   1914-1918 .
 

 


 
               .     -          ,      .            ,  ,   .     .  . ,     ,     ,    ,       ,       19141918 .





 ,  

   19141918.



   , 2011



  .                        ,         ,           .






 1804.   -       ,     ,          :

         .    ,     ;         ,     .




   


         ,              ,         ,                       .        ,   ,    ,     .

           ,         -        .

 ,                .             .                ,       .     1915.   ,   -[1 - Grand Fleet            19141918.,   -     . . .],       ,            1916.

          ,        ,    ,      ,            .

          ,   ,   ,        ,   ,   .         ,         ,    ,       ,    ,    .

       ,       ,     ,     ,   .

     ,        ,   , ,     .      ,       ,      ,           .

,     ,      .    ,      1917.      41    55      (sloops)          74   ( ,    )       .

     ,        1917.,      ,         (small craft),  ,      (R.N.R.),      (R.N.V.R.)         ,    ,     ,         .

          ,    ,  -           .



.-.[2 -    (18591935)       . . .]




I.      







  2  1914.        (Heligoland)    .      ,   .             -.    ,             ;       .

,   ,          ,        .

           ,               ;       ,        .            ,             .   ,  ,  ,             .

   ,    2 ,      :       .

                .    3            .

                      .     ,    ,    ,            .

     .    4   .       :     .             ,   .                            (Orkneys)      .

            ;       ,           ,      .

6 ,  4. 30., 10      .     ;  : U-5, U-7  U-8          ; U-9   ,        ;  U-13  U-15,   U-14, U-16, U-17  U-18.

 13. 40.  ,   ,                 .       ,     .    .  - (Horns Reef)       ,             .

  ;       ,         (Shetlands)   (Bergen).

         :  8   225          U-9,        .  9      .

   , 8 ,     (Fair) U-15 ( )     (Ajax),  (Monarch)   (Orion),   :        ,  .       .       ,  ,  :      (Iron Duke)   (Dreadnought)   .

   ,    ,         .  ,       .

     1-    (1st Light Cruiser Squadron),      ,      .

     (Birmingham)       U-15,     . ,        , ,     ,   ,   ,         .         ,   ,      .    ,    :         ,  .    U-15       ,   , ,         ,         .       ,         ,                      ,       .

  , 12 , 7     .    U-15     :    ࠖ U-13;          ,   ,           .

 ,    -  ,     .        ,         .                       :  -      - (Scapa-Flow)    .

        .         ,              .               -.    24  U-15       ,     .            . ,     U-15         ,  ,              .      ,  蠖    ࠖ  ,   U-15         .    1914.       ,           ,    ,   .

8 ,  2       ,           (Hoofden),    ,  -   (Terschelling) - (Flamborough Head).      .           ࠖ U-19, U-21, U-22  U-24 ,  U-21 (),    .             .  ,        1517 ,        (Channel) 9-.

       ,      22-        .     ,    ,     ,         .

               . 14-        U-19      (Egersund)   (Peterhead).     U-22 ()      . (Humber)    (Albatross)   (Pelikan)       ,  24 .

      ,  ,    ,    ,            .   U-21  :   1600    ࠖ ,      .

,     , ,         .      :   ,    ,   ,   ;              ;         .

  28     (Heligoland Bight)     ,             .  (Ems)[3 -          2  (flotillas).].          ( 10 )      U-27, U-30,        .       ,     U-20 ().    2     -- (Firth of Forth).        - (Forth Bridge),         .                   .         ,        ,    .

 5-  .      (St.Ebbs Head)           (Pathfinder)   .

     U-21,     ,   .    ,  ,     ;       4    ,     259.   .    ,       ,            .

[4 - Patfinder        . . .]    ,         ,       ,   ,      頖   .

      ,   1914.      ,       ,   . . ,      ,     .               -,         .

   ,     , -       - (Loch Ewe)    ,   -    .      ,             .

         .         ,  ,    - (Brood Fourteens),    - (Dogger Bank)  ,      (7- ),            (Harwich Force flotillas).  ,       (Live Bait Squadron),      .         ,     17        .     22            (Harwich),    .                   .       ,    ,  ;  , ,      ,   .   ,  ࠖ  (Aboukir),  (Cressy)  㻠 (Hogue)      2-    ,  N,   10 .   22     ;   (Scheveningen)   .  7. 30.      .      25 ,        .

,      ,               .  5     ,    5    .           ,        


/


  .

        ,             ,        .           ,      ,  837     .

      ,      62   1073 ,         .

        ,   3        U-9    .      ,     .     ,   ,    .   , .  ,   ,    [5 -          Sechs Jahre unter Wasser;          , . 砖 . ., 1929.   ,  ,     . . .].           ,    ,  .    20          ,              50    .   , 21-,          ,     , ,      15. (27,4),     .  ,      ,      .       . ,      ,      .    ,        ,         U-9 ,     ,     .

  ,    , U-9        ,        . ,  ,    -     . ,    ,      ,       .

 .    3   .                  ,      .

         ,          15.  7. 20.       .   - ,   .   .    ,      .       ,   .      .     ,         .    .   ,      .   U-9        ,      . 25.        ,   ,        ,     . U-9  .

       ,          .    ,   .     2 .       .

    ,    ,       ;         .             .   ,    .   ,      ,     .       .    U-9            .  ,       ,                   .

      U-9   .    U-15,      ,    ,      12000 .       ,    ,   ,      -.

,     .   , ,                ,  ,        .   ,    ,                 ,            , ,      .    堖    .   ,   ,    ,                ,            .       ,                  ,          .

     7-    . 2      40    (Ostend),  ,  ʸ  (?nigin Louise)    .       2000 ,      ,           .      ,                       .    ,      - ,   ,      .   ,    :    .  ,   ,        ,     .       :          ,          ,    .   ,     ,          .  , ,       ,    ,     ,       .                .  ,          ,     .

         .  U-18       (Dover Straits).      (Attentive)   27     30-      .   ,      ,              . , U-18    ,   2       (Goodwins)    -3.

 ,      ,   ;          ,     ,      ,    ,        .

       . U-16 () 1    ,       15.       U-9    ,      U-17 ()   -    .  ,         (Halifax)     .    ,            .  , 10-   (      (Edgar)       (  )       (Aberdeen). 15          .     ,    10    .

  U-9     ,          22 ;      ,          .    ,     ,  , ,          ,        .     .        ,   ,  ,   7- ,     14 .       ,             .   ,            .   U-9   .    ,       .          .

      U-9:  .      ,       ; U-9    .    ,         .     .   ,          .

       .  U-9         ;     (Hawke)   (Endimion) .       , ,    ,           .    ,      ,  .      ,                  .  U-9  ,     ,      .      ,   :        ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   12  13 .      ,     8 ,     500. .      ,     (Theseus)   ,  U-17.          NW;      ,                .

   ,        -;                 (Alarm).   ,    (Nymphe)          .              U-9.  U-9   ,  ,  20 U-17      (Glitra) (866),   ;     ,       .

   U-20   . 13    (White)  116    ,  .           .          (Southhampton)   (Plymouth)  ,          .     U-20             ,    .           . 17--- (Butt of Lewis)     4     ,    ,    . 18-  ,  ,      .

           ,        .  U-20     ,      - 7    ,    -    .

,           -,   - ,      .          - (Lough Swilly),    ,   ,  -        .  ,   -        ,   -  (Berlin),        (Audacious)     ,      .  ,                      ,  젖  ,            .  -        ,       堖  1918.    (containing)        젖      (Northern Blockade).          ;         .  ,            .                !     ,     ,     !

  U-20   U-27 ()    .    ,   18     (Borkum Riff)     -3.  ,         , , ,      ,        .

 U-27        ;    U-19 ()    .        (Seebrugge),    .   ,  24 ,   ,       (Badger),           .  ,   -      ,    1918.  36000    .         .           U-19     ,  ,    .

 U-19    hors de combat,      U-24   .       U-19         . 26   - (Gris Nez)       (Amirall Ganteaume)[6 -      (Hibernian).] (4590),    2500 ,       .          (Boulogne),      ,     ,  40.          (Hermes),   .          (Dunkirk) 31     U-27,      22.       (bombarding squadron) .         .       ,     [7 -         ,       .2 .   -3    . 57 .    (Mohawk)   (Coquette)      ;      - (Smiths Knoll);    -. 9.   (Antrim)     (Skudenaes). 10 .    (Attack)       (Schowen Bank). 1113.  116      .   (Severn)      .    (Goshawk)    . 15 .   (Hawke)    U-9;   ( ,  ,   ) (Swift),  ,  3 ;   (Theseus)  U-17   . 16 .    (Alarm)  U-9   . 17.    (Leda)      -. 21 .   (Lynx)       (Cromarty Firth).    (Badger)  U-19   ,      -    (Shell). 31.   (Hermes)    .].

 U-19        .     9    U-12;        U-5, U-8, U-11  U-24.         ,                  .    ,     ,      29  1915.;           .

     U-12             (Niger),          (Diel pier).    . ,            3 .    ,          .

   20    .    11 ,        (Colchester) (1209)            .

   ,  . 20   U-21    (Havre)     (Malachite) (718);     ,   ,     .    26-      (Primo) (1366).       .    .         : U-5()  U-11 (); ,        .

  ,    ,      .  -      ,      ,  U-22  ,  .      23 ,  U-16  U-18       -.  -   :        (Bight)      . U-18 () 23-         ;           (),     .       -,      . U-18     ,       (Tokio).             (Dorothy Grey),  .   ,     ,   . U-18  ,      .  ,   砖       (Garry), U-18           .  ,      (Pentland Skerries).    , ,   , U-18     (Muckle Skerry).   ,   .  ,   ,  .

U-16 ()      ,        -  .          ,     (Lerwick) ( );            (Skipjack).

    U-17        ,     ,   .     [8 -     -. . .]       . 15      (Scarborough)         . ,    U-27       .

 ,                         .              .

   1914.  ,   ,      (Cuxhaven);    U-20, U-22  U-30      .            ,         . 24  1915.       -          .    ,       ,       .  ,                 .              ,         (Lion)        (Rosyth)        .

     ,    ,           ,                     .           .

     ,   .     U-24 ()        .     5-        (Medway)   (Portland)    .               .  ,    U-20  -  (Scilles)        .     31   , ,    ,         .        -        .    ,        .        U-24   :  (Formidable)   .

   ,       ,  ,   ,         ,      550.

                  .             (drifter nets),  ,          ;                  (explosive sweeps).       60 . (18,3),            164 . (50),        .  ,        ,            .             .        ;    ,   1906.          .

               .  蠖 U-22, U-31  U-32 13       (Thames),     U-32  ; U-22 ()  27 ,   :   ,   , U-22   ,      ,    . ,     ,     .        ,     U-7,   ,   .

 , U-31 (),   ;  ,        .                  ; 젖   6      ,       .   ,    .   ,   ,     U-31        ,    .

              ,        ,        .       ,         .  (Wilhelmshaven) 21     , U-21  29-    (WalneyIsland)    (Barrow),   ,       .

       (sank with bombs)  ࠖ  (Kilcoan) (416),   (Linda Blanche) (369)    (Ben Cruachan) (3092)    .

  ,      (Fishguard)    (Vanduara),    .

    U-21     .      ,  U-21  ;         ,           .

     , U-19    ; 21-       (Durward) (1301).

    U-20 ().     ,          .

     30-   (Icaria) (4335),  (Tokomaru) (6048)   (Oriole) (1489), 頖      21.

     ⠖ ,     (non-combatant)     .   ,    1917. (        ), 27%       . ,    ,     ,   1   ,  ,      (Asturias) (12002),   ,                 ,   .

  U-16   (Dulwich) (3289)  -- (Ville de Lille) (997) 15    (  2.),     ,      1915.   .    (18  1915.)     11    1    1  .

 ,       ,    ,   ,    ,        .

  .       ,         ,     :    -      .        .   ,            (power oi endurance),   .     ,          (intermittent patrol);              ,      (diving patrol).

 ,               ,   .    ,                . ,         ,    -    .         ,          (drifter nets).   ,      ,                    . 11    ,  5   ;      1 , 4 , 1  , 1 , 1     1  .          7      .

      3  4  .       20   33      .               .




II.   .     










I


           ?       ,     .       [9 -  .      . . II, .146 (J. Corbett. Naval operations, v. II, p. 132) (, , ,     . . .).],   ,           .         .           :           ,          .     ,   ,   ,      ,       .

  ,         ?     ,   ,         .      ,         .  3               1904.,          (indicator nets)  . ,        -I.             .  1910.          ,      ,    (zigzagging),   (deceptive painting)  , ,   (hand-grenades),   (towing-charges),    (stalking by submarines)     [10 - Brasserys Naval Annual, 1919, . 131.].  ,         ,  ,     ,           .

            ,     ;       .    1913.      ..   ,   ,            .      ,    [11 -  .]    [12 - .    (   ).] ,    (murred)  .     1913.     ;       ,   1914.,          .    ,        (booby traps).

  ,               ,              .     ,       ,       ;  ,               ,     (Borkum)   (Sylt).     ,      (periscope trawling); ,          (explosive sweep),   .

.-.   ,           [13 -     1914.             .       ,   ꠖ         ,        ,            蔻. Spindler, The value of submarine in warfare (.-.       ). United States Naval Institute Proceedings,  1926, . 837.].         . ,        , : ,           ,   ,    ,       ,      200 [14 - Gayer, United States Naval Institute Proceedings,  1927., . 622.].      .      ,           -  .       ,         .   ,    ,   . ,    , ,          [15 - Scheer, Deutschlands Hochseeflotte im Weltkrieg (.   ), . 224.].

 ,     1914.           .       ,   ,          .                 1914.    (Glitra).    U-17   , ,    ,         .                .      ,             .         ,    . ,       ,          .     ,           [16 - Scheer, Deutschlands Hochseeflotte im Weltkrieg, . 222.   ,        . .    1914.].

    ,    ,   ,      ,          .   (),           ;                     [17 -               .          ,       .].

,    ,   ,       ,      ,          (ultimate destination). ,   ,        ,      .   , ,     ,     .

        . . ,     ,    .  ,    ,               .             .              .  ,  ,    ,         -  .            蠖   ,    蠖  ,         .

       . 27   ,        ,          .   ,   , ,        :           ,   ,  . ,      ,            .

    ,      . 24          -   ,    ,     (Blucher).         .        . 4      ,       .     ,     ,        .

         :

1.    ,    ,     .  18    ,    ,  ,         ,     .

2.        ,      ,         31 ,     ,         ,   .      ,          30        .

      .

               (Lusitania)          .       ,     ⠖   ,            .

 ,             ,  ,    ,       .   ,        㠖   (Dacia),      (Galveston)  31        (Rotterdam).     -     ,       . 27         (Europe)   [18 -                .         ,      .      , ,   ,       ,    bona fide.].    1914.          . ,       5  ,   1913.          ;      ,      .  25       ,   1          蠖   .   ,     ,      .

              ;              .    ,             .   ,        15 ,     ,          .    30        , ,       ,           .

 .         ,            .        .  -    , ,  ,           .        ,                  .

       :

    :          ,          ,    ,       ,       .  ,      ,    ,     .     ,       .



 ,                          .        . 14   ,  ,    ,  ,         . 15-       ,        .    ; U-30     ,        .

 ,           :                 .               .          ;            ,           .            ,             .   ,         ,     .

           ,       ,   ,          .   ,          .            (war pilot).             . ,        .

           ;       ,       ,     ,         .            ,       .

    ,    ,     ,        .      ,     4  16 ,  2       ,     ,        (Elbow Buoy)   (Broadstairs)  -     .

, ,  ,    ,   . 13-      17   ,     :        (North Channel)  .  (St. Georges Channel).         ,    6  10 .   ,      ,           ,           .     ,      .  ,       ;        ,  ,      ,  .     ,           .   50  (fleet colliers)    (coasters)  ,      .

           .       ,    ,       ,         (Ruytingen Sand).      .

18         ,      ( ,       ,      ;   ,  ,     ,  ,      .    ,     20  ,        . U-30     , a U-8 ()        ; U-20  U-27   25-.         . U-30,     ,        껠(Kambank) (3112)   (Downschire) (337):     20-,  ,    (Point Lynas),   4 .     ,    : 23-        (Alex Hastie)  100       (Farn Islands)       .  U-8     .  26-    ,        (Varne);        ,         (Beachy Head),     3. 24-        (Andrew) (2528),      .    11 ,   7 . 28-   ⠖    (Thordis)        -.  ,    ,      .  ,     ,      (Belridge)           U-8    ,     .       .    (U-8  U-30)   U-20  U-27,   .  25 .    U-27       ,     (Arkona),   .     140 .             . U-20             ,          ,        (Isle of Man).     5  6 ;       (armed merchant-cruiser)  (Bayano),  U-27   (Wigtownshire) 11 ,    .      (Faulknor)  6     .      ,      -.

     . U-8    ,    . 4,   ,       (Viking)  5   ONO  -   (Varne).     (Roburn)       .   ,   .      , ,     ,       ,   .    ,    ,   .     (Maori)      .        ,     ,   17.       :  U-8              . ,   ,      4   25.        . 10   U-8 .




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notes








1


Grand Fleet            19141918.,   -     . . .




2


   (18591935)       . . .




3


         2  (flotillas).




4


Patfinder        . . .




5


         Sechs Jahre unter Wasser;          , . 砖 . ., 1929.   ,  ,     . . .




6


     (Hibernian).




7


        ,       .

2 .   -3    . 57 .    (Mohawk)   (Coquette)      ;      - (Smiths Knoll);    -. 9.   (Antrim)     (Skudenaes). 10 .    (Attack)       (Schowen Bank). 1113.  116      .   (Severn)      .    (Goshawk)    . 15 .   (Hawke)    U-9;   ( ,  ,   ) (Swift),  ,  3 ;   (Theseus)  U-17   . 16 .    (Alarm)  U-9   . 17.    (Leda)      -. 21 .   (Lynx)       (Cromarty Firth).    (Badger)  U-19   ,      -    (Shell). 31.   (Hermes)    .




8


    -. . .




9


 .      . . II, .146 (J. Corbett. Naval operations, v. II, p. 132) (, , ,     . . .).




10


Brasserys Naval Annual, 1919, . 131.




11


 .




12


.    (   ).




13


    1914.             .       ,   ꠖ         ,        ,            蔻. Spindler, The value of submarine in warfare (.-.       ). United States Naval Institute Proceedings,  1926, . 837.




14


Gayer, United States Naval Institute Proceedings,  1927., . 622.




15


Scheer, Deutschlands Hochseeflotte im Weltkrieg (.   ), . 224.




16


Scheer, Deutschlands Hochseeflotte im Weltkrieg, . 222.   ,        . .    1914.




17


              .          ,       .




18


               .

         ,      .      , ,   ,       ,    bona fide.


