  .  ,           
 


:  
     ,                .      30% ;              550%.     30              :  ,   ,         ,  , , , ,   ,  -  .

         ,  :               ;             ;        ,      .

  PDF A4   .





 

  .  ,           



        


     (  ,        ,     )

  , ,  , 1993






 1.  


     .                .          , ,  - .    ,            ,    .

    .

 1850            .      ,     ,         .       , , , , ,   .

              .       ,        [1, . . 15].      , ,   ,  ,  ,    (   ) , ,     .

       -   D    -   .      .  ,   ,     ,     .

      ,     , -   .   ,     : ,  , ,  ,  ,  , , ,  ,  , , .      .       .  ,  , -          .       ,      ,   ,       .

   ,       ()      .        2025.  2530   ,  30   .   , ,  23.        27,     ,       .    42.

 1990      12% .  2010     30%.     ,    ,        .

    : -   ,      ,    ,  ,    .     ,       ,    .     ,       ,             .   ,     , ,   ,         [2, . . 15].



      ,    .  2008 ,      (), 1,5     :    200    300    .         ,     ,    .


             ,         ( 1- ).  ,    ,  1950     550% [3, . . 15].     ,      .     ,   20-      .        .     ,   .  ,  1-         . -       ,    .       .

  ,    ,  .  2009       ( 25   8% ),        .  10%      , ,    .          .   2001  2009    50%,       .

    :  , ,  ,  , , .   ,    , ,     ,       .       , , ,   -.

   .       .           .          ,      ,    , , , , .     -    . ,   ,    ,    .  10%     . ,   ,   15%   2%   .             .

    ,            ,     ,  .   ,      ,   . ,   .    ,        , ,   .

   -,  , -   ,    .            ,  ,    ,  ,         ,      .    .


* * *

       ,    ,     ?     ?     ,      , ?    .

,  ,  -     ?   .           , , ,       ?      ,   :  ,   , .    ,    

     :     ;   ;       ,  ..

          .   :    ,       .           .      ,         , ,  ,   .

  .  ,         . ,    ,     ,    .  ,      ,      .    .

       ,     ,         ,   .           ,   ,     .    ,   , ,    .       ,  .   .

       ,        .    , ,  ,  ,  ,     . ,     ,     ;   ,            [4, . . 15].      .  ,      .      .

     . ,   ,  ,      .        :         ,     . , Clostridiu. diffi cute (. diff),      ,   ,      Staphylococcus aureus (-  ),     .       .

,   ,        .       ,    ,    .

      [5, . . 16].       ,  ,   .       .   ,    ,   .  ,      .       ,  , .              (,   ).

    ,      .   ,  ,    ,      .   ,      ,    .

    .


* * *

    ,    -  ,  9  1977 .             Campylobacter,        .                .



     33- ,      .        .           .          ,  ,    ,   ,  ,  .   ,    ,     .  ,        ,  .   .


      Campylobacter fetus, ,        .        ,   ,   .

Campylobacter     .           ,    - .         fetus? (       ,     Campylobacter,    ,     fetus.        . , , Homo sapiens:  Homo,  sapiens.)    ,  ,     ,       ,  .     .       .   , .

      ,     ,       .         ,      Campylobacter.        ,       .    ,       .

  Campylobacter fetus,   ,     ໠ Campylobacter jejuni (    ).    - ,   ,  ,  . fetus,    (   ),   . jejuni    .      -     .     ,  , ,  ,   ,  ,   ?

   ,              (     ),      . fetus,   ,    ,    .

    . fetus          ,   : ,       . ,   , ,    ,    ,     ,     .    ,    .        ,      .    ,       .

      .

. fetus,  ,             .  99,9%  ,    . jejuni,      ,   . fetus    ,   - [6, . . 16].            .            (  ,        ),     .

    80-   . fetus  . jejuni,   ,   ,  .     -  (λ),    Helicobacter pylori.

 ,      ,    ,    ,  .            (  )  ,           .

      1983          .       ,    ,     ,       .    .    ,        .        , ,  ,     . ,   ,  ,    ,   .

   ,           ,   ,        ( 1989     Helicobacter pylori, ,     Campylobacter ).      ,   (Pantera leo)    (Felis catus) [7, . . 16]:   ,    ,        .          :      ,          [8, . . 16].

    . pylori   ,   ,      .      . pylori   . pylori [9, . . 16].         .

     .   ,  . pylori       [10, . . 16]      .    ,     ,      . ,     ,    ,      .      ,  .



     -     , ,   . pylori     .     .             2005 .


 2000     -        ,           .       ,     , ,      .   . pylori           .

     .         ,        ,     ,    .                ,    .    ,     .         :   ,   ,     ,   ,      .

   ,         ,  ,     .  ,      .        ,    :               ,  .        .       ,        .        ,        .                ,     ,  .

 ,      ,     ,  ,       .   -           .   ,    . ,  ,     ,      .          ,      .  ໠   ,      ,     .




1.   (. . 6):              . (. .Volk and J.Atkinson, "Is child death the crucible of human evolution?" Journal of Social, Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology 2 [2008]: 247-60.)       XIX .   1900       30%       . (. R.A.Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 18501929 [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990].)  XX      :     100/1000  1915   10/100  1995 (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48 [1999]: 849-58).        (G..Singh and S.M.Yu, "U.S. childhood mortality, 1950 through 1993: trends and socioeconomic differentials," American Journal of Public Health 86 [1996]: 505-12).

2....   (. . 7):          ,      ,  ,     . ,           , .  ,        ,   (  )   .                  .  ,   ,  ,           ;   ,       (P.F.Baillie-Hamilton, "Chemical toxins: ahypothesis to explain the global obesity epidemic," Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8 [2002]: 185-92.).

3.c 1950      550% (. . 7):      (1- )   . (V.Harjutsalo et al., "Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: acohort study," Lancet 371 [2008]: 1777-82.)                  , ,   . (V.Harjutsalo et al., "Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finland," Journal of the American Medical Association, 310 [2013]: 427-28.)        1-     3% (P.Onkamo et al., "Worldwide increase in incidence of Type I diabetes- the analysis of the data on published incidence trends," Diabetologia 42 [1999]: 1395-103.).

4.     (. . 10): T.Yatsunenko et al., "Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography," Nature 486 (2012): 222- 27.   ,     ,    (),  ,         .     ,       .  ,      .            ,    -.

5.  (. . 10):        .    ,   : "An endangered species in the stomach," Scientifi  American 292 (February 2005): 3845; "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human disease," EMBO Reports 7 (2006): 956-60;        , "What are the consequences of the disappearing microbiota?" Nature Reviews Microbiology 7 (2009): 887-94; "Stop killing our beneficial bacteria," Nature 476 (2011): 393-94.

6.- (. . 12):    Campylobacter fetus    ,    .   : M.J.Blaser et al., "Susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to the bactericidal activity in human serum," Journal of Infectious Diseases 151 (1985): 227-35; M.J.Blaser et al, "Pathogenesis of Campylobacter fetus infections. Failure to bind C3b explains serum and phagocytosis resistance," Journal of Clinical Investigation 81 (1988): 1434-44; J.Dworkin and M.J.Blaser, "Generation of Campylobacter fetus S-layer protein diversity utilizes a single promoter on an invertible DNA segment," Molecular Microbiology 19 (1996): 1241-53; J.Dworkin and M.J.Blaser, "Nested DNA inversion as a paradigm of programmed gene rearrangement," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (1997): 985-90; Z..Tu et al, "Structure and genotypic plasticity of the Campylobacter fetus sap locus," Molecular Microbiology 48 (2003): 685-98.

7.   (Felis catus) (. . 13):  ,    ,          Felis silvestris,   ,      F. silvestris f. catus. ,    ,   .

8.     (. . 13):           -,          -  (),  -   Campylobacter pyloridis,   Campylobacter pylori,        , Helicobacter pylori.      : G. I. Prez-Prez, and M.J.Blaser, "Conservation and diversity of Campylobacter pyloridis major antigens," Infection and Immunity 55 (1987): 1256-63; and G. I. Prez-Prez, .M.Dworkin, J.E.Chodos, and M.J.Blaser, "Campylobacter pylori antibodies in humans," Annals of Internal Medicine 109 (1988): 1117.        (        ),  ,      . pylori.

9. . pylori   . pylori (. . 13):       Lancet (M.J.Blaser, "Not all Helicobacter pylori strains are created equal: should all be eliminated?" Lancet 349 [1997]: 1020-22)      :  Helicobacter pylori   Helicobacter pylori (Lancet 350 [1997]: 7071).      .

10.    (. . 13):        ,   . -     .     ,  ,   ,    .       .       ,        .




 2.   


, 4,5   ,        .          . - ,      ,      .  ,               .  ,          ,    ,    , ,     .   -   ,    .

    - ,                .       ,   ,    .

    ,     ,    .  3        .      ,    ,   ,        .    ,   , ,  ,     . , ,                ,         .

       ,    ,      .         ,   , , ,    ,   ,         .               ,    ;      .

                 :  ,          ,          .          ,       [1, . . 25].

  .  3,7         24- ,   -    4796   .   , Homo sapiens,   2   .

   -  ,  -  ,    .     ,   ,    [2, . . 25].        .     ,     ,   , , , , ,   ,       ,  :     .   .       : , ,    ..

        ,          .

      .         ,   ,     .     ,   .      :   , , ,   ,    ,   , .       .    , , , , , ,  .        ,     ,       .

   ,   .

   , ,     , ,    ,   ,       ,     .     ,       ,          ,        .

     ,       ,       ,   .   600      , , , , , ,     ,    . ,     ,    , ,     .

   ,    .  ,    .        ,   ,     ..,       .              ,        ,    .   ,    ,             ,    .   - , , ,   ,    .

 .    ,         ? , , ,         ,       . , -    .    ,      8:01.      ,  , ,     ? :    . ,   . coli  Clostridium       ,      [3, . . 25].       ,  .     .

    , ,  , ;  ,        .  , ,   ,    .         :    ,     .         : ,    .                  .             , ,  .        .

    (  )   ,         ,  ,        . , ,   (, Plasmodium falciparum,     ),   ,  ,   ,  . ,    ,       ,    .       .


* * *

  ,   .    ,    ,      .   20  ( ,  )    5090%  .       (    )  10


,   (   ).    ,  240    [4, . . 25].

   ,     ,      1200  , ,           ,   .         ,   . ,  ,   ,        (    ),     .   ,        ,     ,       .      ,    .        ,         .

      .     ,   ,  ,   ,        ,   .       ,     ,     ,   .                         .       ,       .

 ,        60%  ,  , ,      .     ,       .

   ,    ,    .   ,               .    ,   ,       .    ,  ,      ,        ()    [5, . . 25].

     ,   ,     ,       ,        .              ,  .

,    ,     ;      .    , ,    .       ,      .

           .          ,                .

     . ,          :    ,       -,  .  ,    . Delftia acidovorans       ,   ,   ,         .      , Deinococcus radiodurans,    .

       .         . ,      ,     :  ( ),       [6, . . 26].          .



 ,      .         .  ,       ,     .        .      Deep Water Horizon         ,           ,    .


,       :  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   .   ,         .      .        ,    ,       .


* * *

         .             ,   .

   ,      ,       .    ,  ,         ( ),    (),          .               . ,    .         .    ,        .   ,       ,    ,   .                    .

,        . coli [7, . . 26],         .          10   .       ,     .   ,         ,     ,    . coli.             ,         .     -,     ,   .            ?

-,  ,   .  10    10 ,      .  ,    99,9% ,     .       .   .      ,    ?  ?    .

   ,  ,   ,   ,   . coli   ,      .    ,   ,        .   ,           .

 ,   ,   .  ,     (    )         .    .     ,  ,         ,          ,      .  . coli      ,         .     ,   .    .

   ,      ,        . ,    Bacteroides       ,   . coli,    .       .

    ,     . ,   . coli      Bacteroides.           .      ,      .  .

      . ,         ,       .     ,      .    ,   .    ,   ,      ,      .

   4    , ,      ,     ,     .       ,      .

    ,  .            , ,  ,     ,   .             3,5  ,   . ,        ,   .  ,   ,   ,   ,     . ,      ,    .      ,      .

 ,       ,   .     .   ,      ,  ,   .         .

          ,    ,    .           .             , :



     (  ,        ,     ) [8, . . 26]


      ,    .




1.      (. . 18): J.McPhee, Basin and Range, book 1 in Annals of the Former World (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998).

2.  ,   (. . 18): .N.Schulz et al., "Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments," Science 284 (1999): 493-95.        ,    .

3.    (. . 19): N. , "A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere," Science 276 (1997): 734- 40.  ¸,     ,      ,   .

4.240    (. . 20): W..Whitman et al., "Prokaryotes: The unseen majority," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (1998): 6578-83; J.S.Lipp et al., "Signifi cant contribution of Archaea to extant biomass in marine subsurface sediments," Nature 454 (2008): 991-94; M.L.Sogin et al., "Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored rare biosphere, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(2006): 12115-20.

5.   (. . 21): ,  . T.Suyama et al., "Phylogenetic affiliation of soil bacteria that degrade aliphatic polyesters available commercially as biodegradable plastics," Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (1998): 5008-11; E.R.Zettler et al., "Life in the plastisphere: microbial communities on plastic marine debris," Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013): 7137-46.

6.      (. . 22): ..Stevens and J.P.McKinley, "Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers," Science 270 (1995): 450-54.

7.   E.coli (. . 23):   E.coli  Escherichia coli,    ,  ,    1885        Bacterium coli commune.   XX     Escherichia coli.        - ,               .  E. coli     ,       ,     .       E. coli     .

8.    ,      (. . 25):  1993  ..    Nature     ..  ,  ,    ,    -     ;        ,      (S.J.Gould, "Prophet for the Earth: Review of E.O.Wilsons The diversity of life," Nature 361 [1993]: 311-12.).




 3.  


      . , , ,      ,      .  ,    ,   ,  ,    ,  ,         .           ,  .  .

    ,       ,   ,      ?       ,     ,        .

,   ,       .             .     ,    . ,  , ,         ,           .            ,    .             ,  .    .          ,     .        ,   .

,    ,      ,   . ,        ,      .  ,    .        ,    .  ,   ,   .   ,   . ,          ,  ,         .

   [1, . . 42]   ,   ,         .

         .      ,  ,      .     ,     Buchnera,      150   .      ,                .   ,    Buchnera  .  .        Buchnera,   .    ,  ,    .  ,    ,   .      :       [2, . . 42]           100  .

    , ,  ,           ,      .       .            ,      ,     [3, . . 42].   :   -    ?   ,    ,   ,   .  ,  -     .

  ,     ,  ,      :  ,     .        .  , ,    , , ,  , , , , , , , ,   .     ,            .          ,     ,            . ,         ,     .      (     ) ,    .     ,        ,  .       . -         , ,   .         -   .       ,       .           ,      .       ,    ,      Helicobacter pylori, 




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=65910417)  .

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