ti, 4 (Bucure?ti: Academia Romana, 1940), pp. 187188; Anton Golopen?ia, Popula?ia teritoriilor rom?ne?ti desprinse ?n 1940, idem, Opere complete, vol. 2, Statistica, demografie ?i geopolitica, ed. Sanda Golopen?ia (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2002), p. 550.]            .     ,         ,         .

    .   1922.   ,  9-  ,     1916. ,    ,                ,   .        50 ;          .        ,       ,       - [143 - .: Colonizarea ?i organizarea frontierelor Rom?niei Mari (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Ministerului de Razboi, 1925).].

           ,      13   453 .      .       1928. (    -      ), ,       ,        ,           ,   ,    ,   .           ,         ,           .      55%    [144 - Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, p. 123; lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 122123.].

 1925.    .      - .  ,       - ,      ,     ,       .     .    ,     .    ,       ,  ,          ,          ,     ,         ,               .        ,  ,  ,    .      ,       .             500. ;         [145 -   .: Tom Winnifrith, The Vlachs: The History of the Balkan People (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987); Centre dtude des civilisations de lEurope centrale et du sud-est, Les Aroumains, cahier nr. 8 (Paris: INALCO, 1989).].

         XIX.,                ,      .                .         , ,  ,      .    , ,     ,        (,    )[146 - .: Jelavich, P. Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, p. 210; Georgi Barbolov, Politika na Bukaresht v Makedoniia po Arumunskiia vopros prez 18781913 godina, Istoricheski Pregled (Bulgaria), 49, nr. 1 (1993), pp. 148163.]




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notes








1


.: Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).          ,         .       ,    . ,     : Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Benjamin Lieberman, Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006); Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: In 2 vols, vol. I: The Meaning of Genocide, vol. II The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005); Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).




2


       (Rogers Brubaker): Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), ch. 4: Nationalizing States in the Old New Europe and the New, p.79103.




3


    : Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000); Jean Ancel, Transnistria, 19411942: The Romanian Mass Murder Campaign, Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center, vol. 1, transl. Rachel Garfinkel, Karen Gold (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2003) (2-  3-   ); idem, Contributii la istoria Romaniei. Problema evreiasca, vols. 12 (     ) (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 2001).




4


Matatias Carp, ed., Cartea neagra. Suferintele evreilor din Romania, 3 vols. (Bucuresti: Diogene, 1996 [Atelierele Grafice Socec, 1946]).




5


.: Victor Eskenasy, The Holocaust and Romanian Historiography: Communist and Neo-Communist Revisionism, Randolph L. Braham, ed., The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, 1994), pp. 79-194.




6


     ,      .: Comisia Internationala pentru Studierea Holocaustului in Romania, Documente. Ed. de Lya Benjamin (Iasi: Polirom, 2005), pp. 333380.        From Silence to Justification? Moldovan Historians on the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Teansnistrian Jews, Nationalities Papers, 30, nr. 3 (2002), pp. 436457.




7


ICHR. Final Report.




8


Irina Livezeanu, The Romanian Holocaust: Family Quarrels, East European Politics and Societies., 16, nr. 3 (2002), pp. 934947,  p. 941.




9


Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, 15691999 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 10.




10


Jean Ancel, ed., Documents Concerning the Romanian Jewry during the Holocaust. 10 vols. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1986; Evreii din Romania intre anii 19401944. Izvoare si marturisiri referitoare la evreii din Romania (serie speciala), : Lya Benjamin, Sergiu Stanciu, eds., vol. I, Legislatia antievreiasca (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1993); Lya Benjamin, ed., vol. II, Problema evreiasca in stenogramele Consiliului de Ministri (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1996); Ion Serbanescu, ed., vol. III, partile III, 19401942: Perioada unei mari retristi (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1997); Ion Serbanescu, ed., vol. IV, 19431944: Bilantul tragediei  renasterea sperantei (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1998).




11


CISHR. Documente, ed., de Lya Benjamin (Iasi: Polirom, 2005); Ottmar Trasca, Dennis Deletant, eds., Al III Reich si Holocaustul din Romania, 19401944. Documente din arhivelee germane (Bucuresti: Editura Institutuiui National pentru Studierea Holocaustului din Romania Elie Wiesel, 2007).




12


Lucian Nastasa, Andrea Varga, eds., Minoritati etnoculturale. Marturii documentare. Tiganii din Romania (19191944) (Cluj-Napoca: Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturala, 2001); Viorel Achim, ed., Documente privind deportarea tiganilor in Transnistria, 2 vols. (Bucuresti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2004).




13


Viorel Achim, Proiectul guvernului de la Bucuresti privind schimbul de populatie romano-ruso-ucrainean (1943), Revista istorica, 11, 9 (2000), pp. 395421; The Romanian Population Exchange Project elaborated by Sabin Manuila in October 1941, Annali dell Instituto storico italo-germanico in Trento, 27 (2001), pp. 593617; Schimbul de populatie in viziunea lui Sabin Manuila, Revista istorica, 13, 56 (2002), pp. 133150.




14


Marcel-Dumitru Ciuca, Aurelian Teodorescu, Bogdan Florin Popovici, eds., Stenogramele sedintelor Consiliului de Ministri. Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, 9 vols. (Bucure?ti: Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei, 19972006).




15


             (Mariana Hausleitner) c            . .: Die Rumanisierung der Bukowina: Die Durchsetzung des Nationalstaatlichen Anspruchs Grossrumaniens 19181944 (Munchen: Oldenbourg, 2001).




16


  ,    ,    1.




17


Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 19181930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).




18


Zigu Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreapta romaneasca (Bucure?ti: Editura Funda?iei Culturale Romane, 1995);    : The Romanian Extreme Right: The Nineteen Thirties, trad. de Maria Popescu (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1999). ,  ,  ,     .




19


Maria Bucur, Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002). . : Marius Turda, The Nation as Object: Race, Blood, and Biopolitics in Interwar Romania, Slavic Review, 66, nr. 3 (2007), pp. 413442.




20


        : William O. Oldson, A Providential Anti-Semitism: Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth Century Romania (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1991); Leon Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Anti-Semitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s, trad. de Charles Kormos (New York: Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Pergamon Press, 1991); Andrei Oisteanu, Imaginea evreului in cultura romana. Studiu de imagologie in context est-central-european, ed. IlI-a, revazuta, adaugata si ilustrata (Iasi: Polirom, 2012).




21


          : Ancel, Transnistria; Ekkehard Volkl, Transnistrien und Odessa (19411944), Schriftenreihe des Osteuropainstituts Regensburg-Passau, Bd. 14 (Kalmunz: Lassleben, 1996); Mariana Hausleitner, Brigitte Mihok, Juliane Wetzel, eds., Rumanien und der Holocaust: zu den Massenverbrechen in Transnistrien 19411944, Nationalsozialistische Besatzungspolitik in Europa 19391945. Bd. 10. Berlin: Metropol, 2001.




22


       1930-   1944.    .            : Rumanien und die Grofimachte in derAra Antonescu (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005).        ,     ,     .




23


       .: Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4


 ed. (London: Arnold, 2000), pp. 93-160.




24


    . . : Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981); Judit Molnar, ed., The Holocaust in Hungary: A European Perspective (Budapest: Balassi Klado, 2005),     (Krisztian Ungvary), Deportation, Population Exchange and Certain Aspects of the Holocaust, pp. 86-102.   .: Walter Brandmuller, Holocaust in der Slowakei und katolische Kirche (Neustadt an der Aisch: Ph. C. W Schmidt, 2003); Holly Case, Territorial Division and the Holocaust: Hungary and Slovakia during World War II, Doris L. Bergen, ed., Lessons and Legacies, VIII from Generation to Generation (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2009), pp. 222224.   .: Tomislav Dulie, Mass Killing in the Independent State of Croatia, 19411945: A Case for Comparative Research, Journal of Genocide Studies, 8, nr. 3 (2006), pp. 255281.   .: Tzvetan Todorov, ed., The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgarias Jews Survived the Holocaust: A Collection of Texts with Commentary (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).




25


    1941. : Arhivele Na?ionale Istorice, Bucure?ti, Rom?nia (  ANI), Biroul Pre?edintelui, Consiliul de Mini?tri, Cabinetul Militar, Ion Antonescu, 608/1941. .  : ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/211.       The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuila in October 1941, Annali dellInstituto storico it?lo-germanico in Trento, 27 (2001), pp. 593617. . : Achim, Schimbul de popula?ie ?n versiunea lui Sabin Manuila Revista istorica, 13, nr. 56 (2002), pp. 133150.




26


ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, ff. 1 .




27


    : ibid. f. 9.   ,    ,     . . Achim, Schimbul de popula?ie ?n versiunea lui Sabin Manuila, p. 144.         ,         ,   ,       .  , ,   .




28


 -  1936.,        , . . 2.




29


ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/211, ff. 12, 9-10.      ,   1930. ,   ,  2 .




30


Ibid., ff. 12.




31


.: Charles  Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 178182, 246247.




32


  .: Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, Nicolae Iorga: A Biography (Portland, OR: Center for Romanian Studies, 1998).




33


   ,      . .: Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, ed. Nedic Lemnaru (Bucure?ti, Casa Editoriala G?ndirea, 1991), pp. 105106.




34


 ,           , ., : Nicolae lorga, A History of Roumania: Land, People, Civilization (London: T. F. Unwin Ltd., 1925), pp. 1179.         : Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2001), pp. 83-128.




35


.: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 202230.




36


Crainic, Zile albe zile negre, p. 77.




37


Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 279287.




38


            (Sherman David Spector), Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. Bratianu (New York: Bookman Associates, 1962).    . ., : Gheorghe Bratianu, Ac?iunea politica ?i militara a Rom?niei ?n 1919, ed. ?erban Papacostea (Bucure?ti: Corint, 2001; Cartea rom?neasca, 1940),    .: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, p. 562.        .: Jacques Bariety Le comite d etudies du quai d Orsay et les frontieres de la Grande Roumanie, 19181919 Revue roumaine d histoire, 35, nr. 1 (1996), pp. 4351.




39


         . .       (    , , , )  29  1919. (. : Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, p. 140).




40


Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 123126; 220221.         ,  ,      ,   .    ,     . . Hausleitner, Die Rum?nisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 3839, 102107, 126127, 195, 221222.




41


.: Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 205208, 213219; Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 286291.




42


Ibid., p. 290.




43


Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, p. 147.




44


,    ,        ,   1920- .          .        , Cultural Politics in Greater Rumania,  pp. 211296.




45


Mihail Manoilescu, Neolliberalismul, Petre Dan, ed., Doctrinele partidelor politice (Bucure?ti: Cultura Na?ionala, 1923), pp. 226227.       .




46


The Kingdom of Romania is a national, unitary, and indivisible state, Ioan Scurtu, Constantin Mocanu ?i Doina Smarcea, eds., Documente privind istoria Rom?niei ?ntre anii 19181944 (Bucure?ti: Editura Didactica ?i Pedagogica, 1995), doc. 17, 54.




47


 1926.           ,  - (-)  (). . .




48


      1923. .: Hitchins, Rumania, 18661947, pp. 409410;       .: Apostol Stan, luliu Maniu: na?ionalism ?i democra?ie. Biografia unui mare rom?n (Bucure?ti: Saeculum I.O., 1997), pp. 143-145




49


Constantin C. Giurescu, Un nou ideal (Turnu-Severin: f. e., 1932).  .          ,      .




50


Ibid., pp. 12.     .




51


Ibid., pp. 23.




52


luliu Maniu, Problema minorita?ilor. Conferin?a ?inuta la funda?ia universitara Carol I ?n ziua de 11 maiu 1924 (f. l.: Cultura na?ionala, f.d.), pp. 12.   ,       . .: ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/77bis, ff. 23.




53


    ,    Politica de vorbe ?i omul politic (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Convorbiri literare, 1920), pp. 162177.            .: Livezeanu. Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, pp. 192, 204205.




54


I.G. Duc, Doctrina Liberala, Petre Dan, ed. Doctrinele partidelor politice, pp. 145, 147.   -  14   30  1933.,       .




55


.: Yuri Slezkine. The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 4-39.




56


        XIX.  . .  (18211891),       () . .  (18641927),   (18671930)   . .  (18661951),     19091927, 19271930   19331947. ,  ,     .                   . . Apostol Stan, Ion C. Bratianu. Un promotor al liberalismului ?n Rom?nia (Bucure?ti: Globus, 1993), pp. 374394.       .: Henry L. Roberts. Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1951), pp. 94-129, 187205.




57


.: Sabin Manuila, Studiu etnografic asupra popula?iei Rom?niei (Bucure?ti: Editura Institutului Central de Statistica, 1940), p. 50;  .., .,       1897 , . III (-:       , 1905), . 226227.      1930.,     ,  .          ,      ,      ,      .




58


Manuila, Studiu etnografic, p. 51; Manuila, Evolu?ia demografica a ora?elor ?i minorita?ilor etnice din Transilvania, Arhiva pentru ?tiin?a ?i reforma sociala, 8 (1929), p. 133.    1910.   .: Hausleitner, Die Rumanisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 3940.             15% . .: Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, p. 17.




59


Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, p. 17.




60


ANI, Fond Sabin Manuila, XII/77bis, ff. 34.    (strain)     ,        .       -   . . Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century, vol. II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 135136.




61


   (Terry Martin)         .     ,            ,           ,           (Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 19231939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 179).       (Liah Greenfeld),     (ressentiment). .: Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).




62


    .  Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, ch. 4, pp. 79-106.




63


.: Matei Boila, Marturii privind atitudinea lui luliu Maniu ?n anii 19431946, Ni-culae Paraschiv ?i Gabriel ?epelea, eds. luliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei (Bucure?ti: G?ndirea Rom?neasca, 1993), pp. 8687.




64


       .: Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, pp. 132135.




65


Paraschiv, ?epelea, eds. Iuliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, p. 277.




66


Victor Isac, ed. Iuliu Maniu. Testament moral politic (Bucure?ti: G?ndirea Rom?neasca, 1991), pp. 23.




67


  - . : Scurtu et al., ed. Documente privind istoria Rom?niei, doc. 5, pp. 1011.   1944.         1918. -           . .: Vasile Arimia, Ion Ardeleanu ?i Alexandru Cebuc, eds. Istoria Partidului Na?ional-?aranesc. Documente, 19261947 (Bucure?ti: Arc, 2000), p. 242.




68


Maniu, Problema minorita?ilor, pp. 1421.




69


Ibid., pp. 24.




70


Ibid., p. 13.




71


Ibid., pp. 1213.




72


.: Hausleitner, Die Rumanisierung in der Bukowina, pp. 225226;  ,  , . II (, -  , 19911993), . 120.




73


     - .: Stan, IuliuManiu. Na?ionalism ?i democra?ie, pp. 251, 266267; Grigore Gafencu, ?nsemnari politice, 19291939, ed. Stelian Neagoe (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1991), pp. 328329; Vasile Marin, Democra?ia, du?manul na?ionalismului, Marin, Crez de genera?ie (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Bucovina I.E. Torou?iu, 1937), pp. 3537.




74


  .: Ioan Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iunile de dreapta ?n Rom?nia 7 iulie 1934  30 martie 1938 (Bucure?ti: Institutul Na?ional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, 2003), vol. IV, pp. 356357.




75


.: Paraschiv, ?epelea, eds. Iuliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, pp. 277279; Rebecca Ann Haynes, Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania, Slavonic and East European Review, 85, nr. 1 (2007), pp. 104134.




76


      ,         .      .: Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), pp. 206220; Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004),  pp. 353376.




77


           Eugen Weber, Romania, The European Right: A Historical Profile, ed. Hans Rogger ?i Eugen Weber (Londra: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1965), pp. 501574; Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press and 318 NOTE Stanford University, 1970), pp. 246344; Radu Ioanid, The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania, trad. de Peter Heinegg (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1990); Francisco Veiga, La mistica del ultranacionalismo: historia de la Guardia de Hierro, Rumania, 19191941 (Bellaterra: Publicaciones de la Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 1989) [trad. ?n limba rom?na: Francisco Veiga, Istoria Garzii de Fier, 19191941. Mistica ultrana?ionalismului (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1995)]; Armin Heinen, Die Legion Erzengel Michael in Rumanien: soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation: ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus (Munchen: Oldenbourg, 1986) [trad. ?n limba rom?na: Armin Heinen, Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail  mi?care sociala ?i organiza?ie politica. O contribu?ie la problema fascismului interna?ional (Bucure?ti: Humanitas, 1999)]; Constantin lordachi, Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the Archangel Michael in Inter-War Romania, Trodheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies (f. l.: f. e, 2004).   .: Paul Shapiro, Prelude to Dictatorship in Romania: National Christian Party ?n Power, December 1937  February 1938, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 8, nr. 1 (primavara 1974), pp. 4588.




78


       ,    ,     ,            , .: Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism.    . : McLinscott Ricketts, The Romanian Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998);    . Marta Petreu, An Infamous Past: E.M. Cioran and the Rise of Fascism in Romania, trad. de Bogdan Aldea (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2005) [ed. rom.: Cioran sau un trecut deocheat (ed. aIII-a revazuta ?i adaugita), Ia?i: Polirom, 2011].




79


       (     )    : Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Pentru legionari, vol. I, (Sibiu: Totul pentru ?ara, 1936), pp. 78, 9293, 312, 383,   Codreanu, Circulari ?i manifeste ([Madrid]: f. p., 1951), pp. 6, 9.          .  , ,      ,           . ,           . . Puiu Dumitru Bordeiu, Mi?carea Legionara ?n Dobrogea ?ntre 19331941 (Constan?a: Ex Ponto, 2003), p. 100.  , ,                1930- .,                ,    1937 . Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iuni de dreapta, vol. IV, pp. 342346.




80


.: Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1999), pp. 1231; Martin Blinkhorn, ed. Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe (Londra: Unwin Hyman, 1990).




81


  II       : Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others, p. 275.     - .: Paul D. Quinlan, The Playboy King (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995).               .




82


Quinlan, The Playboy King, pp. 6567.




83


Ibid., pp. 7480.




84


Ibid., pp. 9798.




85


Ibid., pp. 98-114.




86


Quinlan, The Playboy King, p. 116.




87


.: Heinen, Die Legion Erzengel Michaelin Rumanien, pp. 240241;  .: Constantin Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, ed. Stelian Neagoe (Bucure?ti: Machiavelli, 19982003), vol. 3, p. 143.




88


Zolt?n Rost?s, O istorie orala a ?colii sociologice de la Bucure?ti (Bucure?ti: Printech, 2001), pp. 7375.




89


., ,      ,   1938   1939.,    ,            . Paraschiv ?i ?epelea, eds., luliu Maniu ?n fa?a istoriei, p. 362.




90


Mihail Manoilescu, Memorii (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 1993), vol. 2, p. 266; Vezi ?i Stan, luliu Maniu, pp. 218223.




91


    ,    (Keith Hitchins)   ,            . . Hitchins, Rumania, 18661918, pp. 378379, 416.




92


 . ,         ,          ,        :    ,   ,       ,     <>  !   ,      . []      ,        ,       ,      ,    (Gafencu, ?nsemnari politice 19291939, p. 42).




93


Mihail Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 9596.




94


Stan, luliu Maniu, p. 221; George I. Duca, Cronica unui rom?n ?n veacul XX (Munchen: Jon Dumitru Verlag, 1984), vol. 2, pp. 282283.




95


Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, pp. 179185.




96


   .: Zigu Ornea, Tradi?ionalism ?i modernitatea ?n deceniul al treilea (Bucure?ti: Eminescu, 1980), pp. 133135, 284; Ornea, Anii treizeci, pp. 100129, 241264.




97


Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreapta rom?neasca, p. 250.  1940.                ,   1940.          1940   1941.        ,             1941.,  -          . . Crainic, Zile albe, zile negre, p. 350.   1945.,   ,       ,       .   1947.              1962.,         .     1972.    . Enciclopedia cugetare ?i Mircea Pacurariu, Dic?ionarul teologilor rom?ni (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2002),   http://biserica.org/WhosWho/DTR/ClNichiforCrainic. html ( : 13.07.2008).




98


Nichifor Crainic, Ortodoxie ?i etnocra?ie, cu o anexa. Programul statului etnocratic (Bucure?ti: Albatros, 1997; Cugetare, 1936), pp. 245256.




99


Ibid., pp. 250251.




100


., ,        ,     ,  . Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, vol. 1, p. 181.




101


  .: Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iuni de dreapta, vol. 4, pp. 5860.           80.  ,          1919.   ,           . . Carol lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938): De lmancipation ? la marginalization (Paris: Peteers, 1996), pp. 91-117.          .  1866. ,           .   1878.               .       ,             .        ,    . . lancu, Jews in Romania 18661919: From Exclusion to Emancipation, trad. de Carvel de Bussy (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1996), pp. 3767, 90-109.




102


.: lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938), pp. 280287, 299303.




103


.          - (Teodorescu-Brani?te),    1937.       ,     , .: Argetoianu, ?nsemnari zilnice, vol. 2, pp. 231232.




104


.     -, Cuv?ntare catre Na?iunea Rom?na (Cluj: Ofensiva Rom?na, f. d.).




105


. Valeriu Pop, Amintiri politice (Bucure?ti: Editura Vestala, 1999), pp. 86  .




106


. : Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, p. 194.      1922.,   -     .




107


   . : Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 1980.      .: Ibid., pp. 6365.       , .: Philippe C. Schmitter, Reflections on Manoilescu and the Political Consequences of Delayed Development on the Periphery of Western Europe, Social Change in Romania: A Debate on Development in a European Nation, ed. Kenneth Jowitt (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1978), pp. 117139.




108


     .: Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 1, pp. 104  .




109


Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, p. 223.




110


Ibid., pp. 268303.




111


Ornea, Anii treizeci, pp. 265279; Bordeiu, Mi?carea Legionara ?n Dobrogea, p. 75. ,    ,       Buna Vestire,       . .: Horia Sima, Era liberta?ii. Statul na?ional-legionar (Madrid: Mi?carii legionare, 1982), pp. 2122.            . ., ,    26  1937.,           ,      II (Scurtu, ed. Ideologie ?i forma?iunile de dreapta, p. 322).




112


     F. Alcan    Les reuvres fran?aises.




113


Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, pp. 313  .




114


Ibid., p. 378.




115


Mihail Manoilescu, Le si?cle du corporatism: Doctrine du corporatisme intgral et pur (Paris: Librairie Flix Alcan, 1934), pp. 39, 178180.




116


.: Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci, p. 274.




117


Manoilescu, Memorii, vol. 2, p. 375.




118


Ibid., pp. 372373.      .: lancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie (19191938), pp. 290295.




119


Pop, Amintiri politice, pp. 166191.    LANC . : Codreanu, Pentru legionari, pp. 280291.




120


Ibid., pp. 190  .




121


     .: Catherine Durandin, La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvelles fronti?res dans les Balkans: le cas de Dobrogea, Cahiers du Monde russe et sovietique, 20, nr. 1 (janvier-mars 1979), pp. 6165.




122


.: Constantin lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 18781913, The Carl Beck Papers ?n Russian & East European Studies (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002), p. 8.             .    ,          ,   100. ,     . .:  ,     18781913 (:  , 1991), . 81  .




123


lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2831.




124


Ioan lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia: Teza pentru doctorat ?n ?tiin?ele economice prezentata ?i sus?inuta ?n octombrie 1937 (Ia?i: Institutul de arte grafice Brawo, 1937), pp. 4445; lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2738.   ,         - ,     .            .   1923. . 3    1866.;     ,  ,     . .: lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 1820.




125


Ibid., p. 46.




126


lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 147151; . : lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, p. 32.




127


. : lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 52.




128


      .: lordachi, Citizenship, Nation-and State-Building, pp. 4346; Durandin, La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvel  les fronti?res dans les Balkans, pp. 6667.




129


lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, p. 36.  ,    ,          ,          1912.,        . .: , , .85105.




130


    : Studiu etnografic, pp. 3447.           ,       .         :  ,            (.  lordachi, Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building, pp. 2, 36),  ,           .




131


Jean Nouzille, La fronti?re bulgaro-roumaine en Dobroudja, Revue Roumaine dHistoire, 35, nr. 12 (1996), pp. 3637.




132


.: lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 45, 130131; Constantin Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, Sociologie rom?neasca, 3, nr. 46 (1938), pp. 120121.




133


Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, pp. 2239; Katherine Ver-dery, Transylvanian Villagers: Three Centuries of Political, Economic, and Ethnic Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 278280.




134


lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 73; Victor Axenciuc, Evolu?ia economica a Rom?niei. Cercetari statistico-istorice. 18591947, vol. 2, Agricultura (Bucure?ti: Editura Academiei, 1996), p. 107




135


lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 66, 153.      ,      1881., ,              .




136


Ibid., p. 68.




137


Ibid., pp. 131133; Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, pp. 121123.       .:                     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , .      19191941 (:      , 1993), . 2, .264266.




138


           ,      ,      , .: Ibid.,  . 75-192. .    : Dan Catanu?, ed., Cadrilaterul. Ideologie cominternista ?i iredentism bulgar, 19191940 (Bucure?ti: Institutul Na?ional pentru Studiul totalitarismului, 2001).   .: Hugh Poulton, Who Are the Macedonians? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 9299.




139


   . Arcadie Gherasim, Schimbul de popula?ii ?ntre state (Bucure?ti: Monitorul oficial ?i imprimeriile statului, 1943), pp. 6972.  ,   170. ,    70. .




140


lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, p. 135.




141


.: Todorov et al., eds., Izvori za istoriata na Dobrugia, p. 464.




142


.: Sabin Manuila, The Population of Dobrogea, Dobrogea, Studii romane?ti, 4 (Bucure?ti: Academia Romana, 1940), pp. 187188; Anton Golopen?ia, Popula?ia teritoriilor rom?ne?ti desprinse ?n 1940, idem, Opere complete, vol. 2, Statistica, demografie ?i geopolitica, ed. Sanda Golopen?ia (Bucure?ti: Editura Enciclopedica, 2002), p. 550.




143


.: Colonizarea ?i organizarea frontierelor Rom?niei Mari (Bucure?ti: Tipografia Ministerului de Razboi, 1925).




144


Noe, Colonizarea Cadrilaterului, p. 123; lavorschi, Colonizarea ?n Rom?nia, pp. 122123.




145


  .: Tom Winnifrith, The Vlachs: The History of the Balkan People (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987); Centre dtude des civilisations de lEurope centrale et du sud-est, Les Aroumains, cahier nr. 8 (Paris: INALCO, 1989).




146


.: Jelavich, P. Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, p. 210; Georgi Barbolov, Politika na Bukaresht v Makedoniia po Arumunskiia vopros prez 18781913 godina, Istoricheski Pregled (Bulgaria), 49, nr. 1 (1993), pp. 148163.


