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 I.     








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1.1.     


  ,    ,    , ,       .  ,            .

              (18181883).        ,   ,          ,   , ,   .

   ,       ( ),             .     ,             .       ,            .[2 -  ., , .1.  .,  ., .2, . . 23.]

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,              ,  ,   ,    .      ,    ,          .

  ,             (18201895).[4 -  .  ,    .  .,  ., . 2, . . 21, .]

     70-  80- .  .            .[5 -  .  : - .   , - . : , 1988. . 221.]

             ,              .

            ,       ,    .               .

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               ,            .  ,    ,         ,  ,   ,   򻠖      . .[6 -  .  .  .,  . .2, . . 46, . II, . 221.]

    .   . ,     (18641920)          ,           .  .            .[7 -  .   .  .  . .: , 1990.]

           (19021972)     .[8 -  .    . .:  , 2000.]

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      ,    .           .     ,   ,      .    ,              .                       .[9 -  ,  ,  .  . .: Litres, 2019.]

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   , .     -,  , : ,   .       ,                .       ,                  .         ,             .             .[10 -  . , . 1,  .,  ., . 2, . . 23, .331491]

  .         ,         -.[11 -  .   18611863.  .,  . . 2- . . 47.]

      .         :    , ,    .

        ,    ,    ,                  .

, ,          ,     ,       ,      .     ,          .    ,        ,  ,   , ,   .. ,     ,      ,   ,  ,   ,   .

         ,          ,      .              ,               .

      ,       ,  , , , ,   , - .

      ,   .     -   ,     .          .[12 - . . .  :  . .: , 1989.]

    ,         . ,[13 - Veblen T. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Boston. MA: Houghton Mifflin.] . ,[14 -  . .   . .:  , 2011. 416] . ,[15 -  .   .    . .: , 1930. (Business Cycles: The problem and its setting, 1927)] . ,[16 - Galbraith. J.K. The New Industrial State. 1967.] . .[17 -  .   . .: , 1999.]

      , , ,       . ,[18 - , ..   ,   .  . 1994. 1.] . .[19 - Lipset S. Continental Divide: The Value of Institution of the US and Canada, 1989.]

,  ,    ,     .  (18571917),[20 -  . . ., 1994.] . ,[21 -  . ,  , , . ., 1995.]. .[22 - isenstadt S.N. Social Institutions: Comparative study // Sills D.L. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. Macmillan and Free Press, Vol. 14. N.Y., 1968.]

   ,          .                  ,    ,                ,     . ,      ,   ,  , ,     ,  .

         ,       ,     .                    .[23 -  . .      . ., 1900.][24 -  .  , .:    , 2011][25 - Mosca G. The Ruling Class. New York. 1939.]

         .       .          ,       .[26 -  .    . .: . 1978.]

             .                        .   ,   .[27 -  ..     . .:   , 1996  144 .][28 -  . . . . . 1992.    .]

                 ,      .         ,   .           .     ,      ,   : , , , .     , , .[29 -  .     . .: . 2006. .243281.]

                      ,          .[30 - . .    . ., , 1996.]

        ,      ,      ,      .          , , , , , , ,     () , , , ,  ,  ,  .

          ,            .

          ,        .[31 - White, Leslie, (1975) The Concept of Cultural Systems: A Key to Understanding Tribes and Nations, Columbia University, New York]

           ,            .           .         ,       .

   .   , , ,     .[32 -  .    .  .,  . . ., . 2, . 13. .: , 1959.]

      ,         .                .    .                    ,   .                 .   ,   .,            ,  ,  ,  .

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    ,      ,    . , , , , , ,       ,      .           .     .

,          ,      ,       .                  .     .

            . ,     ,   33  .[33 -  . - : , ,  .   -, 2010.]




1.2.   


-    (-)     .       .[34 - . .    . / .  ., ., 2 ., . 13.]

     ,   .    ,   ,       .         ,             .[35 - . .    . . /. , . , . ., . 2, . 13, . 67.]

    , ,  ໠ , , , ,    , ,  ໠ , , , , , , , , . ,   ,   ,   ,      ,      ,  ,   .

       ,            .           ,         .           , , , ,     ,   ,   , , , .

     :        ,    ;   ,       ;           ;          .    , , , , , .

        .[36 -  .   . ., , 1994.]

            .[37 -  . .  . . , 1994]

           : ,[38 -  .     .   , 2000. 2.] ,[39 -  ..      .  , 2010, 7.] ,[40 - Political science: The Science of Politics. Ed. By H. Weisberg. Agathon Press, Inc. New York. 1986].[41 -  .  : . 13. ., .  , 195759.]

      ,       .    .[42 - North, Douglass. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, 1990.]

           , , ,  .      ,      .      ,      .      ,    ,    ,      .       ,           .        ,    .

      .      .       .

        . .[43 -  .    . .:  . 2001.][44 -  .  . . .:  . 2001.]    ,     . .[45 -  . .   . .: . 1969. . 33.]

       ,        ,      ,   ,           .[46 -  .  .    , 11, 2008]

          .               ;  ,           .          :  ,  ,   ,  ,  , ,   ,  .

      .      ,        .      .      ,   .[47 -     . .   . .: , 1994. 704 .]

,          ,          .           .

        ,          .

    :      ;       ;       .[48 -  .   / . . .:  , 2000. 538 .]

                      ,       .      ,     .[49 -  .      .  .,  . . .: . . 19. .185230.][50 -  ..         . .      . - . . . , 2017.  17. . 1, .2136.]

        ,                 .         ,   .      , , .[51 -  . . . . . 1992.    .]




1.3. :   .  


        .     ,    ,      ,         .

                  .[52 -  .H. .       .: . 1993]

,       ,          .    ,    ,   ,        .

        ,    ,        .         ,      .[53 -  .  .    . .: -, 2018.][54 -  ..     .   . 2019 3(6).][55 -  . .,  , ., 1968.][56 -  ..  . .: , 1995.]

      ,          , ,       .

      ,         ,  , , , , .

        .    ,       ,     .         .         ,        .[57 -  .  ,    .  .,  ., . 2, . . 21.]

             .         ,   .         .       :    ,  ,      , , , .

          , , ,  , ,  , ,      .         .

   ,        :              ,      .[58 -  .   .    . :   . 2014.]

           .     ,        ,         , .         ,    ,   .      ,           .

  ,  ,   (  )          ,         ,     ,           .           ,   .       .         ,             .      .        ,         .         .

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         , , , .         .            .

            ,  .

             ,  .

             ,  .

              ,  .

    ,       ,      .

              .

            .   ,          .               .[59 -  .    . .: - , 1989. 496 .]

         ,    .        .                 .    .      .     ,     ,   .   ,              .   .

         .

-,            .     -  . ,[60 -  .  . .:  . . , 1897.]. .[61 -  .  .    , , ,   . / : Sumner W., Folkways // New-York: Dover, Inc., 1959.]

-,      ,      ,      ,    , ,     .    , , . , . .[62 -  .   . .: , 1991.][63 -  .   . .: . 2004.]

        ,   ,        .[64 - .. .  ][65 - Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.]

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        .                  .       .[67 -  .  . .: , 1934.]

              ,    .

       .        ,         .

  ,        .                    .            ,          .

    ,    .  , , , , , .              ,   ()     ,  .          .     .

        ,    ,   ,      .

  ,          .     ,        .

 ,         - .    ,         .  ,   , .             .[68 - Raphael Lemkin. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Washington.1944.][69 - Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr (1988). Victims of the State: Genocide, Politicides and Group Repression Since 1945. International Review of Victimology.]




1.4.  


 ,       ,         .               ,       .       ,        .      ,  ,      .[70 - Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr. Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945. International Studies Quarterly.1988 Oxford University Press.]

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          ,       .      .[72 - Alberto Alesina, Stelios Michalopoulos, Elias Papaioannou. Ethnic Inequality. Harvard University, IGIER, CEPR, and NBER 2014.]

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 ,                   .           .

          .                 ,  , ,    .

   ,            .   ,     ,       ,            ().

        () ()        ,      ,       .          .

        ()       ,      ,       .           ,      .

            ()  (-)    ()  .               .               . ,       ,           .        .

               .[77 - . , . , . .  :    . : , 2015.]

                  ,        .         IV.  X.,     ,   .        ,         ,              ,         ,       .

           ,                (19171922.)  ,        (  )     ,    .

,              ,      .     -, -          ,     .

         .            .       ,   ,    ,      ,         .                     .

      .                           .[78 - The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Prepared under the auspices of Harvard University's Center for International Affairs. Boston: Porter Sargent. 1973.]

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        ,  ,              .              .           .   ,  .[79 -  . .   ,       .: , 2001.]

  ,                         .       ,    ,        ,      ,        .    .[80 - Horowitz D.L. Irredentas and Secessions: Adjacent Phenomena, Neglected Connections. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 1992. Vol. 23. 1?2.]    ,      ,    .               .               .[81 - Brubaker R. Nationalism Refrained: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge  N.Y., 1996. P. 45?76.]

   ()                .

             .               ,       .                  ,    .[82 -  . .  . .: , 2001.]

          ,        .          .

.      ,        ,        .[83 -  .    . .: - , 1989.]

 , ,           ,       ,    ,   , ,   .

       ,       .[84 -  .  . .: , 2003]

        , , ,    , , .                ,        .

        .                ,     ,       .      ,    ,  ,    , , , ,    .       ,            ,        .[85 -  .. (.),  ..,  .. : - . .:       , 2004.]

      ,         ,    ,      [86 - Ali Rattansi. Racism: aVery Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.].

          .      ,       ,        .          .   ,        ,  ,    ,   ,     .[87 -  ,  . . .: . 2004.]

 1960- .      :     ,                 ,     .







    .          ,            .         ,  ,    ,    .

         .           .             .         .          ,     ,   .      .      ,        .        .          ,      ,        .       .

            .     ,    .

       ,       ,                 .         .

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      .

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    ,         ,    .          .           .      ,   .

     ,         ,    .        ,    .     ,   .

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     ,     ,      ,    ,    ,    .




 II.     








                  .      ,     .             .            .         ,       .     .

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       ,          . , ,  ,  ,  -   .    ,         .




2.1.    :  


                  .

                  ,  ,        ,  ,      ,  ,   ,    .              .   ,                      .

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                            .

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                  (  ).

                    .       ,         , ,       , ,  ,  ,   , ,  , , , ,    ,      .            , , , , , , .       .               , , , , , , .

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     ,         ,      ,    .

     :  ,          ,      .     ,        ,        .      .        ,   .

         , .       .       ,       ,    .      ,     .

       ,        .         .      ,     .

             .           .        ,         .              .    .           ,        ,       ,         .      , ,             ( ),  .[88 -          . . . . ., 1896.]

   ,        ,         .              - ,      .           ,     ,         .              .      .        .    :   !               .         .  ,          .

             - .         .    .      ,     .

  ,          ,       ,     ,   .   ,                .      ,        .       ,          ,     .

         .           :  ,         ,  ,    ,         ,  .        :   .[89 - . . ,   . . , . , . ., . 2, . 43, . 1, . 268269.]

               .

   ,                 .  ,                ,    .            ,   .

            -      ,     .            .

             .           .

           : , ,        ,   , .        .         ,   ,   .      ;         ,            ,       .[90 - . . ., 2004. 338 .]

              .           .   ,    (),    ,        ,   .      ,   . ,   ,     .        ,         ,      .[91 - . .    .   4- . ., , 1983. . 4.]

  ,        ,       ,       .   , ,   :     ,   ,         ,     ,   ,  :    .[92 -  .       . , 1916. . 235.]

          ,          .          .      (),   .      ,            .              .                 ,            .




2.2.     


    ..        ,   -.    ,   ,      .          .            .

      - ,   .   .         .            ,      .           ,      ,  .

        ,        .      .

              .           ,    :   .

   VII        .        .     ,       .       ,    ,              .

           .       .             .

    .              .                 .

    ,      .        ,    ,     .

       ,          .          ,     .[93 - . .     . .:   . 3 2015.]

           .                ,    ,         ,   ,    .     .       ,          .        ,          .          ,  .     ,         .      .              .

            .   ,         .

,     ,  ,  ,       ,    .       ,        .

     .   ,    ,      ,       .

           .               .

        ,    .       ,     , ,    ,  .       , , , .[94 -  . . 1,  . .: , 1986, .182199.]

         .       , , -, ,   .          .        ,    ,           ,       .      ,     ,  .     ,   ,       . ,          ,      ,  .          .

     --    .

          ,  ,     ,       ,   , , .

  VI   ..    (?-535/534),                   ,    .            .           - .            .  ,  ,         - ,  .           .

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 VI   .. ,   ,        , ,   .

           .

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             ,         .

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 ,     ,     .

        .            .       ,   .      .[95 - . .      .  1. .: , 2001.]

,        ,                .   ,    ,     .           .   97.  ..     .          .           .

   VIII.            ,        ,   ,      ,   .

          ,       .      .  326.  ..,     ,           ,      .     ,      .

              -.          ,     .[96 -  . . 1,  . .: , 1986, .347383.]

 III   ..   ,   .         .     .

         .      .            .         .      .          .

                .

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     ,    . ,            500  .  167.  ..     , 50.     ,       .          ,       .

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,              .       (9088.  ..).                .              .        ,             .             .

   ,          ,      : 8887., 8382., 4945., 4442.  ..                .               .

                 .            , ,              .

           (100-44.  ..).                .            .          .

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 27.  ..       ,      (6314.  ..).       ,     ,     ,    .

     : ,  ,     .         .          ,             .

   .       ,    ,          .               .       ,       .               .

 ,                  ,       .      .         .            .

 ,  I  . ..                 .     ,   .                .    Pax Romana.[97 - Goldsworthy, Adrian. Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2016]

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  , ,     I   II  ..,                 ,  , ,     ,   ,    ,  ,    .[98 -  .  . .:  , 2016.]

    ,         .            ,       .

     ,   ,         .  ,      ,         ,   .              .

        ,     ,     .

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   I. ..             ,    .     -      .            .             -.              .       .      ,          ,     .[99 - .., .. .   . .: , 2016.]

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                     .  ,  ,     -     .

       .  II. ..     .      ,     .   .            .

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             .      ,        ,     .            ,                .

         ,    (188217.)   212. ,       .               ,          .              ,   .

   ,   ,       ,  .     ,     ,        .

 395.        .  410        .  476               .     Pax Romana.

           ,       ,        .         .          ,      .            .

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         .             .          ,        .

        , ,    ().           ,  , , , , , .     .  ,       ,    .

    .  ,  ,       .

             .     , .        , , .       ,   .          ,   .

         .  II.  ..    ,   , , , ,       .

             .         .    .    (2. ..)     ,   ,      ,       .         .     ( 362.)      .        ( 370.).

 ,         ,    , , .[100 -  . .,       , . 1, , 1913]

   , , .

       , , , , , , ,  ,  , ,   , .[101 -   . -, . 1998.]

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         (3:28):   ,  ;  ,  ;   ,  :       .




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66606176)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.. .   . .: -.1959.




2


 ., , .1.  .,  ., .2, . . 23.




3


 .   18571859.  .,  ., . 2, . . 46, . 1, .




4


 .  ,    .  .,  ., . 2, . . 21, .




5


 .  : - .   , - . : , 1988. . 221.




6


 .  .  .,  . .2, . . 46, . II, . 221.




7


 .   .  .  . .: , 1990.




8


 .    . .:  , 2000.




9


 ,  ,  .  . .: Litres, 2019.




10


 . , . 1,  .,  ., . 2, . . 23, .331491




11


 .   18611863.  .,  . . 2- . . 47.




12


. . .  :  . .: , 1989.




13


Veblen T. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Boston. MA: Houghton Mifflin.




14


 . .   . .:  , 2011. 416




15


 .   .    . .: , 1930. (Business Cycles: The problem and its setting, 1927)




16


Galbraith. J.K. The New Industrial State. 1967.




17


 .   . .: , 1999.




18


, ..   ,   .  . 1994. 1.




19


Lipset S. Continental Divide: The Value of Institution of the US and Canada, 1989.




20


 . . ., 1994.




21


 . ,  , , . ., 1995.




22


isenstadt S.N. Social Institutions: Comparative study // Sills D.L. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. Macmillan and Free Press, Vol. 14. N.Y., 1968.




23


 . .      . ., 1900.




24


 .  , .:    , 2011




25


Mosca G. The Ruling Class. New York. 1939.




26


 .    . .: . 1978.




27


 ..     . .:   , 1996  144 .




28


 . . . . . 1992.    .




29


 .     . .: . 2006. .243281.




30


. .    . ., , 1996.




31


White, Leslie, (1975) The Concept of Cultural Systems: A Key to Understanding Tribes and Nations, Columbia University, New York




32


 .    .  .,  . . ., . 2, . 13. .: , 1959.




33


 . - : , ,  .   -, 2010.




34


. .    . / .  ., ., 2 ., . 13.




35


. .    . . /. , . , . ., . 2, . 13, . 67.




36


 .   . ., , 1994.




37


 . .  . . , 1994




38


 .     .   , 2000. 2.




39


 ..      .  , 2010, 7.




40


Political science: The Science of Politics. Ed. By H. Weisberg. Agathon Press, Inc. New York. 1986




41


 .  : . 13. ., .  , 195759.




42


North, Douglass. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, 1990.




43


 .    . .:  . 2001.




44


 .  . . .:  . 2001.




45


 . .   . .: . 1969. . 33.




46


 .  .    , 11, 2008




47


    . .   . .: , 1994. 704 .




48


 .   / . . .:  , 2000. 538 .




49


 .      .  .,  . . .: . . 19. .185230.




50


 ..         . .      . - . . . , 2017.  17. . 1, .2136.




51


 . . . . . 1992.    .




52


 .H. .       .: . 1993




53


 .  .    . .: -, 2018.




54


 ..     .   . 2019 3(6).




55


 . .,  , ., 1968.




56


 ..  . .: , 1995.




57


 .  ,    .  .,  ., . 2, . . 21.




58


 .   .    . :   . 2014.




59


 .    . .: - , 1989. 496 .




60


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