    
  

  

  


        ERP.      ,   ,  ,  .  ,    ,             .  ,                 .         1 ERP   2.





 ,  ,  

    


 

   

,   










             ,                .         ,     ,     .   ,         ,      ,       ,         .    -       ,            ,         ,    ,        .

 ,           ,                    ,     ,      ,     ,    .

                  .       ,    ,  ,             : ERP, MES, APS, PLM  ..            ,              .

     ,    ,               :    , ,  , ,  ,    . ,  ,               .

             ,     ,       ,     ,       ,    .

   5 .        .

                ,  .         ,  ,    .      - ,   .          ,          .   ..   .. .

          ,           ,  ,  .          ,     .           .   ..   .. .

         .      ,     ,            .   ..   ..      .. .

         ,     ,    ,        .   ..   .. .

          ,    .               1 ERP   2,   ,              ,   ERP, MES, PLM  ..   .. .

,   ,             ,    ,  ,  , -  ,   ,  -̻    .

    ,   ,      ,      .          ,     .




 1.     





1.1.  





1.1.1       


     (3000    )       (40-   )     , ..         .            .       .        .        ,   ,     .

            .       ,  ,      .  4.0,  ,        ,        .    ,     ,     ,            .

         ,      .         ,     .   , -      ,     ,  ,   [13].         ,         ,   .          ,        ,    .    ,      ,     [2,3].

  (; . artificial intelligence, AI)      ,     [4].       ,      [5].           ,        [4].          . , ,     ,       .. [6].             (,   -  [7,8]),    ,  , , , , ,          ( 149-) [9]; ,           , , ,     ( 34.003-90) [10]; ,   , ,     (ISO/IEC 38500:2008).    , ,         (),          .

       ,    .     ,      ,      ,       , ,   ,           ,   ,       .        . ,        ,          ,     ,     ,     ..

   ,        ,      ,    90%    ;         ,     ;         ;   -     .         .  , ,             ,       ,       ?            .                 ,      ?       ,         ,  ,     , ,    ,    .  ,         ,          ,       .

         ,         ,    ,    .

        ,      ,    ,            .  ,  ,        ,   ,                 ,  ,       ,     .       ,        ,     -    ,     .

          ,     ,  ,     ,              .          .      ,      ,        .




1.2.1    


      , ,            .         ,      ,       .       ,     .         ,                   .    [11],     ,  ,           .         ,     .        ,         .              ,     .     ,        , ..         .       .                  [12].  ,            ,     .             , ..   ,    ,     . ,      ,       , ..       ,  ,   ,  [13,14].

             ,    .   [11]   :     ,   .   ,          ,        .             ,       -.                  , .. .            ,           .    -     - ,      .           ,    .         ,       ,         .               .    -              [15].

                ,        [1618].                 [16].     [16],      :

1.       .

2.       .

3.         .

4.   .

5.         .

6.            .

7.    -  ,          .

     ,          ,      4  [16]:

1. ,        .

2. ,           , ..               .

3. ,    ,  .         ,       [19].            ,              [20].

4. ,     ( ,    ..).   ,       .          [21],      ,         , ..    ,  ,      .   ,         , ,   ,      2.1  .

        ,      ,   ,     ,         .

           ,  ,      ,            [22].         -,       : ,  ()  .   -      . ,  -           [23].               -,   .

  ,        ,               ,     Lean Production ( ), JIT (  ), QRM ( )  .          .           -       ERP-        [24].  ,                           .    ,     ERP-,        [25],   ERP-         .

    ,    ,      ,   ,      ,           [26].           .                .    -    ,      [27],        [28],    ,     [29]     [30].         .      -,     ,    .  ,      ,   ,     -,   -      ,   .         ,      ,            ,   . ,   ,           .




1.2. -   





1.2.1  


           ,    ,        ( 1.1).

   [31]     ,           .      ,       ,         ,   ,      ,          ,      .       15 ,     1 .

         ,     ,   ,  ,    ..   16  (      ).     .

           ,   ,      .

 1.1.    









1.2.2 -


               - [32].

-       ,         .      - [33]:

1.  -,    .          .

2.  -,          .   -  , , ,   .

3. () -,    . ,  ,  ,  , - .

     -   [34], ,  ,    ,  -  .             - ( 1.1).








 1.1   -  



     ,        :  , . -      -,   ,   (  )   ,      .  -        , ,     -       .     -             .   -,     .

  -      ,                .     ,        : ,  (), ,  .

           :

1.       ,        ,    .

2.                 ,     .

3.         ,     ,    .

4.           ,  (     )        .

  1.2        ,     .








 1.2       -



 , ,     1.2,        : ,   ,    ,      .




1.2.3  -


     ,      , ,   ,     , ,   ,         .     - .      - ,                , ,    , ,   ,          .        .  :

1. ;

2.;

3.,   ;

4. ;

5.;

6.-;

7.   .

    ,   ,   ,    ,   . ,    ,  ,     .

-          ,                        .    -    -.     ,     -.  -    -   -,       -.  - ,    (,     ,  )    .       ,   ,    -.   ,     ,    -,          .

   -     - [35].      . -,          () ,       .     ,       ()  , ,  .    -     -  [36].    ,     ,     ,   ,       ,      (  )      /  .

   -  ,        ,   .    -        ,       ,         -,        ,    ,  .    ,    -    ,   ,      [37].

 -    (, , , ) ,       . ,  ,     - [38]:

1.     -;

2.  -;

3.      -;

4.  -;

5. /,  /;

6.,     -;

7./,    -;

8.,   -    .

  -    .         ,      , ..      ().    -  ARIS,    : Catalyst  CSC, Business Genetics, SCOR (Supply\Chain Operations Reference), POEM (Process Oriented Enterprise Modeling)  .      (       )   (     ).

             -,       -.         (-, , ),         .  -      ,           .

-      (, ),           -.  , -     ,               ,    .

    -     -    -,       ,  ,    ..           - ,        .

     -        , , , ,   ..     ,     ,          .

-     ,     ,    .      (, , ),    ,    ( ,  ,  ),   .                 .  -       -.

     -   ( ,        ).       / -   .      :    ,     ,     ..

 -     ,     .   -   ,           ,      ,        ..          -           ,    .   -      ,       ,         .   -             .

  -      (-,     ),          ,      ,  ,     , -        ,       .    ,  ,      (, ,   ..)   (, , ,   ..)    .        -          ,    ,      -         .

   ,     ,     -:

1.,          ;

2., ,  /     -    ,   , ,      ,  ,  ;

3.,      ,  ;

4.,        .




1.2.4    -


  -    ,     1990- .,   -    ,    ,            .       -     ,   .                ,       .      1920- . XX.           .         -,            .  -   ,    ,     .

       -  -,  ,  ,  SADT, IDEF, DFD. -  ,    19.701-90   , ,    (    ANSI flowcharts),    ,        -.      -   .1.3. -       -    ,          ,    -.








 1.3    -



      -  .       -,     ,    ,          (    -  ).  ,  ,      . ,  , ,        ,     -    .

 1980- .     - (,   ,     )         (  )             .                .

-    -     1990- .              -,         .      .

,     ,  ,  ,             .       -     ,   , ,  ,         ,       .

      .   .   :    ,           -       .  -     -:   (. as is)     (. to be),      .

     -  1990- .      WfMS (Workflow Management System)  ,          - .  ERP-,     ,       -    ,       -    -.        -       ARIS   ERP- SAP R/3.      ERP-,         ,          .       -              ,   -,  ,      ,    .

    ,          -      ,     2000- .     .     -      .   .   -:  .         .  -,                 ,     .

         ,              .         - BPMS (Business Process Management System),      -             .

          .         XML: BPML, BPEL, XPDL. ,         -.              -  .   -     -    ,      (     )   .

 ,   ,     ,           ,    . ,  ,    -    ,       .   ,   ,    ,         (   3PML),   BPMN.      ,     ,    ..

     -   .             :

OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards, . 1993.)   ebXML  BPEL,          XML  -;

OMG (Object Management Group, . 1989.)   BPMN  UML,   MDA  CORBA;

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium, . 1994.)   WS-CDL, WSCI,    XML,  -   ;

WfMC (Workflow Management Coalition, . 1993.)   Wf-XML  XPDL.

         -         .   -       : ,  , ,  .          .         - (. Business-to-Business, B2B).




1.3.  -





1.3.1    -


  ,    -  .  -           :

   -      .

  ,  -.    ,   ,      .

   .     -    ,   . ,   ,   ,       , ,   .

   :   ,                 .

 ,  -.  ,        ,         .

          ,  ,       .

     . -      (    ).  ,        ,  ,          .

        ,       .

    , ,  9000,    .

  -      .

   -      ,       (, , ).

   -,       .

  ,     -             .         ,    ,  ,    ,     .  ,       ()    - .  ,      ,     .     ,       - ,     ,     .

          -. ,      - ,          .

       ,  .       .           (   ).        ().         .         -,      -      (      ),      .

                  .   (   )     ,   ,     ,          .

  1.4       -.








 1.4     -



    -     .    ,    ,    .          .            KPI (Key Performance Indicator),     ,   , .

   -,        .    -   .  -  ,  ,           -. ,         ,      ,   -,      ,            .       -.

  ,     .        ()   ,    .           .

,     ,   -.  ,          ,         .           .

   ,       -.        :

1. ,     -   .   ,  ,  -     ,      (,     ,         ),     ,           (,   ..).

2. ,         .     .    ,    , , ,      ..

3.     -,       , , ,  ,     .     :

  ,  -     ( ,    ),        ,   , , ,  ,     ,  ,  -;

  ,     (   ) ,    ;

       (           ),     ,  , -,   ;

  , ,          ,  ,       .

       ,   -:

1. -  /     ,  ;

2.   ;

3.-();

4. -;

5.  ( ).




1.3.2    - (BPMN)


     -     ,      .                  . ,     ,          -, ,  ,   ,         BPMN.

BPMN (. Business Process Model and Notation,    -)    ()   -.  Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI.org)   Object Management Group,      2005 .   BPMN  2.0.

 BPMN      -    -. BPMN     ,    -.         ,      .  ,  BPMN ,  ,  -,         BPEL.  BPMN 2.0      (  ,       ,      -     ,    BPMN 2.0).   BPMN      ,   -. -    -,    ,  ,    ,  ,      . , BPMN        -    .

    BPMN,      ,        :

1.UML (Unified Modeling Language,   ): Activity Diagram ( ), EDOC (Enterprise Distributed Object Computing,    )  Business Processes (-);

2.IDEF (SADT);

3.ebXML (Electronic Business eXtensible Markup Language,      ) BPSS (Business Process Specification Schema,   -);

4.ADF (Activity-Decision Flow,  -) Diagram;

5.RosettaNet;

6.LOVEM (Line of Visibility Engineering Methodology,   );

7.EPC.

    BPMN  OMG      .     OMG   UML,    - .    ,  BPMN   ( ),       (,  ,    ..),     -  ,  ,     .

 ()   BPMN     :

1.  (Flow Objects);

2. (Data);

3.  (Swimlanes);

4.  (Connecting Objects);

5. (Artifacts).

 . 1.2    BPMN     [39].

 1.2.   BPMN













  ,               ,  ,  /   ..         (, ),    .              .

         .



      ,     :  ,  ,   ,     .    ,       BPMN    .

     :

1.  :

1.1.      ().        ,      ,   .   ,  ,     ,              ,    .      .

1.2.      .        ,      ,   .    ,   ,   ,  (     )   .      .

1.3.      ,     .          .    (Boundary) ,         ,    .      ()         ,   .      .

2.     ():

2.1.       ,     ,           .     .

2.2.    ,               . ,            ,      ..     .

3.   :

3.1. -      ,          .   .

3.2. -      ,              .   .

4.   ().



,    ,     ,      .          - (-     BPMN),       .

       :

 (Task)  (, ) .  ()      ()      :




  (Service).     ,     -,    ;




   (Send).   ,       ;




   (Receive).   ,       ;




  (User).  ,         ;




   (Manual).  ,    -  ;




 - (Business-Rule). ,             -;




  (Script). ,       ,  .    ,   ;

 (Sub-Process)  ,     , ,    .                .            ()   +.   ,      :




   (Event Sub-Process).   ,      .           .    ;




  (Transaction). ,    ,   (   )        .        (          )     ( )   ( ).      ;




  (Call).          .     .

           ,     :




  (Loop).      - (while)  - (repeat-until) ;

|||  ?   (Multi-Instance).        .           (for);




  (Compensation).         ;

~    (Ad-Hoc).    .              .

         .



            .        ,   ,  ,     ,   .    ,    :




,


  (Exclusive, XOR   ).         , ..           .              ;




  (Inclusive, OR   ).        ,            .  ,         ,  ..       ;




  (Complex).   .    ,      ,  ,      ;




  (Parallel, AND   ).   /  ()   ;




 ,    (Exclusive Event-Based).         .  ,     ,      ,      ,     ;




 ,   ,   (Exclusive Event-Based Gateway to start a Process).  ,        ().    ;




 ,   ,   (Parallel Event-Based Gateway to start a Process).  ,          ,    .     (    ). ..        ,        ,       ().    .

 

             :




   (Data Inputs).       .     ;




   (Data Outputs).  .     ;

|||    (Data Collection).     .     .

         .

 

             :




    (Conditional Sequence Flow).    .     ,      .         ;




     (Default Sequence Flow).    .      .       .    ,             .

     BPMN,             .








 1.5   BPMN    




1.4.     



  ,    -  [40],    ,   ,    ,         .  ,            , ,   ,       ,           ,       .

  ,      .        ,  ,   ,    .

                ,     .        ,    [41].  ,           ,       .

   () (automated, automatized control system (ACS), computerized control system, management information system (MIS))  ,          -       - .  - ,              (    .. , ,    ),       .      , ..   ,        ,    [42].

    ()                 ,  ..  ,  ,  .            ,  ,     .       ,         (          ),         .      ,    .           ,         .           ,    [42].

  (, . intelligent system)     ,   ,   ,    ,         [43].         -    ,       ,   () [43].        ,    ().     .      [43]:

  ,       (human thinking),    ,  , 养 (Belman, 1978);

 ,     ,        (Rich, Knight, 1991) [43].

       :

1.  ( ,    ..).

2.    .

3.   [43].

  ,            ,   :

1.   ;

2.         ;

3.      ;

4.      :

a.  (  ),

b.  (  ,  ),

c.    (     ).




1.4.1    


              ,       [44].            :

1.ERP- (. Enterprise Resource Planning,   ) [45]    ,      ,   ,     ,        ,           .  ERP      MRP II.         ,       .

2.APS- (.  . Advanced Planning & Scheduling   ) [46]       ,              .                 ( SCM  Supply Chain Management,   ).             ,       .        ERP  MES ,     .   ERP-   APS .

3.MES (manufacturing execution system,    ) [47]     ,     , ,        - . MES-       ,            .            .

4.SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition      )  ,           , ,         .       .

5.     ( )      ,         .

     ,       .         ,           (    ERP-    ),       -  (,       ERP, MES  SCADA),         (,      ERP        MES)   .




1.4.2      


          .     ,           .                  ,              .  ,    :             .       ( )     ,   ,         ,     .      , ,   ..  ,     ,    -  ,   ,  ,    .       ()       ,             ,   .  ,   ,       ,  ,            .

 ,    ,         ,              .       1.6.








 1.6       




1.4.3  ROP


              .         ROP, MRP  MRPII [48]      .         (    ). ,    ,  ,        ,    ,    ,  .

 60-       (),        ,    ,      .           (Reorder Point  ROP)        .  ROP    ,   :          .        ,              ( 1.7).








 1.7       



     ,          :

1.     ;

2.    ;

3.   (  );

4. .

,     ,        .      ,   , ,         .

             .  ,             ,        .

 =  / ,        1 ,           .

            ,    (      ),      .         ,     .        ,          .




1.4.4  MRP


        ,         ( ,    ..).                ,   ,         .          60- .   MRP (Material Requirements Planning)    .       (Orlicky),            .    MRP       (Bill of Material Processor  BOMP),               -.

          ,        .   MRP     BOM (Bill of Material) () [49]. BOM   -  ,   . -    ,            .     ,           ,     ( 1.8).








 1.8       1 ERP



            ,     .    ,    MRP         (  ),      ,          ,   ,     (     ).

  70- .  MRP  APICS (American Production and Inventory Control Society) [45],       MRP      ,  MRP    ,              .   MRP           . APICS ,      MRP         .         APICS . ,      , ,   .

       MRP     ,     MRP, ..   ,      . -   MRP-     (launch and forget).   ,    ,   ,    MRP,  ,            .        .

    MRP             (  ).       .  ,          ,    MRP    ,   ,   3  8  ( ),  ,         ,   ,     , ?..   .  , MRP       .




1.4.5  MRPI/CRP


,          MRP        .                  CRP (Capacity Requirements Planning).  CRP     MRP,      CRP     MRP        .  CRP      .

   CRP     :

1.      (MPS).      MRP.

2.   .  ,   APICS [45],    ,       ( / ),        (CRP)          .  ,        ,     .   CRP             .

3.      ,   .             ( , ,  ).         (MPS)     .

CRP          ,     .            ,     ,    .  ,  CRP    ,             .

   CRP      ( 1.9)








 1.9    CRP  



 ,     ,       ,    ,        (        2.2).                 ,  .    ,  ,        ,      .    ,          ,         .       .

CRP  MRP           ,      ,          .   MRP   MRP I.  ,    MRP I/CRP      ,  ,   .




1.4.6   MRP (Closed loop MRP)


      MRP (closed loop MRP),    70- .  ,     (Oliver Wight, George Plossl and others).      MRP         ,    ,       .             .    MRP           :

1.     ,  ,     ;

2. /  ;

3.    ;

4.       ,    ..

             ( ,   ,     ..).     -,      ,   -    .     ()      ,         ,   MRP I,   -     .      MRP I/CRP      MRP,    ,    .

       MRP     ,       .    ,                  ,     MRP,   ,   ,     .     ,            (,   Excel,    1   ),      -.              . ,      ,         (  , ,    ..)         .

      ,  APICS     MRP [45]: ,       (MRP),     ,     ( ) (production planning (aggregate planning)),      (master production scheduling)      (capacity requirements planning).               ,   .        ,   /   () (input-output (capacity) measurement),     ,             ,     ..    ,       ,        [50].  ,      ,     ,    ()      ,     MRP-        ,       -            ,       .




1.5.    MRP II



MRP II (. manufacturing resource planning    ) [45]    ,   ,     ,      ,  MRP.    MRP,   MRP II      ,     .     . MRP II      ,   ,    ,       (, , , , ),   ,   ,  ,    ,      .  MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning)    ,      ,          .

  MRPII       ,       ,        :

1.MRP       ,      .

2.MRP I/CRP       ,            (   ),      ..,         .

3., MRP II        ,            .

 ,                  (    GIGO  garbage in, garbage out).

    ,  MRP II        ,                         .            .   MRP II       ,  ,   ,       .

    MRP II:

1. :

1.1.   (Demand Management);

1.2.   (Sales & Operations Planning);

1.3.      ;

1.4.    (Distribution Resource Planning).

2. :

2.1.     (Master Production Schedule);

2.2.   (Bill of Material Subsystem);

2.3.     (Material Requirements Planning);

2.4.     (Capacity Requirements Planning).

3. :

3.1.     (Inventory TransactionSubsystem);

3.2.   (Purchasing);

3.3.      ;

3.4.       (Scheduled Receipts Subsystem).

4. :

4.1.    (Shop Floor Control  Production Activity Control);

4.2.  /   (Input/Output Control);

4.3.   (Tooling  Tool Planning and Control).

5.   :

5.1.   (Financial Planning Interfaces);

5.2.  (Simulation);

5.3.  ;

5.4.   (Performance Measurement).








 1.10   MRP II




1.5.1  


  (Demand Management)

     :  ,    , ,        .  ,            .

      ,   ,     -,           .            ()  (final assembly schedule).                    .

            . , ,                          .

                   ,      .  ,     ,   ,    ,    ,          .

 ,         ,              () .

     ,       ,       ,             .    ,    ,   , ..     ,      .       ,        ,        (    ).       ,     ,        .

  (Sales & Operations Planning)

    (    ) [50]         MRPII.           -       .     -  (,  ,   )     .              : ,  , - ,     ,  ,    .            (,    ,   ,     .).     ,           .  ,  ,   -     ,   ,       .

,                         , ,          .  ,             ,            . ,         ,     .            .

     

                    ,        ,          : ,         .

   (Distribution Resource Planning)

       ,             .        ()        ( ,      ,      ..).  ,  DRP     MRP   .  , DRP     MRP-.         ,      (,  ,       ).

DRP       ,    ,        ,     .




1.5.2  


    (Master Production Schedule)

           ( ,  ,  ).      MRP                         .

             ,      .    ,     ,          ,     ( ).       ,         .   (  - ,   ,   )     ,      .                       .

  (Bill of Material Subsystem)

     MRP  ,  - ,      .    ,      .         ,          (, ,    ..)         ,          .

           ,     :

1.  ,           .       ,    ..

2.    :    ,     .     ,    ( ), ,  ,    .

3.   ,         ,           .           .           .            .

4.       ,        ,    . ,        .

5.              .  ,        [45],   MRP I/CRP.

6.                .

 ,                           .    MRP II              .

 ,           MRP II    :

1.   ,     .             .              , ,        .

2.  ,           ,        ,     ().         ,  ,          .

3.   ,                         .                   .          2.2.

    (Material Requirements Planning)

    ,      , ,   ..,  ,    ,      ,             (    )    , ..  ,    .     MRP,    .

    (Capacity Requirements Planning)

           ,                ,  MRP.  ,        ,       .           , ..     ,       .

         ,  MRP I/CRP,    ,         ,      () .         (MPS)      (MRP),            (shop scheduling and dispatching system).

    (Inventory TransactionSubsystem)

                    ,        ,            : ,     .




1.5.3  


  (Purchasing)

       (     ),  MRP   ,  ,      ,     MRP.  ,  ,  MRP       ,              .

         MRP II     , ,     ,       .            ,     ,   ,      .

     

                    ,        ,          : ,        .

      (Scheduled Receipts Subsystem)

          .  ,  ,             (shop dispatching system)   (purchasing system) .         : -,                     ; -,    MRP II,     MRP  (       ),          MRP II .

         (, , )  ,     ,       .                          (MRP),  ,  ,  .




1.5.4  


   (Shop Floor Control  Production Activity Control)

  , ,  ,      (Shop Scheduling and Dispatching).            .           ,     ,      .   ,  MRP  CRP  ,         .

   ()       ,                            .

 /   (Input/Output Control)

       ,    CRP.           MRP   ,  MRP    ,            .

  /    ,        ,         ,    ,       ,      .               .

       ,     .       ,    2.

  (Tooling  Tool Planning and Control)

          ,         .           MRP  CRP      (  ,  ,    ..).       :        MRP  CRP,      MRP  CRP       .        ,       .




1.5.4    


  (Financial Planning Interfaces)

MRP II  ,     , ,        MRPII  .        . MRP II        :

1.     ;

2.   ( ,  ,   );

3.  ;

4.    ( ).

 ,   MRP,              .                 .  ,      ,              .

 MRP II          .      MRP II  ,       ,    .  ,  MRP II          ,   ..,         .

        MRP II     (  , ,  ,      .).  ,      MRP II      .

 (Simulation)

 MRP II        . ,   ,         . MRP II       , ..?.

    :   .

MRPII   ,    , ,  ,   ..          ,             .

            .        .            ,                  .

       ,       .                 , ,    ..,      ,   .                  .            ,   ,      ,    .                 ,      .          (       )        MRP .

    MRPII :




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/artem-viktorovich-vo/intellektualnye-informacionnye-sistemy-upravleniya-pr/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


