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      ,  , , .                 (  ).  ,   -       ,             .      1990-,     2000-              ,       .      ,    ,       , , .             ,     .

          ,    .               .               ,  -                 .    ,  ,      (,  )        ,  .      ,    .       ,         , , ,          .  ,          ,    .

           ,     . ,     :     ![3 -         ,       .           - .       ,       ,             - . Sapere aude!     ! , ,  .  .   :   ? //  .  :  6. .: , 1966. . 6. . 25. Sapere aude!       .]         ˸.       ,       .

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         .        1959               ,  [4 - Adorno Th. W. (1959) Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit // Adorno Th. W. Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1963. S. 125146.   :  .    ? /. . //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 3645.].        ,       ,     .

            .      ,       ,       -, , ,  ,    - ,       ,     (Transitional Justice)[5 - Teitel R. G. Transitional Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.].  ,  ,   - ,    ,   -       ,    ,    ,          .                                 ,          ,     .

           ,        .          ,      , ,  ,    .,        ,     ,   ,       ,   .         ,      [6 - Stan L., Nedelsky N. (eds) Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice. 3Vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015; Kritz N. (ed.) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. 3Vols. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Studies, 1995.].

  ,          ,          .       ,     ,     .    ,           ,           ,   .               .                .

                .       ,      ,    ,             ,   -        -    .

         ,                  .                 .

                  ,           .             ,          .    2000-        ,                  (, , , , , , ),  ,       (, ),   [7 - Horne C. M. Late Lustration Programmes in Romania and Poland: Supporting or Undermining Democratic Transitions? // Democratization. 2009. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 344376.].

  ,         ,          ,     ,               .

               .                .   1990-   ,          ,              ,      .     ,      ,    ,          .

,   ,            ,       .   2000-   -,      ,           .      ,          (    50%),   ,      (   30%)[8 -      2003  53%,  2010  51%,  2013  49%,  2014  52%,  2016  54%,  2019  70% (       ),   2003   33%,  2010  30%,  2013  32%,  2014  30%,  2016  30%,  2019  19% (      ). .:    . - -. 16.04.2019. https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/16/dinamika-otnosheniya-k-stalinu/.].        . ,  20122015      25  45%    , ,  ,       ,        [9 -       . - -. 31.03.2015. http://www.levada.ru/2015/03/31/stalin-i-ego-rol-v-istorii-strany/.].    2007  72%       ,     ,    2016      45% [10 -      . - -. 25.03.2016. http://www.levada.ru/2016/03/25/figura-stalina-v-obshhestvennom-mnenii-rossii/.].  2019        70%,          19%[11 -    . - -. 16.04.2019. https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/16/dinamika-otnosheniya-k-stalinu/.].

               ,        ,      .            1980-   1990-                 .                .

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              ,   1993     ,   ,    :    -.       ,      .   ,  ,     ,       ,        .  ,        (    ),   ,  ,   [12 - Herling-Grudzinski G. Dziennik pisany noca // Kultura. 1993. 12/555. S. 1718. . : Los M. Lustration and Truth Claims: Unfinished Revolutions in Central Europe // Law and Social Inquiry. 1995. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 147.].

         ,  ,              .   ,  ,     ,  ,   ,    . , ,  ,           ,         .

       ,       .  ,                .       20042005 ,          ,       -      (19462014),     .  ,      ,     .

      (  ),          -  ,   -  -  ,     -  ,         ,        ,            ,        ,           ,           ,         ,             IMT     (19372009)  .  ,                          (19322017).

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 I

   





1.   [13 -      ,      . . .  (2018. 34 (127). . 192206).]



               .      1945        ,       Ļ: , ,   [14 - Herz J. H. Denazification and Related Policies // Herz J. H. (ed.) From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping With the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983. P. 1719.].

         .     ,    ,             ,          .        , ,   .

       ,     .       :        ,       ,         .

, ,            ,          (   ,                 ).      ,  ,        ,     ,     .              ,              [15 -             .:  .   .         ?  ? . .: , 2011; Applebaum A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 194456. London; New York: Allen Lane, 2012.        .: Vogt T. R. Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg 19451948. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000; Blessing B. The Antifascist Classroom: Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 19451949. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.].

        ,      ,              [16 -     .  ,            . .: Biddiscombe P. The Denazification of Germany: A History, 194550. Stroud: Tempus, 2007.].

  1942      ()        ,          [17 -     1942 ,   1945-        () .].  -  ,  ,      [18 -           (Institut f?r Sozialforschung),         1933 .]: ,     ,    1942       :    -,       [19 - Neumann F. L. Behemoth. The Structure and Practice of National Socialism. New York; London: Oxford University Press, 1942.].    -     .  ,            ,          ,      ,   ,  ,  ,            [20 - . : Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 2324.].  ,    ,              (    220250. )[21 - Ibid.].

   ,  ,  ,  , ,        ,  ,    ,       :         ,      .    ,    ,    ,        <>                  [22 - Ibid.].

   -       1,8.    ,                .            ,   ,       [23 -        .: Laudani R. (ed.) Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.].




  


   -    (; Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP)                             .

   ,             1944 .                   .       (Fragebogen),   -      131 .    ,  ,  ,       [24 - Germany: Screening Questionnaire (Fragebogen). Allied Military Government of Germany (1945) // Kritz N. (ed.) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. 3Vols. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Studies, 1995. Vol. III. Laws, Rulings, and Reports. P. 412416.].         ,     .              ,       : 1)  ; 2)  ,  ; 3)  ,   ; 4)    ; 5)    [25 - OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 3.].

  1067,         (Joint Chiefs of Staff, JCS)   1945 ,   .  ,                ,  : 1) ,    ; 2)    ,          ; 3) , ,    ; 4) ; 5) ,    ,         ,       ,          ,    (6 (c))[26 - Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive to Commander in Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany (JCS 1067/6). 1945. April 26. https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga3-450426.pdf.].

      ,     ,     1067  :            ,            ,  : 1)                  ,   ,       ; 2)       ,    ; 3)           4)                    [27 - Ibid.].

   ,  ,    1944            ,   (   27     , 5      , 26  ,     ,   8    )[28 - Handbook for Military Government in Germany Prior to Defeat or Surrender. Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Office of the Chief of Staff, December 1944. Part III. Section V. The Task of the Military Government Officer. Table A. P. 9396.].

 ,       ,       ;        ,      ,       ,    ,         [29 - Ibid. Tables B, D, and E. P. 96101.].

   JCS 1067                   .      ,  ,     ,      ,        ,        (6 ()).   ,      -    ,   ,   ,     , ,     (6 (b)).

        (Schutzstaffeln, SS)      (Gestapo,   Geheime Staatspolizei),    (Wehrmacht)      (Sturmabteilung, SA)  . (12).                  ,      .    ,   (Volksgerichte)    (Sondergerichte),    .    ,    :                     (11)[30 -        .: Loewenstein K. Law and the Legislative Process in Occupied Germany: I // The Yale Law Journal. 1948. Vol. 57. No. 5. P. 724760; Idem. Law and the Legislative Process in Occupied Germany: II // The Yale Law Journal. 1948. Vol. 57. No. 6. P. 9941022; Idem. Reconstruction of the Administration of Justice in American-Occupied Germany // Harvard Law Review. 1948. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 419467.].    ,       ,     ,    .        ,      .                             (14).

  1945                  ,  , ,  (Hitlerjugend)  .,       [31 - Military Government-Germany, United States Zone, Law No. 8 Prohibition of Employment of Members of Nazi Party in Positions in Business Other than Ordinary Labor and for Other Purposes and Regulation No. 1under the Law, September 26, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 4952.].

          ,            [32 - Plischke E. Denazification Law and Procedure // The American Journal of International Law. 1947. Vol. 41. No. 4. P. 809.].    ,  ,    .     JCS 1067,     1  1945  :    ,   ,     ,    ,   ,                .      ,                 [33 - . :     , 1  1945  //          19411945 :  . .:   , 1984.  VI.  ()       ,    (17   2  1945 ). . 431.].

5  1945        (     ,  )          , ,   .       ,        ,        . ,   1  20        2            10          1  5[34 - The Control Council Law No. 1 Repealing of Nazi Laws. September 20, 1945 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. I. P. 101104; The Control Council Law No. 2 Providing for the Termination and Liquidation of the Nazi Organizations. October 10, 1945 // Ibid. Vol. II. P. 131132. Cf. Military Government Law No. 1 Abrogation of Nazi Laws // Military Government-Germany, Supreme Commanders Area of Control. Proclamation, Laws, Orders, Ordinances and Notices. Directives and Instructions to German Police. Reproduced by Ninth US Army. 1944. November 7. P. 79; Military Government Law No. 5 Dissolution of Nazi Party // Ibid. P. 1517.].    30    4         2[35 - The Control Council Law No. 4 Reorganization of the German Judicial System. October 30, 1945 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. I. P. 173175; Military Government Law No. 2 German Courts // Military Government Gazette Issue A. 1946. June 1. P. 610.].    24      ,       JCS 1067     1945         [36 -          (United States Forces European Theater, USFET)  7  1945 ,      ,       1  1937 ,    ,      ,   ,         (2 (b)).                 1933 ,        . USFET Directive, Removal of Nazis and Militarists, July 7, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 2337.].  24            [37 - Control Council Directive No. 24 Removal from Office and from Positions of Responsibility of Nazis and of Persons Hostile to Allied Purposes of January 12, 1946 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. II. P. 4616.].

  ,         19451946    1,6             375. ,        40% [38 - Now Its Up to the Germans // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1946. No. 49. July 8. P. 13.].      1946    870.    200.           .   195.         .            :  1947     390. [39 - Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 114, 172, 143.].

  1946        .             ,        . 5 1946        -   ( 104),     ,   -,    .            38     [40 - Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism (German legislation), March 5, 1946 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 5298; Allied Control Authority Control Council Directive No. 38 The Arrest and Punishment of War Criminals, Nazis and Militarists and the Internment, Control and Surveillance or Potentially Dangerous Germans, October 12, 1946 // Ibid. P. 114137.].

   104     (Land)      (Ministerium f?r politische Befreiung),       (Kreis)   (Spruchkammer)      .                  30 .    ,        , ,     ,   ,          (33).         ,          (24, 25, 26).   ,  ,       ,        ,  ,    (28)[41 - Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism (German legislation), March 5, 1946 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 5298.].

    ,  18- ,   ,     (Meldebogen)     .            ,       : 1)   (Hauptschuldige), 2)  (, ,  ) (Belastete), 3)   (Minderbelastete), 4)  (Mitl?ufer)  5)  (Entlastete),    [42 - Ibid.         . :  .   :    //   . 2007. 2 (12). . 161176.].    545       22. .    ,    1948-,   ,     17 ,   13,213,4 [43 -     ,        .].    3,33,6  (  27%)    :                [44 - Romeike S. Transitional Justice in Germany after 1945 and after 1990. International Nuremberg Principles Academy, Occasional Paper No. 1. 2016. P. 24; Denazification Summary. Excerpt of OMGUS Report, prepared by the Civil Administration Division Covering 18-Month Period // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1949. No. 169. P. 28.].

  ,           .       ,       ,       ,     .      ,     ,     (Landtag),   ,    ,         [45 - Griffith W. E. The Denazification in the United States Zone of Germany // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1950. Vol. 267. No. 1. P. 71.].

        (         )       ,     .   ,     194548  ,     ,    ,               [46 - Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 191, 193.].      ,   ,   57%   1946   32%  1947-,   1949     17%[47 - Ibid.].  ,           ,          .

    .          .        ,     ,     ,   ,       .

         ,   . ,      ,             (34, 39  104).         ,  ,    ,            [48 -  .    ?     ?  (19451949). . . . . , 2009. . 119.].         - (Persilscheine)     .    ,          ,         ,   .   ,        ,       .   ,              (Mitl?uferfabrik)[49 - Niethammer L. Die Mitlaeuferfabrik. Die Entnazifizierung am Beispiel Bayerns. 2. Auflage. Berlin; Bonn: Dietz, 1982.].

            (       ).           ,                .

 ,     ,   .               :  ,           ,    ,        [50 - Plischke E. Denazifying the Reich // Review of Politics. 1947. Vol. 9. No. 2. P. 170.].         :      1948 ,  60%   76%           [51 - Herz J. H. The Fiasco of Denazification in Germany // Political Science Quarterly. 1948. Vol. 63. No. 4. P. 591.].

              .   1946     :         28 ,   1  1919 ,  24          .        ,               .           2 [52 - Plischke E. Denazification Law and Procedure // The American Journal of International Law. 1947. Vol. 41. No. 4. P. 826.].

   1948     2,4 ,      950.[53 - Denazification Summary. Excerpt of OMGUS Report, Prepared by the Civil Administration Division Covering 18-Months Period // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1949. No. 169. P. 28.]        1635 ,  21965,   106200,  483598,   333.     ,          .        9,6. ,   [54 - Cohen D. Transitional Justice in Divided Germany after 1945 // Elster J. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 75; Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 61.].         :  670. ,     13    , 936   , 16826 (2,5%)  , 298789 (15%)  ,  52%    [55 - Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 80.].

         .                ,    1948   1949 .       .          27  1948           ,          ,      [56 - OMGUS Letter to the Land Military Governors, U. S. Zone, Subject: Expediting Completion of Denazification Trials In the U. S. Zone, March 27, 1948 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 150163.].              (     1947 ),  ,      ,      ,       ,     .            [57 - Herz J. H. Op. cit. P. 576; Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 80.].

   1948            (        ),             .      ,       1949           (),     .




    


              ,   ,  ,    ,      .  JCS 1067 ,     (Automatischer Arrest) ,  : 1)        ,     ,       (Ortsgruppenleiter)     ; 2)    ,      ; 3)        (Waffen-SS)     ; 4)    ; 5)  ,    ; 6)   ; 7)                  (B?rgermeister),   ,    ,   ,   ,  ; 8)    ,      : )       ; )    ,       ; ) , ,    ; ) ; )  ; ) ,    ,    [58 -  8-    :  ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     .]; 9)  ,      ,      ,   ; 10)          ,            ; 11)   ,       ,     ,      [59 - Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive to Commander in Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany (JCS 1067/6), April 26, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 1516.].

   :  JCS 1067                 ,       ,  ,          (8).

       1944       , ,    ,       .   ,   , :      ( 15. );    (8.);     (60.);      (Sturmbannf?hrer) (30.);      (Stammf?hrer) (20.);  -   (; Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps, NSKK)    (Staffelf?hrer)   (10.);  -  (; Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps, NSFK)      (5.),       (Bereichsleiter)   (30.),            (3.)  .[60 - Handbook for Military Government in Germany Prior to Defeat or Surrender. Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Office of the Chief of Staff, December 1944. Part III. Section V. The Task of the Military Government Officer. Table C. P. 98100.]   ,          200  250. .   , 100.      ,  90.  ,    [61 - .: Romeike S. Op. cit. P. 2225; Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 5988.]. ,                  .

       ,    ,         ,       .   1946        . ,         ,    . ,             ,  .   1946             ,         104.

  ,      ,    :    1947          262   50747    ( 26212   , 17471   , 1430 , 740    4894   )[62 - OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 67.].  19471948 ,                   ,     :            . ,    1948        3542 ,   1390  ,  [63 - Monthly Report of the Military Governor, U. S. Zone. 1948. No. 37. July. P. 9.].          [64 - Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 6970.].

 :        150. ,   17.     .   , 44.        ,   25.         [65 -  :  3. / . . . , . . .: , 2008. . 2.       XXI . . 346.].

                  ,         ,          ,   .

                         38     ,   ; ,         12  1946 .    ,                      ,  : a)   , ,   ,      ; )                     ; )  , ,      ,     ,       ,    [66 -      38  12  1946      ,   ; ,       . https://memorial.krsk.ru/DOKUMENT/USSR/19461012.htm.].

                ()   . ,          ,     ,     -     8  1945 [67 -              ,  8  1945   .  //   ,   ,     . . XI. .: , 1955. . 165172.].

    .   1943              ,   ,    ,        ,     - (         ,    ,              )[68 -        (, 1930  1943 ).     (. 18    ) //          19411945 :  . .: , 1978. . 1. . 363364.].

           .          3  1945       ,     -.  26   8         , ,           ,     ,    ,     .         ,  29 [69 -            .: Taylor T. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013. P. 21116;  .    //      . http://nurnberg.rusarchives.ru/predislovie.].

  ,         20  1945  1  1946 ,   24    . ,   ,       ,               .          ,    ,       (,    ,   6 )[70 -     ,      (       ),           .                  ,      ,                  .       .: Sands Ph. East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2016.   :  . - .       . .: , 2020.].

 ,    ,        ,           ,        ,    ,             ,  21  1945 [71 -  :  :  8. .:  , 1987. . 1. . 390.].

            .        :   (,  -  , 19351945),    (    , 19381945),   (       , 19381945),   (     (), 19431945),   (    ,    , 19411945),   (-  , 19391945),   (  , 19331943;    , 19431945),   ( ,      (Der St?rmer), 19231945),   ( , 19271945;      , 19421945),   (       , 19391945),  - ( , 1938;  , 19401945),   (   , 19411945;   ,   ).        :   (   , 19331941),   ( -   , 19351943)    (  , 19381945)[72 -     //  . . 8. . 561721.].

          ( , 19331940;  , 19401945)    (   , 19421943;     , 19431945).         (   , 19321938;    , 19391943),   ĸ (  , 19391943;  -   , 19431945)   .    :   (           , 19331945),   (  , 19341938)     ( , 1932;   , 19341938,   , 19391944).                 ,  ,          ,         [73 -  .].

    ,    ,         :   ,    ,            (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsf?hrers-SS, SD) (       )[74 -  .].

           19461949      ,         .         10           [75 -  10       ,    ,       (20  1945 ) //  . . 1. . 159164.].        ,               ,    .

          ; ,    , ,      ;     ;   -  ;  ,   - ;     (       ., .  -);   ;      (    ,     ,        );      ;    (Einsatzgruppen)     ,     ,     .         184 [76 - .           : Taylor T. Op. cit.   : Heller K. J. The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.].

            1941      1517  (324       , 247     946    )[77 - R?ckerl A. The Investigation of Nazi Crimes 19451978. A Documentation. Heidelberg: C. F. M?ller, 1979. P. 2829.]. ,  ,    1021       , -  .  1085          (240      ),      ,   .   ,        2107  (104       ).   ,  ,                  ,     [78 - R?ckerl A. The Investigation of Nazi Crimes 19451978. P. 2829.].

   ,      ,   in absentia,   .            ,     ,  5. [79 - Ibid. P. 39.].

         :     10  20  1945           .       ,         (          ,         ).   1949     4667      ,         ,     (    ),   [80 - Romeike S. Op. cit. P. 15; Eichm?ller A. Die Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen durch westdeutsche Justizbeh?rden seit 1945. Eine Zahlenbilanz // Vierteljahrshefte f?r Zeitgeschichte. 2008. Vol. 56. No. 4. S. 626.].        ,             [81 - Ibid.].

            ,    .  10              ,    (1 (d))          ( 3          ).

   ,  ,   ,    ,       (6).  ,   ,                 <> ,    ,    ,   (9)[82 -              ,  8  1945   .  //   ,   ,     . . XI. .: , 1955. . 165172.].

  1  1946         , ,          [83 -  :  :  8. .:  , 1999. . 8. . 638.].       :       ,         .   ,       .            ,  [84 -  . . 639.].

   ,     ,     ,    ()    (),      ()      ,      .   ,             ,   .       ,      , ,   ,          (    ),        ,   ,      ,       6 ,  ,           [85 -  . . 8. . 644, 649650, 655.].  ,    ,    ,          ,  ,        ,    ,        ,       6 ,     .        [86 -  . . 639.].

     ,  ,   ,               (     38).      ,             ,       (Spruchgerichte)    .   1949      24154     , ,   ,   15724   : 5614      ,      [87 - Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 71.].




   


            .     - ,  -     ,        : )  ,          ,                ,   ,     ,      ; )                      (     ),    , ,  (   ); )        (          ),  ,           ,         -       ,       [88 -  .     //  .  .  19972002 . .:   ; -, 2004. . 432433.].

                        - ,     ,    .            ,       .  1950                 ,               (     2002        )[89 -   ,           . (  1950        ) //   :  . .: , 1996. . 2. . 101102.].

,                    .   ,       1945   1946 ,      (  80%)    ,   46%  .      , 55%      , 21%      9%   .   ,          .      56%   1945 , 60%   1945-  59%   1946 [90 - Merritt A. J., Merritt R. L. (eds) Public Opinion in Occupied Germany. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. P. 3435.].

             ,     ,            .         ,    ,     .         ,        ,         ,   ,     [91 - Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 217218, 220.].   ,     ,  ,  ,  ,             [92 - Ibid.]. ,  1946        50% ,          90%[93 - Puaca B. M. Learning Democracy: Education Reform in West Germany, 19451965. New York: Berghahn, 2009. P. 15.].

    ,  ,   ,           .           ,        . ,          1948  1953         (. 1).   1948 ,    ,       ,           14% , ,       .    1948    ,    ,     (39%), 31%  ,         9%     ,      (     40%).   ,      ,      ,  ,     ,   23% ( 16 . .).  ,   ,     ,     7  20%.        41%,      3 . .  17%[94 - Noelle-Neumann E., Neumann E. P. (eds) The Germans: Public Opinion Polls 19471966. Allensbach: Verlag f?r Demoskopie, 1967. P. 219.].



 1.             ? (    )






             ,          . ,    ,   1950   40  80%        [95 - Griffith W. E. Op. cit. P. 74.].                   19491951 .

         (  ,      ),     ,          .          .      , ,     ,       ,   .               ,               [96 - Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 82.].      ,            ,           .

  ,         , , ,     ,    ,           [97 - Marshall B. The Democratization of Local Politics in the British Zone of Germany: Hanover 194547 // Journal of Contemporary History. 1986. Vol. 21. No. 3. P. 414, 447.].




2.        [98 -      ,      . . .  (2011. 4 (110). . 1738).]



  ,      ,               ,        ,        .     .     ,         ,     ,       ,  ,   ,  ,    : -, ,    .

 [99 - Grass G. Schreiben nach Auschwitz. Frankfurt am Main: Luchterhand Literaturverlag, 1990. S. 42.]

 1998      ,       1980-             [100 - Habermas J. A Berlin Republic: Writings on Germany. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998. P. 162.].        ?                 ?            -   ?

              .               ;      ,        ; , ,        - .




   


   , ,  ,    ,   ,        [101 - M?ller J.-W. (ed.) Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 3, 21.].    ,   -    XX ,        ,     ,   [102 - Maier Ch. S. The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988. P. 149.].

      ,         .                  .                 ,    ,          ,     [103 -       ,  ,    ,    .: Assmann J. Das kulturelle Ged?chtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identit?t in fr?hen Hochkulturen. M?nchen: C. H. Beck, 1999; Gillis J. R. Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship // Gillis J. R. (ed.) Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. P. 324.].  ,           ,   ,            .  ,    ,      , ,       ,       ,        [104 -  .     / . . //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 827.].

                .       ,  -        .             ,  ,        .    ,       ()      ,        [105 -  .    / . . .:  , 2010. . 1727.].

         . ,    ,        ,        ,  ,  ,        ,  ,   ,   ,  :      [106 -  . . .: , 1999. . 106;  .    :  3. .: , 2007. . 2. . 532; . 3. . 54.].

                   .     ,                ,   ,          [107 - Sabine A. Stalingrad im sowjetischen Ged?chtnis. Kriegserinnerung und Geschichtsbild im totalit?ren Staat. Bochum: Projekt, 1998. S. 18.                . .: Assmann A. Funktionsged?chtnis und Speicherged?chtnis. Zwei Modi der Erinnerung // Platt K., Dabag M. (Hrsg.) Generation und Ged?chtnis. Erinnerung und kollektive Identit?t. Wiesbaden: Opladen, 1995. S. 169185; Eadem. History, Memory, and the Genre of Testimony // Poetics Today: International Journal for Theory and Analysis of Literature and Communication. 2006. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 261273.].          ,  , , ,      ,     ,      [108 - Volk Ch. Stalinism, Memory, and Commemoration: Russias Dealing with the Past // The New School Psychology Bulletin. 2009. Vol. 6. No. 2. P. 53.].

   ,       ,     ,        .        - ,         ,          ,   ,    [109 - Booth J. W. Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice of Memory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. P. 175.].

          ,      ,          (,   .),    .              .   , ,          , ,      ,    ,     ,   ,         ,         ,      - ,    [110 -  .       //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 4657.].       ,  ,   , ,   ,    ,      .    ,   ,       ,     ,   [111 - Kansteiner W. In Pursuit of German Memory: History, Television, and Politics after Auschwitz. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006. P. 21.].

                 - .         ,         , ,   ,     [112 - Confino A. Remembering the Second World War, 19451965: Narratives of Victimhood and Genocide // Cultural Analysis. 2005. Vol. 4. P. 48.].

              (communities of memory),      .           ,   (,  ,  ,       .),   ,     (,   .)         ( ) ,       ,     [113 - Rousso H. Le Syndrome de Vichy: De 1944 ? nos jours. Paris: Seuil, 1990;  .   :      / . . .:   , 2014.].                    [114 - Booth J. W. Op. cit.].

  ,      ,      ,               .     ,     -        .

 ,        (,   ,  ),                   ,    ,     [115 - Volk Ch. Op. cit. P. 53.]. ,          ( )   ,       ,   ,  , .  ,  ,       ;         ,           ,       ,        [116 -  . Vita Activa,    . .: , 2000. . 228.].

        ,        (   , ,    ),             ,       [117 -  .      (  ) [1980] //  .   . .:  , 1993. . 5153.].              ,           ,  ,         [118 -         , .  :          ,      ,   .,        - , ,    .  .   .     .    //   :    . 2001. 6 (56). . 11. . : Olick J. K. Collective Memory: The Two Cultures // Sociological Theory. 1999. Vol. 17. No. 3. P. 333348.].

 ,        ,               ,     ,      , ,     .

   ,              .                ,         ,        ,  ,   .        ,             ,                ,        .    ,      XXXXI ,          [119 -   :             . ,                  .                   .       .      ,          (The Truth and Reconciliation Commission),      . . :  . :    / . . .: , 2007. . 4648; Giesen B. Triumph and Trauma. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2004;  .      / . . .:   , 2019.].

     :         ?          ,   ?      -   ?                 ,       ,              ,   -           .




       


           1960-         ,   ,  , ,   ,  ,                   ,    .

 ,     ,      - ,   .  1945  1948   ,   ,    ,   47  55%,   ,      ,   41  30%.   18%    ,            ; 29%    ,  ; 33%  ,        ,    .       . , 52%   1946  ,    (),       , 39%    , 48%    ,       ,  [120 - Merritt A. J., Merritt R. L. (eds) Public Opinion in Occupied Germany. The OMGUS Surveys, 19451949. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. P. 3132, 3840, 171.].

  1947             :



                  .               .      ,       ,    ,       ,  -,     ,        .    ,     :     (,  ,        ,  ,  ,         ,      ,         ,  , !).        ;            !    12    ;  -         ;    ,       ,         . <>        .      ,       .       [121 - Kogon E. ?ber die Situation // Frankfurter Hefte. 1947. Vol. 2. No. 1. S. 1737. . :  .     , 19411945.      50-       :  . Berlin: Argon-Verlag GmbH, 1992. . 265.].


         ,     ,          .              ,      ,   , ,    ..    ,        1949    ,            (,   ),     (,  ),   ,  ,          (,   .)[122 - .            : Olick J. K. The Sins of the Fathers: The Third Reich and West German Legitimation, 19491989. PhD. diss. Yale University, 1993. P. 8081.].     ,    .     - : ,     ,     ,  -  -[123 - Frei N. Das Problem der NS  Vergangenheit in der ?ra Adenauer // Oberreuter H. (Hrsg.) Freundliche Feinde? Die Alliierten und die Demokratiegr?ndung in Deutschland. M?nchen; Landsberg: Olzog, 1996. S. 193; Idem. Vergangenheitspolitik. Die Anf?nge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit. M?nchen: C. H. Beck, 1996.].

            78%  1946   38%   1950        [124 - Brochhagen U. Nach Nu?rnberg: Vergangenheitsbew?ltigung und Westintegration in der ?ra Adenauer. Hamburg: Junius, 1994. S. 35.].  ,        1953 ,   ,              ?, 55%    (       60%); 21%        6%    ( 18%    )[125 - Noelle-Neumann E., Neumann E. P. (eds) The Germans: Public Opinion Polls 19471966. Allensbach: Verlag f?r Demoskopie, 1967. P. 202.].

              1950- ,       (19491963)      .    ,  ,          1949     ,     ,    (Einsatzgruppen),        131-  1951 ,         [126 - Gesetz ?ber die Gew?hrung von Straffreiheit vom 31. Dezember 1949 // BGBL. 1949. I. Nr. 9. S. 3738. http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav? startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl149009.pdf; Gesetz zur Regelung der Rechtsverh?ltnisse der unter Artikel 131 des Grundgesetzes fallenden Personen vom 11. Mai 1951 // BGBL. 1951. I. Nr. 22. S. 307322. http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl151s0307.pdf.].

               1965           ,  20  1942        .     ,             ,  ,   ,   ,           ,   .        ,     -  [127 - Berg N. Joseph Wulf. A Forgotten Outsider Among Holocaust Scholars // Bankier D., Michman D. (eds) Holocaust Historiography in Context. Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem Publications, 2008. P. 167206.].

     , ,   ,   ,     ,     ,           .                  ,  ,   ,  -  (; Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU)  -  (; Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern, CSU),       ,   ,   ,          ,    ,  ,    ,  -   (; Sozial-demokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD),      (; Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP)      ,        ,     ,       .

           ,          ,     -      .      ,           ,      ,        ,       ,    .

 ,  ,        47 (Gruppe 47),   1947             ,     .            ,    [128 - .: Richter H. W., Mannzen W. (Hrsg.) Almanach der Gruppe 47, 19471962. Reinbek: Rowolt, 1962.].     47,          1961 ,           ,  ; , -    ,     ;    ,     [129 - Lenz S. Die Politik der Entm?ndigung // Walser M. (Hrsg.) Die Alternative oder brauchen wir eine neue Regierung? Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1961. S. 134.].     ,    ,  ,  ,  ,          ,   ,     ,    , , ,  , , ,    [130 - Schnurre W. Das falsche Gleis // Ibid. S. 69.].      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ʸ,   ,  ,               ( 1990-  ,             )[131 - Schirrmacher F. Abschied von der Literatur der Bundesrepublik // Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 02.10.1990. S. 12.].

   ,   -47,  - .      ,    .  12 ,             ,        .       ,  , , , , , ,           ,      ,    .          ,  -   酻[132 - . : Dornberg J. The New Germans: Thirty Years After. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1976. P. 189.]

,           ,    ,    .             (1946),    ,     ? (1966),     (1946),        ,   ,          .    (1967)[133 - Jaspers K. Die Schuldfrage. Heidelberg: Verlag Lambert Schneider, 1946; Idem. Wohin treibt die Bundesrepublik? Tatsachen, Gefahren, Chancen. M?nchen: Piper, 1966; Meinecke F. Die deutsche Katastrophe. Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen. Wiesbaden: Eberhard Brockhaus Verlag, 1946; Mitscherlich A., Mitscherlich M. Die Unf?higkeit zu trauern: Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens. M?nchen: Piper, 1967.].

 ,      (18831969)           1945/46 ,             .  ,  1946-,        (Schuldfrage),       .          (Stunde Null)          :      ,   ,    ,        .      .      ,     ,     [134 -  . .   .     / . . .: , 1999. . 42.].

   ,   , ,    .   ,  ,   ,      ,   ,       ,            ,             ,         ,   [135 -  . . 18.].

 ,  ,     ,         :     ,    .      ,      (     ,      ),      .    ,       ,  ,     [136 -  . . 19.].

 ,  ,  ,        ,       ,     ,   ,        [137 -  . . 20.].    ,  ,   ,  ,   .      ,    ,    ,      ,   ,       . ,    ,   ,     .        ㅻ[138 -  . . 1920.].

        ,      ,         ,    ,    ,    ,        .  ,  .      ,  ,     .   ,         ,   , ,          [139 -  . .   . . 614, 15.].

      ,     -                .    ,       ,   (     )          (19031969)    ? (Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit)[140 - Adorno Th. W. Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit [1959] // Adorno Th. W. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1977. Bd. 10.2. S. 555572.  . :  .    ? /. . //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 3645.].

  - 1959 , ,    ,         ,  ,      (Vergangenheitsbew?ltigung)                    .    ,          , ,         ,            .           (Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit)        .     ,       [141 -  . . 36.].

  ,      ,         ,      ,      ,      .          ,    ( :    ),      [142 - Freud S. The Unconscious // The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud / Ed. by J. Strachey. London: The Hogarth Press, 1915. Vol. 14. P. 161215; Breuer J., Freud S. Studies on Hysteria. Oxford: Basic Books, 1957; Rogers C. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942.].       ,                .

  ,          ,            ,    (  ),      ,   -    ,       [143 -  . 2005. . . . 36.].

    1966      ,        .      (),      ,  ,         (:  !).      ,            ,   ,   ,      .      ,        ,  .  ,   - ,  ,    [144 - Adorno Th. W. Education after Auschwitz // Adorno Th. W. Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. P. 196197.].

             :       ,      : -,  ,    ,  -,  ,   ,    ,       , ,   ,    ,   [145 - Ibid.]




  .


   .

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notes








1


               1991  (    ).         ,  . ,            .




2


    ,  -, 47%    2017   ,     ,       (     38% ).




3


        ,       .           - .       ,       ,             - . Sapere aude!     ! , ,  .  .   :   ? //  .  :  6. .: , 1966. . 6. . 25. Sapere aude!       .




4


Adorno Th. W. (1959) Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit // Adorno Th. W. Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1963. S. 125146.   :  .    ? /. . //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 3645.




5


Teitel R. G. Transitional Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.




6


Stan L., Nedelsky N. (eds) Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice. 3Vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015; Kritz N. (ed.) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. 3Vols. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Studies, 1995.




7


Horne C. M. Late Lustration Programmes in Romania and Poland: Supporting or Undermining Democratic Transitions? // Democratization. 2009. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 344376.




8


     2003  53%,  2010  51%,  2013  49%,  2014  52%,  2016  54%,  2019  70% (       ),   2003   33%,  2010  30%,  2013  32%,  2014  30%,  2016  30%,  2019  19% (      ). .:    . - -. 16.04.2019. https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/16/dinamika-otnosheniya-k-stalinu/.




9


      . - -. 31.03.2015. http://www.levada.ru/2015/03/31/stalin-i-ego-rol-v-istorii-strany/.




10


     . - -. 25.03.2016. http://www.levada.ru/2016/03/25/figura-stalina-v-obshhestvennom-mnenii-rossii/.




11


   . - -. 16.04.2019. https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/16/dinamika-otnosheniya-k-stalinu/.




12


Herling-Grudzinski G. Dziennik pisany noca // Kultura. 1993. 12/555. S. 1718. . : Los M. Lustration and Truth Claims: Unfinished Revolutions in Central Europe // Law and Social Inquiry. 1995. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 147.




13


     ,      . . .  (2018. 34 (127). . 192206).




14


Herz J. H. Denazification and Related Policies // Herz J. H. (ed.) From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping With the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983. P. 1719.




15


            .:  .   .         ?  ? . .: , 2011; Applebaum A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 194456. London; New York: Allen Lane, 2012.        .: Vogt T. R. Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg 19451948. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000; Blessing B. The Antifascist Classroom: Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 19451949. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.




16


    .  ,            . .: Biddiscombe P. The Denazification of Germany: A History, 194550. Stroud: Tempus, 2007.




17


    1942 ,   1945-        () .




18


          (Institut f?r Sozialforschung),         1933 .




19


Neumann F. L. Behemoth. The Structure and Practice of National Socialism. New York; London: Oxford University Press, 1942.




20


. : Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 2324.




21


Ibid.




22


Ibid.




23


       .: Laudani R. (ed.) Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.




24


Germany: Screening Questionnaire (Fragebogen). Allied Military Government of Germany (1945) // Kritz N. (ed.) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. 3Vols. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Studies, 1995. Vol. III. Laws, Rulings, and Reports. P. 412416.




25


OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 3.




26


Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive to Commander in Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany (JCS 1067/6). 1945. April 26. https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga3-450426.pdf.




27


Ibid.




28


Handbook for Military Government in Germany Prior to Defeat or Surrender. Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Office of the Chief of Staff, December 1944. Part III. Section V. The Task of the Military Government Officer. Table A. P. 9396.




29


Ibid. Tables B, D, and E. P. 96101.




30


       .: Loewenstein K. Law and the Legislative Process in Occupied Germany: I // The Yale Law Journal. 1948. Vol. 57. No. 5. P. 724760; Idem. Law and the Legislative Process in Occupied Germany: II // The Yale Law Journal. 1948. Vol. 57. No. 6. P. 9941022; Idem. Reconstruction of the Administration of Justice in American-Occupied Germany // Harvard Law Review. 1948. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 419467.




31


Military Government-Germany, United States Zone, Law No. 8 Prohibition of Employment of Members of Nazi Party in Positions in Business Other than Ordinary Labor and for Other Purposes and Regulation No. 1under the Law, September 26, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 4952.




32


Plischke E. Denazification Law and Procedure // The American Journal of International Law. 1947. Vol. 41. No. 4. P. 809.




33


. :     , 1  1945  //          19411945 :  . .:   , 1984.  VI.  ()       ,    (17   2  1945 ). . 431.




34


The Control Council Law No. 1 Repealing of Nazi Laws. September 20, 1945 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. I. P. 101104; The Control Council Law No. 2 Providing for the Termination and Liquidation of the Nazi Organizations. October 10, 1945 // Ibid. Vol. II. P. 131132. Cf. Military Government Law No. 1 Abrogation of Nazi Laws // Military Government-Germany, Supreme Commanders Area of Control. Proclamation, Laws, Orders, Ordinances and Notices. Directives and Instructions to German Police. Reproduced by Ninth US Army. 1944. November 7. P. 79; Military Government Law No. 5 Dissolution of Nazi Party // Ibid. P. 1517.




35


The Control Council Law No. 4 Reorganization of the German Judicial System. October 30, 1945 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. I. P. 173175; Military Government Law No. 2 German Courts // Military Government Gazette Issue A. 1946. June 1. P. 610.




36


         (United States Forces European Theater, USFET)  7  1945 ,      ,       1  1937 ,    ,      ,   ,         (2 (b)).                 1933 ,        . USFET Directive, Removal of Nazis and Militarists, July 7, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 2337.




37


Control Council Directive No. 24 Removal from Office and from Positions of Responsibility of Nazis and of Persons Hostile to Allied Purposes of January 12, 1946 // Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee. Allied Control Authority, Germany (19451948). Legal Division of the Office of the U. S. Military Government for Germany, 1945. Vol. II. P. 4616.




38


Now Its Up to the Germans // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1946. No. 49. July 8. P. 13.




39


Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 114, 172, 143.




40


Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism (German legislation), March 5, 1946 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 5298; Allied Control Authority Control Council Directive No. 38 The Arrest and Punishment of War Criminals, Nazis and Militarists and the Internment, Control and Surveillance or Potentially Dangerous Germans, October 12, 1946 // Ibid. P. 114137.




41


Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism (German legislation), March 5, 1946 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 5298.




42


Ibid.         . :  .   :    //   . 2007. 2 (12). . 161176.




43


    ,        .




44


Romeike S. Transitional Justice in Germany after 1945 and after 1990. International Nuremberg Principles Academy, Occasional Paper No. 1. 2016. P. 24; Denazification Summary. Excerpt of OMGUS Report, prepared by the Civil Administration Division Covering 18-Month Period // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1949. No. 169. P. 28.




45


Griffith W. E. The Denazification in the United States Zone of Germany // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1950. Vol. 267. No. 1. P. 71.




46


Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 191, 193.




47


Ibid.




48


 .    ?     ?  (19451949). . . . . , 2009. . 119.




49


Niethammer L. Die Mitlaeuferfabrik. Die Entnazifizierung am Beispiel Bayerns. 2. Auflage. Berlin; Bonn: Dietz, 1982.




50


Plischke E. Denazifying the Reich // Review of Politics. 1947. Vol. 9. No. 2. P. 170.




51


Herz J. H. The Fiasco of Denazification in Germany // Political Science Quarterly. 1948. Vol. 63. No. 4. P. 591.




52


Plischke E. Denazification Law and Procedure // The American Journal of International Law. 1947. Vol. 41. No. 4. P. 826.




53


Denazification Summary. Excerpt of OMGUS Report, Prepared by the Civil Administration Division Covering 18-Months Period // Military Government Information Bulletin. 1949. No. 169. P. 28.




54


Cohen D. Transitional Justice in Divided Germany after 1945 // Elster J. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 75; Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 61.




55


Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 80.




56


OMGUS Letter to the Land Military Governors, U. S. Zone, Subject: Expediting Completion of Denazification Trials In the U. S. Zone, March 27, 1948 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 150163.




57


Herz J. H. Op. cit. P. 576; Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 80.




58


 8-    :  ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     .




59


Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive to Commander in Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany (JCS 1067/6), April 26, 1945 // OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 1516.




60


Handbook for Military Government in Germany Prior to Defeat or Surrender. Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Office of the Chief of Staff, December 1944. Part III. Section V. The Task of the Military Government Officer. Table C. P. 98100.




61


.: Romeike S. Op. cit. P. 2225; Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 5988.




62


OMGUS, Denazification (Cumulative Review), Report of the Military Governor, 1 April 1947  30 April 1948. 1948. No. 34. P. 67.




63


Monthly Report of the Military Governor, U. S. Zone. 1948. No. 37. July. P. 9.




64


Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 6970.




65


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66


     38  12  1946      ,   ; ,       . https://memorial.krsk.ru/DOKUMENT/USSR/19461012.htm.




67


             ,  8  1945   .  //   ,   ,     . . XI. .: , 1955. . 165172.




68


       (, 1930  1943 ).     (. 18    ) //          19411945 :  . .: , 1978. . 1. . 363364.




69


           .: Taylor T. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013. P. 21116;  .    //      . http://nurnberg.rusarchives.ru/predislovie.




70


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72


    //  . . 8. . 561721.




73


 .




74


 .




75


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76


.           : Taylor T. Op. cit.   : Heller K. J. The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.




77


R?ckerl A. The Investigation of Nazi Crimes 19451978. A Documentation. Heidelberg: C. F. M?ller, 1979. P. 2829.




78


R?ckerl A. The Investigation of Nazi Crimes 19451978. P. 2829.




79


Ibid. P. 39.




80


Romeike S. Op. cit. P. 15; Eichm?ller A. Die Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen durch westdeutsche Justizbeh?rden seit 1945. Eine Zahlenbilanz // Vierteljahrshefte f?r Zeitgeschichte. 2008. Vol. 56. No. 4. S. 626.




81


Ibid.




82


             ,  8  1945   .  //   ,   ,     . . XI. .: , 1955. . 165172.




83


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84


 . . 639.




85


 . . 8. . 644, 649650, 655.




86


 . . 639.




87


Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 71.




88


 .     //  .  .  19972002 . .:   ; -, 2004. . 432433.




89


  ,           . (  1950        ) //   :  . .: , 1996. . 2. . 101102.




90


Merritt A. J., Merritt R. L. (eds) Public Opinion in Occupied Germany. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. P. 3435.




91


Biddiscombe P. Op. cit. P. 217218, 220.




92


Ibid.




93


Puaca B. M. Learning Democracy: Education Reform in West Germany, 19451965. New York: Berghahn, 2009. P. 15.




94


Noelle-Neumann E., Neumann E. P. (eds) The Germans: Public Opinion Polls 19471966. Allensbach: Verlag f?r Demoskopie, 1967. P. 219.




95


Griffith W. E. Op. cit. P. 74.




96


Cohen D. Op. cit. P. 82.




97


Marshall B. The Democratization of Local Politics in the British Zone of Germany: Hanover 194547 // Journal of Contemporary History. 1986. Vol. 21. No. 3. P. 414, 447.




98


     ,      . . .  (2011. 4 (110). . 1738).




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Grass G. Schreiben nach Auschwitz. Frankfurt am Main: Luchterhand Literaturverlag, 1990. S. 42.




100


Habermas J. A Berlin Republic: Writings on Germany. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998. P. 162.




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M?ller J.-W. (ed.) Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 3, 21.




102


Maier Ch. S. The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988. P. 149.




103


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105


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Volk Ch. Stalinism, Memory, and Commemoration: Russias Dealing with the Past // The New School Psychology Bulletin. 2009. Vol. 6. No. 2. P. 53.




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Booth J. W. Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice of Memory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. P. 175.




110


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Kansteiner W. In Pursuit of German Memory: History, Television, and Politics after Auschwitz. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006. P. 21.




112


Confino A. Remembering the Second World War, 19451965: Narratives of Victimhood and Genocide // Cultural Analysis. 2005. Vol. 4. P. 48.




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Rousso H. Le Syndrome de Vichy: De 1944 ? nos jours. Paris: Seuil, 1990;  .   :      / . . .:   , 2014.




114


Booth J. W. Op. cit.




115


Volk Ch. Op. cit. P. 53.




116


 . Vita Activa,    . .: , 2000. . 228.




117


 .      (  ) [1980] //  .   . .:  , 1993. . 5153.




118


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Merritt A. J., Merritt R. L. (eds) Public Opinion in Occupied Germany. The OMGUS Surveys, 19451949. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. P. 3132, 3840, 171.




121


Kogon E. ?ber die Situation // Frankfurter Hefte. 1947. Vol. 2. No. 1. S. 1737. . :  .     , 19411945.      50-       :  . Berlin: Argon-Verlag GmbH, 1992. . 265.




122


.            : Olick J. K. The Sins of the Fathers: The Third Reich and West German Legitimation, 19491989. PhD. diss. Yale University, 1993. P. 8081.




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Frei N. Das Problem der NS  Vergangenheit in der ?ra Adenauer // Oberreuter H. (Hrsg.) Freundliche Feinde? Die Alliierten und die Demokratiegr?ndung in Deutschland. M?nchen; Landsberg: Olzog, 1996. S. 193; Idem. Vergangenheitspolitik. Die Anf?nge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit. M?nchen: C. H. Beck, 1996.




124


Brochhagen U. Nach Nu?rnberg: Vergangenheitsbew?ltigung und Westintegration in der ?ra Adenauer. Hamburg: Junius, 1994. S. 35.




125


Noelle-Neumann E., Neumann E. P. (eds) The Germans: Public Opinion Polls 19471966. Allensbach: Verlag f?r Demoskopie, 1967. P. 202.




126


Gesetz ?ber die Gew?hrung von Straffreiheit vom 31. Dezember 1949 // BGBL. 1949. I. Nr. 9. S. 3738. http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav? startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl149009.pdf; Gesetz zur Regelung der Rechtsverh?ltnisse der unter Artikel 131 des Grundgesetzes fallenden Personen vom 11. Mai 1951 // BGBL. 1951. I. Nr. 22. S. 307322. http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl151s0307.pdf.




127


Berg N. Joseph Wulf. A Forgotten Outsider Among Holocaust Scholars // Bankier D., Michman D. (eds) Holocaust Historiography in Context. Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem Publications, 2008. P. 167206.




128


.: Richter H. W., Mannzen W. (Hrsg.) Almanach der Gruppe 47, 19471962. Reinbek: Rowolt, 1962.




129


Lenz S. Die Politik der Entm?ndigung // Walser M. (Hrsg.) Die Alternative oder brauchen wir eine neue Regierung? Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1961. S. 134.




130


Schnurre W. Das falsche Gleis // Ibid. S. 69.




131


Schirrmacher F. Abschied von der Literatur der Bundesrepublik // Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 02.10.1990. S. 12.




132


. : Dornberg J. The New Germans: Thirty Years After. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1976. P. 189.




133


Jaspers K. Die Schuldfrage. Heidelberg: Verlag Lambert Schneider, 1946; Idem. Wohin treibt die Bundesrepublik? Tatsachen, Gefahren, Chancen. M?nchen: Piper, 1966; Meinecke F. Die deutsche Katastrophe. Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen. Wiesbaden: Eberhard Brockhaus Verlag, 1946; Mitscherlich A., Mitscherlich M. Die Unf?higkeit zu trauern: Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens. M?nchen: Piper, 1967.




134


 . .   .     / . . .: , 1999. . 42.




135


 . . 18.




136


 . . 19.




137


 . . 20.




138


 . . 1920.




139


 . .   . . 614, 15.




140


Adorno Th. W. Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit [1959] // Adorno Th. W. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1977. Bd. 10.2. S. 555572.  . :  .    ? /. . //  . 2005. 23 (4041). . 3645.




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 . . 36.




142


Freud S. The Unconscious // The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud / Ed. by J. Strachey. London: The Hogarth Press, 1915. Vol. 14. P. 161215; Breuer J., Freud S. Studies on Hysteria. Oxford: Basic Books, 1957; Rogers C. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942.




143


 . 2005. . . . 36.




144


Adorno Th. W. Education after Auschwitz // Adorno Th. W. Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. P. 196197.




145


Ibid.


