Mens Rea      
  


       
                     -     mens rea     .      mens rea           ,      mens rea,       ,        ,                   .  - ,     mens rea    ;          mens rea   .     ,                ,           mens rea.          1962 .    .     ,   ,             .





 

Mens rea    : - 



 !

  ,    ,           .

     -           ,       .     - ,  1  2002 .    -  .

      ,   ,   .                   .        ,     ,   ,             .       ,     , - , ,    .

          -  .      -      , -      ,     ,         , - , ,    .

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       . . , . . , . . , . . , . .  , .  , . . , . . , . . , . . , .  , . . , .  , . . , . . , .  , . . , . . , . . , .  , .  , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . ,  . , . . , . . ,  . , .  , . . , . . ,  . , . . , . . , . . , .  , . . , .  , . . , A. . , . . , . . , . . , B.  ,  . , . . , . .   dp.,        .

,      ,     -         .



 

 2003 .







       , ,              ,  ,  .

 ,         ,    ,   :   -  ,     ,    -  . . . .    -,              - ,     ,  ,         .        ,  . . , . . , . .       -  .

    ,               ,          ,       .      (    );                (        -   . . ).          1945 .    . . ,  ,  ,  .

            . . .     ,      .  ,   ,       -      ,       .             ,        .

   . .              .  ,   ,          ,               .

      ,    .    , . .                ,            .

    ,      .     ,   :          ?   ,   ,    ,   ,       , ,     :       - -    ,   ,   ,  ,       .

                 .     .    , . .  ,   -           ,           .   ,        ,    .

         ,      ,   ,       ,        ,       . . ,        ,    ,            .              ,      -               .  ,       .

  ,   . .  ,   ,       ,      -,  ,         .



. . ,   , 








I

             ,          1720- .           ,[1 - .:  .     i   ,  .    ii  i , i ii i  i i, Ii   ii, i    i . .:     i, 1726.  ,    ,     {Of Public Wrongs)     ,    ,  ..      .    (  )       .      , , -,     ,           , -,   , ,          -     .]    -        1780- .   . .           ,            .[2 - . i  .    i   i.   .  I. .:    i  . , 1780.. 310.  ,    ,     (Of Public Wrongs)     ,    ,  ..      .    (  )       .      , , -,     ,           , -,   , ,          -     .]           ,         ,             - .

             .[3 -                   , ,  ,      ,      ,               .                 ,       ,    ,              ,  V   XI . ( 1066 .).,  -,       ,            .    ,   ,    ,     ,          .]         ..     XIX .       .              (,     , -)  ,[4 - .:  . .   i   i /   i . . ., 1865. . v.]     ,      status quo.

     =   -  ,  ,      -      , ,    . .    ,     ,         .[5 -  .. i      . .:. . . , 1902. . 53.]

                     mens rea    .         mens rea     ,   XVIIXVIII .         ,      ,   ,    ,                  .

                     .

,       1945 .   . .  (      )[6 - .:  ..       :  . .  /     . ., 1945.]            .         mens rea     ,     . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .         1990- .,                   .   , ,    , ,  ,     mens rea,           .

   ,            mens rea     ,                    ,  ,       mens rea    .


II

Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea     ,         ,      .       ,    ,            .[7 -   ,          ,  ,   actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea     : : Fowler v. Padget, 7 T.R. 509, 514, 101 Eng. Rep. 1103, 1106 (K.B. 1798) (per Lord Kenyon, C.J.); Harding v. Price, [1948] 1 K.B. 695, 700 (per Lord Goddard, C.J.) ( ,    ,   ,  actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea); : Rex v. Hayes, [1829] NSWSC 24 (Sydney Gazette, 23 June 1829) (per Forbes, C.J.) ( ,     ,   ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea); Ryan v. The Queen, (1967) 121 C.L.R. 205, 239 (per Windeyer, J.); : Regina v. Mellon, (1900) 7 C.C.C. 179, 181 (per Rouleau, J.); Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 486, 513 (per Lamer, J.) (        ,    .           ,              .   ,         actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea);  : Maher v. People, 10 Mich. (6 Cooley) 212, 217 (1862); Stein v. State, 37 Ala. (17 Shep.) 123, 131 (1861) (    ,            .    ,  Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea); State v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co., 122 Iowa 22, 25 (1903); United States v. Hill, 55 F.3d 1197, 1202 (6


 Cir. 1995). cp.: Regina v. Tolson, (1889) L.R. 23 Q.B.D. 168, 185 (per Stephen, J.) (   non est reus, nisi mens sit rea) c Ibid, at p. 181 (per Cave, J.) (   actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea).]  ,   ,   ,         mens rea,    (, )  ,   ,      ,    actus reus   (, )           ,        - , ,      ,              .[8 - Intention, Recklessness and Moral Blameworthiness: Reflections on the English and Australian Law of Criminal Culpability: Address of the Right Honourable the Lord Irvine of Lairg, Lord Chancellor// The Sydney Law Review. Sydney, 2001. Vol. 23,  1. P. 6.]

 -      ,      ,    mens rea:        ,       ,  mens   rea.[9 - Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard, [1920] A.C. 479, 504 (per Lord Birkenhead, L. C.).]

      ,       ,    (  ),[10 - .:  A.A.      . .: . , 2002. . 57.     ,   ..      ,        .]  ,[11 - .:  .. . . . 132.]  ,[12 - .:  .    / . . .. ;  .  . . .. . .:  . ., 1949. . 39 . *;    .  :   /  .  . .. . .: -,      . .. , 2003. . 23;  ..     (     ) //    . ., 1954. 6. . 141142.]  ,[13 - .:  ..      . . 2-, . . .:  , 1969. . 84;  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..    . . 2:    . .: . .  .  , 1972. . 110.]  ,[14 - .:    .  . . 23, 28.]  ,[15 - .:  ..        //    . . ., 1979. 6. . 77.]  [16 - .:  ..       -  :  . .  /  . . ., 1982. . 5.]   [17 - .:    .  . . 128, 130;  ..,  ..,  ..    .M.:  -̻, 2001. . 96;  .. . . . 55, 130131;  ..           XIXXX .: .  . .  /  . .. . . . ̄2002. . 13, 2223.]    -       .[18 - .:  .. . . . 55.]

,       mens rea     .

 ,  ,      mens.       ,   ,   .[19 - .:    / ,  . .  ,   . .:    ., 1862. . 513.]      ,    ,            ratio,   voluntas,    (  ) animus ( ,        ,        ).   , , ,       ,                 [20 -   ..  (.:      (   ).  18. ., . . . .. . .:  , 1999. . 31 . 38).]    .

  ,       mens rea       guilty mind.[21 - ., .: Roulston R.P. Introduction to Criminal Law in New South Wales. Sydney: Butterworths, 1975. P. 17; Parker J.S. The Economics of Mens Rea // Virginia Law Review. Charlottesville (Va.), 1993. Vol. 79,  4. P. 741; Hart H.L.A. Intention and Punishment // Hart H.L.A. Punishment and Responsibility. Essays in the Philosophy of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. P. 114.]             ,        ,   .

       :         mens rea,           ,   , - .            ,           (    ), ,          ,  ,  ,     -       .  , ,          mens rea,    ,   ,        ,      ,          ,      ,  ,  ( . ),  ,  .[22 -  .     : . 14. . 1: -3. .: . ., 1989. . 204.. : ,    ,   ,  (actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea.  ..)  ; ,        ,       ,          ,     ; ,           ,   -   ( . ..) (.: Barnes . Liability for Crime // The Cambridge Law Journal. L, 1946. Vol. 9,  2. P. 212).]              [23 -  (  )    ,        . ,  , .. ,           ,        (.:  ..    . .:    , 2002. . 1012).      ,                  ,    .]     .

 ,     ,    ,          mens rea                   ,                 .[24 - Williams G.L. The Mental Element in Crime / The Hebrew University of Jerusalem: Lionel Cohen Lectures. Jerusalem: At the Magnes Press The Hebrew University, 1965. P. 10.    ,          (.:  . . . . 39 . *;    .  . . 2324, 2728;  .. . . . 59, 130132, 155).]


III

    mens rea              ,[25 -    ,              , . .       ,     (.:  ..,  ..    . .: , 1990. . 44).]  ,           .

    mens rea   ,     ,    ,     . ,    ,     .[26 - .: Smith J.C. The Guilty Mind in the Criminal Law // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1960. Vol. 76,  301. P. 79.]           . ,       ,             ,        .[27 - Williams G.L. The Mental Element in Crime. P. 9.]     ,         ,     -   ,              mens rea,   -  .[28 - United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 403 (1980).]

 mens rea,       -                ,     ,   ,           ,             .[29 - United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp., 402 U.S. 558, 565 (1971) (Stewart, J., diss. op.).]           mens rea     -     ,         ,  ,     .        ,          mens rea.     ,     mens rea:   ,     (, , , );         . ,       ,   mens rea  , ,    .

          mens rea     .    ,            -  ?               .


IV

 ,    -             ,      (  )    -     ,   -                  .[30 -            .          .. ,        (.:  ..       : . .: . -  , 1937. . 9).     (    )      (.:  .. . . . 31).]          (,    ),    - (,      ,  , ,     ),    [31 -                 .  ,            31  2003 .]    ,   ,    ,      -        .

    ,       - .

   ,    ,     ,         ,     , ,    . . ,             .[32 -  ..     (- ):  . .  / . . . -. ., 1968. . 16.]        -     . ,     (high treason)      ,     13511352 .[33 - .: Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2.]     ,   ,  ,        ,         .[34 -            30  1998 . cm. 1   1790 . (Treason Act, 30 Geo. Ill, . 48)  cm. 1   1814 . (Treason Act, 54 Geo. Ill, . 146)        .  30  1998 .         (Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, . 37),    . 36          .]        (murder)         ,  XVII .[35 - ,     ,   ,        ,           ,         , Attorney-Generals Reference (No. 3of 1994), [1998] A.C. 245, 253 (per Lord Mustill, J.).     ,      ,           ,  셻,    XVI .,        ,  ,    -  (. .: Dine J., Gobert J. Cases and Materials on Criminal Law. 3


 ed. L.: Blackstone Press Ltd., 2000. P. 243; Watkin T.G. Hamlet and the Law of Homicide // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1984. Vol. 100,  2. P. 288;  . . . . 138).        :     ,  ,       ,          (a man of sound memory, and of the age of discretion),   -         in rerum natura,     ,   ,    ,    (with malice fore-thought, either expressed by the party, or implied by law),       &.       &.       (.: Coke . The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England; Concerning High Treason, and Other Pleas of the Crown. And Criminal Causes. L.: Printed for W. Clarke, and Sons, 1809. P. 47).]    (insanity)             .[36 - .: MNaghtens Case, 1 Cl. & F. 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718 (H.L. 1843).]  ,       ,         -       .

     -   ,            .         - ,  ,        - ,    , ,    ,         (   )  .        -      :     per curiam & en banc, concurring & dissenting opinions, ratio & dicta,  ,  ,  -      . .

,   ,     ,   ,        , ,  ,                , -      ,  -          .

  ,  ,  , ,  ,       .

          -             . ,   ,            ,       ante legem,     post legem, ,  ,              ,       .

            ,   ,  ,  ,       ,          ,                   ,     -   .

      mens rea             .


V

      ,  ,   .

     .    mens rea       .       -   XVIIIXIX .,           .                 (circa 12541256 .),       (1618 .),        (16281644 .),        (   1736 .),      ⅻ   (1762 .),         (17651769 .).

 ,    . -.,       ,             ,     .[37 - Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Path of the Law 11 Boston University Law Review. Boston (Mass.), 1998. Vol. 78,  3. P. 712.]

    ,              ,   . ,  ,  . ,  . ,  . ,  ,  . , . .  Ҹ,  . ,  . ,  ..   .,      :  ,  . ,  . -.,  ,  . ,  .   .

, ,      mens rea          ,  . -.,  ,  . ,  . ,  . ,  . -,  . -.,  X. ,  ,  X. ,  . ,  .   .

,    mens rea       .        mens rea,          .                .

 ,   mens rea     ,            .[38 - Schmitthoff . The Science of Comparative Law // The Cambridge Law Journal. L., 1939. Vol. 7,  1. P. 99.]             sine ira et studio.[39 - Ibid.]

 ,   ,   ,            ,  -           .      -     ,    ,    ,[40 - Pradel J. Droit penal compare. P.: Dalloz, 1995. P. 4.]    -,   [41 - Ibid.]  ,          ,     ,    .

   ,         mens rea     .




 I

 mens rea    





 1.           (V    XII .)


 ,        ,         ,     .      ,      ,    ,       ,          ,       ,       ,          .

Mens rea      .       .    [42 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2


 ed. Volume I. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1898. P. 1.]  ,     ,                     ,    1798 .,[43 -         ,  actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea.  ,   ,      , Fowler v. Padget, 7 T.R. 509, 514, 101 Eng. Rep. 1103, 1106 (K.B. 1798) (per Lord Kenyon, C.J.).]      ,    1628  1644 .,[44 -         .        ,        ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, (.:  . The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England; Or, A Commentary Upon Littleton. Not the Name of the Author Only, but of the Law Itself. 19


 ed., corr., by Charles Butler. Volume II. L.: Printed for J. & W.T. Clarke, 1832. Sect. 405 [247b],]  Leges Henrici Primi,    XII .,[45 - Reum non facit nisi mens rea, cap. 5De causarum proprietatibus, 28b (   ,    ).    Leges Henrici Primi . : Leges Henrici Primi / Edited with Translation and Commentary by L.J. Downer. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1972).]  .  ,    IV .,[46 - Ream linguam non facit, nisi mens rea, Sermones, Sermo 180, 2 De verbis apostoli lacobi (5, 12): Ante omnia nolite iurare, etc. (   ,    , ,  180, 2     ( 5,  12):  ,   . .).]    ,   6065 .,[47 - Actio recta non erit nisi recta fuerit voluntas ( . ..); ab hac enim est actio. Rursus voluntas non erit recta nisi habitus animi rectus fuerit; ab hoc enim est voluntas, Lucii Annaei Senecae, Epistularum Moralium Ad Lucilium, XCV, 57 (   ,      ( . ..),     . -,    ,      ,     ,   ,    ,  XCV, 57 (   :   .     / . .  .. .:  , 1977. . 238;    . ..)).]    ,   64  70 .       .[48 - Dicebat autem: Quod de homine exit, illud coinquinat hominem; ab intus enim de corde hominum cogitationes malas procedunt ( . ..), fornicationes, furta, homicidia, adulteria, avaritiae, nequitiae, dolus, impudicitia, oculus malus, blasphemia, superbia, stultitia: omnia haec mala ab intus procedunt et coinquinant hominem, Evangelium Secundum Marcum, VII, 2023 ( :    ,   ;  ,   ,    ( . ..), , , , , , , , ,  , , , :        ໅,   ,  VII,  2023).]  ,            ,    .     XI   XII .,    ,        mens rea, ,     ,  , ,  .

   ,    ,    ,   ,       ,           ,  ,   ,      ,   (. . ),   ,       (wrong),          (crime;    Plea of the Crown ,   , Placita  (     )).                ,       mens rea             .

                1066 .,            [49 -  ..,  ..     . .:  , 1997. . 8.]            ,          .[50 -  ., ʸ X.        :  2 .  I. : . . .: . , 2000. . 275.. :  ., - .    : . . .. . .: . , 1996. . 209;  .X.   (   ):  /  . .. . .: , 2000. . 242;  ..,  ..     (, , , ):  . . 2-, . . .:  , 1998. . 29;  ..   . .:  , 1996. . 121;  .. . . . 1, 6.]    ,      ,                .     , ,   ,            1066 .   ,      .               .               ,    -     .          ,    , ,    (      ),        , ,   , ,    . . ,     ,  [51 -  . . .   . . . vii.] (,  ,          )    ,      1066 .

,   ,        ,   ,  1066       ,[52 -  , ʸ. . .  I. . 275.]    -      ,[53 -  . . . . . 6.]       I  (10661087 .)[54 -             .]      1066 .       .[55 - .:  ., - . . . . 210;  ..,  .. . . . 2930.] ,     ,    (          ) , ,    ,       .            .. ,            :[56 - .: Anapoea .. . . . 4081.]    ,             - [57 -  . . 53.]       I (   ,   11001135 . ..)     -,          ,[58 -  . . 54.]            .[59 -  . . 41.]

       ,                      .                     ,      ,    .

     mens rea    ,    ,      .

   ,     - ,     .

  ,      ,           43 . . .,   .    -         ,       . ,        ,    ,    ,         .[60 - . .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxviii-xxxi; Pike L.O. A History of Crime in England. Illustrating the Changes of the Laws in the Progress of Civilisation. Written from the Public Records and Other Contemporary Evidence. Volume I: From the Roman Invasion to the Accession of Henry VII. L.: Smith, Elder & Co., 1873. P. 712.] ,      :  ,           -,         .

        ,      I   V .

,        ,     ,   . ,   ,      :        ,   ,  , ,    ,      ,   [61 -  ..   .   / . . .. . .: , 2001. . 14; . :  ..       . .: .   , 2003. . 284288. ,     contra    .:  .  :  4 .   (. VIII ).  /.: - , 1997. . 101103.]           .[62 -  .. . . . 286.]  ,     ,   ,         ,  (       )   .    , , ,   , - ,         ,           ,     .

 ,       -,       officio   ,    .[63 - .: - 111.        XXIII  / . . .. . .:   , 2001. . 3941.] ,   ,  ,                .[64 - ., .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxviii et sec/.; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 7 et sec/.;  . . . . . 1419;  .. . . . 25.]

 ,             ,        . ,    ,     ,      .[65 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxxi-xxxii.]

  , , ,     ,     V   VII .      XI .[66 -           : Plucknett T.F.T. Edward I and Criminal Law: The Wiles Lectures Given at the Queens University, Belfast, 1958. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1960. P. 350; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2


 ed. Volume II. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1898. P. 448511; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. L.: MacMillan and Co., 1883. P. 5174; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 795;  .. , . . 55111.]

     ,          .                  .

   -   ,              .        ,      ,  , ,          .

    , -,  ,          ; -,  ,      ; , -,              .

      :  ,   ,  ,    ,    ?

    -    .    ,    . -.,   ,        .[67 - Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law / With a New Introduction by Sheldon M. Novick. N.Y.: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991. P. 3. ,        , Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 252 n. 9 (1952),     ,    (., .: Garnett v. State, 332 Md. 571, 604 (1993) (Bell, J., diss. op.);  &A Carbone, Inc. v. Ciarkstown, 511 U.S. 383, 423 n. 12 (1994) (Souter, J., diss. op.); United States v. Masquelier, 210 F.3d 756, 759 (7


 Cir. 2000) (      ;   )).]  ,      ,    ,  ,        :      ,      ,         .[68 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 474475.        ,        ,            IV, . . 1468 . (Y. . 7Edw. IV. f. 2 (Pasch, pi. 2), A. D. 1468).       , ., .:    ,       ,      ,  ,            , Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790, 803 (1952) (Frankfurter, J., diss. op.).   ,    ,          ,       -  ,    ,      (.: Hall J. General Principles of Criminal Law. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, 1947. P. 177178).    , ,  ,    ,     ,     .]

     .

            . -.         ,   1881 . ,                  (. .,   ,       ,       mens red),    :

,               ,  ,   ,        ,      ,   ,      ,      ,   .    ,   ,     ,   .                   ,           ,  ,      ,            ,             : damnum corpore corpori datum (,   . ..).  ,     ,        ,        ,  ,        .     -   ,                 ( . ..)       ,        ,     .          (. .    - )          ( . ..).[69 - Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 24.           .]

  . -.     . ,   XX .        ,    ,   ,        ,     ,    ,   .[70 - Hall J. General Principles . 143.]

  ,         .   . -.,   ,   ,[71 -     ., .: Leges Herici Primi Introduction by L.J. Downer. P. 11, 78; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 5455; Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1926. Vol. 42,  165. P. 3751.]    ,        ,             .

   ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   ,   .   , ,           ,         ,     IX   XI .[72 -       . : The Laws of the Earliest English Kings / Edited and Translated by F.L. Attenborough. N.Y.: Russell & Russell Inc., 1963; The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I / Edited and Translated by A.J. Robertson. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1925.]

         ,   (871899 .),    889893 .       ,      . ,  . 13,  (ungewealdes)                 ,  ,   (Alfred, 13).[73 -            . .: PollockF., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 55; Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 624, 3435; De VisscherF. La nature juridique de Iabandon noxal // Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1930. 4


 serie, 9


 annee. P. 411412, 444454, 467471.]

   36,  ,   ,      :

36.  :       ,    -  ,     (wer)   (wite).

 1.       (gewealdes)  ,     ,  ,        (Alfred, 36).

       .

  52   ,   (9781013, 10141016 .),   1008 .,             ,[74 - Cp.:               ,             (VI AEthelred, 10,  1).        , ,  ,     52  53 (VI/Ethelred, 5253).]    :

 1.   ,    ,    (unwilles  ungewealdes cenig ping misded),     ,          ,    (willes & gewealdes sylfwilles misded) ( . ..);     ,      ,             ,     (VI JEthelred, 52,  7).

,    ,    23  68    (II Canute, 68,  23),    (10161035 .), , ,  1029  1034 .:

 2.  ,     ,    ,      ,    ,      .

 3.   -  -  (;ungewealdes),       ,    (gewealdes) ( . 727?.) (II Canute, 68,  23).

,         prima facie  ,    mens rea      .

     ,              ( ,   ,   ,  ),    .   :

 ,       ,        ,         ( . 727?.).                                .        .   ,    ,    .[75 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 471, 475; . : Ibid. Volume I. P. 5354.    ., .: Perkins R.M. Criminal Law. Brooklyn: The Foundation Press, Inc., 1957. P. 650;  . . . . 26, 114; Dillof A.M. Transferred Intent: An Inquiry into the Nature of Criminal Culpability // Buffalo Criminal Law Review. Buffalo (N.Y.), 1998. Voi.1,  2. P. 508510; Barnes H. Op. cit. P. 215219;Turner J.W.C. The Mental Element in Crimes at Common Law 11 The Modem Approach to Criminal Law / Collected Essays by D. Seaborne Davies, R.M. Jackson, C.S. Kenny, & c.; Preface by P.H. Winfield. (English Studies in Criminal Science / Edited by L. Radzinowicz and J.W.C. Turner. Volume IV). L.: MacMillan and Co., Ltd., 1945. P. 201 etseq.            ,             ,   . .  (.:  .. . . . 38).           ,  ,  ,         (.:  . . 3853).    . :  ..    . : , 2000. . 80108.]

,   ,               ,       mens rea.   ,               ,    ,     .              .

                .     , ,  ,        .

-,                 . ,    . , , ,     .[76 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 55; : Ibid. Volume II. P. 474476.. :  ..   :   / . . 2- . .: - :   -  , 1998. . 8586; Turner J.W.C. Russell on Crime. A Treatise on Felonies and Misdemeanors. 10


 ed. Volume I. L.: Stevens & Sons, Ltd., 1950. P. 2123, 30 ( . : Russell on Crime Volume I.);  . . . . . 1620;  .. . . . 107111.]  ,      , ,    ,   ,   ,   ,        .        ,     , ,     . ,      , , ,    .[77 - Sayre F.B. Mens Rea  Harvard Law Review. Cambridge (Mass.), 1932. Vol. 45,  6. P. 976.]

 ,             . ,  X. ,            ,        ,      ,     ,      ,         .[78 - Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability. P. 37.] ,  ,     ()       : ,           ,         .     ,            ,[79 - Ibid. P. 37, 40.]   .

 ,       ,      ,[80 - ,   1    I (II Edmund, 1),       939946 .,    ,            .         ,    ,  ,  , Leges Henrici Primi,      : ,   70,    ,            ,        (cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 12).]        ,   ,                        ,          ,[81 - ,  42   (Alfred, 42)     ,         ,       ,    ,  . . : ,   ,     ,              ,  1    I (// Edmund,  1).]    . ,              ,       ,   , ,      .          ( )       , ,     (,   ,     )[82 -       14   (Alfred, 14), ,   -    ,       ,     ,         .   1  6      (II /Ethelstan, 6,  1),       925  939 .,    ,   ,   ,     ,        ,     .          1    I (II Edmund, 1), ,    -  ,       ( . ..)]                .[83 - .:  .. . . . 3941;  .. . . . 9097;  . . . . . 6064.]

  ,  . -.  :    ,   ,     ,   .             ( . ..).[84 - Holmes, Jr., . /. The Common Law. . 3.]       ,      :          .  ,  , ,       ,   .[85 -  .. . . . 39.]

 ,      [86 -  .]       ,    XIX .     -       (deodand).[87 -    ,     Deo dandum,    .         1846 . (Deodands Act, 9 & 10 Vic., . 62).  . .:  . . . . 114115; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 473474; Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 2426.] ,     ,         ,    ,  ,    ,   ,   ,              (. . , per infortunium,           , se defendendo).  ,    XIV .,  :        ,  -   ,  ,  ,       .[88 -                     I, . . 1302 . (Y. . 3031 Edw. I, Cornish Iter, Rolls Series *525, A. D. 1302) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of king Edward the First / Edited and Translated by Alfred J. Horwood. L.: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. P. 524525).]       ,   ,    ,    ,            ,    (fault)    - ,    ,      , . .       ,        .[89 - Coke E. The Third Part P. 57.]    ,   ,   :            ;[90 -   :  . . . . 115.]   ,       ,   ,   ;   ,  ,      ,         ;      ,         .[91 -   : Holmes, Jr., . /. The Common Law. . 2425.]  ,          ,     ,[92 -            ,    : Si bos cornu percusserit virum aut mulierem, et mortui fuerint, lapidibus obruetur, et non comedentur carnes eius ( . ..); dominus autem bovis innocens erit, Liber Exodus, XXI, 28 (      ,   ,           ( . ..);     , ,  XXI,  28).]    per se,       ,[93 - Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books / First Edition. Volume I: Of the Rights of Persons. Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press, 1765. P. 291.]      in personam,    .

    ,     ,  ,          (      ),   ,          ,           ,     .[94 -   ,  . . ,    XIII .   ,  ,          ,         (.: Kaye J.M. The Early History of Murder and Manslaughter. Part I I I The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1967. Vol. 83,  331. P. 370, 380; . : Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 981). ,     ,          ,  ,       .]  ,  , ,         ,     , ,  ,     .

           .          VI .   Canones Poenitentiales ( ),          .[95 - . .: Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. . 5365;  .. . . . 5860.]   ,  .   (672/673-735 .), ,     , ,  ,  ,             ;     ,    ( . ..); [  ]    ;    []   ,     ;    [].[96 - . :  .. . . . 82.]       ,    52    (VI ?thelred, 52)      68    (II Canute, 68,  23).

 ,      , ,  ,    (VI ?thelred)    .[97 - .: Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. P. 6062; The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. P. 47.]            (VI ?thelred)     (II Canute)            ,       , ,           .

 ,  ,  , ,  ,         ,          ,        ,       ,     .     :          ,           ,  [98 -  .. . . . 8485.]           .          ,           ,                  .

   ,  ,      , . .        ,           ,          ,      ,      .

              ,        .

  13  , ,     ,    (ungewealdes)   ,     ,                   .      ,    (Alfred, 13). ,         ,  ,      ,  -   (,  ,     ).   ,  Leges Henrici Primi,              ,   ,      ,    ,          .[99 - .: cap. 90 Si quis nolens aliquos inter se dimicantes diuidere occidatur, 66b.]

    36  ,   ,  ,  ,   ,     ,      .         Leges Henrici Primi.[100 - .: cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 33b.]

 ,   ,        ,[101 -  . -.,   ,              (Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angli?),   1187 .    ,    ,            (De Legibus Et Consuetudinibus Angli?),    XIII . (.: Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law.P. 34).     ,         ,           mens rea       (.:  .. -    (11871189) //    . ., 2001. 1. . 37),         .           ,        ,   mens rea,  ,      (.:  .. . . . 428430; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 166;  .. . . . 2021).   ,              .]     .    .. ,              .[102 -  .. . . . 86.]    ,       (    ) ,          ,                  ,           ,    per se       [103 -       .. , ,    , ,   ,    -    ,          (.:  . . . . . 137).      . ,       mens rea  -  .              mens rea    (.: Sayre F.B. Mens rea. . 981),    , ,        , ,   ,          ,      (.: Ibid. . 982).].

     , ,  ,    mens rea             .   ,              .   -         ,    ,   (,  , de iure, )       mens rea.      .

    ,         .      ,        1066 .

     .        ,       ,[104 - PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 79.]         1066 .[105 -       .      ,           ,   ,        ,  ;   ,  ,    ,            . , .:       ,                   (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 80; : Ibid. Volume I. P. 2729, 7980, 8890, 95, 97; Ibid. Volume II. P. 456458).]                  .           ,      ,     ;  ,   ,          .[106 - .: Hoc quoque praecipio et volo, ut omnes habeant et teneant legem Edwardi Regis in terris et omnisbus rebus, adauctis iis quae constitui ad utilitatem populi Anglorum, Laws of William, c. 7 (     ,             (       (10421066 .). ..)      ,  ,       ,   I ,  7 (   ,     XII .,    )).        : Stubbs W. Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First. 5


 ed. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1884;      . 72.] ,        ,            ,   ,   - .

             I (11001135 .)  1108  1118 .  ,   Leges Henrici Primi (  I),        (    ).[107 -  .  L.H.P.]    . ,  Leges Henrici            ,         ,    .[108 - Pollock F, Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 457.. : Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. P. 4550; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 105107.]

   L.H.P.    ,    .     ,    28b  5     (De causarum proprietatibus),            -  : Reurn non facit nisi mens rea (   ,    ).

     : -,   , -,     L.H.P.   mens rea.

     reum non facit nisi mens rea, ,    . ,   .   (354430 .).[109 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5. .   . .:  .,  .       .  2: . .:   , 1995. . 4974.]    (Sermones),        391 .,         ,   ,    -,    ,   ,   :

Fac alium, putat falsum esse, et iurat tamquam verum sit, et forte verum est. Verbi gratia, ut intellegatis: Pluit in illo loco? interrogas hominem; et putat non pluisse, et ad negotium ipsius competit, ut dicat: Pluit. Sed putat non pluisse. Dicitur ei: Vere pluit? Vere, et iurat; et tarnen pluit ibi, sed ille nescit, et putat non pluisse; periurus est. Interest quemadmodum verbum procedat ex animo. Ream linguam non facit, nisi mens rea ( . ..). Quis est autem qui non fallatur, etsi noluit fallere? Quis est homo cui non subrepat fallacia? Et tarnen iuratio ab ore non discedit, frequentatur; plura sunt plerumque iuramenta, quam verba. Si discutiat homo quoties iuret per totum diem, quoties se vulneret, quoties gladio linguae se feriat et transfigat, quis in illo locus invenitur sanus? Quia ergo grave peccatum est peierare, compendium tibi dedit Scriptura: Noli iurare.[110 - Sermones, Sermo 180, De verbis apostoli lacobi (5, 12): Ante omnia nolite iurare, etc. ( :  ,   ,      ,     . , ,      ,     ;  ,    ,       ,  .  ,   .  :    ? ,    ; -   ,     ,  ,    ;  .  ,      .    ,     ( . ..).    ,   ,     ?   ,     ?  -    ,    ;  ,     ,   .   ,     ,    ,        ,       ? ,      ,     :  , ,  180, 2     ( 5,  12):  ,   . .).]

   .  ,   L.H.P., ,   reum non facit nisi mens rea  ,       IVV .,    linguam (),     .  ,  ,      ,      L.HP[111 - .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5.]       ,   ,   linguam       L.H.P.,   ,       (   VIII    Panormia   .   (10401116 .)),  .     .[112 - .: Leges Henrici Primi Commentary by L.J. Downer. P. 311312.]

 ,    ,            (4 .  . . 65 . . .).   57  XCV ,     ,   ,         ,    ,    :

Actio recta non erit nisi recta fuerit voluntas ( . ..); ab hac enim est actio. Rursus voluntas non erit recta nisi habitus animi rectus fuerit; ab hoc enim est voluntas.[113 - Lucii Annaei Senecae, Epistularum Moralium Ad Lucilium, XCV, 57 (   ,      ( . ..),     . -,    ,      ,     ,   ,    ,  XCV, 57 (  . . 47. ..)).]

   , .  ,    actio (),       .[114 - .: Hall J. General Principles . 145.]   ,   ,           , , ,   ,  .        .[115 - Ibid.]

 ,            .[116 - .: Ibid.] ,     ,              .  ,              ,    .  ,          :

Dicebat autem: Quod de homine exit, illud coinquinat hominem; ab intus enim de corde hominum cogitationes make procedunt ( . ..), fornicationes, furta, homicidia, adulteria, avaritiae, nequitiae, dolus, impudicitia, oculus malus, blasphemia, superbia, stultitia: omnia haec mala ab intus procedunt et coinquinant hominem.[117 - Evangelium Secundum Marcum, VII, 2023 ( :    ,   ;  ,   ,    ( . ..), , , , , , , , ,  , , , :        ໅,   ,  VII,  2023)).         . , ., .: Dolosum est cor super omnia et insanabile; quis cognoscet illud? Liber leremiae, XVII, 9 (     ;   ? ,  XVII,  9); Adhuc et vos sine intellectu estis? Non intellegitis quia omne quod in os intrat, in ventrem vadit et in secessum emittitur? Quae autem procedunt de ore, de corde exeunt, et ea coinquinant hominem. De corde enim exeunt cogitationes maiae, homicidia, adulteria, fornicationes, furta, falsa testimonia, blasphemiae ( . ..). Haec sunt, quae coinquinant hominem; non lotis autem manibus manducare non coinquinat hominem, Evangelium Secundum Matthaeum, XV, 1620 (      ?  ,  ,    ,       ?     ,        .      , , , , , ,  ( . ..).    ,   ;       ,   ,  XV,  1620).]

  ,  ,     L.H.P.       . Communis opinio doctorum       .  ,[118 - .: Leges Henrici Primi Commentary by L.J. Downer. P. 311312; Hall J. General Principles P. 145;  . . . . 37 . 3; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477.]     .

         L.H.P.,   . ,   reum non facit nisi mens rea   ,     ,     L.H.P.   ,    , ,   , ,     .[119 -     ., .: Cremona . Criminal Law / Macmillan Law Masters. Basingstoke & L.: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1989. P. 14; Bassiouni M.C. Substantive Criminal Law. Springfield (III.): Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1978. P. 172; Intention, Recklessness and Moral Blameworthiness P. 16.]    :        mens rea,   XII .               ,   ,     .        .

-,   reum non facit nisi mens rea    ,      L.H.P.          ,       , ,   ,   ,    .     ,          ,      ,            ,    ,  ,    .[120 - .: cap. 5De causarum proprietatibus, 27-27a ( ); 28c ( ); 28-28a, 2930 ().] ,    reum non facit nisi mens rea       .    . ,  ,      ,   ,           .[121 - .: PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476.]      ,  ,     L.H.P.   linguam,  .    .  ,              .

        ,    L.H.P.,            . ,    L.H.P.:

   (sponte)    (non sponte)  ,    .      (per inscientiam peccamus),     .               ,   ,  , ,    .

    ,              (casu)   (consilio) ( . ..).

           -    -   (casu)  ,  .   ,     ,     (Legis enim est, qui inscienter peccat, scienter emendet) ( . ..).          ,   ,            .

    ,     (casu),     (consilio),   ,   ,   .

  ,      (qui inscienter peccat),     (scienter emendet).[122 - . .: . 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 12-12\ cap. 72 Diffinitio homicidii, 1, 2; cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 6-6b\ cap. 90 Si quis nolens aliquos inter se dimicantes diuidere occidatur, 11-11a.]

    ,   L.H.P.,   ,     (consilium, sponte),   (scienter)   (casu),        .              ,            ,    , ,   ,    L.H.P.  ,  , ,    L.H.P.,                  .

 X. ,   , ,       .   ,       ,     inscienter     ,      ;   ,     ,      L.H.P. .[123 - .: Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability. P. 4042.]  ,      legis enim est, qui inscienter peccat, scienter emendet   reum non facit nisi mens rea.  ,               ,   mens rea      ,  inscienter  .[124 - Ibid. P. 41.] , ,        ,        .     X.  ,             (  )   ;             (. .              . ..),         ,    .[125 - Ibid. . 42.]

       . ,     ,          , . .       ,     ,    - ,    ,       L.H.P. (       )  ,   L.H.P.              . ,        , , -,           X. ,        ;[126 -  ,            ,    .] , -,   ,        - ,     , , , , legis enim est, qui inscienter peccat, scienter emendet.    ,    X. ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   .  , ,   X. ,         .

 L.H.P.             .   ,    ,     ,              mens rea      ,   per se       - .




 2.    mens rea     (  XIIXVI .)


L.H.P.              .          -     ,[127 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 458.]     ,          -  .   ,  ,  ,     -   ,   .

          XI   XII .[128 -       . ,      .]         ,         ,  ,  ,       , ,     .[129 -  .. . . . 122; :  . . 9395.]         ,       .[130 -      . .:  .. . . . 124165; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 2124, 110 et sec/.; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 133134.]           ,      .

              ,      .   () (10331109 .)[131 -  .   . .:  .,  . , .  2. . 97103.]    (10791142 .).[132 -    . .:  . . 109115.]

        : -,   ,      , ,          ;[133 -         ,     ,              ,        ,  ,    ,    ,    , . .          .      ,     X .     XIII .,       ,    .. .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 4445;  .. . . . 114117; Pollock F. The Kings Peace // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1885. Vol. 1,  1. P. 3750.] , -,         .[134 -  .. . . . 179.]          ,    ,     ,         .            ,    ,     .              ,          .          ,     ,            .   ,  ,          (      !)  ,   ,             .

  ,    ,   ,    ,    :  ,     ()    ;   , . . ,    ,     ()  ,  .[135 -  . . 181.]  ,  ,          ,       ,  ,  .           ,   ,    .  ,   ,     ,   ,      .           ,           ,  ,     .

        ,       .       ,       .   ,     ,     ,       .[136 - .:       ,    ,     ,     ,         (.:  .. . . . 187, 189).]           , ,        ,        :          .

                   .

             ,         II (11541189 .).     ,     .

      XII .               .           ,        ,        .                  .

   XII .          .     ,   II,   ,   ,   ,      ,        .

         ,       ,     .

   1166 .               , ,    ,          (justiciarii itenerantes),        .[137 -   ,        ,       ,          , -, , -,     , ,  ,     (11351154 .),            .  , ,            .             ,     .    ,   1176 .      ,        .. .:  .. . . . 421423; - . . . . 128133; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 137144, 151158; Stubbs W. Op. cit. P. 140143, 150; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 75144, 184188; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 108109, 120133, 452453;  ..,  ..,  .. . . . 7375.]                    , . .   -,    . ,[138 -  .. . . . 86. ,          IV    1215 .]     ,   ,            ,  ,               .

       XII .         ,     ,     ,          .            .         mens rea    .     .

      L.H.P.,   - ,   ,        : (1)      ,         ; (2)        ,      wites,       bot   ,  ; (3)       ;   ,   .[139 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 458459.]       I (11891199 .)    ,   (Plea Rolls),       .

     -  ,    ,             ,      dolus, culpa  casus.  ,   XII  XIII .           mens rea.

 ,       XII .         mens rea.                .

  ,    mens rea    (     - [140 -    .. ,                         ,    ,   ,                 (.:  ..     . .: . - -  , 1947. . 39).])  ,      .    ,                 - .

    , ,   ,      (   - )  ,       .            (, wergild  , wer).      ,    ,     (bot),     ,  ,   (wite),    (mund).          .

,        ,    . ,[141 - PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. P. 451.]    ;     .          ,         ,   ,     .[142 - Cp., .:   -  ,      ,                           ,  1    I (II Edmund, . 1).]   , ,      ,      (emendable) .

          ,   L.H.P.,         .  ,     ;     .[143 - ., .: cap. 69 De occisione Angl id, 12; cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 1-15 (,            ,  ,    ); cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 1, 7-7b (,     ,   ,    ,    ,      ); cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 3-3b (,      ,     ).      : ,     ,          (.: cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 8),          ,        (.: cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 7b).. : Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 457458.]

               .    , , , ,   , ,      (felony),       .    ,      ,         ,    [144 -                 ,    , ,   ,  ,      ,    ,  in flagrante delicto , ,   .        (justifiable)  .. .: Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 2021; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 53; Ibid. Volume II. P. 478479.].

    . ,   XII   XIII .    .

-,    ,          ,          ,          ,   ,     . [145 - Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 22.]

-,                 . ,        ,             ,       ,          .   -     .

-,       ,        .          ,      ,       ,          .

 ,              per infortunium ( ),[146 - ..    per infortunium  ,   ,           ,        ,   (.:  .. . . . 158 . 1).       , ,  ,       .]                .       mens rea.

     ,     XIII .        per infortunium (defense per infortunium).[147 -     (defense),         . .:  .,  ..     . .: , 1998. . 1418, 265  .; Williams G.L. Criminal Law: The General Part. L.: Stevens & Sons Ltd., 1953. P.719; Robinson P.H. Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis // Columbia Law Review. N.Y., 1982. Vol. 82, A/p 2. P. 203243 et cet.] Fletcher G.P. Two Kinds of Legal Rules: A Comparative Study of Burden-of-Persuasion in Criminal Cases // The Yale Law Journal. New Haven (Conn.), 1968. Vol. 11,  5. P. 884886.]        .        .  ,          per infortunium    ,    ,               (et non per feloniam vel malitiam excogitatam). ,         ,     ,     .   ,         XIII .  ,       (   per infortunium               )  -,        .[148 -  ,   1828 . (    cm. 10      (Offences against the Person Act, 9 Geo. IV, c. 31)),     XIII .,        .]

 1278 .          .[149 - Statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I, c. 9.]             ,       .   ,  ,   ,      ,    : Et quia eum interfecit per infortunium et non per feloniam vel malitiam excogitatam ( . ..) ideo ad gaolam ad expectandum gratiam domini Regis.[150 -                ( . ..),    [ ]       .]  ,   ,    : Quia testificatum est coram nobis per justiciarios nostros itinerantes quod WU interfecit MC per infortunium et non per feloniam aut malitiam excogitatam ( . . E.), Nos pietate moti.[151 -         ,  WU  MC          ( . ..), ,  셻]       ,  ,    :           .

   infortunium    ,         versanti in re illicitce. ,    . ,        ;    ,     ,                 .[152 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477.. . :  .. . . . 6061;  .. , . . 184196, 569584; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. . 984985.]          versanti in re illicitae imputantur omnia quae sequuntur ex delicto (    ,    ),    1191  1198 .  Summa Decretalium    XIIXIII .  .

    versanti in re       .   ,        1222  1228 .      1234 . Summa de casibus.   ,   ,                (De Legibus Et Consuetudinibus Anglice).          per infortunium.     fol 120b-121           (De crimine homicidii et qualiter dividitur).    ,          (per infortunium)       :

Sed corporate est quo homo occiditur corporaliter, et hoc dupliciter committitur, lingua vel facto Facto quatuor modis, scilicet iustitia, necessitate, casu et voluntate Casu, sicut per infortunium, cum aliquis proicit lapidem ad avem vel animal et alius transiens ex insperato percutitur et moritur, vel si quis arborem inciderit, et per casum arboris aliquis opprimatur, et huiusmodi. Sed hie er it distinguendum utrum quis dederit operam rei licitae vel illicitae ( . ..). Si illicitae, ut si lapidem proiciebat quis versus locum per quern consueverunt homines transitum facere et huiusmodi, hie imputatur ei. Si vero licitae rei operam dabat, ut si magister causa disciplinae discipulum verberat et huiusmodi, hie si adhibuit diligentiam quam potuit non imputatur ei. Sed si dabat operam rei licitae et non adhibuit diligentiam debitam, imputabitur ei.[153 -   ,    ,    :      ; . .   ,  ,    , , , per infortunium,  -      ,  ,  ,    ,     ,       -,   .     ,         ( . ..).  ,       ,       ,    .      ,            ,        ,     .            ,   .        . : Bracton Henry de. On the Laws and Customs of England / Edit, by G.E. Woodbine; Translated, with revisions and notes, by Samuel E. Thorne; Published in association with The Seiden Society. Volume two. Cambridge (Mass.): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968 (  . ..).]

   ,          .   ,   . . ,    ,     per infortunium  ,        .[154 - .: Kaye J.M. The Early History of Murder and Manslaughter. Part II // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1967. Vol. 83,  332. P. 580.]

     infortunium,            .

,   XIII .  infortunium      ,          .[155 - . : Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 484; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 980981.] ,                ,     ,       .[156 - .  , . 170.]

       per malitiam excogitatam,    ,        .  ,          ,    ,       (      )   .[157 -    , .,  ..  (.:  .. . . . 207210).]  ,     . . ,  ,      XIII .   per malitiam excogitatam     ,      ,         .[158 - Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 374;  .: Ibid. . 377.]        . , ,   malitia excogitata (   malitia prcecogitata)        ,     .[159 - .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 468469.]

 ,   ,  ,  ,[160 -    ,        mens rea    XII   XIII . (   -       )  : Bassiouni .. Op. cit. . 168, 171172; Perkins R.M. Criminal Law. . 650; Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 19 et sec/.; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 470 et sec/.;  H.H. . . . 84; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 975987.]  ,    ,     XIII . mens rea         .

 ,         mens rea                      ,    .. .

       ,   ,         ,       ,  - ,      , . .   . ..  ,        ,     -     ,              .[161 -  .. . . . 554555.]   ,   , -              ,          .[162 -  . . 557.]  ,     mens rea       ,       .[163 - . .:  . . 112182, 552563.]

    .. ,           mens rea     ,               ,    :       .       ,     ,  , ,      . ,  ,       .

  ,      ,      ,    XIII .     mens rea,           (De Legibus Et Consuetudinibus Anglice).                 ;          12541256 .[164 - . .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 206207; Richardson H.G. Azo, Drogheda, and Bracton 11 The English Historical Review. L, 1944. Vol. 59,  233. P. 27, 3337.]

      ,     (De Placitis Coron?)   fol 115b-159b.        ,      ,      , . .      ,           .

   , , ,   ,              .[165 -    pro et contra ., .:        -   ,          ,       .     ,   ,     ,    ,       ,      (.: Bracton Henry de. On the Laws and Customs of England Translators Preface by S.E. Thorne. P. vi);   ,     , ,   ,         , ,           ,      ,         ,      (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 207208);          ,    ,    Jus Civile (.: Vinogradoff . Les maxims dans Iancien droit commun anglais 11 Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1923. 4


 sehe, 2


 annee. P. 335).. :  . . . . . 43; Anapoea .. . . . 5861;  .. . . . 2325;  .    //     / . . .. ;  .  . .. . . 3: . . . . .:  . ., 1961. . 192193; Yntema .. Roman Law and Its Influence on Western Civilization I I Cornell Law Quarterly. Ithaca (N.Y.), 1949. Vol. 35,  1. P. 8688; Richardson H.G. Azo, Drogheda, and Bracton. P. 3847; Scrutton T.E. Roman Law in Bracton I I The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1885. Vol. 1, A1 4. P. 425441;  ..             //    . . ., 1997. 4. . 4142.]   , ,     ,        ,    ,  .[166 - .: Scrutton T.E. Op. cit. . 425426, 429430, 435441.]  ,   ,           .

           ,   ,         .  ,       -,        .    ,    ,          - .       ,  Summa  (11501230 .),    ;   Summa Decre-talium    Summa de casibus .    (             versanti in re illicitae,       );         .               ,        .     ..   :   (  . ..)  ,   ,       . , ,      ,       , ,   ,   ,          .[167 - Richardson H.G. Tancred, Raymond, and Bracton // The English Historical Review. L, 1944. Vol. 59,  235. P. 376.]         ,           -   , , ,     .

    mens rea     ,    ,   mens rea            .       . -,   mens rea          . -,   ,  ,    ,    reum non facit nisi mens rea  L.H.P.         , ,     L.H.P.,    , ,  (             ),   ,   ,   fol. 101-101b       ,       ,    :

Oriuntur etiam obligationes ex delicto vel quasi, ex maleficio vel quasi. Delicta vero et maleficia ex dictis et factis praecedentibus, quae quidem distingui debent quo animo fiant et qua voluntate. Voluntas enim et propositum distinguunt maleficia, secundum quod inferius dicetur. Ex maleficiis autem procedunt crimina maiora vel minima, sicut crimen laesae maiestatis, homicidia, furta vel rapinae, et alia plura de quibus inferius dicetur Iniuria autem dici poterit omne illud quod non iure fit Et in his casibus considerandum erit quo animo, quave voluntate quid fiat in facto vel in dicto, ut perinde sciri possit quae sequatur actio et quae poena. Tolle enim voluntatem et erit omnis actus indifferens, quia affectio tua nomen imponit operi tuo, et crimen non contrahitur, nisi nocendi voluntas[168 - ,   voluntas     ,   . ,       . ..] intercedat ( . ..) nee furtum committitur nisi ex affectu furandi.[169 -        [-],     [-].          ,       ,      .         , , ,   , ,      ,      *      ,    .*      ,     ,     ,     ,      .        ,        , **   ,     ** ( . ..),  ***  ,     ***.    (      )     : ,   **,    1.4.4.1.\  ****  .9.16.1.1.


,  ******  1.4.1.4., .   Gai.lll.197.  Gai.111.208.             . .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477478; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 982987.]

   ,       ,      mens rea       ,         mens rea,      ,     ,   ,         ,         (  ,    )    ,       .

  ,         fol 101-101b,    ,   ,[170 - , ., .,  fol. 136b\ De homicidio vero casuali quod multipliciter fieri potest ut si quis telum in feram mittere volens, vel quid tale egerit, vel si cum socius luderet cum socio et iocosa levitate percusserit, vel cum longius staret cum arcu traheret vel lapidem proiceret, et hominem quern non vidit percusserit, vel si cum pila luderet quis manus tonsoris quern non vidit pila percusserit, ita quod gulam alicuius praeciderit et sic hominem interfecerit, non tarnen occidendi animo absolvi debet, quia crimen non contrahitur nisi voluntas nocendi intercedat. Et voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia ( . ..), et furtum non committitur sine affectu furandi In maleficiis autem spectatur voluntas et non exitus ( . ..) (   ,      ,  ,   ,         -  ,   ,   ,      ,     ,      ,    ,    ,  *,   ,     ,    ,      ,    ,  ,   ,   ,* **   ,**  ***  ,       ***  ,     ( . .),  ****     .**** *****?      ,   ***** ( . ..)).        : ,   **,    ,   D.9.211pr.\ ****     D. 48.8.1.3.; ******   .9.16.1.1.,     ;  **** **** 


14.1.4., .   Gai.lll.197.  Gai.lll.208.-, **********  D.48.8.14.]              XIII .         .   ,         ,     ,      (   ) ,  ,     ,   ,      .

,      (fol 120b-121),           ( ) (voluntate),      (ex cert a scientia),   (ex assultu prcemeditato),[171 -        ex assultu prasmeditato.     ,  ,  . -.,         (.: Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 3),      .   ..  (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 468469;  .. . . . 174176).   . . , ,  ex assultu praemedi-tato     ,   ,       ,    mens rea     (.: Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 371377). ,      ,  ,   ,         (. . )   .] ,      (causa lucri).  (fol. 146 146b)       (nequiter),           . ,   (fol 146b),         (nequiter)  ,         (quia incendia fortuita)     (per negligentiam)      (non mala conscientid)}[172 -         D.48.19.28.12.]    (appeal)     (fol 147b-148)  ,    ,     (nequiter) .  (fol 150b)     (fraudulenta)     (cum animo furandi).[173 -       ,  , ,       ,           ,  ,    (cp.: 1.4.1.4., Gai.lll.197.  Gai.111.208.).  ,             (appeal)    ,           ,        . ,      ,  ,    ,   , . .    actus reus  ,  ,   mens rea    animus furandi (. .:  .. . . . 197, 213214; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. . 986987).    , ,  ,     ,   mens rea        actus reus.]

 ,  ,         ,     (,  , , )  () ,    , . . ,            mens rea.                 ,   ,          -         mens rea.

           mens rea,         .

,  ,   ,      mens rea ,     ,         .         mens rea  ,   : -, -  mens rea , -,         ,   .        mens rea  ,        ;       ,      mens rea    -  mens rea.

-  mens rea        :     (   ,      ),    , . .     , ,       .         :   ,        .        ,        ,    ,        .

          ,     ,      , , ,  (se defendendo)   (infancy).   ,                      mens rea (  )      .   ,  mens rea    ( ,   )      ,  .

    (se defendendo)     .         per infortunium ,  ,   . ,     ,   ,      L.H.P.,       ,[174 - . , .   . 143.]               ,    ,   .        ,        - ,       se defendendo.[175 -   ,      per infortunium,         . ,    ,        (. . 1203 .)     ,     ,    ,          ,        ;   ,    , , -,     .        ,      per infortunium,    1279 . (Statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I, c. 9),   ,     . ,        per infortunium   se defendendo.  ,        ,       1828 . cm. 10      (Offences against the Person Act, 9 Geo. IV, c. 31).]      ,     (  )     , ,  ,           ,             mens rea.

          ,   (infancy).              ,[176 - Cp. L.H.P.:      ,          ,   , cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 15.]  ,  ,    .    mens rea      XIV .  ,[177 - ,       (  )         fol. 136b  : Et voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia Et secundum quod did poterit de infante et furioso, cum alterum innocentia consilii tueatur et alterum fati infelicitas excuset ( ,               ,      [],      []).         (D.48.8.12.).]          .   ,      :    ,       ;   ,    ,   , ,  ,      .[178 -   ,     ,        (. .:  . . . . 5254; Kean A.W.G. The History of the Criminal Liability of Children // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1937. Vol. 53,  211. P. 366370).]               : ,   ,  ,  ,   mens rea.

      . ,    ,   1338 ., ,            (petty treason),[179 -            ,        ,               .    13511352 . (Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2)     :   ,    , . .          (  ! ..)         ,      셻.          cm. 8     1861 . (Offences against the Person Act, 24 & 25 Vic., c. 100).]     ,      .[180 -              III (Y. . Trin. 12 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *627, A. D. 1338) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XI and XII / Edited and Translated by Alfred J. Horwood; With Preface and Index by Luke Owen Pike. L.: Longman & Co., Tr?bner & Co. & c1883. P. 626627).]    : ,   ,          (,      , ,     . ..)         ,[181 - Ibid.]         .   ,  ,      ,     , ,     ,           ,      (malitia supplet oetatem)[182 - Ibid.          1302 . 13131314 .,       XIIIXIV .  .       1302 .               I (Y. . 3031 Edw. I, Cornish Iter, Rolls Series *511, A. D. 1302) ,     (,   . ..)  ,     ,      (. : Year Books of the Reign of king Edward the First. P. 510511).].      ,  1488 .,      ,   :     , ,   ,    ,   ; ,  ,   , ,      [183 -              VII (. . . 3Hen. VII, fol. 1, pi. 4, A. D. 1488) (. : Kean A.W.G. Op. cit. P. 367).].

             XVI . , 1503 .             (De  Terre et Ecclesie & Conservacione eiusdem),                (le discression de lenfant).      1579 .   1581 .    ,   ,      (Eirenarcha: or of the Office of the Justices of Peace),  :  ,        ,  ,    .     ,   1588 .,   ,      ,        ,     Malitia supplebit aetatem (   . ..)  ,        (De  Regis et Regni),   1609 .,        :       ,   ,    , ,         (felonious intent),     ,   ,  ,  ,  ,     . [184 -   . : Ibid. . 369.]

 ,              ,    .

    ,        mens rea, . .     ,        .    . ,     ,   ,       ,          .[185 -  .. . . . 189.]      :            mens rea,    (,    -  )  ,     ,          .   .     mens rea          .[186 - ., .,        .]             mens rea       , . .        ,       (intention),  (irecklessness)   (negligence).       , , , voluntate, ex certa scientia, ex assultu prcemeditato, nequiter, per negligentiam, fraudulenta, cum animo furandi,          .       mens rea   ,    . . ,   ,    voluntas (, . ..)  mens rea,      .[187 - Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 372.]  ,    mens rea - ,           , , ,  ,              .[188 - .   .    permalitiam excogitatam.]   ,             -  mens rea,                  in abstracto,       in concreto: ,  , ,                  ,        (tarn perversce cogitationes processerunt).[189 -         ,       1305 .,      1337 .,    ,            III (Judicium Willelmi Waleys, Y. . Trin. 11 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *171, A. D. 1337) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XI and XII. P. 170171).]

      ,          ,        .

,   ,       ,               mens rea.

       ,    ; ,    . ,    ,              ,    .[190 - Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477; cp. :  .. . . . 149152, 192195.]  ,               ,     ; ,   ,           ,   ,       .        -       .                mens rea      :         ,    ,   , ,   ,     (    )     . ,            [191 -   .          Summa Decretalium   (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477478; cp. :  .. . . . 185187, 571573).                 (   ,       ),    .   ,        (. .: Schulz F. Bracton and Raymond de Penafort // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1945. Vol.61,  243. P. 286290).   ,        ,   Summa Decretalium  ,  Summa de casibus .              . ..]            ,    ,    ,    ,     ,      (felon)    .[192 - Pollock F, Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 478.]  ,    .. ,      mens rea   ,     ,         .[193 -  .. . . . 196.]

         mens rea  ,            ,    (privilege clerical, benefice du clerge).        ,    post hoc,[194 - . .:  .. . . . 246254; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 130131, 439457; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 458471; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 104105, 297304, 482483;  . . . . . 9193;  .. . . . 146151;  .. , . . 237239;  . . . . 198199; Genestal R. Les origines du privilege clerical // Nouvelle Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1908. 32


 . P. 161212.]       XIIIXV .

     : ,  ,                 .

        ,   , . .  ,    (petit larceny),    ( ,    )   .     ,   ,         ,        -,     ,    ,      ,      .   -       ,      ,    1351 .  De Clero, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 6, c. 4.  , ,      ,       .[195 - ,    ,   1338 .           III (Y. . Mich. 12 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *69, pi. 31, A. D. 1338),    ,         ,   ,     (. : Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XII and XIII / Edited and Translated by Luke Owen Pike. L.: Longman & Co., Triibner & Co. & c., 1885. P. 6869).]  De Bigamis, 4 Edw. I, . 5,   1276 . (    1344 . 18 Edw. Ill, Stat. 3, . 2    1547 .  1 Edw. VI, . 12)           , . . ,   ,    ,    .    ,  ,      1692 .  ;   . ,       ,        ,  ,         .[196 - .:  . . . . 79.]

           ,          ;    XIV .    ,    ,   :             , ,    51  Miserere mei, Deus, secundum misericordiam tuam; et secundum multitudinem miserationum tuarum dele iniquitatem meam,[197 -  , ,   ;       ]   .        ;     ,            ,     ,  .[198 - .: Blackstone W. Commentaries Volume I. P. 364365; Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books / First Edition. Volume IV: Of Public Wrongs. Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press, 1769. P. 358367; Coke E. The Third Part P. 113114.]          ,        ,           .  ,    ,         ,        .

 ,    ,   ,           , ,    . ,  ,[199 - Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 463.]         ,  ,   ,         -, . .         .      ,      VI (14221461, 14701471 .),   ,   ,             (declinatory plea)    ,      .[200 - .: Blackstone W. Commentaries Volume IV. . 359360.]           , . .  ,               ,[201 - Ibid.]           .   , ,       ,       .  ,         mens rea,                     ,    ,  ,      ,  ,       ,   ,            mens rea.

,   mens rea   XIII   XIV .       : -  mens rea          .     :  ,     ,   ,  ,           ,         .

    mens rea,         ,     mens rea  ,       .

    (    )      mens rea  ,            ,    .   , -,        , , -  ,       .

,     ,   ,         -  mens rea       .       (fraudulent)      (felonious)[202 -  felonious    felony.    felony      -  ,         . , felonious          .       mens rea 廠     felonious,         (.:  . The Third Part . 106110).  ,     felonious       ,       .]  ,     animus furandi ( ), . . mens rea  (larceny);   (malice prepensed), . .,     ,  ,       ;[203 -    1403 .  5 Hen. IV, . 5 (.:  . The Third Part . 62).]   ,     ;[204 -       1487 . (Abduction of Women Act, 3 Hen. VII, c. 2)(cm.: Ibid. P. 6061).]         -;[205 - .: Ibid. P. 6365.]    (maliciously),    (by mischance)   (by negligence),  ;[206 - .: Ibid. P. 6567.]   (wilfull) .[207 -      1563 .  5 Eliz. I, . 9 (.: ibid. . 162]     ,       ,         mens rea      -    :     mens rea     ad hoc,       .[208 - .:             ,    ,         ,      ,     (.: Gainer R.L. The Culpability Provisions of the Model Penal Code / Symposium The 25


 Anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. Camden (N.J.), 1988. Vol. 19,  3. P. 576577; . : Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 988 etseq.).]

           ,    (      ) ad hoc, ---.                  mens rea.    mens rea      ,      ,     , ,  ,   ,           ,       .               mens rea,         .

        mens rea,    XIIXVI .     ,          mens rea     mens mala,  .

  XVI .       mens mala,         .   XVIIXVIII .      -      - ,        mens rea.     .




 II

 mens rea     XVII    XVIII .





 1.  mens mala   -  XVII    XVIII .


  XVI   XVII .             - ,  , , -   .   ,    XV   XVI .      ,    ,          ,    ,     .   ,  ,              : -,             , -,             ,       .

    ,  mens rea  ,  XIIIXVI .,         ,     ,     post factum.

     XVIIXVIII .,              ,       mens rea,             .

  , ,        .

    ,            mens rea (  mens rea),      crimen non contrahitur, nisi nocendi voluntas intercedat (  ,     ),     .     ,    ,    actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea (   ,    ).

         ,      .           ,   regula  .       : -,       ,        ;[209 -    (  . ..)     ,  ,  per infortunium,  ,   ,     (   13511352 . (Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2).  ..),       . Et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Coke E. The Third Part P. 6).] -,            ;[210 -       , id est cum animo furandi,   . Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: ibid. P. 107).] , -,   ,         (. .      mens red)     .[211 -         .        ,        ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea,   amens (id est) sine mente,     ;  furiosus solo furore punitur,     .        ,       ,        (.:  . The First Part Volume II. Sect. 405 [247b]);  Ho   ( . ..)    pro timore mortis, et quod recesserunt, quam cito potuerunt:    ,     ,      . Et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Coke E. The Third Part P. 10);  ,     non compos mentis,    ,   ,      , ,    felo de se,  ,     ,  ,     compos mentis: et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Ibid. P. 54).]

      ,      ,   L.H.P.        1225 . ,     (.Red Book of the Exchequer),     L.H.P.[212 - . .: Leges Herici Primi Introduction by L.J. Downer. P. 45 et sec/.; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5.]   ,       L.H.P. (, ,    reum non facit nisi mens red),       .       actus:  ,      ,     voluntas reputabitur pro facto,      .[213 -   . .   .]

 ,  , ,       (,  ,    ,    )  mens rea    ,         ,      ,         ,   ,        -  -  ,           .

   mens rea,   ,        XVII .         ,      1630 .,       1628 .   .  actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea    ,           : -,        mens rea[214 -  ,  Non compos mentis  ,  ,    ,                  (felonious intent),       .              ( . ..)  ,     Felonia, quia fieri debet felleo animo. ,  , Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea\    Amens, id est, scire mente,             (.: Dalton . The Country Justice: Containing the Practice of the Justices of the Peace out of Their Sessions. L: Printed by William Rawlins and Samuel Roycroft, Assigns of Richard and Edward Atkyns, and are to be Sold by Samuel Keble, 1690. P. 350).] , -,      .[215 -             ,    (   ,        ),        ,             (. ..)        - ,  Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, &.      ,       ,  ,       (.: ibid. . 350351).]

  ,       .  ,     ,       ,  , ,     ,    ,  ,             .[216 - Ibid. . 350.]           : mens rea         , -,    ,    (,    ), , -,    .

    mens rea,        ,     ,        XVII .,  ,       (Historia Placitorum Coronce (    The History of the Pleas of the Crown)),       1736 .   ,        :    .[217 - Hale . Historia Placitorum Coronas = The History of the Pleas of the Crown / Now First Pub. from His Lordships Original Manuscript, and the Several References to the Records Examined by the Originals, with Large Notes; by Sollom Emlyn. Volume I. L.: In the Savoy, Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling for F. Gyles &c., 1736. P. 14.     .   腻   will,            (  ).    (        )     .   ,    (, ,    )   will      ,           , . .         ().  ,           ,   , ,    ,             ,           


, ,   , ,     ,         (.: Ibid. . 15).] ,     ,[218 -         -  ,      .  ,     ,        - ,          crime  offense.      ,     ,     -      (  ,          - , . . ),        : -,       (), . .      crime , , -,   (. .    crime)    .    (     )     ,       (. .:  ..,    ..,  ..,  .. . . . 5 .;  ..         :  . .  / . -  . . .  . -. ., 1976. . 11  .).  offense     ;  ,  ,      .            (violation),  ,  , -    . ..]        ,[219 - Hale . Op. cit. . 15.]     ,      ,  腻.[220 - Ibid. . 1415.]   ,   ,  :         ,    ,    mens rea,       (, ),        (, ),           ,      .[221 - .: HallJ. General Principles . 46, 147148.]

  ,    mens rea     mens mala,        .[222 -   ..       mens mala (,    ,      ,    (.:  .. . . . 331)),      (.:  ),             (. .:  . . 330335, 609615).  ,         .    , ,            ,           mens mala      mens rea.]

        ,   :

       ,        ; ,    ,         ,      

   (pleas)    (excuses),       ,       ,           (will).[223 - ,       (. , . 217),   will           ( ).    ,     ,     ,    .  (.:  . , . . 52),   (intention).        ,          ,      . ,            . ..]




  .


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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



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1


.:  .     i   ,  .    ii  i , i ii i  i i, Ii   ii, i    i . .:     i, 1726.



  ,    ,     {Of Public Wrongs)     ,    ,  ..      .    (  )       .      , , -,     ,           , -,   , ,          -     .




2


. i  .    i   i.   .  I. .:    i  . , 1780.. 310.

  ,    ,     (Of Public Wrongs)     ,    ,  ..      .    (  )       .      , , -,     ,           , -,   , ,          -     .




3


                  , ,  ,      ,      ,               .                 ,       ,    ,              ,  V   XI . ( 1066 .).

,  -,       ,            .

    ,   ,    ,     ,          .




4


.:  . .   i   i /   i . . ., 1865. . v.




5


 .. i      . .:. . . , 1902. . 53.




6


.:  ..       :  . .  /     . ., 1945.




7


  ,          ,  ,   actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea     :

 : Fowler v. Padget, 7 T.R. 509, 514, 101 Eng. Rep. 1103, 1106 (K.B. 1798) (per Lord Kenyon, C.J.); Harding v. Price, [1948] 1 K.B. 695, 700 (per Lord Goddard, C.J.) ( ,    ,   ,  actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea);

 : Rex v. Hayes, [1829] NSWSC 24 (Sydney Gazette, 23 June 1829) (per Forbes, C.J.) ( ,     ,   ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea); Ryan v. The Queen, (1967) 121 C.L.R. 205, 239 (per Windeyer, J.);

 : Regina v. Mellon, (1900) 7 C.C.C. 179, 181 (per Rouleau, J.); Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 486, 513 (per Lamer, J.) (        ,    .           ,              .   ,         actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea);

  : Maher v. People, 10 Mich. (6 Cooley) 212, 217 (1862); Stein v. State, 37 Ala. (17 Shep.) 123, 131 (1861) (    ,            .    ,  Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea); State v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co., 122 Iowa 22, 25 (1903); United States v. Hill, 55 F.3d 1197, 1202 (6


 Cir. 1995).

 cp.: Regina v. Tolson, (1889) L.R. 23 Q.B.D. 168, 185 (per Stephen, J.) (   non est reus, nisi mens sit rea) c Ibid, at p. 181 (per Cave, J.) (   actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea).




8


Intention, Recklessness and Moral Blameworthiness: Reflections on the English and Australian Law of Criminal Culpability: Address of the Right Honourable the Lord Irvine of Lairg, Lord Chancellor// The Sydney Law Review. Sydney, 2001. Vol. 23,  1. P. 6.




9


Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard, [1920] A.C. 479, 504 (per Lord Birkenhead, L. C.).




10


.:  A.A.      . .: . , 2002. . 57.

     ,   ..      ,        .




11


.:  .. . . . 132.




12


.:  .    / . . .. ;  .  . . .. . .:  . ., 1949. . 39 . *;    .  :   /  .  . .. . .: -,      . .. , 2003. . 23;  ..     (     ) //    . ., 1954. 6. . 141142.




13


.:  ..      . . 2-, . . .:  , 1969. . 84;  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..    . . 2:    . .: . .  .  , 1972. . 110.




14


.:    .  . . 23, 28.




15


.:  ..        //    . . ., 1979. 6. . 77.




16


.:  ..       -  :  . .  /  . . ., 1982. . 5.




17


.:    .  . . 128, 130;  ..,  ..,  ..    .

M.:  -̻, 2001. . 96;  .. . . . 55, 130131;  ..           XIXXX .: .  . .  /  . .. . . . ̄2002. . 13, 2223.




18


.:  .. . . . 55.




19


.:    / ,  . .  ,   . .:    ., 1862. . 513.




20


  ..  (.:      (   ).  18. ., . . . .. . .:  , 1999. . 31 . 38).




21


., .: Roulston R.P. Introduction to Criminal Law in New South Wales. Sydney: Butterworths, 1975. P. 17; Parker J.S. The Economics of Mens Rea // Virginia Law Review. Charlottesville (Va.), 1993. Vol. 79,  4. P. 741; Hart H.L.A. Intention and Punishment // Hart H.L.A. Punishment and Responsibility. Essays in the Philosophy of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. P. 114.




22


 .     : . 14. . 1: -3. .: . ., 1989. . 204.

. : ,    ,   ,  (actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea.  ..)  ; ,        ,       ,          ,     ; ,           ,   -   ( . ..) (.: Barnes . Liability for Crime // The Cambridge Law Journal. L, 1946. Vol. 9,  2. P. 212).




23


 (  )    ,        . ,  , .. ,           ,        (.:  ..    . .:    , 2002. . 1012).      ,                  ,    .




24


Williams G.L. The Mental Element in Crime / The Hebrew University of Jerusalem: Lionel Cohen Lectures. Jerusalem: At the Magnes Press The Hebrew University, 1965. P. 10.

    ,          (.:  . . . . 39 . *;    .  . . 2324, 2728;  .. . . . 59, 130132, 155).




25


   ,              , . .       ,     (.:  ..,  ..    . .: , 1990. . 44).




26


.: Smith J.C. The Guilty Mind in the Criminal Law // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1960. Vol. 76,  301. P. 79.




27


Williams G.L. The Mental Element in Crime. P. 9.




28


United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 403 (1980).




29


United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp., 402 U.S. 558, 565 (1971) (Stewart, J., diss. op.).




30


           .          .. ,        (.:  ..       : . .: . -  , 1937. . 9).     (    )      (.:  .. . . . 31).




31


                .

  ,            31  2003 .




32


 ..     (- ):  . .  / . . . -. ., 1968. . 16.




33


.: Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2.




34


           30  1998 . cm. 1   1790 . (Treason Act, 30 Geo. Ill, . 48)  cm. 1   1814 . (Treason Act, 54 Geo. Ill, . 146)        .  30  1998 .         (Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, . 37),    . 36          .




35


,     ,   ,        ,           ,         , Attorney-Generals Reference (No. 3of 1994), [1998] A.C. 245, 253 (per Lord Mustill, J.).

     ,      ,           ,  셻,    XVI .,        ,  ,    -  (. .: Dine J., Gobert J. Cases and Materials on Criminal Law. 3


 ed. L.: Blackstone Press Ltd., 2000. P. 243; Watkin T.G. Hamlet and the Law of Homicide // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1984. Vol. 100,  2. P. 288;  . . . . 138).

        :     ,  ,       ,          (a man of sound memory, and of the age of discretion),   -         in rerum natura,     ,   ,    ,    (with malice fore-thought, either expressed by the party, or implied by law),       &.       &.       (.: Coke . The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England; Concerning High Treason, and Other Pleas of the Crown. And Criminal Causes. L.: Printed for W. Clarke, and Sons, 1809. P. 47).




36


.: MNaghtens Case, 1 Cl. & F. 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718 (H.L. 1843).




37


Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Path of the Law 11 Boston University Law Review. Boston (Mass.), 1998. Vol. 78,  3. P. 712.




38


Schmitthoff . The Science of Comparative Law // The Cambridge Law Journal. L., 1939. Vol. 7,  1. P. 99.




39


Ibid.




40


Pradel J. Droit penal compare. P.: Dalloz, 1995. P. 4.




41


Ibid.




42


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2


 ed. Volume I. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1898. P. 1.




43


        ,  actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea.  ,   ,      , Fowler v. Padget, 7 T.R. 509, 514, 101 Eng. Rep. 1103, 1106 (K.B. 1798) (per Lord Kenyon, C.J.).




44


        .        ,        ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, (.:  . The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England; Or, A Commentary Upon Littleton. Not the Name of the Author Only, but of the Law Itself. 19


 ed., corr., by Charles Butler. Volume II. L.: Printed for J. & W.T. Clarke, 1832. Sect. 405 [247b],




45


Reum non facit nisi mens rea, cap. 5De causarum proprietatibus, 28b (   ,    ).

    Leges Henrici Primi . : Leges Henrici Primi / Edited with Translation and Commentary by L.J. Downer. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1972).




46


Ream linguam non facit, nisi mens rea, Sermones, Sermo 180, 2 De verbis apostoli lacobi (5, 12): Ante omnia nolite iurare, etc. (   ,    , ,  180, 2     ( 5,  12):  ,   . .).




47


Actio recta non erit nisi recta fuerit voluntas ( . ..); ab hac enim est actio. Rursus voluntas non erit recta nisi habitus animi rectus fuerit; ab hoc enim est voluntas, Lucii Annaei Senecae, Epistularum Moralium Ad Lucilium, XCV, 57 (   ,      ( . ..),     . -,    ,      ,     ,   ,    ,  XCV, 57 (   :   .     / . .  .. .:  , 1977. . 238;    . ..)).




48


Dicebat autem: Quod de homine exit, illud coinquinat hominem; ab intus enim de corde hominum cogitationes malas procedunt ( . ..), fornicationes, furta, homicidia, adulteria, avaritiae, nequitiae, dolus, impudicitia, oculus malus, blasphemia, superbia, stultitia: omnia haec mala ab intus procedunt et coinquinant hominem, Evangelium Secundum Marcum, VII, 2023 ( :    ,   ;  ,   ,    ( . ..), , , , , , , , ,  , , , :        ໅,   ,  VII,  2023).




49


 ..,  ..     . .:  , 1997. . 8.




50


 ., ʸ X.        :  2 .  I. : . . .: . , 2000. . 275.

. :  ., - .    : . . .. . .: . , 1996. . 209;  .X.   (   ):  /  . .. . .: , 2000. . 242;  ..,  ..     (, , , ):  . . 2-, . . .:  , 1998. . 29;  ..   . .:  , 1996. . 121;  .. . . . 1, 6.




51


 . . .   . . . vii.




52


 , ʸ. . .  I. . 275.




53


 . . . . . 6.




54


            .




55


.:  ., - . . . . 210;  ..,  .. . . . 2930.




56


.: Anapoea .. . . . 4081.




57


 . . 53.




58


 . . 54.




59


 . . 41.




60


. .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxviii-xxxi; Pike L.O. A History of Crime in England. Illustrating the Changes of the Laws in the Progress of Civilisation. Written from the Public Records and Other Contemporary Evidence. Volume I: From the Roman Invasion to the Accession of Henry VII. L.: Smith, Elder & Co., 1873. P. 712.




61


 ..   .   / . . .. . .: , 2001. . 14; . :  ..       . .: .   , 2003. . 284288.

 ,     contra    .:  .  :  4 .   (. VIII ).  /.: - , 1997. . 101103.




62


 .. . . . 286.




63


.: - 111.        XXIII  / . . .. . .:   , 2001. . 3941.




64


., .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxviii et sec/.; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 7 et sec/.;  . . . . . 1419;  .. . . . 25.




65


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. xxxi-xxxii.




66


          : Plucknett T.F.T. Edward I and Criminal Law: The Wiles Lectures Given at the Queens University, Belfast, 1958. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1960. P. 350; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2


 ed. Volume II. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1898. P. 448511; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. L.: MacMillan and Co., 1883. P. 5174; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 795;  .. , . . 55111.




67


Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law / With a New Introduction by Sheldon M. Novick. N.Y.: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991. P. 3.

 ,        , Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 252 n. 9 (1952),     ,    (., .: Garnett v. State, 332 Md. 571, 604 (1993) (Bell, J., diss. op.);  &A Carbone, Inc. v. Ciarkstown, 511 U.S. 383, 423 n. 12 (1994) (Souter, J., diss. op.); United States v. Masquelier, 210 F.3d 756, 759 (7


 Cir. 2000) (      ;   )).




68


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 474475.

        ,        ,            IV, . . 1468 . (Y. . 7Edw. IV. f. 2 (Pasch, pi. 2), A. D. 1468).       , ., .:    ,       ,      ,  ,            , Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790, 803 (1952) (Frankfurter, J., diss. op.).

   ,    ,          ,       -  ,    ,      (.: Hall J. General Principles of Criminal Law. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, 1947. P. 177178).    , ,  ,    ,     ,     .




69


Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 24.           .




70


Hall J. General Principles . 143.




71


    ., .: Leges Herici Primi Introduction by L.J. Downer. P. 11, 78; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 5455; Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1926. Vol. 42,  165. P. 3751.




72


      . : The Laws of the Earliest English Kings / Edited and Translated by F.L. Attenborough. N.Y.: Russell & Russell Inc., 1963; The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I / Edited and Translated by A.J. Robertson. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1925.




73


           . .: PollockF., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 55; Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 624, 3435; De VisscherF. La nature juridique de Iabandon noxal // Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1930. 4


 serie, 9


 annee. P. 411412, 444454, 467471.




74


Cp.:               ,             (VI AEthelred, 10,  1).        , ,  ,     52  53 (VI/Ethelred, 5253).




75


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 471, 475; . : Ibid. Volume I. P. 5354.

    ., .: Perkins R.M. Criminal Law. Brooklyn: The Foundation Press, Inc., 1957. P. 650;  . . . . 26, 114; Dillof A.M. Transferred Intent: An Inquiry into the Nature of Criminal Culpability // Buffalo Criminal Law Review. Buffalo (N.Y.), 1998. Voi.1,  2. P. 508510; Barnes H. Op. cit. P. 215219;

Turner J.W.C. The Mental Element in Crimes at Common Law 11 The Modem Approach to Criminal Law / Collected Essays by D. Seaborne Davies, R.M. Jackson, C.S. Kenny, & c.; Preface by P.H. Winfield. (English Studies in Criminal Science / Edited by L. Radzinowicz and J.W.C. Turner. Volume IV). L.: MacMillan and Co., Ltd., 1945. P. 201 etseq.

            ,             ,   . .  (.:  .. . . . 38).           ,  ,  ,         (.:  . . 3853).    . :  ..    . : , 2000. . 80108.




76


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 55; : Ibid. Volume II. P. 474476.

. :  ..   :   / . . 2- . .: - :   -  , 1998. . 8586; Turner J.W.C. Russell on Crime. A Treatise on Felonies and Misdemeanors. 10


 ed. Volume I. L.: Stevens & Sons, Ltd., 1950. P. 2123, 30 ( . : Russell on Crime Volume I.);  . . . . . 1620;  .. . . . 107111.




77


Sayre F.B. Mens Rea  Harvard Law Review. Cambridge (Mass.), 1932. Vol. 45,  6. P. 976.




78


Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability. P. 37.




79


Ibid. P. 37, 40.




80


,   1    I (II Edmund, 1),       939946 .,    ,            .         ,    ,  ,  , Leges Henrici Primi,      : ,   70,    ,            ,        (cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 12).




81


,  42   (Alfred, 42)     ,         ,       ,    ,  . . : ,   ,     ,              ,  1    I (// Edmund,  1).




82


      14   (Alfred, 14), ,   -    ,       ,     ,         .   1  6      (II /Ethelstan, 6,  1),       925  939 .,    ,   ,   ,     ,        ,     .          1    I (II Edmund, 1), ,    -  ,       ( . ..)




83


.:  .. . . . 3941;  .. . . . 9097;  . . . . . 6064.




84


Holmes, Jr., . /. The Common Law. . 3.




85


 .. . . . 39.




86


 .




87


   ,     Deo dandum,    .         1846 . (Deodands Act, 9 & 10 Vic., . 62).

  . .:  . . . . 114115; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 473474; Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 2426.




88


                    I, . . 1302 . (Y. . 3031 Edw. I, Cornish Iter, Rolls Series *525, A. D. 1302) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of king Edward the First / Edited and Translated by Alfred J. Horwood. L.: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. P. 524525).




89


Coke E. The Third Part P. 57.




90


  :  . . . . 115.




91


  : Holmes, Jr., . /. The Common Law. . 2425.




92


           ,    : Si bos cornu percusserit virum aut mulierem, et mortui fuerint, lapidibus obruetur, et non comedentur carnes eius ( . ..); dominus autem bovis innocens erit, Liber Exodus, XXI, 28 (      ,   ,           ( . ..);     , ,  XXI,  28).




93


Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books / First Edition. Volume I: Of the Rights of Persons. Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press, 1765. P. 291.




94


  ,  . . ,    XIII .   ,  ,          ,         (.: Kaye J.M. The Early History of Murder and Manslaughter. Part I I I The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1967. Vol. 83,  331. P. 370, 380; . : Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 981). ,     ,          ,  ,       .




95


. .: Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. . 5365;  .. . . . 5860.




96


. :  .. . . . 82.




97


.: Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. P. 6062; The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. P. 47.




98


 .. . . . 8485.




99


.: cap. 90 Si quis nolens aliquos inter se dimicantes diuidere occidatur, 66b.




100


.: cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 33b.




101


 . -.,   ,              (Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angli?),   1187 .    ,    ,            (De Legibus Et Consuetudinibus Angli?),    XIII . (.: Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law.P. 34).

     ,         ,           mens rea       (.:  .. -    (11871189) //    . ., 2001. 1. . 37),         .           ,        ,   mens rea,  ,      (.:  .. . . . 428430; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 166;  .. . . . 2021).   ,              .




102


 .. . . . 86.




103


      .. , ,    , ,   ,    -    ,          (.:  . . . . . 137).

      . ,       mens rea  -  .              mens rea    (.: Sayre F.B. Mens rea. . 981),    , ,        , ,   ,          ,      (.: Ibid. . 982).




104


PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 79.




105


      .      ,           ,   ,        ,  ;   ,  ,    ,            . , .:       ,                   (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 80; : Ibid. Volume I. P. 2729, 7980, 8890, 95, 97; Ibid. Volume II. P. 456458).




106


.: Hoc quoque praecipio et volo, ut omnes habeant et teneant legem Edwardi Regis in terris et omnisbus rebus, adauctis iis quae constitui ad utilitatem populi Anglorum, Laws of William, c. 7 (     ,             (       (10421066 .). ..)      ,  ,       ,   I ,  7 (   ,     XII .,    )).

        : Stubbs W. Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First. 5


 ed. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1884;      . 72.




107


 .  L.H.P.




108


Pollock F, Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 457.

. : Plucknett T.F.T. Op. cit. P. 4550; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 105107.




109


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5.

 .   . .:  .,  .       .  2: . .:   , 1995. . 4974.




110


Sermones, Sermo 180, De verbis apostoli lacobi (5, 12): Ante omnia nolite iurare, etc. ( :  ,   ,      ,     . , ,      ,     ;  ,    ,       ,  .  ,   .  :    ? ,    ; -   ,     ,  ,    ;  .  ,      .    ,     ( . ..).    ,   ,     ?   ,     ?  -    ,    ;  ,     ,   .   ,     ,    ,        ,       ? ,      ,     :  , ,  180, 2     ( 5,  12):  ,   . .).




111


.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5.




112


.: Leges Henrici Primi Commentary by L.J. Downer. P. 311312.




113


Lucii Annaei Senecae, Epistularum Moralium Ad Lucilium, XCV, 57 (   ,      ( . ..),     . -,    ,      ,     ,   ,    ,  XCV, 57 (  . . 47. ..)).




114


.: Hall J. General Principles . 145.




115


Ibid.




116


.: Ibid.




117


Evangelium Secundum Marcum, VII, 2023 ( :    ,   ;  ,   ,    ( . ..), , , , , , , , ,  , , , :        ໅,   ,  VII,  2023)).

         . , ., .: Dolosum est cor super omnia et insanabile; quis cognoscet illud? Liber leremiae, XVII, 9 (     ;   ? ,  XVII,  9); Adhuc et vos sine intellectu estis? Non intellegitis quia omne quod in os intrat, in ventrem vadit et in secessum emittitur? Quae autem procedunt de ore, de corde exeunt, et ea coinquinant hominem. De corde enim exeunt cogitationes maiae, homicidia, adulteria, fornicationes, furta, falsa testimonia, blasphemiae ( . ..). Haec sunt, quae coinquinant hominem; non lotis autem manibus manducare non coinquinat hominem, Evangelium Secundum Matthaeum, XV, 1620 (      ?  ,  ,    ,       ?     ,        .      , , , , , ,  ( . ..).    ,   ;       ,   ,  XV,  1620).




118


.: Leges Henrici Primi Commentary by L.J. Downer. P. 311312; Hall J. General Principles P. 145;  . . . . 37 . 3; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477.




119


    ., .: Cremona . Criminal Law / Macmillan Law Masters. Basingstoke & L.: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1989. P. 14; Bassiouni M.C. Substantive Criminal Law. Springfield (III.): Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1978. P. 172; Intention, Recklessness and Moral Blameworthiness P. 16.




120


.: cap. 5De causarum proprietatibus, 27-27a ( ); 28c ( ); 28-28a, 2930 ().




121


.: PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476.




122


. .: . 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 12-12\ cap. 72 Diffinitio homicidii, 1, 2; cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 6-6b\ cap. 90 Si quis nolens aliquos inter se dimicantes diuidere occidatur, 11-11a.




123


.: Winfield P.H. The Myth of Absolute Liability. P. 4042.




124


Ibid. P. 41.




125


Ibid. . 42.




126


 ,            ,    .




127


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 458.




128


      . ,      .




129


 .. . . . 122; :  . . 9395.




130


     . .:  .. . . . 124165; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 2124, 110 et sec/.; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 133134.




131


 .   . .:  .,  . , .  2. . 97103.




132


   . .:  . . 109115.




133


        ,     ,              ,        ,  ,    ,    ,    , . .          .      ,     X .     XIII .,       ,    .

. .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 4445;  .. . . . 114117; Pollock F. The Kings Peace // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1885. Vol. 1,  1. P. 3750.




134


 .. . . . 179.




135


 . . 181.




136


.:       ,    ,     ,     ,         (.:  .. . . . 187, 189).




137


  ,        ,       ,          , -, , -,     , ,  ,     (11351154 .),            .  , ,            .             ,     .    ,   1176 .      ,        .

. .:  .. . . . 421423; - . . . . 128133; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 137144, 151158; Stubbs W. Op. cit. P. 140143, 150; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 75144, 184188; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 108109, 120133, 452453;  ..,  ..,  .. . . . 7375.




138


 .. . . . 86. ,          IV    1215 .




139


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 458459.




140


   .. ,                         ,    ,   ,                 (.:  ..     . .: . - -  , 1947. . 39).




141


PollockF., MaitlandF.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. P. 451.




142


Cp., .:   -  ,      ,                           ,  1    I (II Edmund, . 1).




143


., .: cap. 69 De occisione Angl id, 12; cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 1-15 (,            ,  ,    ); cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 1, 7-7b (,     ,   ,    ,    ,      ); cap. 88 De commissione armorum quibus aliquis occidatur, 3-3b (,      ,     ).

      : ,     ,          (.: cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 8),          ,        (.: cap. 80 De homicidio in curia Regis, exercitu, burgo uel castello, 7b).

. : Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 457458.




144


                ,    , ,   ,  ,      ,    ,  in flagrante delicto , ,   .        (justifiable)  .

. .: Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 2021; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 53; Ibid. Volume II. P. 478479.




145


Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 22.




146


..    per infortunium  ,   ,           ,        ,   (.:  .. . . . 158 . 1).       , ,  ,       .




147


    (defense),         . .:  .,  ..     . .: , 1998. . 1418, 265  .; Williams G.L. Criminal Law: The General Part. L.: Stevens & Sons Ltd., 1953. P.719; Robinson P.H. Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis // Columbia Law Review. N.Y., 1982. Vol. 82, A/p 2. P. 203243 et cet.] Fletcher G.P. Two Kinds of Legal Rules: A Comparative Study of Burden-of-Persuasion in Criminal Cases // The Yale Law Journal. New Haven (Conn.), 1968. Vol. 11,  5. P. 884886.




148


 ,   1828 . (    cm. 10      (Offences against the Person Act, 9 Geo. IV, c. 31)),     XIII .,        .




149


Statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I, c. 9.




150


               ( . ..),    [ ]       .




151


        ,  WU  MC          ( . ..), ,  셻




152


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477.

. . :  .. . . . 6061;  .. , . . 184196, 569584; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. . 984985.




153


  ,    ,    :      ; . .   ,  ,    , , , per infortunium,  -      ,  ,  ,    ,     ,       -,   .     ,         ( . ..).  ,       ,       ,    .      ,            ,        ,     .            ,   .

        . : Bracton Henry de. On the Laws and Customs of England / Edit, by G.E. Woodbine; Translated, with revisions and notes, by Samuel E. Thorne; Published in association with The Seiden Society. Volume two. Cambridge (Mass.): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968 (  . ..).




154


.: Kaye J.M. The Early History of Murder and Manslaughter. Part II // The Law Quarterly Review. L, 1967. Vol. 83,  332. P. 580.




155


. : Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 484; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 980981.




156


.  , . 170.




157


   , .,  ..  (.:  .. . . . 207210).




158


Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 374;  .: Ibid. . 377.




159


.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 468469.




160


   ,        mens rea    XII   XIII . (   -       )  : Bassiouni .. Op. cit. . 168, 171172; Perkins R.M. Criminal Law. . 650; Russell on Crime Volume I. P. 19 et sec/.; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 470 et sec/.;  H.H. . . . 84; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 975987.




161


 .. . . . 554555.




162


 . . 557.




163


. .:  . . 112182, 552563.




164


. .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 206207; Richardson H.G. Azo, Drogheda, and Bracton 11 The English Historical Review. L, 1944. Vol. 59,  233. P. 27, 3337.




165


   pro et contra ., .:        -   ,          ,       .     ,   ,     ,    ,       ,      (.: Bracton Henry de. On the Laws and Customs of England Translators Preface by S.E. Thorne. P. vi);   ,     , ,   ,         , ,           ,      ,         ,      (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 207208);          ,    ,    Jus Civile (.: Vinogradoff . Les maxims dans Iancien droit commun anglais 11 Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1923. 4


 sehe, 2


 annee. P. 335).

. :  . . . . . 43; Anapoea .. . . . 5861;  .. . . . 2325;  .    //     / . . .. ;  .  . .. . . 3: . . . . .:  . ., 1961. . 192193; Yntema .. Roman Law and Its Influence on Western Civilization I I Cornell Law Quarterly. Ithaca (N.Y.), 1949. Vol. 35,  1. P. 8688; Richardson H.G. Azo, Drogheda, and Bracton. P. 3847; Scrutton T.E. Roman Law in Bracton I I The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1885. Vol. 1, A1 4. P. 425441;  ..             //    . . ., 1997. 4. . 4142.




166


.: Scrutton T.E. Op. cit. . 425426, 429430, 435441.




167


Richardson H.G. Tancred, Raymond, and Bracton // The English Historical Review. L, 1944. Vol. 59,  235. P. 376.




168


,   voluntas     ,   . ,       . ..




169


       [-],     [-].          ,       ,      .         , , ,   , ,      ,      *      ,    .*      ,     ,     ,     ,      .        ,        , **   ,     ** ( . ..),  ***  ,     ***.

    (      )     : ,   **,    1.4.4.1.\  ****  .9.16.1.1.


,  ******  1.4.1.4., .   Gai.lll.197.  Gai.111.208.

             . .: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477478; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 982987.




170


, ., .,  fol. 136b\ De homicidio vero casuali quod multipliciter fieri potest ut si quis telum in feram mittere volens, vel quid tale egerit, vel si cum socius luderet cum socio et iocosa levitate percusserit, vel cum longius staret cum arcu traheret vel lapidem proiceret, et hominem quern non vidit percusserit, vel si cum pila luderet quis manus tonsoris quern non vidit pila percusserit, ita quod gulam alicuius praeciderit et sic hominem interfecerit, non tarnen occidendi animo absolvi debet, quia crimen non contrahitur nisi voluntas nocendi intercedat. Et voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia ( . ..), et furtum non committitur sine affectu furandi In maleficiis autem spectatur voluntas et non exitus ( . ..) (   ,      ,  ,   ,         -  ,   ,   ,      ,     ,      ,    ,    ,  *,   ,     ,    ,      ,    ,  ,   ,   ,* **   ,**  ***  ,       ***  ,     ( . .),  ****     .**** *****?      ,   ***** ( . ..)).

        : ,   **,    ,   D.9.211pr.\ ****     D. 48.8.1.3.; ******   .9.16.1.1.,     ;  **** **** 


14.1.4., .   Gai.lll.197.  Gai.lll.208.-, **********  D.48.8.14.




171


       ex assultu prasmeditato.     ,  ,  . -.,         (.: Holmes, Jr., O.W. The Common Law. P. 3),      .   ..  (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 468469;  .. . . . 174176).

   . . , ,  ex assultu praemedi-tato     ,   ,       ,    mens rea     (.: Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 371377). ,      ,  ,   ,         (. . )   .




172


        D.48.19.28.12.




173


      ,  , ,       ,           ,  ,    (cp.: 1.4.1.4., Gai.lll.197.  Gai.111.208.).

  ,             (appeal)    ,           ,        . ,      ,  ,    ,   , . .    actus reus  ,  ,   mens rea    animus furandi (. .:  .. . . . 197, 213214; Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. . 986987).    , ,  ,     ,   mens rea        actus reus.




174


. , .   . 143.




175


  ,      per infortunium,         . ,    ,        (. . 1203 .)     ,     ,    ,          ,        ;   ,    , , -,     .

        ,      per infortunium,    1279 . (Statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I, c. 9),   ,     . ,        per infortunium   se defendendo.  ,        ,       1828 . cm. 10      (Offences against the Person Act, 9 Geo. IV, c. 31).




176


Cp. L.H.P.:      ,          ,   , cap. 7 Consuetudo Westsexe, 15.




177


,       (  )         fol. 136b  : Et voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia Et secundum quod did poterit de infante et furioso, cum alterum innocentia consilii tueatur et alterum fati infelicitas excuset ( ,               ,      [],      []).         (D.48.8.12.).




178


  ,     ,        (. .:  . . . . 5254; Kean A.W.G. The History of the Criminal Liability of Children // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1937. Vol. 53,  211. P. 366370).




179


           ,        ,               .    13511352 . (Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2)     :   ,    , . .          (  ! ..)         ,      셻.          cm. 8     1861 . (Offences against the Person Act, 24 & 25 Vic., c. 100).




180


             III (Y. . Trin. 12 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *627, A. D. 1338) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XI and XII / Edited and Translated by Alfred J. Horwood; With Preface and Index by Luke Owen Pike. L.: Longman & Co., Tr?bner & Co. & c1883. P. 626627).




181


Ibid.




182


Ibid.          1302 . 13131314 .,       XIIIXIV .  .       1302 .               I (Y. . 3031 Edw. I, Cornish Iter, Rolls Series *511, A. D. 1302) ,     (,   . ..)  ,     ,      (. : Year Books of the Reign of king Edward the First. P. 510511).




183


             VII (. . . 3Hen. VII, fol. 1, pi. 4, A. D. 1488) (. : Kean A.W.G. Op. cit. P. 367).




184


  . : Ibid. . 369.




185


 .. . . . 189.




186


., .,        .




187


Kaye J.M. Op. cit. Part I. . 372.




188


.   .    permalitiam excogitatam.




189


        ,       1305 .,      1337 .,    ,            III (Judicium Willelmi Waleys, Y. . Trin. 11 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *171, A. D. 1337) (. no: Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XI and XII. P. 170171).




190


Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477; cp. :  .. . . . 149152, 192195.




191


  .          Summa Decretalium   (.: Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 477478; cp. :  .. . . . 185187, 571573).                 (   ,       ),    .   ,        (. .: Schulz F. Bracton and Raymond de Penafort // The Law Quarterly Review. L., 1945. Vol.61,  243. P. 286290).   ,        ,   Summa Decretalium  ,  Summa de casibus .              . ..




192


Pollock F, Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 478.




193


 .. . . . 196.




194


. .:  .. . . . 246254; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume I. P. 130131, 439457; Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 458471; Pike L.O. Op. cit. P. 104105, 297304, 482483;  . . . . . 9193;  .. . . . 146151;  .. , . . 237239;  . . . . 198199; Genestal R. Les origines du privilege clerical // Nouvelle Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger. P., 1908. 32


 . P. 161212.




195


,    ,   1338 .           III (Y. . Mich. 12 Edw. Ill, Rolls Series *69, pi. 31, A. D. 1338),    ,         ,   ,     (. : Year Books of the Reign of King Edward the Third. Years XII and XIII / Edited and Translated by Luke Owen Pike. L.: Longman & Co., Triibner & Co. & c., 1885. P. 6869).




196


.:  . . . . 79.




197


 , ,   ;       




198


.: Blackstone W. Commentaries Volume I. P. 364365; Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books / First Edition. Volume IV: Of Public Wrongs. Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press, 1769. P. 358367; Coke E. The Third Part P. 113114.




199


Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England Vol. I. P. 463.




200


.: Blackstone W. Commentaries Volume IV. . 359360.




201


Ibid.




202


 felonious    felony.    felony      -  ,         . , felonious          .       mens rea 廠     felonious,         (.:  . The Third Part . 106110).  ,     felonious       ,       .




203


   1403 .  5 Hen. IV, . 5 (.:  . The Third Part . 62).




204


      1487 . (Abduction of Women Act, 3 Hen. VII, c. 2)(cm.: Ibid. P. 6061).




205


.: Ibid. P. 6365.




206


.: Ibid. P. 6567.




207


     1563 .  5 Eliz. I, . 9 (.: ibid. . 162




208


.:             ,    ,         ,      ,     (.: Gainer R.L. The Culpability Provisions of the Model Penal Code / Symposium The 25


 Anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. Camden (N.J.), 1988. Vol. 19,  3. P. 576577; . : Sayre F.B. Mens Rea. P. 988 etseq.).




209


   (  . ..)     ,  ,  per infortunium,  ,   ,     (   13511352 . (Treason Act, 25 Edw. Ill, Stat. 5, c. 2).  ..),       . Et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Coke E. The Third Part P. 6).




210


      , id est cum animo furandi,   . Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: ibid. P. 107).




211


        .        ,        ,  actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea,   amens (id est) sine mente,     ;  furiosus solo furore punitur,     .        ,       ,        (.:  . The First Part Volume II. Sect. 405 [247b]);  Ho   ( . ..)    pro timore mortis, et quod recesserunt, quam cito potuerunt:    ,     ,      . Et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Coke E. The Third Part P. 10);  ,     non compos mentis,    ,   ,      , ,    felo de se,  ,     ,  ,     compos mentis: et actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea (.: Ibid. P. 54).




212


. .: Leges Herici Primi Introduction by L.J. Downer. P. 45 et sec/.; Pollock F., Maitland F.W. Op. cit. Volume II. P. 476477 n. 5.




213


  . .   .




214


 ,  Non compos mentis  ,  ,    ,                  (felonious intent),       .              ( . ..)  ,     Felonia, quia fieri debet felleo animo. ,  , Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea\    Amens, id est, scire mente,             (.: Dalton . The Country Justice: Containing the Practice of the Justices of the Peace out of Their Sessions. L: Printed by William Rawlins and Samuel Roycroft, Assigns of Richard and Edward Atkyns, and are to be Sold by Samuel Keble, 1690. P. 350).




215


            ,    (   ,        ),        ,             (. ..)        - ,  Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, &.      ,       ,  ,       (.: ibid. . 350351).




216


Ibid. . 350.




217


Hale . Historia Placitorum Coronas = The History of the Pleas of the Crown / Now First Pub. from His Lordships Original Manuscript, and the Several References to the Records Examined by the Originals, with Large Notes; by Sollom Emlyn. Volume I. L.: In the Savoy, Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling for F. Gyles &c., 1736. P. 14.

     .   腻   will,            (  ).    (        )     .   ,    (, ,    )   will      ,           , . .         ().

  ,           ,   , ,    ,             ,           


, ,   , ,     ,         (.: Ibid. . 15).




218


        -  ,      .

  ,     ,        - ,          crime  offense.      ,     ,     -      (  ,          - , . . ),        : -,       (), . .      crime , , -,   (. .    crime)    .    (     )     ,  

     (. .:  ..,    ..,  ..,  .. . . . 5 .;  ..         :  . .  / . -  . . .  . -. ., 1976. . 11  .).

  offense     ;  ,  ,      .            (violation),  ,  , -    . ..




219


Hale . Op. cit. . 15.




220


Ibid. . 1415.




221


.: HallJ. General Principles . 46, 147148.




222


  ..       mens mala (,    ,      ,    (.:  .. . . . 331)),      (.:  ),             (. .:  . . 330335, 609615).

  ,         .    , ,            ,           mens mala      mens rea.




223


,       (. , . 217),   will           ( ).    ,     ,     ,    .  (.:  . , . . 52),   (intention).        ,          ,      . ,            . ..


