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First published in English under the title Mass Political Culture Under Stalinism; Popular Discussion of the Soviet Constitution of 1936 by Olga Velikanova, edition 1

Copyright  Olga Velikanova, 2018

This edition has been translated and published under license from Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Springer Nature Switzerland AG takes no responsibility and shall not be made liable for the accuracy of the translation




 



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 1




  1991     ,      ,  ,   .   ,       ,                . ,        ,      [1 - Reisinger W. M. Conclusions: Mass Public Opinion and the Study of Post-Soviet Societies // Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies / Ed. by A. H. Miller, W M. Reisinger, and V. L. Hesli. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. P. 274; Shlapentokh V. Russian Citizenship: Behavior, Attitudes and Prospects for a Russian Democracy // Citizenship and Citizenship Education in a Changing World / Ed. by Orit Ichilov. London: Woburn, 1998. P. 2852.].           ,    ,                        .  2000-         ,  , ,       ,     ,        .    ,                  ,     .  ,    New Russia Barometer (  ),      3639  1990-   84   2000- ,   ,    , ,      [2 - Rose R., Mishler W., Munro N. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 77.].

  ,         :       . ,      ,    ,    ,     ,         .            :  , , , , , ,   .      ,          ,   (  )  ,   ,    ,   .       ;      ,     . ,  ,           ,        ,     .        ,           .

            :  (  ,    ), ,    ( )[3 -   ,  1936  46     21 .      ,   ,       ,       .].  ,   ,     ( ,    ,  )   ,       [4 - Sakwa R. Russian Politics and Society. London: Routledge, 2008. P. 456.].     ,  ,      ,              .     1905, 1917  1991        ,         .        ,                 .   ,           ?     ,     ,         ,      ?           1930- ,       ,       .

          .          ,   ,     ,     ,     .     ,   ,  ,   ,           ,      (,  )[5 -    ., : Tucker R. The Soviet Political Mind: Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972; van ReeE. The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth-Century Revolutionary Patriotism. London: Routledge, 2002.].  ,                   ,  -  ,       ,     ,   ,    ,         [6 - Getty J. A., Naumov O. V. The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 19321939. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. P. 1524.].                    ,     ,           .

                1970-        1990-.        .  , ,      1950- ,    ,    ,     .           .  ,                    ,          ,       ,      [7 - Biryukov N., Sergeev V. Russias Road to Democracy: Parliament, Communism, and Traditional Culture. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993; Brown A. Ideology and Political Culture // Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachevs Russia / Ed. by Seweryn Bialer. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989; White S. Political Culture and Soviet Politics. London: Macmillan, 1979,  .].         ,            ,         .

         ,      ,     .  ,     [8 - Sakwa R. Russian Politics and Society. P. 355; Petro N. The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995; Politics, Work and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens / Ed. by Millar J. R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.] ,            ,      ,     .  ,       .         ,   , ,  1840-    , ,      I,   .       ,        ,    ,  ,  ,  (     ),    ,  ,      1970- .

   ,      ,        ,      ,      .            ,         ,           , ,     1930- .    1930-             ,    .

 ,  -      , ,   (  )    (, )  ,         .            .

    ,          1917 ,   ,          -     ,        .    ,   ,  ,    ,            .         1917 ,       ,           .  ,       ,      1917 ,     [9 - Figes O., Kolonitsky B. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. P. 122123, 189.].

,           ,    .       - ,            ,        ,         .      ,      , ,   ,      .    ,     ,   :        .           ,   ,    ,    19171921 ,    (     ,          ),       .       ,    ;       (  )    ,     ,      [10 - Lewin M. The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia. London: Methuen, 1985. P. 274, 304311, 314.].      ,     ,           :         ,      [11 - Seregny S. J. A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905 // Slavic Review 1988. 47 (1). P. 5167;  . .   , 19051930 .:   . .:  . 2004;  .  .   1920- . .: , 2017. . 4.].             .          ,    ,    .            ,  ,  ,  .

             ,  ,      ,      .        [12 -            () ,     .                .]                .       ,     ,                 .   (  )    ,   , ,         .  ,            ,       ,          ,     .  -   ,  ,        .      ,           .  ,    ,     1930-       ,              . ,        , ,      ,   ,  , ,          .           .

               .     :     ,         ,          ,      - .     .        -   :           ,            .           :    1906 ,   1918, 1924, 1936, 1977     1993 .           1906 ,    ;               ,    ,        [13 - Beetham D. Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1985. P. 194198.].               .       ,      ,      .          ,                 .      ,               .        ,               [14 - Medushevsky A. Russian Constitutionalism: History and Contemporary Development. Hoboken, NJ: Routledge, 2005. P. 156, 187, 241.].

 -             ,         ,    : ,  ,  [15 - David-Fox M. Crossing Borders: Modernity, Ideology, and Culture in Russia and the Soviet Union. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. P. 44, 94.].   ,        ,          .   ,    -                  ,      .          [16 -     . . : Dobrenko E., Savage J., Olson G. Socialism as Will and Representation, or What Legacy Are We Rejecting? // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2004. Vol. 5. 4. P. 675708,     .         : Brooks J. Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.]         ,      ,       ,            .   ,              [17 - Yurchak A. Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. P. 12, 21.].   ,    ,  1930-    ,         , -      .        ,           .    ,  ,            .

  ,   ,        1990-  2000- ,         1930- .          ,    .         1992             .      ,     ,      .         ,             ,           , ,    .  ,     .      ,        ,     ,         ,    . ,       .    ,   ,       ,                 ,  ,        [18 - Rose R., Mishler W., Munro N. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime. P. 315.]. ,      [19 -    19851991 ,      , ,             (.  13): Lukin A. The Political Culture of the Russian Democrats. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.]   ,   .

 ,    ,           .


***

  1936          .  ,       , , ,          ,  ,  ,        .    ,    ,   .                   ,         ,       .          ,         .

       ,         ,              .        .   ,        ,         ,      .     ,     ,    ,    .    ,    ,   1934 : ,    ,  [20 - Bullard R. W. Inside Stalins Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 19301934 / Ed. by J. Bullard and M. Bullard. Charlbury, Oxon, 2000. P. 258.].

         1936         ,       1936               .  (1996), .  (2000), .  (1992), .  (1991)    .           :    1935,        [21 -  . .        , 1936 . //  . 1959. 2. . 197205;  . .   1936 . .: , 1957;  . .      //  . 1953. 9. . 97102;  . .    K  1936  //  . 1976. 6. . 116127.].  ,      ,          ,    ,     .   ,       ,    ,       .              ,            ,   .  ,     ,        ,     .  ,  ,           ,           19361937         .

        ,      .       ,           .                  ,   ,  [22 - Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004; Davies S. Popular Opinion in Stalins Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 19341941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997; Goldman W. Z. Terror and Democracy in the Age of Stalin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.].

       ,      .    1991 ,         ,     .         ,   - :   ,         .       ,               ,         .  :        .             .    ,      ,         [23 - Getty J. A. State and Society under Stalin: Constitutions and Elections in the 1930s // Slavic Review 1991. 50 (1). P. 1835.].

            ,            ,    ,       .  ,     ,     ,             .          :    ,  ,   ,          .

       ,          .    ,    ,   ( ),    ,         ,       [24 - Almond G. A., Verba S. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.].          ,  ,       ,        ,    ,  ,      .        .       :       , , , ,  (,  )    ,  .       , , ,        ,     ,    ,  ,   ,  .  ,   ,     ,        ,     .         ,          ,       ( ,   )     [25 - Nrard F.-X. Stalinism as Traditional Political Culture // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2016. 17 (2). P. 475482; Martin T. Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism // Stalinism: New Directions / Ed. by Sheila Fitzpatrick. London: Routledge, 2000. P. 34876; Lewin M. The Making of the Soviet System; Getty J. A. Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.].           .

       ,   /, ,         .             :      ,    ,         ,                [26 - Almond G. A., Verba S. The Civic Culture. P. 19.].  ,  ,    (,         ),     ,    1930- ,        .         ,   ,         .       [27 - Ibid. P. 23.].  ,      ,      ,          (  .   . )     ,      .




 2




               .          .  ,     ,   ,       .           .           .          .         ,     ,   ,     .         , ,    1948  2016   ,    1970, 1974  1992   ,       1993     .   ,            .

     ,        ,     , -,     , -,  ,         , -,  ,         ,    -     .                  ,            ,    1990-       (  Stimmungsberichte)    ,      .

          .       , ,   .  ,      ,   ,                  ,   [28 - Viola L. Popular Resistance in the Stalinist 1930s: Soliloquy of a Devils Advocate // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Slavica Publishers. Vol. 1. 1. Winter 2000. P. 4569; Velikanova O. Berichte zur Stimmungslage: Zur den Quellen politischer Beobachtung der Bevolkerung in der Sowjetunion// Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 1999. 47 (2). P. 227243; Holquist P. Information Is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in Its Pan-European Context // The Journal of Modern History. 1997. 69 (3). P.415450; Fitzpatrick Sh. Popular Opinion in Russia under Prewar Stalinism // Popular Opinion in Totalitarian Regimes: Fascism, Nazism, and Communism / Ed. by Paul Corner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 1732.].   ,      ,          ,    [29 - : Davies R. W. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. Vol. 6, The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 19341936. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014;  .,  . ,    19341938 . .: , 2010.]    ,            ,          .                  ,      ,    [30 - ..        20  1936     : Davies R. W. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. P. 317;    --. C. 278280.].      ,    ,       (         ),  ,     ,    [31 - Applebaum A. Foreword / The Gulag Archipelago, 19181956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. Translated by T. P. Whitney and H. Willets. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2007. P. xix.].     , , ,       1926, 1937  1939    ,   ,     [32 -  C.    19291933 /  .  //  . 2019. 2. URL: https://echo.msk.ru/programs/cenapobedy/2435957-echo/.].

     ,    ,     :            1936 .      ,         .            ,    ,           . -,               ,       . -,    ,              .               . -,           (),       . ,                  .

                 ,      .           ,      .     (,   )         . ,                 ,       .    ,      ,     .          .        [33 - Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations / Ed. by R. Z.George and J. B. Bruce Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2008. P. 73.]. . . ,    ,      .   ,   ʗӗ,       ,          ,    .      ,   ,    ,            ,    . ,                : -, -  ,    ,      -     .  ,  ,      ,        .      ,          .              :  .

,         ,     ,     ,    ,         ,     [34 -    -     ()        (Analyzing Intelligence. P. 2).   , ,     ,        ,    .      1937      ,       .]    .                 ,  ,          ,    ,     - .  -,  ,    1934, ,   : , ,     , ,      ,   <>     ,    . ߠ  ,     [] ,   ,           ,      ,   [35 -  . .  . -   19291941 . .:  , 2008. C. 22, 24, 204205.].   . . ,       ,    ,       ,     ( )      . ,        ,           ,  ,           .

    ,    ,  ,            ,     .       1932     . . .    :   ,    ,   .   ,  ,    []  , ,   ,   ,        ;      ,    [36 - Bullard R. W. Inside Stalins Russia. P. 116.].           .  ,          (   ).   , ,       ,             .

  ,  ,        ,       ,          .        .       ,    .     1936      43 427      [37 - Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. P. 134; . . 3316. . 8. . 222. . 125.  1  1936        94 521 .]    13   ,   ,      ʻ.      ,               . ,     .   ,      ,     ,     .   ,     ,        470 ,           16  1936    4000 .            [38 -   .   19171980- :  3 . / .  . .,  . . . 2: 1930   1941 .. .:  , 2005. . 389435.].       ,      (2627)   (474 ) [39 - Getty A. State and Society under Stalin; Fitzpatrick Sh. Stalins Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. P. 353.].  ,           ,         .    ,         ,   ,    ,       [40 - Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. P. 134.].            ,    : , ,  ,     ..     ,       .

   ,     .              .       ,           . ,           1938 .            ,          ,   ,    .   (,  , ,  (),  )     , ,   ,       ,        [41 - ,  , .:   .   . 19271939:   :  5. .: , 19992006. . 4. . 795799, 804809, 819827.].     ,            ,    ,   ,   ,    ,              .          .

,   ,    :        ,   ,       . ,       , ,                 :             (    ,   ),        (    ,  ,  ,      );     ,   ,       (, , , , ).         .             , ,   .  , ,     .              ,         .  ,          (, , . , ),       ,             ,     ,     [42 - Hellbeck J. Liberation from Autonomy: Mapping Self-Understandings in Stalins Time // Popular Opinion in Totalitarian Regimes: Fascism, Nazism, and Communism / Ed. by P. Corner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 53.].      ,    ,        .

          ,   19501951 .       ,    ,    .  ,     , :        1936 ?       .         ,      1936 .          /  .      ,  , ,     ,      ,       ,    ;           .  ,      ( )      .              ,  .   ,         , ,   ,     ,        1936 , ,       .          1930-  1950- .

     ,                .             ,   ,    ,  ,   ,      .     ,      ,       ,          .               .

         .     ,      ,       ,     ,        .        ,      :    ,   [43 - Fitzpatrick Sh. Popular Opinion in Russia under Prewar Stalinism. P. 2526.].   ,         ,           ,     ,        [44 - Peasants and Peasant Societies: Selected Readings / Ed. by T. Shanin. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1971. P. 247.].  ,      ,          ,     ,     ,        ,    ,     [45 - Sorokin P. A. Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs. Translated by Elena Sorokin. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1975.].

                 .     ,   ,       .    ,              .         ,  ,     ,            ,    ,             [46 - Denzin N., Lincoln Y. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2011.].      ,          .     ,         ,     [47 - Boyatzis R. Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998; Braun V., Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology // Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006. 3(2). P. 77101.].

   , ,                  .           ,       ,  ,  ,   .       ,    (,  ),   ,   .       [48 - Price B. R. Notes on My Mixed Methods Approach to Rapid Assessment. 2017. Unpublished manuscript.].       ,    ,        .      ,  ,       ,      ,        .  ,         , , ,        .

  ,        ,          .   ,         ,        .                 ,     ,     .

   //          ,              ,    .            [49 - . .   . .  :       ;          1936 . .:  .,.  . .      :   .  : , 2008. . 150; Medushevsky A. Russian Constitutionalism: History and Contemporary Development; Brandenberger D. Propaganda State in Crisis: Soviet Ideology, Indoctrination, and Terror under Stalin, 19271941. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.],           1930-      , ,  ,   ,    ,         .




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   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66403238)  .

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notes








1


Reisinger W. M. Conclusions: Mass Public Opinion and the Study of Post-Soviet Societies // Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies / Ed. by A. H. Miller, W M. Reisinger, and V. L. Hesli. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. P. 274; Shlapentokh V. Russian Citizenship: Behavior, Attitudes and Prospects for a Russian Democracy // Citizenship and Citizenship Education in a Changing World / Ed. by Orit Ichilov. London: Woburn, 1998. P. 2852.




2


Rose R., Mishler W., Munro N. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 77.




3


  ,  1936  46     21 .      ,   ,       ,       .




4


Sakwa R. Russian Politics and Society. London: Routledge, 2008. P. 456.




5


   ., : Tucker R. The Soviet Political Mind: Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972; van ReeE. The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth-Century Revolutionary Patriotism. London: Routledge, 2002.




6


Getty J. A., Naumov O. V. The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 19321939. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. P. 1524.




7


Biryukov N., Sergeev V. Russias Road to Democracy: Parliament, Communism, and Traditional Culture. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993; Brown A. Ideology and Political Culture // Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachevs Russia / Ed. by Seweryn Bialer. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989; White S. Political Culture and Soviet Politics. London: Macmillan, 1979,  .




8


Sakwa R. Russian Politics and Society. P. 355; Petro N. The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995; Politics, Work and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens / Ed. by Millar J. R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.




9


Figes O., Kolonitsky B. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. P. 122123, 189.




10


Lewin M. The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia. London: Methuen, 1985. P. 274, 304311, 314.




11


Seregny S. J. A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905 // Slavic Review 1988. 47 (1). P. 5167;  . .   , 19051930 .:   . .:  . 2004;  .  .   1920- . .: , 2017. . 4.




12


           () ,     .                .




13


Beetham D. Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1985. P. 194198.




14


Medushevsky A. Russian Constitutionalism: History and Contemporary Development. Hoboken, NJ: Routledge, 2005. P. 156, 187, 241.




15


David-Fox M. Crossing Borders: Modernity, Ideology, and Culture in Russia and the Soviet Union. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. P. 44, 94.




16


    . . : Dobrenko E., Savage J., Olson G. Socialism as Will and Representation, or What Legacy Are We Rejecting? // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2004. Vol. 5. 4. P. 675708,     .         : Brooks J. Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.




17


Yurchak A. Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. P. 12, 21.




18


Rose R., Mishler W., Munro N. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime. P. 315.




19


   19851991 ,      , ,             (.  13): Lukin A. The Political Culture of the Russian Democrats. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.




20


Bullard R. W. Inside Stalins Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 19301934 / Ed. by J. Bullard and M. Bullard. Charlbury, Oxon, 2000. P. 258.




21


 . .        , 1936 . //  . 1959. 2. . 197205;  . .   1936 . .: , 1957;  . .      //  . 1953. 9. . 97102;  . .    K  1936  //  . 1976. 6. . 116127.




22


Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004; Davies S. Popular Opinion in Stalins Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 19341941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997; Goldman W. Z. Terror and Democracy in the Age of Stalin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.




23


Getty J. A. State and Society under Stalin: Constitutions and Elections in the 1930s // Slavic Review 1991. 50 (1). P. 1835.




24


Almond G. A., Verba S. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.




25


Nrard F.-X. Stalinism as Traditional Political Culture // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2016. 17 (2). P. 475482; Martin T. Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism // Stalinism: New Directions / Ed. by Sheila Fitzpatrick. London: Routledge, 2000. P. 34876; Lewin M. The Making of the Soviet System; Getty J. A. Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.




26


Almond G. A., Verba S. The Civic Culture. P. 19.




27


Ibid. P. 23.




28


Viola L. Popular Resistance in the Stalinist 1930s: Soliloquy of a Devils Advocate // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Slavica Publishers. Vol. 1. 1. Winter 2000. P. 4569; Velikanova O. Berichte zur Stimmungslage: Zur den Quellen politischer Beobachtung der Bevolkerung in der Sowjetunion// Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 1999. 47 (2). P. 227243; Holquist P. Information Is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in Its Pan-European Context // The Journal of Modern History. 1997. 69 (3). P.415450; Fitzpatrick Sh. Popular Opinion in Russia under Prewar Stalinism // Popular Opinion in Totalitarian Regimes: Fascism, Nazism, and Communism / Ed. by Paul Corner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 1732.




29


: Davies R. W. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. Vol. 6, The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 19341936. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014;  .,  . ,    19341938 . .: , 2010.




30


..        20  1936     : Davies R. W. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. P. 317;    --. C. 278280.




31


Applebaum A. Foreword / The Gulag Archipelago, 19181956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. Translated by T. P. Whitney and H. Willets. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2007. P. xix.




32


 C.    19291933 /  .  //  . 2019. 2. URL: https://echo.msk.ru/programs/cenapobedy/2435957-echo/.




33


Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations / Ed. by R. Z.George and J. B. Bruce Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2008. P. 73.




34


   -     ()        (Analyzing Intelligence. P. 2).   , ,     ,        ,    .      1937      ,       .




35


 . .  . -   19291941 . .:  , 2008. C. 22, 24, 204205.




36


Bullard R. W. Inside Stalins Russia. P. 116.




37


Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. P. 134; . . 3316. . 8. . 222. . 125.  1  1936        94 521 .




38


  .   19171980- :  3 . / .  . .,  . . . 2: 1930   1941 .. .:  , 2005. . 389435.




39


Getty A. State and Society under Stalin; Fitzpatrick Sh. Stalins Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. P. 353.




40


Siegelbaum L., Sokolov A. Stalinism as a Way of Life. P. 134.




41


,  , .:   .   . 19271939:   :  5. .: , 19992006. . 4. . 795799, 804809, 819827.




42


Hellbeck J. Liberation from Autonomy: Mapping Self-Understandings in Stalins Time // Popular Opinion in Totalitarian Regimes: Fascism, Nazism, and Communism / Ed. by P. Corner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 53.




43


Fitzpatrick Sh. Popular Opinion in Russia under Prewar Stalinism. P. 2526.




44


Peasants and Peasant Societies: Selected Readings / Ed. by T. Shanin. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1971. P. 247.




45


Sorokin P. A. Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs. Translated by Elena Sorokin. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1975.




46


Denzin N., Lincoln Y. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2011.




47


Boyatzis R. Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998; Braun V., Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology // Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006. 3(2). P. 77101.




48


Price B. R. Notes on My Mixed Methods Approach to Rapid Assessment. 2017. Unpublished manuscript.




49


. .   . .  :       ;          1936 . .:  .,.  . .      :   .  : , 2008. . 150; Medushevsky A. Russian Constitutionalism: History and Contemporary Development; Brandenberger D. Propaganda State in Crisis: Soviet Ideology, Indoctrination, and Terror under Stalin, 19271941. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.




50


 . :     . .: , 2010. . 252256.




51


   1924 ,    25 000      125 000 .   1920-     .




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. . 667. . 1. . 10. . 1521, 224.




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  .  . . 2. . 152.




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