   ?       
 


          ,          .   ?      ?   ?      ?    ?  ,     ?    ?      ?      ?         ?       ?

  ,     ,            ,       ,            ?.





 

   ?       



  

   , . . 

 ϸ 

 . 

  . 

- . 

 . , . 

  . 

   istock.com



Professor David Nutt, 2020

Published by arrangement with Rachel Mills Literary Ltd.

   , , .   -, 2021



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


* * *







           ,   2009      ,       . ,  ,    , ,    ,          .

     .          - ,   ,             .        ,    .

 ,          ,    ,        .           (Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs),    ,       ,         ,     .

                  .           ,      :         .

   ,    ,   ,     .          80%   ,       80%      .     ,          ,   ,         .       ,    ,  - ,       .    ,     ,      ?6  ,         ?3  .

       ,           . ,            .  ,       젖     堖       ,   .  ࠖ     ,      ,   .

   ,         40,    .   1980-               (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA),       (National Institutes of Health, NIH)   . ,    ,           ,          ,  .

                .         ,   ,   ,       ,    ,   ,     ,    .



 ,
    ,   DrugScience (drugscience.org.uk (http://drugscience.org.uk/))          







         -          .      .     1960-  :   ,          , -     .     ,    ,  ,     Greene King.       ,   ,    .     . - ,         ,           .

     :      .         ,       .        ,   ,   -   .     ,       ,      .   :  ,    .       .

    .       :       ,        ,     ?  :      , ?  ,  ,          ,     ,   ,     ,     .

       ,   ,          .  :      ,        / .      ,        .

             .   ,   ,       ,     . ,             40,     .        ,    .  , ,  ,     .

,       ,     ,       .          ,           ;   ,          ,   .    ,     -   ,     .     ,    ,    ,        .

   ,    ,  ,      .       ,    ,         .      ,         ,    ,        [1 - www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944 (http://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944).].

 2018                 ,   2016-       3 .     The British Medical Journal (BMJ) ,   :  ,        ; ,    ,        [2 -  ,    : www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/986178?path=/bmj/363/8172/This_Week.full.pdf (http://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/986178?path=/bmj/363/8172/This_Week.full.pdf).].      5%   .  ,   ,         30000  [3 - www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-and-drinkaware-launch-drinkfree-days (http://www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-and-drinkaware-launch-drinkfree-days).], [4 - www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/15/britons-get-drunk-more-often-than-35-other-nations-survey-finds (http://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/15/britons-get-drunk-more-often-than-35-other-nations-survey-finds).], [5 - ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2017 (http://ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2017).], [6 - who.int/news-room/detail/21-09-2018-harmful-use-of-alcohol-kills-more-than-3-million-people-each-year-most-of-them-men (http://who.int/news-room/detail/21-09-2018-harmful-use-of-alcohol-kills-more-than-3-million-people-each-year-most-of-them-men).], [7 - www.alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics (http://www.alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics).].      - ,     .         ,    ,   -      .

    ,   ,              . ,  2010          ,    .         :        ,   1960- .  20% ⠖        ࠖ   14     [8 - digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-alcohol/2019 (http://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-alcohol/2019).][9 - C         ,  10,  8,   . . .].

,   ,   .      (Global Drug Survey),     51,1   䠖    .            .

  ,     14   , ,         ,     ,    ,        .     , ,    . ,    ,  ,     , ,    ,    ,    .       2,    ,       .

     -    Pol Roger,   ,  2-   ,          ,            ,        .     ,   ,      .

 50            ,      .      :                     .    1970-               ,            ,    .

     ,  ,          .      .  ,        - .   ,        -   .

      18,      .   23   18-,    ,     .      ?  , ,    ࠖ         .   ,        ,  .        ,              .

       :      . ,       .   ,        ,   ,   ,      .

   ,  ⠖ ;      .      ,     ,    .

 XIII  XIV      :       .          ,            [10 - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihenstephan_Abbey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihenstephan_Abbey).].   -       [11 - www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944 (http://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944).].

ࠖ  ,  ࠖ      :      -,      .   -      ,   .      ,   007,      .       !

,        .          ,      ,       .              ,    .

  ,  ,      ,   .    -   :  ,     ,    ,    .   , ,   ,      (. 1),   ,          ,       .        - ,          .          .

 20102019     [12 - www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext (http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421 (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa). journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa).],    ,       ,  ,   , ,   .            ,    , ,   ,     .      ࠖ   - ,     ,    -  ,       ,         (. 11).

       -         - ,                .       ,   ,   ,   .  ,                   .

,   ,    ,      .      , , ,         .           ,       ,   .      頖 ,         ,    ,    10  20.

,  ,       .       , ,  ,   ,         .

     (  ) 14   ( 112   )  ,   ,  .  ,           .     ,    .      ,       .        ,     ,              [13 - doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553 (http://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553).].      ,    ,     ,        ?       !        .

        .       . , ,          ,        .    ,   . ,  ,          .

     ,       .     , , ,      ,    ,     ,    ,  ; ,      ,   ,      .

       .         - ,    ,  , ,  ,     .   ,  ,   ,  ,  -,    ,      .

    ,    ,         .         .         ,   .

   ,     .            ,   ,       ;    ,      7,    /       .

 ,      ,  ,         .  ,          ,  .           .     !




1

      








      :  


         .     ,      .

     , ,         .     ,  , ,  ,  ,    .     ,     ,      ,     ,     - . -     , 頖   ,     .

         ࠖ  .     .       ,    ,     ,    ,  .   ,    ,    (    )      :    ,      ,   .

,    ,       .      ,           ,  , ,   .          , ,  / ,     .   ,    - :    Ch?teau Latour  1984.     :      ,   .     .      ,     .  , ,  ,        .

     :        ,      .

  ,    ,  ,      .      ,           .   ,    ,   -    .    蠖   ,   ,      ,             .      - .



 ,      ?

     .   ,          (     2),    ,   ,         .         ,  ,  , ,    ,  ,  ,     . , ,      


   (   ),      ,            .

 ,       ,     .      ,    ,     .           ,        .

       :   510        . , ,      ,      蠖    .


   

    ,    ,       .          ࠖ   200 .   ,       ,  ,     .    ࠖ , , ,    堖      ,     .

      ,        ,   , . ,     ,  .

 ,   ,  ,     젖       .

  80  ( ,     )    ,      .      .

      (        ) -  ()    ().  ,   ࠖ   .      ,   ,   .

  ,    . ,    ,   ,   .    .

     ,    .  ,   :    ,   ,          ,      .

       ,   ,   ,   .    .

  ⠖ ,    ,     . , ,      ,         (,  ,     100/   34),       .   ,   ,       .

       ,           .

   : ,      ,     (, , , ),    ,     (, , , ).    ,   . , ,        .       ,            .

     . ,       ,    .    ,                   .

                      ,         ,  ,     ,     .           .


  

 ,       .        ,  , ,      堖 , ,   .

,   ,    ,   .    .     .  ,        .

       ,      .      , ,         ,      ,    .

,       ,      ,       ,       .             ,      ,    ,     .     ,       .      .

    :    ,       ,       ?   ?      ,             ,    .

,  ,      ,    . ,         ,     ,     ,     .

 , ,        ,       젖 80   100 , ,  , 0,8  (),    :   ,      .   ,    ,      .  ,   - .     1,5,      .     .

        ,       ,     -     .

   . -,        ࠖ ,       .           ,        .        ().

    ,    ,  .       ,          .   젖   ,         .       ,     .

-,    ,    ,    .         , ,   .     堖     .

   ,   ,      .      ,        ,    ,      , ,       ( ,       ).  ,             .




  

      ,       ,     .           ,   (  C


H


OH).          , ,  ,     ,          .  ,      (, ),    .        .

, ,      ,     400  .   ,      ( ),         ,    ,   .       (     ),  ,        ,    ,      .            ,           .

,    2016      (Psychoactive Substances Act 2016)     ,   , ,   .    ,   .  ,    ,        ,   .     150,  堖 200.      .

     , ,         ,     ,   . ,           .  ,      ,     (        ),      


-,  ,      ,  .    ,    ,   ,     .       ,           .     :          ,     [14 - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216062 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216062).].      ,   ,             .

         . ,     ,          ,        . ,  ,   ?   ,   ?         ?       ?         ,       ,    ,     .


,   

  ,       ,  ,   .   -   ,    ,  ,  .

   , ,    ,      ,    ,       .    ,   ,      .

   ,     ,       .     - : ,    ,    ,       ,      .

   ,    16-  .      ,     ,     ,          5,    .      ,         . ,      ࠖ ,        .


* * *

 ,     ,  .  ,         . ,     ,   ,     .     ,   ,        .               .



 ,   .  

        ,     ,      .

    /   / ()

?0,2 / ,  ,    /  (?), ;

?0,5 / ,  ,  ;  ,    / , ;

?0,8 (        ) /  , , , ,   / , ;

?1 /  ,   ,     / , ;

?1,5 / ;   ,    ;     ;   / , , ;

?2,5 / , ,  ;   ;   ;       ;    / ,   ;

?34 /    / ,   ;

?4 /  / ,   ;

?5 /  / ,   ;

?6 /     / ,   [15 -  : www.alcohol.org/effects/blood-alcohol-concentration (http://www.alcohol.org/effects/blood-alcohol-concentration).]


    ,    ,      .    :    ,    .

 ,       ,      (  ),     .          ,      .       .     ,    .       .




  


      ,        ,   -    .     -              ,        .                 . -   ,  ,  - (    )   ,    .

      (  )    Buckfast         .          :    (15%)    .       .

        :      . ,  , , ,       :   -  ,   젖    ,    .       : 43% ,      , ,    Buckfast[16 - pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb9/846bf3eec9fd-7b1a37ae6e0e8cc025d34563.pdf (http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb9/846bf3eec9fd-7b1a37ae6e0e8cc025d34563.pdf).].

    ,      ,        .  2014        :  The Scotsman ,    -      [17 - foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/the-controversial-story-of-buckfasts-rise-to-prominence-in-scotland (http://foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/the-controversial-story-of-buckfasts-rise-to-prominence-in-scotland).].      ,          ,   ,      ,     .

,     .                 (   ,    ).


  

 ,     ,  . ,      ,         .       ,    ;    , 堖   .      绠       .

      .  1890-,    ,   ,    Mariani,     .       .     ,   ,        -        [18 - www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3242494/Revenge-PM-s-snub-billionaire-funded-Tories-years-sparked-explosive-political-book-decade.html (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3242494/Revenge-PM-s-snub-billionaire-funded-Tories-years-sparked-explosive-political-book-decade.html).].  ,   ,       . ,   1990-   ,      ,    ,     [19 - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426682 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426682).].

   ,          ,   ,   .       ,      堖 ,     .             .

   ໠    -,   Red Bull  ;     ,       [20 - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380261 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380261).]. ,      -     ,             .

,     ࠖ   .   , ,         ,      -    , ,        .    :  ,    -      ,    .


* * *

   :    ,  ,     ,     .    , , ,          ,   ,  ,  .      ,   :    ,        .

     ,      50   ,   .  1960-  1970- ,    ,        34%.      Stella  5%,           4%  5%.    ࠖ  1112%  1314%.




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=65971085)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944 (http://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944).




2


 ,    : www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/986178?path=/bmj/363/8172/This_Week.full.pdf (http://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/986178?path=/bmj/363/8172/This_Week.full.pdf).




3


www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-and-drinkaware-launch-drinkfree-days (http://www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-and-drinkaware-launch-drinkfree-days).




4


www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/15/britons-get-drunk-more-often-than-35-other-nations-survey-finds (http://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/15/britons-get-drunk-more-often-than-35-other-nations-survey-finds).




5


ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2017 (http://ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2017).




6


who.int/news-room/detail/21-09-2018-harmful-use-of-alcohol-kills-more-than-3-million-people-each-year-most-of-them-men (http://who.int/news-room/detail/21-09-2018-harmful-use-of-alcohol-kills-more-than-3-million-people-each-year-most-of-them-men).




7


www.alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics (http://www.alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics).




8


digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-alcohol/2019 (http://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-alcohol/2019).




9


C         ,  10,  8,   . . .




10


en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihenstephan_Abbey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihenstephan_Abbey).




11


www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944 (http://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944).




12


www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext (http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421 (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa). journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journal-Code=jopa).




13


doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553 (http://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553).




14


www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216062 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216062).




15


 : www.alcohol.org/effects/blood-alcohol-concentration (http://www.alcohol.org/effects/blood-alcohol-concentration).




16


pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb9/846bf3eec9fd-7b1a37ae6e0e8cc025d34563.pdf (http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb9/846bf3eec9fd-7b1a37ae6e0e8cc025d34563.pdf).




17


foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/the-controversial-story-of-buckfasts-rise-to-prominence-in-scotland (http://foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/the-controversial-story-of-buckfasts-rise-to-prominence-in-scotland).




18


www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3242494/Revenge-PM-s-snub-billionaire-funded-Tories-years-sparked-explosive-political-book-decade.html (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3242494/Revenge-PM-s-snub-billionaire-funded-Tories-years-sparked-explosive-political-book-decade.html).




19


www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426682 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426682).




20


www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380261 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380261).


