 .    
 


  
     ,    ,         .  ,     ,       ,    .           ,       ,       ,      ,  : , , ,    .         (-, ,  ),    (, ,  ),      C---   . ,          ,    -     .      ,  emeritus   .





 

 .    



 . , 2021

 . ,  , 2021

    , 2021




I.


  ,      ,  ,       ,      ,    .  .   1943    ,   .      ,    :       -   ,     (   ,    ),      (  )      . ,   ,       .

 1947,  ,    , , ,   ,    .  ,  -        .   ,    ,     .     ,   ,    ,  . ,       .       ,   ,        ,     .       ,     .          ,       ,       .

                 .        .          ,     , -      .         , ,   ⠫ ,      ,   .   , ,     ?   ,     . ,   ,    ,      -   .           ,     ,         ,      ,        .

,          .       .           [1 -  :    , 1930.         ,      .     ,    ,    ,             .],    ,     ,       .

          ,     [2 - .   .].     ,         ,     .   ,      ,            .


* * *

    ,     ,      ,       .           ,     .           .  ,     ,       ,    .

 :       ,  -    ,            ,      ,  : , , ,  ..

 1874  -   :    ,         [3 - . : Martin-FugierA. Bourgeois Rituals/ A History of Private Life. IV. From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War/ Ed. M.Perrot. Tr. A.Goldhammer. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990. . 298.].    ,         ,        .       ,          ,    .            ,     ;       .

 XIX          .        ,     1850? ,   .      1874         -     ;        .

        ,        .     XVIII          :   ,     ,   .  , ,  , Cimeti?re des Saint-Innocents,   [4 -    II      Saint-Innocents (HayesD.M. Body and Sacred Place in Medieval Europe, 11001389. London: Routledge. 2004. . 65). ,   .].    ,     ,    ,    ,   ,       (?).     1780.      .

        : 1780   ,            ,         . Saint-Innocents    .             XVIII,            . ,   ,   ,          ,     [5 -             (Le miasma e la jonquille. Lodorat et limaginaire social, XVIIIXIX si?cles, 1982).             :     . .1/ . ... .:   , 2003.].            .

   XVIII        ,         ,      .        ,   ,     ,     .     ,   ,      <>       [6 - .  //   :   ,   . .: , 2006. .199.]. , XIX      [7 -     :     :     ,   ,    ,   , ..  ,     (. .  1//   . .: , 2016. .53).],   ,           ,    .

   XVIII ,  ,   -           .   ,   ..      1895,       ;    ,        [8 - .. //   . . XV/29. 1895; https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki//.].

 ,    , 1870?           ,  . ,   ,    .     ,     ;     .            [9 -    ,  . columba ().].   , ,    ;      .    ,        ,  ,       ,   ,           .     .       ,          ,        ,  .

   ,    , , , ,      ,    ,  -   .              .         (  1832)      .    [10 - RichardsonR., HurwitzB. Jeremy Benthams Self Image: An Exemplary Bequest for Dissection// Jeremy Bentham: Critical Assessments/ Ph.C. Parekh (ed.). Vol.1. London: Routledge, 1993. . 110111.].           (grave robbers):           . ,     ,     .

        ,               .    ,       . -     蠫     XVIII       .       -     ;     -     .

  1725[11 -    1723.]  I     ,        XVIII,   ,        .   1772,  II,    ,      .


* * *

    XVIII   XIX   ,    ,            ;       ,   .      ,      .

          .    [12 -   (1774)        ,      XIX . .: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category: The_Grave_-_Watercolors_by_William_Blake.],         ,     (1750)      ,         .           : ,      , 1802,   1839?.      , ,   (1836),  1855,      ,    ,  ,   ,    ,   .

   ,   .        :

		,    ;
		        ;
		   ,     ,
		 ,    -.

      ,    (1913)         .       .      ,   <>    ,             <>  ,    :  ,  ,    , ,           ,        [13 - .  . 4?  .:  , 2019. .102.].

          .            .   ,          LHomme devant la mort (1977; -    , 1992),           [14 - Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death// Tr. H.Weaver. New York: Alfred A.Knopf. 1981. .217.      :          ,     .  : .    . .: -, 1992; https://royallib.com/book/ares_filipp/chelovek_pered_litsom_smerti.html.].          -.   ,    ,   .   ,      ,    ,     XVIII, ..  .

,  ,     ,      ,           ,   .  -  -        ,         XIX,   . ,         ,  1914,    ,       .    :   ,  .

    ,    ,    .  -       ,     ,    .          (Des espaces autres, 1967[15 -        1984.]).       ,    , ..     . , ,     ,        [16 - .  . .200201.].  ?           ? ,  ,       .

         ,    (   )   ( ). ,     ,        ;       .    -,    ,         ,      .     , .. ,     ,      .          ,      ,      ,      .

-     (1975)   :  ,       ,      . ,   ,  :



      .     ,     ,    ,       <>      .          <>     ,    ,         ,     ,    [17 - .  . .:  , 1976. .7.].


       ,     ;          ,    ,      (1812)   .        ,     .

      1830:

		    ,
		    :
		   ,
		   [18 -          셻 (. 1830).       .].

        ,      . -      ,     ,       .


* * *

 ,         XIX[19 -       ,    .] (      memento mori),         .   ,     ( ) [20 - .: . Camera lucida.   / . .. .: Ad Marginem. 1997. .8.    ,  1980?    .].   ,     ,  :    ()  ,     [21 - Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 538.].   ,  -,     ---  ,            .  ⠫        ,      ,      ,    , .. , < >  ,  ,   [22 - . .  1.   . .58.].

       ,            :  ,               .      ,   .      ,    :     ,         ,     :  - ,  ,   ,   .      ,    ,        ,        .            ,        .

     ,          .           .          ,   .        ;     ,      ,     .

   ,  ⠫           ? ()  (  ),      .    ,    ,         .         .

        (   )       (gisant .,      ),     XIX.        ,       .          ,    ,      XIX.

       .   ,              ,            .


* * *

   ,    ,      ,           (  )[23 -        XVI.] , ,             .        , , ,   ;     ;       .   ,      ;          .   ,    ; , ,    ,        ,    .      XVII,   ,   1920? .     :      ,     .   ,    ,   ,        ;      ,    (    )       .






. 1.  . Vanitas. 1630.   , 



   memento mori       macabre  .   memento mori           . ,   ,       vanitas:       ,      ,   ,   ,   (.1).    vanitas     1630. Vanitas     memento mori,    ⻠   .






. 2. Santa Maria della Concezione, 



    ,     Santa Maria della Concezione    Via Veneto (.2).      :   ,     .      :   ,         -:   ,    ,      ..    ,      .         .      :   ,    ;   ,   .

   1775,    ,       [24 - De SadeD.A.F. Voyage dItalie// Biblioteque Sade/ Rd. M.Lever. .6. Paris: Fayard. 1995. . 106.].   1970?                !   .        , ,    ,   - .

        .     ,        (Thanatos),       (Eros).       ,      .     ,    ,  ,   ,   . ,    .?.  (? rebours, 1886)       (Against Nature).   ,           ,          ,   [25 -           fin de si?cle,   ()  () ,    ,       .       . .: .  :     fin de si?cle . .:   , 2008.)].         [26 - , ,    .         ,      , -     ;            .].    ,    .              ,       .

     ,   XIX  X,    ,     ;    :  ,     ,       .      ,     .  :     ,    ,   , ..         ( XIX).             ,          .    !      :       ,     .


* * *

 ,        ,      .                  ,  .         .  ,       ,    ,       (right to die):    ,       ?       ,       .  1990?        ,     [27 - ., .: BallH. At Liberty to Die: The Battle for Death with Dignity in America. New York: New York University Press, 2013.].           (living will),            ,   ,     .

    ,        ,      ,        ,      ().                ,  XVIII     ,            [28 - Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 397401.].       ,       ,         ,       (1839),   (1844) 蠫  (1846). ,  ,      .

         ,  ,   ,   ,  , ,     .        ,        :       ,    ,      .    ,         ,      [29 - .   . ., 2004.].       ,      [30 -      ,   .       .].

        ,      .       ,              (     ).    ,  ,    [31 -    .    .].    ,   ,     ,    ,     . ,    ,   ,             .

  ,   ,      .               .    ;       [32 -               .   ,        ,         .].      ,   ,     ,        .    ,     ,        ,       .  ,         . ,    ,   ,       .        .                ,  1920.     ,      .

           -  ,       ,     [33 - GadamerH.-G. Reason in the Age of Science/ Tr. F.G.Lawrence. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1981. C. 75.].     ,       .

      ,      .         [34 -  :  ,   .     - (18961966),      ,       1994.             -.      ;     ,        .     ,   :             ;           ,   ,   .    .].  ,              ,     .      ,      ,     1990?     -,    .       ,    [35 -       ,      (  , )    ().   ,          .      ,       ,   ,      (YurchakA. Bodies of Lenin: The hidden science of communist sovereignty// Representations. 129 (1). 2015).] ( ,         ). - ,   ,  ,     . ,  .    ,     !

    .      ,      ,       .          .      ,           ,       .


* * *

          ,  ,       .        .   ,        .    ,           ,    ,  [36 - SchillaceB. Deaths Summer Coat: What the History of Death and Dying Teaches Us About Life and Living. 2016.].  ,             ,         -:    ,      .       ,        XXXXI,    ,         [37 - .  //   . 159(5). 2019. .: KhapaevaD. The Celebration of Death in Contemporary Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.].

      ,       passed away (to pass     )  ;           .     ,     ,       ,  ,      ,  ;             .

        (,     ,    ,        )       ,   .       .      ,  ,    ,      (  ) ;          .            ,   ,   :      ,       .   ꠫    ,          ,    ,     . ,           ,   . ,            ,      .      ,      .

   ⠫   (1943),          ,        .        ( ,  ,  ),     [38 - .   . .:  , 1976. .80.].         ,       .  ,    ,   ,     ,           .        ,          , , , .

   ,   The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains ( :   , 2015),             .   ,       .   ,   , ,                . ,   ,   ,    ,   :     <>      [39 - Laqueur Th. The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains. Princeton: Princeton University Press., 2015. . 9.].      ,  ,   ,  , ,     ,   .  ,   ,     :      [40 -  . P.6.],  ,      ,    .

  ,       ,       [41 -  . P.360.].    ,         ,     ,       ,  ,        .          .  , ,  .  ,      <,  ,>    񻠖           [42 - . . .102.].

    ,                ,    .        ,          ;        .       ,   ,          ,    .

  X    ,   ,    ,     .     , ,    ,           ,   ,   [43 - -: from earth to earth, dust to dust.].      - ;      ,     ,      .          ,      , ..  ,       .

        Saints-Innocents,  ,         ,     ,   24[44 - . Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 358360.].      XVII XVIII,     (. .28).


* * *

          ,        .       (-, ,  ),  (, ,  ) ,     .     ,  1927,  ---.      () 1867      ,    .

 :         ,         ,      - (.1818)  -           (.1884)  .

             ,  ,  .          :             ;   ?         ,      ,         XIX.       ,         1984           .       ,   ;         .   ;        .

  ,     1990?,      .    ⠫   1998.    ,                  1997?.  .




II. 


          ,   .         .                  ,   .   ,         ,   .

        ,   ,             .         ,     XVIII    , 1780      .     :            [45 - .: Ari?sPh. The Hour of Our Death/ Tr. H.Weaver. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1981 (Lhomme devant la mort, 1977).].

  XVIII          ,       .   , ?                       charniers ().     ,   ,      1500.      XIV XVII      ,    ,   .      ossuaries (?);        .    ,       ,   .

      (Cimeti?re des Saints-Innocents)  XII     Les Halles (-),  ,      ,          .       - (St.Denis),    [46 -   ,         ,   .].   ,      ,   ,     ; XVII     28[47 - Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 55.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66024714)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 :    , 1930.         ,      .     ,    ,    ,             .




2


.   .




3


. : Martin-FugierA. Bourgeois Rituals/ A History of Private Life. IV. From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War/ Ed. M.Perrot. Tr. A.Goldhammer. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990. . 298.




4


   II      Saint-Innocents (HayesD.M. Body and Sacred Place in Medieval Europe, 11001389. London: Routledge. 2004. . 65). ,   .




5


            (Le miasma e la jonquille. Lodorat et limaginaire social, XVIIIXIX si?cles, 1982).             :     . .1/ . ... .:   , 2003.




6


.  //   :   ,   . .: , 2006. .199.




7


    :     :     ,   ,    ,   , ..  ,     (. .  1//   . .: , 2016. .53).




8


.. //   . . XV/29. 1895; https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki//.




9


   ,  . columba ().




10


RichardsonR., HurwitzB. Jeremy Benthams Self Image: An Exemplary Bequest for Dissection// Jeremy Bentham: Critical Assessments/ Ph.C. Parekh (ed.). Vol.1. London: Routledge, 1993. . 110111.




11


   1723.




12


  (1774)        ,      XIX . .: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category: The_Grave_-_Watercolors_by_William_Blake.




13


.  . 4?  .:  , 2019. .102.




14


Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death// Tr. H.Weaver. New York: Alfred A.Knopf. 1981. .217.      :          ,     .  : .    . .: -, 1992; https://royallib.com/book/ares_filipp/chelovek_pered_litsom_smerti.html.




15


       1984.




16


.  . .200201.




17


.  . .:  , 1976. .7.




18


         셻 (. 1830).       .




19


      ,    .




20


.: . Camera lucida.   / . .. .: Ad Marginem. 1997. .8.    ,  1980?    .




21


Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 538.




22


. .  1.   . .58.




23


       XVI.




24


De SadeD.A.F. Voyage dItalie// Biblioteque Sade/ Rd. M.Lever. .6. Paris: Fayard. 1995. . 106.




25


          fin de si?cle,   ()  () ,    ,       .       . .: .  :     fin de si?cle . .:   , 2008.)




26


, ,    .         ,      , -     ;            .




27


., .: BallH. At Liberty to Die: The Battle for Death with Dignity in America. New York: New York University Press, 2013.




28


Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 397401.




29


.   . ., 2004.




30


     ,   .       .




31


   .    .




32


              .   ,        ,         .




33


GadamerH.-G. Reason in the Age of Science/ Tr. F.G.Lawrence. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1981. C. 75.




34


 :  ,   .     - (18961966),      ,       1994.             -.      ;     ,        .     ,   :             ;           ,   ,   .    .




35


      ,      (  , )    ().   ,          .      ,       ,   ,      (YurchakA. Bodies of Lenin: The hidden science of communist sovereignty// Representations. 129 (1). 2015).




36


SchillaceB. Deaths Summer Coat: What the History of Death and Dying Teaches Us About Life and Living. 2016.




37


.  //   . 159(5). 2019. .: KhapaevaD. The Celebration of Death in Contemporary Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.




38


.   . .:  , 1976. .80.




39


Laqueur Th. The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains. Princeton: Princeton University Press., 2015. . 9.




40


 . P.6.




41


 . P.360.




42


. . .102.




43


-: from earth to earth, dust to dust.




44


. Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 358360.




45


.: Ari?sPh. The Hour of Our Death/ Tr. H.Weaver. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1981 (Lhomme devant la mort, 1977).




46


  ,         ,   .




47


Ari?s Ph. The Hour of Our Death. . 55.


