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       ,       Ab Imperio  20002010 .                    .   (      )        :          ,   .                      ,   .      ( XVI   XX ),         :  ,          ?

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     Ab Imperio    :  ,     ,           .  ,    XX     ,            :    .   XVI  ( . )           XVIII  ( . ).          (. )   ,     ,   ,      ,        (.  . , .   . ).        ( . )        ,    -,   .  ,               ,   (    )      : , , , , , , ,   ..         1917         (. )    - (. )                .

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            .         ?                 .          .          ,  ,      ,       .    ,      :          ,        .

         .  ,        XV     ,  ,      . :  ,     ( III. ..)     ,     ,          ,    ,    ,     ?[2 -  .    XVIII  //  . 1989. 4. .67.]    -   ,      -      [3 -          ,              ,              .  .: Downs R., Stea D. Maps in Minds: Reflections of Cognitive Mapping. N.Y., 1977.]  ?

   ,        ,     ,     .  ,           [4 -        .  ( .   :      . ., 2003. .35, 38).   ,  XVIII.       .         XVIXVII.,    .  ( . .3536,43-45),   ,          .     ,               XVXVI  XVIII.      ,     XVIII.,      XVXVI.,                 ,       XVIXVII.].   ,    .  ,  -          (  ,  ,  ,  ,       ),   ,          .   .. ,                   [5 -  .. -:     //  . 1997. 2. . 58.].               ,      .

     XV          ,     -    .       .             .   . ,     ,  ,    [6 - Said E. Orientalizm. N.Y., 1978. P. 1, 7.].      :       [7 - ., : Theunissen . The Other: Studies in the Social Ontology of Husserl, Heidegger, Sarte and Buber. Cambridge, 1986: De Certeau M. Heterologies: Discourse on the Other. Manchester, 1986; Beattie J. Other Cultures: Aims, Methods and Achievments in Social Anthropology. London, 1987; etc.]. ,  ,        ,  -  ,          .           ,           .             ,   .             XV     .    -          (    ) .


   ?[8 -       .           ,  XVIII.,            .   ,       : Hay D. Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh, 1968; Janne H. Europes Cultural Identity. Strasburg, 1981: Hamerow T. The Birth of a New Europe: State and Society in the Nineteenth Century. North Carolina, 1983: Rougemont D. Vingt-huit si?cles dEurope. Paris, 1989; De?anty G. Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. N.Y., 1995; Williams R. The History of the Idea of Europe. Milton Keynes, 1995; Wilson K, Van der Bussen J. The History of the Idea of Europe. London, 1995; Davis N. Europe: A History. London, 1997: Heffernan M. The Meaning of Europe, Geography and Geopolitics. London, 1998; Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other / Ed. by B. Strath. Bruxelles, 2002: The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union / Ed. by A. Pagden. Cambridge; Washington, 2002; Geary P. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton, 2002; Tawada Y. Where Europe Begins. N.Y., 2002; etc.He   , ,     ,            ,  ,    .  Orientalis et Occidentalis               .     Occidens  ,      ,      .     ,  .      814.    Occidens    Europa,      1054.    Europa Occidens  Occidentalis.          ,        ,       ( .     //      / . . .. . ., 1996. .150151).     (XVXVI.)      ,     ,       res publica Christiana,    ,  , .      (Geremek . La notion dEurope et la prise de conscience europenne au bas Moyen Age // La Pologne au XVe Congr?s International des Sciences Historiques ? Bucarest. Etudes sur lhistoire de la culture de lEurope centrale-orientale. Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krakow, Gdansk, 1980. P.7093).        ,  , modus vivendi, ,          ,       ,     .]

              ,         .      . ,  ,       .        .

           [9 -         ,    1966. .: Norman D. Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh, 1966. P.393432:   :  ..  :     . ., 2001. .825.].   ,         ,         .             , .         ,   [10 -          ,   12     ( 16: 2-16, 21:10, 18, 2021; 25:16, 18).      ,   (),        ( 2: 116, 119, 121, 130, 134  .).].   .           ,       .           : ,     ,    [11 - Southern R.W. Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Harvard, 1962. P. 4, 5, 14, 19.].      .         ,      (       )[12 - Said E. Op. cit. P.5455, 57.].

    . .  ,            .      . ,         .    :         ,    ,        [13 - Norman D. Op. cit. P.7778;  . . . C. 7095.]. ,  ,    ,            (, )     [14 - Southern R.W. Op. cit. P.2837; Norman D. Op. cit. P.1722.].             .

             ,         [15 -  .:  C. . . C. 97-121, 142164, 191200, 309313  .].  XIIIXV                   ,    . ,        XIII        .  ,   .        (12001259):       ,   ,       [16 -  ..    IXXIII.: , , . ., 1979. . 135.]         :   ,        ,    ,    .

, ,         [17 -                   . ,   :   ,     ,           ,         ,        ,     ,  ,   .       ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      ( . .135137, 140, 141142).         .: Schmieder F. Europa und die Fremden: Die Mongolen im Urteil des Abenlandes vom 13 bis in das 15 Jahrhundert. Sigmaringen, 1994;  ..   :           1245 . ., 2002.],         [18 -   :     , ,     ,     (Occidentem), , ,       .        (imperialis Europae) , , , , , ,   . ( .. . . . 146).],         .                ,          .            .

 1245     IV        .  ,          [19 -  .: De Rachewiltz I. Papal Envoys to the Great Chans. London, 1971.].       XIV       :    .   XIIIXIV     ,          (           [20 -  .. . . C. 147.]).           ,       .

  XIV                 ,   [21 - Southern R.W. Op. cit. P. 42, 45, 65, 68.].     XIVXV  ( 1354       ,   1365          )    .

,     ,      .      (    1453 [22 -     ,         . ,   7000.    (1492.  ..),    ,  ,     1453.   ,  .:  .            .   . ., 1897.])        .      1460    (   II)    II,  .   ,         .            [23 - Southern R.W. Op. cit. P.100102.].     ,      ,    .   XVI         ,             (, ).

.  ,               .          ,        :          ,       .          .        ,        ,          .         ,      [24 - Norman D. Op. cit. P. 109, 133, 135.].  ,           ,    ,   ,    ,    ,     [25 -         .: Ibid. .135160, 163227.].

   ,           .     ,           ,          [26 -                 ,  .           -     .        ;   ,   ,         / .     -    ,      ,       .                .  , ,     (    ,     ).   ,          ,  ,      ,   ,      ,       .        ,         .].     ,               .

       ,        ,  ,  ,     [27 - .: Jones W.R. The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1971. Vol. 13. 4. P.376407.].      ,   . ,         ,       -   .         ,     .

        ,            ? ,      ,   -  ,  ,       ,       [28 - Said E. Op. cit. P.7071.].      :    ?          ,      ,       ,  , , ,      .

 ,     (   ,     )           .            ,     .   ,      ,     ,        .     .  ,      ,   -,   . ,  [29 - Bugge P. Asia and the Idea of Europe  Europe and its Others // Asian Values and Vietnams Development in Comparative Perspective. Hanoi, 2000. P. 3.].       .          ,    .       ,              .


          ?      :    ?[30 -         .          (..   ),      (..    ).  Ges periodos          ,  ,     .          .  (. )  , .  ().         :      ,   ,      .                     , .. .]

 XVXVI      , , ,         [31 -            XV   XVI. .: Fennel J. Ivan the Great of Moscow. London, 1961;  ..        XV   XVI. ., 1980:  ..     :   XV . ., 2001: Mund S. Orbis russiarum: Gen?se et development de la representation du monde russe en Occident a la Renaissance. Gen?ve, 2003 (= Travaux dHumanisme et Renaissance. CCCLXXXII). P.2734.].    ,  ,     軠  ,   ,       ,       .    ,           [32 -                     (Parker W.U. Is Russia in Europe? The Geographical Viewpoint // An Historical Geography of Russia. London, 1968. P.3441; Bassin M. Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geography // Slavic Review. 1991. Vol. 50. P.48;  . . . C. 226294).    XVXVI.              .           XVIXVII. (             )       ,        ,   .         .].

 ,      XVXVI   ,    ,      .     , -,          ,       (),  ()   (). -,      ,       .      ()    . -, ,              ,    . -,    ,       ,      ,   .        .

              .   XV      ,       Mundi.  ,         :    :  ,    ,  ,    (5:5).       - ,   .      ()  ,      .     :  ( ,        ),    (  ).       .        [33 - Andrews . The Study and Classification of Medieval Mappae Mundi // Archaeologia. 1926. Vol. 75. P.6176;  A.B.       . ., 1985. . 69;  .,  .   :    / . .H. , . . .. . ., 1988. .7677.].

  [34 -            : Bagrow L. A History of the Cartography of Russia up to 1600 / Ed. by H.W. Castnew. Ontario, 1975. P. 19, 2223, 27.] (,    1234    1290 )    (, , , )      ,  ,     ,    .  XIV    ,      ,       (   ,  13201456 ,    , 1351  .).        , , , ,   ( ),  (  ), ,  ,  ,    ,   ,   .

           13501360 ,     .      ,           ,     .         Sara,        Siecia.      ,   ,     ,  .

      , ,       .         (1448)           .       ,    ,      .    ,  ,     ,   -.

 XV          .        .     1436   imperio Rosie magna,     .    imperatori Tartarorou.               ,     .   : ,     (    ,   ),   Trabexonsa (  ).      ,        .

            14571459     (. . 1).        ,    Rossia Bianko  Paluda Rossia.    Rossia Negra,     Moscovia,      Lituania.     (Chio?)      Raxan,     .      Gothia. ,             , ,      :          [35 - Ibid. P. 32.].

        XV [36 -   ,    XV   XVI.        ,        .         .        ,      .  1406.            ,      (     1470- .).   XV.         (     ,  ,  ,  ).]       .              ,     .        .  ,          ,    ,   , ,    XV    , , . , ,           .















        , , ,        .    ,   . ,   :       , ,   ,         .        XVXVI ,   ,  ,     .           . ,    1457       Sarmatia Prima,    Sarmatia Secunda.     1507   ,   ,      ,   ,    ,  ,      .       .

          .  1490                  Ducatus Moschovie.   1491     Sarmatia terra in Europa,    ,      (Magnus Ducatus),     (Pleslovregnum). -       (Russiae Albae pars).  -,           (Rubea Russia).     1493     (     )  [37 - Bagrow L. Op. cit. P. 30, 4247.].

  XV   XVI               ,        ,  .   . ,               ,         [38 - Klug E. Das asiatische Russland. Ueber die Entstehung eines europ?ischen Vorurteils // Historische Zeitschrift. 1987. 245. S. 273.].

           Introductorium cosmographiae ( 1507),           .      ,       ,   ,   ,    ,  ,   . -  -,      [39 - Ibid. S. 274275.] ( ,   ,      XVI    ).

   1507   ,      ,     (        ).        ,  . Ducatus Moscovia        ,      Russia Alba.         ,   .      ,  [40 - Bagrow L. Op. cit. P. 47.].

       XVXVI        ,        .    .   ,     XVI          ,   ,     [41 - Klug E. Op. cit. S. 276282.]. , .             XVI ,    :         XVI ,      .        (15581583).   ,      XVI [42 -    XVI.       .     .    1517.    ,    ,      .      XVI.             .   1525.          (     1525.  Moscovia nova Tabula   1548.).      1542. (. 1555.,    1570.  . )    ,    .      1546.       .  ,       1536., Tabula Moderna Sarmatia    1538., Nova Tabula Polonia et Ungaria   1540., Rudimenta Cosmographica  1542.,     1546.,     1566.   1554  1572. .]      ,          -,     . ,     -    ,  -            ,         .

  ,    . ,   ,              .        ,     ,    .     ,      , , ,     ,      [43 - Wintle . Renaissance Maps and the Construction of the Idea of Europe // Journal of Historical Geography. 1999. Vol. 25. 2. P.137165.].       .  1588      ,    ,     ,   ,     ,   ,   ,   , ,   ,      , , ,   .   -    (. . 2).     1603        ,  ,         [44 - Pagden A. Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent // The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union / Ed. by A. Pagden. Cambridge; Washington, 2002. P. 51.].

 ,     XVI      ,         [45 -     .     (XIIXIII.)       (fringe)        .  ,   ,     ,   .         , . .: Said E. Op. cit. P.6061, 63.].        ,          ,    (,     )[46 -  .   //     XVI.:    / . .. . ., 1997. . 98.].       ,      .        XVI              : ,      ( XV   XVI ),      (  XVI )     ,     ,        (  XVI ,   ).


  ,     ,    ,        

  . ,  XV          ,  ,    ,    [47 - Mund S. Op. cit. P. 42.].             , ,    .         ,  ,   ,         .  :           .       ,      ,    ,   [48 -  .     / ., . . .. . .; ., 1936. . 46.].   1517      : ,  ,     .        .            ,  ,  ,    : ,   !   ,   ![49 - . :  . . 36.]















       ?        :  XV   XVI    ,    , , ,   ,     ,  1475  -             .   ,      ,  ,    . ,        ,      [50 -  .   . ., 1896. . 3. . .         .: Deutsche Reichstakten. J?ngere Reiche. G?ttingen, 19621963. Bd. 13;  ..            XVI. //    :   . , 1993. .319.].   .   1518         ,        .

        .        ,      .  ,     VIII ( ,          [51 -  . . . . 1. .34.]),       .         .

      ,                 .         ,               ,      .             ,  .

         XV   XVI    ,            51[52 -       14741477.              1487.   : Questo  el viazo misier Ambrosio Contarin ambasador de la illustrissima signoria de Venesia al signor Uxuncassam re de Persia (  1524.).  1488  1492.       (  1543.).  1486.        ,    1957.  1503.     ,     .   1514.                .  1517.          ,   1600. 23 .    15181519.       ,     1603.  15231525.             ( XVI.   1543, 1559, 1564, 1574, 1583.),  1525.  ,    XVI.        ( 15251600.  30 )!  15251526.        ,     (  1541.        , ,     ,   , 1582.).             .  . : Mund S. Op. cit. P.45, 176178.].        VII:



   ,   ,   , ,   ,              ,        ,     ,          ?     ,       ,           .


   , ,    ,     ,     ,    ,   ,           .                ,    ,       ,   , ,                   []   [] [53 -  . . . .9697.].

    XVI              .             :    ,              .         :        ,       ,  -    ,   ,         ,      [54 -  .  , []    //     XVI.:   . . 172, 181, 191, 193, 201.].

          :   ,    , ,  ,   ,        ,   ,    [55 -  . . 194.].     :   ,  ,     [56 -  . . . . 107.].     :



               ,                 ,   ,    ,           ,   ,     (    . ..),     ,         , ,      ,  ,        ,         .         ,     ,             ,     ,  ,   []    ,            [57 -  . .110111.].


   .. , ,     ,    ,   ,         ,         [58 -  ..   :       XVI. //     XVI.:   . C. io.   ,                   ,          .  1496.   I       ,  1498.   VIII   , , ,             -.  .:  .. . . . 195.].               ,      .

      XVI      ,     . -,   , ,                ,       [59 -  . . . . 106;   .    / . . . . . ., 1996. . 58. . : Mund S. Op. cit. P. 160.]. -,     ,     ,     ,    [60 -  . . . . 106; .:  . .     :   -   XV. ., 1971. . 158, 228, 229;  . . . . 177.].    ,      ,        ,        [61 -   . . . . 58.    .: Mund S. Op. cit. P.121122.].     -  :   ,    ,          ,     .    ,     [62 -  . . . . 178.].    XVI             .    XVI      .

-,    ,      :            , ,        .     ,        [63 -  . . . . 107. ,         :               ,         ( . . . . 60).].    .      ,  , ,   ,  [64 -  . . . . 185, 192.]. ,            ,  .    XVIII     [65 -  .     //     XVI.:   . . 285: ,                ;   . . . . 66:               ,  ,      []     ,        .           XVIII.:  . . . .98148.].

          :



   []   ,      ;     ,      ;   ,    ;    ,    ;     [] ,        [] ;     ,     []    , ,  ,       .   ,    ,   ,       [66 -  . . . . 202.].


..  ,    ,             ,     .  ,         XVI        ,      ,       [67 -  .. . . .1718.].

           ,          , .   ,    ,    [68 -   . . . . 58.].    ,   .    ,       ,        [69 -  . . . . 277; .:  C. VI   .  III.  .  //     XVI.:   . .336337.].        ,     [70 -  . . 332.].   ,       ,  , , ,         ,         (!)    .   :       ,            [71 -   . . . . 60.].     , ,   :     ,       .      ,            .

                 ,    ,  ,       .          ,  ,        ..   ,    ,  XVXVI      ,  .     XVI         ,   [72 -  .: Mund S. Op. cit. P. 74, 111115, 169.].         .

                  .       .   ,           ,       ,                   [73 -  . . . . 274.].       : ,     ,      ,      ;  -          ,     [74 -  . . . . 333.].    ,      , ,   .    ,   ,     ,        .   ,    ;   , -,     ,          [75 -  . . . . 269.].

 ,   ,       , , .   ,   ,     ,   .     ,            , ,   ..[76 -  . . . . 180. , ,      ,               ,       .  ( . . . . 259, 270; .:   . . . . 59).          (1514),     :  ,     ,    ,         ,             ( .       //  ,   ,       .. . ., 1841 (= Historica Russiae Monumenta. CXXIII). T. 1. C. 124125).      ..      -     XVI ,      1998.   .]                :               ,    ,    [77 -  . . . . 278.].

           .         ,  , ,    ,    ,    ,            ,     [78 -  . . 258.].             [79 -    ,   , .:  .. . . .178185, 190, 198, 199, 207, 208.].       ,           , ,    XIII ,         ,   .

       XVI     ,  .      .          (regeneration)   [80 - Said E. Op. cit. P. 115;  .: Schwab R. Renaissance Orientale. Paris, 1950.].  , ,                .

   ,     [81 -       XV    XVI. .:  ..   :     ,     . ., 1907. . 1. . ?; ., 1911. T. 1. . 2. .115212;  .    . ., 1912. . I;  A.. . . .101130, 176195;  ..     : (      XVI.). ., 1972. .300322;  .. . . .6781; 211248;  ..  :      . ., 1998. .89120.], ,              -    .      ,      ,           ,      ,    ,     ,                [82 -  . . . . 115.].


       ?

        XVI .  , , ,             ,           컠   ,     .

      :                ,      ,       ,   ,      ,       .    , ,          ,     [83 -  . . 108.].        ,    ,  ,        ,       ,  [84 -  . . . . 199, 200.].

      ,      .    ,   ,          . ,    -    XV    XVI   ,        (             ).   -                      .

      ,    ,      .           ,   ,    ,        ,      .           , ,        .          1514         .    ,     ,     :



       ,  ,       ,               ,    ,       ,  ,               ,  ,                     ,     ,   ,        ,     - ,      ,          .    ,     ,    


   XVI            - (      ,      )[85 -  . . . .126127.].   ,     ,  .

    -    ,   ,  ,        -       1514 :       ,         [86 -  . . . . 261.].    III                   ,            [87 -    : Wapowski D. De bello a Sigismundo I, rege Poloniae, contra Moscos gesto. Romae, 1508; Idem. Panegyris seu Carmen elegiacum in victoriam Sigismundi I, Regis, de Moscis. Romae, 1515; Dantyszek J. De clade Moscorum. Romae, 1515; Epistola Pisonis ad Ioannem Coritium de conflictu Polonorum et Lituanorum cum Moscovitis. Romae, 1515.    .:  .      //       .   .. . ., 1992. .4650.].

           ,    , ,  ,         :      ,      ,      ;  - ,   ,  ,        ,     ,        .     -     [88 -  . . . . 112.],  ,           , ,    [89 -  .: Klug E. Op. cit. S. 265289.].    XVI       ,  ,   ,         ,   ,  ,    .

 1549           , ,   .. ,       [90 -  ..        //  .    / . ..   A.B. , . . A.. . ., 1988. . 45.].      XVI        ,  22 [91 - Mund S. Op. cit. P. 358.].          .                 ,  :  , , , ,        ,   .         ,      [92 -     ( III. ..)          ,    ,           ,         -,          ,    ( . . . . 72, 74).].       ,    ,      ,   .    , , .     ,           ,   [93 -  . . 112.].

        ,       .    ,       ,   .            :    ,   ,     .          (   .      )[94 -  . . 78, 92, 95, 104, 116.].      ,     ,    :          ,  ,     ,    [95 -  . . 138.].

        .            ,     :       , ,      ,        [96 -  . . 127, 133.].       ,               [97 -  . .9398, 107, 111.],            .            XVI :    , ,      ,        []     :   ,   셻[98 -  . . . . 334; Mund S. Op. cit. P.126128, 260, 263.].     ,     ,    [99 -      ,   ,    .     ,  -        :  ,     ?  : ,    .     ,  ,  .   ,    ,    :      . ,  , ,     ,       .  ,          ,           .                , ,    ( . . . . 112).].        [100 - Mund S. Op. cit. P. 454.].  ,            (    ,  ,     , ,  ,  )    (  ,   ,   ,    )[101 - Ibid. P. 129.].

     ,         ,  , ,     .           [102 -  .: Rappeler A. Ivan Grozny im Spiegel der ausl?ndischen Druckschriften seiner Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des westlichen Russlandbildes. Frankfurt a.M., 1972. S. 178179.].   ,  ,       .      ,           ,      .            [103 -  P.    // - .      XVI  XVII . ., 1843. . 23.].

                  [104 - ,   -,          ,              ,       ,   . .:  . . . .174175.].         .  ,      ,           .   ,           , K?hehirten,  , ,    .    ,      :    [105 - . :  ..          (1585) //  .. -   XVI   XVII.:  . ., 1963. .212213.].       ,      ,    ,  [106 -           ,    ,      .            (:  ..   XVXVII.   -. ., 1914;  . .     . ., 1993: Mund S. Op. cit.):     ,      ,      (Pipes R. Introduction // Fletcher G. Of the Russian Commonwealth 1591 / Ed. by J.V.A. Fine and R. Pipes. Cambridge, 1966. P.723; Poe M. A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 14761748. Ithaca, 2000).       ,      XVIXVII.,     :  ..      : XIIXVII. ., 1973. ,  ,                         .].        XVI ,     ,           .

   XVI         .    :   M.-. ,  . ,       .        [107 - Mund. S. Op. cit. P. 464.].        ,         ,       ,     .   ,    ,                  ,            ,     ,     .      ,      IV,                [108 - Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 155.].                             .

  ,    ,    ,   ,    .     ,     ,    .  ,        ,           ,     XVI   .         ,    XVIXVII     .  (     ), ,     ,     [109 -  . . . C. 14.].

              ,      ,   ,   ,       [110 -       .: Schottenloher . Flugblatt und Zeitung. Ein Wegweiser durch das gedruckte Tageschrifttum. Berlin, 1922 (= Bibliothek f?r Kunst und Antiquit?tensammler. T. 21). S. 59-261; Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 65, 9697, 253258; Ott T. Livonia est propugnaculum Imperii: Eine Studie zur Schilderung und Wahrnehmung des Livl?ndischen Krieges (15581582/83) nach den deutschen und lateinischen Flugschriften der Zeit. M?nchen, 1996 (= Osteuropa-Institut M?nchen: Mitteilungen 16/1996). S. 7175; MundS. Op. cit. P.340349.].     ,          ,  ,   ,     .        -.        ,    .                 .  ,     ,    :          (,         1578 ).    XVI            ,          .   . ,       IV  XVI        [111 - Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 9.].

      ,   ,    ,     XVI     ,      .

                    [112 -       .  ,         ,    . ,       ,  :  ,   , ,        .     ,  ,  .    ,          , ,    ,           ,   ,  ?      ,      ( . [] //  . . . .78).].




 

 : /      -  XVIIXVIII 


  -           [113 -          ,    (Wortman R. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Vol. i: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I. Princeton, 1995 ( : 2002); Idem. Moscow and St. Petersburg: the Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 18811914 // Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual and Politics Since the Middle Ages / Ed. by Sean Wilentz. Philadelphia, 1985. P.244271;  P.  :        //     :   /  . . , . , . , . , . . , 2004. .409426; Wortman R. Theatricality, Myth, and Authority // Russian Review. 1991. Vol. 50. 1. P.4852; Idem. Rule by Sentiment: Alexander IIs Journeys through the Russian Empire // The American Historical Review. 1990. Vol. 95. 3. P.745771)    ( ..   :    . ., 1998;  .     :     ,     ? ., 2004;  .               //    ,  200-    (1315  2006.):  . ., 2006. .9091).].     -    ,  ,   ,       -  -     .         .        (, , )[114 -  .   :   . .; ., 2000.], .   .        [115 -  .        //  :     XVI. ., 2003. .178187; Flier . The Throne of Monomakh: Ivan the Terrible and the Architectonics of Destiny // Architectures of Russian Identity. 1500 to Present / Ed. by James Cracraft and Daniel Rowland. Ithaca and London, 2003. P.2133;  .       //  .     XVI. ., 2003. .188199; Rowland D. Architecture, Image and Ritual in the Throne Rooms of Muscovy, 15501650: A Preliminary Survey // Rude and Barbarous Kingdom Revisited. Essays in Russian History and Culture in Honor of Robert O. Crummey / Ed. by Chester S. L. Dunning, Russell E. Martin and Daniel Rowland. Bloomington, 2008. P.5371.], A.B.          [116 -  A.B. Ex oriente lux!        . ., 1999;  .   :    . ., 2000.].

    ,    ,             [117 -  ..,  ..     //     . . 1. ., 1998. .1322;  ..       XVI. //  .     XVI . ., 2003. .3849;     / . A.. , .. . ., 1994; - ..   .  . ., 1997.].  ,             ,   - ,          [118 - .       :    :  . ., 1997;   . ., 1994;  . ., 2002.].   ,   ,          -,       .. [119 -  .. -:  . ., 1995;  .        (     ) //  / Russia. 1999. . 3:     .], . [120 - Shvidkovsky D. Catherine the Greats Field of Dreams: Architecture and Landscape in the Russian Enlightenment // Architectures of Russian Identity. P.5165; Idem. A Grandmothers Garden for the Heir of the Throne // Garden History. 1996. Vol. 24. 1. P.107113; Idem. Russian Architecture and the West. Yale, 2007.], . [121 - Cracraft J. The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago and London, 1988; Idem. St. Petersburg. The Russian Cosmopolis // Russia Engages the World, 14531825 / Ed. by Cynthia Hyla Whittaker. Cambridge, London, 2003. P.2548.], . [122 - Hughes L. Nothing Is Too Small for a Great Man: Peter the Greats Little Houses and the Creation of Some Petrine Myths // The Slavonic and East European Review. 2003. Vol. 81. 4. P.634665.], . [123 - Bushkovich P. The Roman Empire in the Era of Peter the Great // Rude and Barbarous Kingdom Revisited. P.155172.]   [124 - ., : Stites R. Cultural Capital and Cultural Heritage: St. Petersburg and the Arts of Imperial Russia // Preserving Petersburg. History, Memory, Nostalgia / Ed. by Helena Goscilo and Stephen M. Norris. Bloomington, 2008. P.182196; Buckler J.A. Mapping St. Petersburg. Imperial Text and Cityshape. Princeton, 2005; Ruble B.A. From Palace Square to Moscow Square: St. Petersburgs Century-Long Retreat from Public Space // Reshaping Russian Architecture. Western Technology, Utopian Dreams / Ed. by William C. Brumfield. Cambridge, 1990. P.1042.].

             -     ,   ,        . ,               .                           /.

             -,          XVIIXVIII .              (   )   (    ). ,   ,    ,       XVXVII          ,      ,        .

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  XVII       ,        ,      (, ).           ,       ,   ,     [125 -  .       . .178187;  ..     . ., 1988. .9899.].   , ,   (14871491, .   .. ),      III,       ,        ,    (. 1).



























       -,  (    )     ,     36 , - , , [126 - ,      ,     ( .            1675. //  . 1828. . 35. . 285).    ,           .            . ,        .   XVIII.              ,  ,    -    (., :       -,       //  ..   I   : . . . ., 1991. . 73;            1720. //  . . 157;  .    -  1733. //  ..      : , . ., 1997. . 67).].          ,       . ,   ,    ,     (. 2)[127 -  ,                 XI. ( ..   X   XII. ., 1987. . 216).      , ,       ( .    . ., 1978).]. .A.  ,         , ,    III -    [128 -  .. . . . 98.].

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 ,   ,       ,             [129 -               ( . . 98).],        ,            .   ,        ,   - .        ,         ,      ,         .  ,  ,        .                      (1672) (. 3)[130 -             ( ).]




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


 .    XVIII  //  . 1989. 4. .67.




3


         ,              ,              .  .: Downs R., Stea D. Maps in Minds: Reflections of Cognitive Mapping. N.Y., 1977.




4


       .  ( .   :      . ., 2003. .35, 38).   ,  XVIII.       .         XVIXVII.,    .  ( . .3536,43-45),   ,          .     ,               XVXVI  XVIII.      ,     XVIII.,      XVXVI.,                 ,       XVIXVII.




5


 .. -:     //  . 1997. 2. . 58.




6


Said E. Orientalizm. N.Y., 1978. P. 1, 7.




7


., : Theunissen . The Other: Studies in the Social Ontology of Husserl, Heidegger, Sarte and Buber. Cambridge, 1986: De Certeau M. Heterologies: Discourse on the Other. Manchester, 1986; Beattie J. Other Cultures: Aims, Methods and Achievments in Social Anthropology. London, 1987; etc.




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      .           ,  XVIII.,            .   ,       : Hay D. Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh, 1968; Janne H. Europes Cultural Identity. Strasburg, 1981: Hamerow T. The Birth of a New Europe: State and Society in the Nineteenth Century. North Carolina, 1983: Rougemont D. Vingt-huit si?cles dEurope. Paris, 1989; De?anty G. Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. N.Y., 1995; Williams R. The History of the Idea of Europe. Milton Keynes, 1995; Wilson K, Van der Bussen J. The History of the Idea of Europe. London, 1995; Davis N. Europe: A History. London, 1997: Heffernan M. The Meaning of Europe, Geography and Geopolitics. London, 1998; Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other / Ed. by B. Strath. Bruxelles, 2002: The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union / Ed. by A. Pagden. Cambridge; Washington, 2002; Geary P. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton, 2002; Tawada Y. Where Europe Begins. N.Y., 2002; etc.

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        ,    1966. .: Norman D. Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh, 1966. P.393432:   :  ..  :     . ., 2001. .825.




10


         ,   12     ( 16: 2-16, 21:10, 18, 2021; 25:16, 18).      ,   (),        ( 2: 116, 119, 121, 130, 134  .).




11


Southern R.W. Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Harvard, 1962. P. 4, 5, 14, 19.




12


Said E. Op. cit. P.5455, 57.




13


Norman D. Op. cit. P.7778;  . . . C. 7095.




14


Southern R.W. Op. cit. P.2837; Norman D. Op. cit. P.1722.




15


 .:  C. . . C. 97-121, 142164, 191200, 309313  .




16


 ..    IXXIII.: , , . ., 1979. . 135.




17


                  . ,   :   ,     ,           ,         ,        ,     ,  ,   .       ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      ( . .135137, 140, 141142).         .: Schmieder F. Europa und die Fremden: Die Mongolen im Urteil des Abenlandes vom 13 bis in das 15 Jahrhundert. Sigmaringen, 1994;  ..   :           1245 . ., 2002.




18


  :     , ,     ,     (Occidentem), , ,       .        (imperialis Europae) , , , , , ,   . ( .. . . . 146).




19


 .: De Rachewiltz I. Papal Envoys to the Great Chans. London, 1971.




20


 .. . . C. 147.




21


Southern R.W. Op. cit. P. 42, 45, 65, 68.




22


    ,         . ,   7000.    (1492.  ..),    ,  ,     1453.   ,  .:  .            .   . ., 1897.




23


Southern R.W. Op. cit. P.100102.




24


Norman D. Op. cit. P. 109, 133, 135.




25


        .: Ibid. .135160, 163227.




26


                ,  .           -     .        ;   ,   ,         / .     -    ,      ,       .                .  , ,     (    ,     ).   ,          ,  ,      ,   ,      ,       .        ,         .




27


.: Jones W.R. The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1971. Vol. 13. 4. P.376407.




28


Said E. Op. cit. P.7071.




29


Bugge P. Asia and the Idea of Europe  Europe and its Others // Asian Values and Vietnams Development in Comparative Perspective. Hanoi, 2000. P. 3.




30


        .          (..   ),      (..    ).  Ges periodos          ,  ,     .          .  (. )  , .  ().         :      ,   ,      .                     , .. .




31


           XV   XVI. .: Fennel J. Ivan the Great of Moscow. London, 1961;  ..        XV   XVI. ., 1980:  ..     :   XV . ., 2001: Mund S. Orbis russiarum: Gen?se et development de la representation du monde russe en Occident a la Renaissance. Gen?ve, 2003 (= Travaux dHumanisme et Renaissance. CCCLXXXII). P.2734.




32


                    (Parker W.U. Is Russia in Europe? The Geographical Viewpoint // An Historical Geography of Russia. London, 1968. P.3441; Bassin M. Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geography // Slavic Review. 1991. Vol. 50. P.48;  . . . C. 226294).    XVXVI.              .           XVIXVII. (             )       ,        ,   .         .




33


Andrews . The Study and Classification of Medieval Mappae Mundi // Archaeologia. 1926. Vol. 75. P.6176;  A.B.       . ., 1985. . 69;  .,  .   :    / . .H. , . . .. . ., 1988. .7677.




34


           : Bagrow L. A History of the Cartography of Russia up to 1600 / Ed. by H.W. Castnew. Ontario, 1975. P. 19, 2223, 27.




35


Ibid. P. 32.




36


  ,    XV   XVI.        ,        .         .        ,      .  1406.            ,      (     1470- .).   XV.         (     ,  ,  ,  ).




37


Bagrow L. Op. cit. P. 30, 4247.




38


Klug E. Das asiatische Russland. Ueber die Entstehung eines europ?ischen Vorurteils // Historische Zeitschrift. 1987. 245. S. 273.




39


Ibid. S. 274275.




40


Bagrow L. Op. cit. P. 47.




41


Klug E. Op. cit. S. 276282.




42


   XVI.       .     .    1517.    ,    ,      .      XVI.             .   1525.          (     1525.  Moscovia nova Tabula   1548.).      1542. (. 1555.,    1570.  . )    ,    .      1546.       .  ,       1536., Tabula Moderna Sarmatia    1538., Nova Tabula Polonia et Ungaria   1540., Rudimenta Cosmographica  1542.,     1546.,     1566.   1554  1572. .




43


Wintle . Renaissance Maps and the Construction of the Idea of Europe // Journal of Historical Geography. 1999. Vol. 25. 2. P.137165.




44


Pagden A. Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent // The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union / Ed. by A. Pagden. Cambridge; Washington, 2002. P. 51.




45


    .     (XIIXIII.)       (fringe)        .  ,   ,     ,   .         , . .: Said E. Op. cit. P.6061, 63.




46


 .   //     XVI.:    / . .. . ., 1997. . 98.




47


Mund S. Op. cit. P. 42.




48


 .     / ., . . .. . .; ., 1936. . 46.




49


. :  . . 36.




50


 .   . ., 1896. . 3. . .         .: Deutsche Reichstakten. J?ngere Reiche. G?ttingen, 19621963. Bd. 13;  ..            XVI. //    :   . , 1993. .319.




51


 . . . . 1. .34.




52


      14741477.              1487.   : Questo  el viazo misier Ambrosio Contarin ambasador de la illustrissima signoria de Venesia al signor Uxuncassam re de Persia (  1524.).  1488  1492.       (  1543.).  1486.        ,    1957.  1503.     ,     .   1514.                .  1517.          ,   1600. 23 .    15181519.       ,     1603.  15231525.             ( XVI.   1543, 1559, 1564, 1574, 1583.),  1525.  ,    XVI.        ( 15251600.  30 )!  15251526.        ,     (  1541.        , ,     ,   , 1582.).             .  . : Mund S. Op. cit. P.45, 176178.




53


 . . . .9697.




54


 .  , []    //     XVI.:   . . 172, 181, 191, 193, 201.




55


 . . 194.




56


 . . . . 107.




57


 . .110111.




58


 ..   :       XVI. //     XVI.:   . C. io.   ,                   ,          .  1496.   I       ,  1498.   VIII   , , ,             -.  .:  .. . . . 195.




59


 . . . . 106;   .    / . . . . . ., 1996. . 58. . : Mund S. Op. cit. P. 160.




60


 . . . . 106; .:  . .     :   -   XV. ., 1971. . 158, 228, 229;  . . . . 177.




61


  . . . . 58.    .: Mund S. Op. cit. P.121122.




62


 . . . . 178.




63


 . . . . 107. ,         :               ,         ( . . . . 60).




64


 . . . . 185, 192.




65


 .     //     XVI.:   . . 285: ,                ;   . . . . 66:               ,  ,      []     ,        .           XVIII.:  . . . .98148.




66


 . . . . 202.




67


 .. . . .1718.




68


  . . . . 58.




69


 . . . . 277; .:  C. VI   .  III.  .  //     XVI.:   . .336337.




70


 . . 332.




71


  . . . . 60.




72


 .: Mund S. Op. cit. P. 74, 111115, 169.




73


 . . . . 274.




74


 . . . . 333.




75


 . . . . 269.




76


 . . . . 180. , ,      ,               ,       .  ( . . . . 259, 270; .:   . . . . 59).          (1514),     :  ,     ,    ,         ,             ( .       //  ,   ,       .. . ., 1841 (= Historica Russiae Monumenta. CXXIII). T. 1. C. 124125).      ..      -     XVI ,      1998.   .




77


 . . . . 278.




78


 . . 258.




79


   ,   , .:  .. . . .178185, 190, 198, 199, 207, 208.




80


Said E. Op. cit. P. 115;  .: Schwab R. Renaissance Orientale. Paris, 1950.




81


      XV    XVI. .:  ..   :     ,     . ., 1907. . 1. . ?; ., 1911. T. 1. . 2. .115212;  .    . ., 1912. . I;  A.. . . .101130, 176195;  ..     : (      XVI.). ., 1972. .300322;  .. . . .6781; 211248;  ..  :      . ., 1998. .89120.




82


 . . . . 115.




83


 . . 108.




84


 . . . . 199, 200.




85


 . . . .126127.




86


 . . . . 261.




87


   : Wapowski D. De bello a Sigismundo I, rege Poloniae, contra Moscos gesto. Romae, 1508; Idem. Panegyris seu Carmen elegiacum in victoriam Sigismundi I, Regis, de Moscis. Romae, 1515; Dantyszek J. De clade Moscorum. Romae, 1515; Epistola Pisonis ad Ioannem Coritium de conflictu Polonorum et Lituanorum cum Moscovitis. Romae, 1515.    .:  .      //       .   .. . ., 1992. .4650.




88


 . . . . 112.




89


 .: Klug E. Op. cit. S. 265289.




90


 ..        //  .    / . ..   A.B. , . . A.. . ., 1988. . 45.




91


Mund S. Op. cit. P. 358.




92


    ( III. ..)          ,    ,           ,         -,          ,    ( . . . . 72, 74).




93


 . . 112.




94


 . . 78, 92, 95, 104, 116.




95


 . . 138.




96


 . . 127, 133.




97


 . .9398, 107, 111.




98


 . . . . 334; Mund S. Op. cit. P.126128, 260, 263.




99


     ,   ,    .     ,  -        :  ,     ?  : ,    .     ,  ,  .   ,    ,    :      . ,  , ,     ,       .  ,          ,           .                , ,    ( . . . . 112).




100


Mund S. Op. cit. P. 454.




101


Ibid. P. 129.




102


 .: Rappeler A. Ivan Grozny im Spiegel der ausl?ndischen Druckschriften seiner Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des westlichen Russlandbildes. Frankfurt a.M., 1972. S. 178179.




103


 P.    // - .      XVI  XVII . ., 1843. . 23.




104


,   -,          ,              ,       ,   . .:  . . . .174175.




105


. :  ..          (1585) //  .. -   XVI   XVII.:  . ., 1963. .212213.




106


          ,    ,      .            (:  ..   XVXVII.   -. ., 1914;  . .     . ., 1993: Mund S. Op. cit.):     ,      ,      (Pipes R. Introduction // Fletcher G. Of the Russian Commonwealth 1591 / Ed. by J.V.A. Fine and R. Pipes. Cambridge, 1966. P.723; Poe M. A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 14761748. Ithaca, 2000).       ,      XVIXVII.,     :  ..      : XIIXVII. ., 1973. ,  ,                         .




107


Mund. S. Op. cit. P. 464.




108


Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 155.




109


 . . . C. 14.




110


      .: Schottenloher . Flugblatt und Zeitung. Ein Wegweiser durch das gedruckte Tageschrifttum. Berlin, 1922 (= Bibliothek f?r Kunst und Antiquit?tensammler. T. 21). S. 59-261; Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 65, 9697, 253258; Ott T. Livonia est propugnaculum Imperii: Eine Studie zur Schilderung und Wahrnehmung des Livl?ndischen Krieges (15581582/83) nach den deutschen und lateinischen Flugschriften der Zeit. M?nchen, 1996 (= Osteuropa-Institut M?nchen: Mitteilungen 16/1996). S. 7175; MundS. Op. cit. P.340349.




111


Rappeler A. Op. cit. S. 9.




112


      .  ,         ,    . ,       ,  :  ,   , ,        .     ,  ,  .    ,          , ,    ,           ,   ,  ?      ,      ( . [] //  . . . .78).




113


         ,    (Wortman R. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Vol. i: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I. Princeton, 1995 ( : 2002); Idem. Moscow and St. Petersburg: the Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 18811914 // Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual and Politics Since the Middle Ages / Ed. by Sean Wilentz. Philadelphia, 1985. P.244271;  P.  :        //     :   /  . . , . , . , . , . . , 2004. .409426; Wortman R. Theatricality, Myth, and Authority // Russian Review. 1991. Vol. 50. 1. P.4852; Idem. Rule by Sentiment: Alexander IIs Journeys through the Russian Empire // The American Historical Review. 1990. Vol. 95. 3. P.745771)    ( ..   :    . ., 1998;  .     :     ,     ? ., 2004;  .               //    ,  200-    (1315  2006.):  . ., 2006. .9091).




114


 .   :   . .; ., 2000.




115


 .        //  :     XVI. ., 2003. .178187; Flier . The Throne of Monomakh: Ivan the Terrible and the Architectonics of Destiny // Architectures of Russian Identity. 1500 to Present / Ed. by James Cracraft and Daniel Rowland. Ithaca and London, 2003. P.2133;  .       //  .     XVI. ., 2003. .188199; Rowland D. Architecture, Image and Ritual in the Throne Rooms of Muscovy, 15501650: A Preliminary Survey // Rude and Barbarous Kingdom Revisited. Essays in Russian History and Culture in Honor of Robert O. Crummey / Ed. by Chester S. L. Dunning, Russell E. Martin and Daniel Rowland. Bloomington, 2008. P.5371.




116


 A.B. Ex oriente lux!        . ., 1999;  .   :    . ., 2000.




117


 ..,  ..     //     . . 1. ., 1998. .1322;  ..       XVI. //  .     XVI . ., 2003. .3849;     / . A.. , .. . ., 1994; - ..   .  . ., 1997.




118


.       :    :  . ., 1997;   . ., 1994;  . ., 2002.




119


 .. -:  . ., 1995;  .        (     ) //  / Russia. 1999. . 3:     .




120


Shvidkovsky D. Catherine the Greats Field of Dreams: Architecture and Landscape in the Russian Enlightenment // Architectures of Russian Identity. P.5165; Idem. A Grandmothers Garden for the Heir of the Throne // Garden History. 1996. Vol. 24. 1. P.107113; Idem. Russian Architecture and the West. Yale, 2007.




121


Cracraft J. The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago and London, 1988; Idem. St. Petersburg. The Russian Cosmopolis // Russia Engages the World, 14531825 / Ed. by Cynthia Hyla Whittaker. Cambridge, London, 2003. P.2548.




122


Hughes L. Nothing Is Too Small for a Great Man: Peter the Greats Little Houses and the Creation of Some Petrine Myths // The Slavonic and East European Review. 2003. Vol. 81. 4. P.634665.




123


Bushkovich P. The Roman Empire in the Era of Peter the Great // Rude and Barbarous Kingdom Revisited. P.155172.




124


., : Stites R. Cultural Capital and Cultural Heritage: St. Petersburg and the Arts of Imperial Russia // Preserving Petersburg. History, Memory, Nostalgia / Ed. by Helena Goscilo and Stephen M. Norris. Bloomington, 2008. P.182196; Buckler J.A. Mapping St. Petersburg. Imperial Text and Cityshape. Princeton, 2005; Ruble B.A. From Palace Square to Moscow Square: St. Petersburgs Century-Long Retreat from Public Space // Reshaping Russian Architecture. Western Technology, Utopian Dreams / Ed. by William C. Brumfield. Cambridge, 1990. P.1042.




125


 .       . .178187;  ..     . ., 1988. .9899.




126


,      ,     ( .            1675. //  . 1828. . 35. . 285).    ,           .            . ,        .   XVIII.              ,  ,    -    (., :       -,       //  ..   I   : . . . ., 1991. . 73;            1720. //  . . 157;  .    -  1733. //  ..      : , . ., 1997. . 67).




127


 ,                 XI. ( ..   X   XII. ., 1987. . 216).      , ,       ( .    . ., 1978).




128


 .. . . . 98.




129


              ( . . 98).




130


            ( ).


