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         ,   ? .         .       ,           [7 - Richard Tremblay, "Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression: From Social Learning to Epigenetics," Talk at Picower New Insight Symposium, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 29, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br3OeGwGxuY (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br3OeGwGxuY),   00:17:20.].      ,      .   堖  ,    ,  , , ,   ,    [8 -  ,   00:17:2017:44. .: Richard E. Tremblay, Frank Vitaro, and Sylvana M. C?t, "Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression: A Bio-Psycho-Social Model for the Next Generation of Preventive Interventions," Annual Review of Psychology 69 (April 2018): 383407, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416044030 (https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416%E2%80%93044030).].      ,  ,     堖   [9 -  , 17:40.].       ,      .    , ,  , ,    ,      Nature.     ,      [10 - Stephen S. Hall, "Behaviour and Biology: The Accidental Epigeneticist," Nature 505, no. 7481 (December 30, 2013), 1417, https://www.nature.com/news/behaviour-and-biology-the-accidental-epigeneticist-1.14441 (https://www.nature.com/news/behaviour-and-biology-the-accidental-epigeneticist-1.14441).].

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   ? ,  , .           ,   ,         [22 - "Pregnancy and Maternity Care in Norway," Norway Health Agency, https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care (https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care). https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/norway-shows-the-way-in-childcare-1.467444 (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/norway-shows-the-way-in-childcare-1.467444).].       .     6  10,   ,       [23 - "Norway's 'Daddy Quota' Means 90% of Fathers Take Parental Leave," September 17, 2018, Apolitical, https://apolitical.co/solution_article/norways-daddy-quota-means-90-of-fathers-take-parental-leave (https://apolitical.co/solution_article/norways-daddy-quota-means-90-of-fathers-take-parental-leave).].            .      15  .       16  ,         .   ! ,   :    !  49    . (         ,     ,        9000.)

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            ?    .       5-      ,     34-[27 -  Р  , https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/infant-mortality-rates.htm (https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/infant-mortality-rates.htm).].      5-   ,    29-[28 -  Р   , https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm#indicator-chart (https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm#indicator-chart).].   ?   1- ,   21-[29 - .  Bloomberg: "Most Stressed-Out: Countries," Best (and Worst), 2013, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/best-and-worst/#most-stressed-out-countries (https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/best-and-worst/#most-stressed-out-countries).]. ,        ?  :   3-  ,  ࠖ  19-[30 - John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, World Happiness Report 2019, 2425, fig. 2.7.]. (   ,  - .          ,   ,        .      ,   ,      ,  ,   ,     .     ,  .          .  ,        ,     堖    .       .    :          ,  ,         ,    .    ,    ,       ,       ,       .)

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notes








1


John B. McKinlay, "A Case for Refocusing Upstream: The Political Economy of Illness," in Peter Conrad, Valerie Leiter, eds., The Sociology of Health & Illness: Critical Perspectives, 10th ed. (NewYork: Sage, 2018), 578.




2


., : Ryan O'Neill, June 2018, July 2018, and August 2019; Tucker Moodey, June 2018 and August 2019; and Mark Okerstrom, August 2018.




3


  ,  2019.




4


  ', 8 2019.




5


   ,  2009.




6


Council of Economic Advisers, Returns on Investments in Recidivism-Reducing Programs report, Executive Office of the White House: 2018, 1112, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Returns-on-Investments-in-Recidivism-Reducing-Programs.pdf (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Returns-on-Investments-in-Recidivism-Reducing-Programs.pdf).




7


Richard Tremblay, "Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression: From Social Learning to Epigenetics," Talk at Picower New Insight Symposium, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 29, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br3OeGwGxuY (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br3OeGwGxuY),   00:17:20.




8


 ,   00:17:2017:44. .: Richard E. Tremblay, Frank Vitaro, and Sylvana M. C?t, "Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression: A Bio-Psycho-Social Model for the Next Generation of Preventive Interventions," Annual Review of Psychology 69 (April 2018): 383407, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416044030 (https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416%E2%80%93044030).




9


 , 17:40.




10


Stephen S. Hall, "Behaviour and Biology: The Accidental Epigeneticist," Nature 505, no. 7481 (December 30, 2013), 1417, https://www.nature.com/news/behaviour-and-biology-the-accidental-epigeneticist-1.14441 (https://www.nature.com/news/behaviour-and-biology-the-accidental-epigeneticist-1.14441).




11


     Medicare  Medicaid  2017., https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/nationalhealthaccountshistorical.html (https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/nationalhealthaccountshistorical.html).




12


  - . The Health Initiative. "The Health Initiative (THI) Public Opinion Research Key Insights to Date," December 2018.




13


   , 11 2019.




14


Elizabeth Bradley, Heather Sipsma, and Lauren A. Taylor, "American Health Care Paradox High Spending on Health Care and Poor Health," QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 110, no. 2 (2017): 6165; 62, fig. 2; 63. Jennifer Rubin etal., Are Better Health Outcomes Related to Social Expenditure?: A Cross-national Empirical Analysis of Social Expenditure and Population Health Measures, RAND, 2016, 11, fig. 1.




15


Bradley, Sipsma, and Taylor, "American Health Care Paradox," 6165, 63, fig. 2.




16


 .




17


 RAND, .6 ()  .7 ().




18


Jennifer Rubin etal., Are Better Health Outcomes Related to Social Expenditure?, 15, table 6; 16, table 7.




19


Elizabeth Bradley and Lauren Taylor, The American Health Care Paradox: Why Spending More Is Getting Us Less (NewYork: Public Affairs, 2013), 5.




20


Bradley etal., "American Health Care Paradox High Spending on Health Care and Poor Health," QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 110, no. 2 (2017): 63, fig. 1.




21


 .




22


"Pregnancy and Maternity Care in Norway," Norway Health Agency, https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care (https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care). https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/norway-shows-the-way-in-childcare-1.467444 (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/norway-shows-the-way-in-childcare-1.467444).




23


"Norway's 'Daddy Quota' Means 90% of Fathers Take Parental Leave," September 17, 2018, Apolitical, https://apolitical.co/solution_article/norways-daddy-quota-means-90-of-fathers-take-parental-leave (https://apolitical.co/solution_article/norways-daddy-quota-means-90-of-fathers-take-parental-leave).




24


"Age 1, Kindergartens and Schools," New in Norway: Practical Information from Public Agencies, http://www.nyinorge.no/en/Familiegjenforening/New-in-Norway/Families-and-children-in-Norway-/Kindergarden-and-schools (http://www.nyinorge.no/en/Familiegjenforening/New-in-Norway/Families-and-children-in-Norway-/Kindergarden-and-schools). Cost, "Prices and Payment, Kindergarten",   , https://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/kindergarten/prices-and-payment/#gref (https://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/kindergarten/prices-and-payment/#gref).




25


"Child Benefit," https://www.nav.no/en/Home/Benefits+and+services/Relatert+informasjon/child-benefit#chapter-1 (https://www.nav.no/en/Home/Benefits%20and%20services/Relatert%20informasjon/child-benefit#chapter-1).




26


Rick Noack, "7 Countries Where Americans Can Study at Universities, in English, for Free (or Almost Free)," Washington Post, October 29, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/10/29/7-countries-where-americans-can-study-at-universities-in-english-for-free-or-almost-free (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/10/29/7-countries-where-americans-can-study-at-universities-in-english-for-free-or-almost-free).




27


 Р  , https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/infant-mortality-rates.htm (https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/infant-mortality-rates.htm).




28


 Р   , https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm#indicator-chart (https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm#indicator-chart).




29


.  Bloomberg: "Most Stressed-Out: Countries," Best (and Worst), 2013, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/best-and-worst/#most-stressed-out-countries (https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/best-and-worst/#most-stressed-out-countries).




30


John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, World Happiness Report 2019, 2425, fig. 2.7.




31


Lucas W. Davis, "The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City," Journal of Political Economy 116, no. 1 (2008): 3881.




32


Colette Flight, "Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge," BBC, February 17, 2011, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml).




33


.  David Brown, "The Last Case of Smallpox," Washington Post, January 26, 1993, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1993/01/26/the-last-case-of-smallpox/46e21c4c-e8144e2c-99b52a84d53eefc1 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1993/01/26/the-last-case-of-smallpox/46e21c4c-e814%E2%80%934e2c-99b5%E2%80%932a84d53eefc1).




34


      ,    2019.




35


Ian McMahan, "Why Hamstring Injuries Are So Common in NFL Players, During Presea son Play," Sports Illustrated, August 18, 2016, https://www.si.com/edge/2016/08/18/hamstring-injuries-nfl-training-camps-new-england-patriots (https://www.si.com/edge/2016/08/18/hamstring-injuries-nfl-training-camps-new-england-patriots).




36


 .




37


Elaine Allensworth, Kaleen Healey, Julia Gwynne, and Ren Crispin, High School Graduation Rates Through Two Decades of Change: Research Summary (Chicago: University of Chicago Consortium on School Research, June 2016), 13.




38


Paul Batalden,     , http://www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/origin-of-every-system-is-perfectly-designed-quote (http://www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/origin-of-every-system-is-perfectly-designed-quote).




39


 : https://cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx (https://cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx); Green Bay School enrollment: https://www.gbaps.org/our_district (https://www.gbaps.org/our_district); City of Seattle budget portal, https://openbudget.seattle.gov (https://openbudget.seattle.gov/).




40


   ,  2018.




41


Elaine Allensworth, "The Use of Ninth-Grade Early Warning Indicators to Improve Chicago Schools," Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 18:1 (2013): 6883, doi: 10.1080/10824669.2013.745181, 69.




42


     ,  2019.




43


Elaine Allensworth and John Easton, "The On-Track Indicator as a Predictor of High School Graduation" (Chicago: University of Chicago Consortium on Chicago School Research, June 2005), 18.




44


   ,  2019.




45


Allensworth and Easton, "The On-Track Indicator," 7.




46


Chicago Public Schools,"Elementary and High School Guide," https://cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/gocps/GoCPS-ES-and-HS-Guide-201920-English.pdf (https://cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/gocps/GoCPS-ES-and-HS-Guide-2019%E2%80%9320-English.pdf).




47


   ,  2018.




48


 .




49


   ,  2018.




50


   ,  2019.




51


 .




52


 .




53


"Mayor Emmanuel and CPS Announce Record High Graduation Rate of 78.2 Percent," Chicago Public Schools,  , 3 2018., https://cps.edu/News/Press_releases/Pages/PR1_9_3_2018.aspx (https://cps.edu/News/Press_releases/Pages/PR1_9_3_2018.aspx).




54


   ,  2019.




55


"Education and Lifetime Earnings," Social Security Administration, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/research-summaries/education-earnings.html (https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/research-summaries/education-earnings.html), fig. 1, using gross numbers (without controls).




56


Trafton Drew, Melissa L. H. Vo, and Jeremy M. Wolfe, "The Invisible Gorilla Strikes Again: Sustained Inattentional Blindness in Expert Observers," Psychological Science 24, no. 9 (2013): 184853.           .


