 .      
  


     ..             .   I    .  ,          .    .   .    :     (2010),          .           .              .   II      .  ,       : , , , , , , , ,  ,    .      -    ,    , ,    .  III    .   ,            .





 

 .      



Copyright  2014 by Kyrill Reznikov







     13      ,                  .[1 -  ..   .     . : , 2002.]       ,   ,    ,      . ,      , , ,  ,   ,    .   ,       .      .   ( )      ,    .  -   [2 - Gimbutas M. The Language of the Goddess. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 1989.]       .              .       .  ,                 .



     .      ,             ,             ,      ,    ,        [3 -          .]   .        :  I.   .  ;  II.     .  ;  III.   .   .



  I                  .             :     (2010),[4 - Ryan C., Jeth C. Sex at dawn: the prehistoric origins of modern sexuality. New York: Harper Collins, 2010.]  ,  [5 -        .]           .  ,    ,  ,      :       唻 (2012).            .             .  ,      (  )  :   ,     ,      .



  II   ,       :   ,   ,   ,    (, , ), , , ,  , ,    (, ,     , , ,   ),    (, ,  ,   )    (   ).    -    ,    , ,    .      껠  ,       .   , ,  ,   ,       .



 III             .               .       ,    .  ,                  .



          .         ,          .        .. :    (1981),   :     (1997),   :    (1997),    (2001),    .      (2003).        ,        .   ,         .       ,      .       ,   ,        ,    .       .     ,    ;   ( )  ,         .  ,   ,   .



      ,      ,     .          ,     (2003)[6 - The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. R.T. Francoeur and R.J. Noonan, Eds. New York: Continuum, 2003.]    .  (2011).[7 - Food Cultures of the World. Encyclopedia. Greenwood. 2011.]         ,     .  ,     ,       .          .      (2009)[8 - Giustina A. Sex World Records. Lulu Enterprises Inc. 2009.]      (2003)[9 - Love B. Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices. Greenwich Editions, 2003.].      ;  ,   ,      .



      .   .     (2010).    ,   .  :    (   ),          ,    ,   ,           .           .   ,          ,  ,    ,      . , ,     ,  -         . ,          .



 2013 .  




 I.   :  





 1.     





1.1.     


      .  IV.  ..       .  , ,  ,      .       .            .     ,  ,        .     ,  ,        .



              .     (1759.)      ,    .    ,    ,    ,   ,   .     6 .         ,       ,   .      Homo sapiens,  ,  Homo   ,  sapiens          .



     ,     .     :   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   ,   ,    .



            ,          (  )  .      ,   ,   ,    .        (, , )  .    : ,  (, ,   )  ,     .



     .   .      ,    .     1929.  , , ,    ?      ,     , ,   ,      .



     ,      .      98,5%   99,4%    .            .   ,     , 46,   48          ,   ,     .         .     98,5   99,4%,  96%.[10 - The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2005. Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with human genome. Nature, vol. 437, p.6987.]   ,    ,         88%,     60%.[11 - Chris G. and Dhand R. 2005. The Chimpanzee Genome. Nature, vol. 437, p. 47.]



             .        ,  .    ,    ,   ,  ,   .    ,    .  ,   ASMP-  ,      ,         .[12 - Dorus S, Vallender E.J., Evans P.D. et al. 2004. Accelerated Evolution of Nervous System Genes in the Origin of Homo sapiens. Cell, vol. 119, p.10271040.] ,               .



,         . , ,     ,       .






 . 2009. : Pierre Fidenci. Wikimedia Commons.




1.2.   


         ,              .         ,    .          .   ,      .



 70.  .         ,   .          .     .        ,     ,    ,     , .



 40.  .       .   .      ,    ,   ,       . 25.        .     ,       ,  .



8 10.          . 6.            . 6.     ,   ,        . 5,4  4,2.       ,   .



4,22.          .      1,11,5        .      . 2,4.          . 2,41,5.       Homo  Homo habilis,  .      .     ,     (500800 


).       .



1,91,4.      Homo ergaster,  .          .     700850 


. , ,  .       .      Homo erectus    (1,80,01.  ). Homo ergaster  Homo erectus     ,         ,    : 1,2.        . Homo antecessor   ,   , [13 -          .      ,   - .]  ,[14 -   Homo sapiens,  ,    .]    10001150 


,  ,    (14501500 


).  800.   Homo antecessor   ,      ( 800250.  )   .



230.  .    ,   .  ( 165), ,     .    ,         (1450 


) ,     ,  .     ,          .     :   , ,  ,    .        ,    . 40.        .        .       29.  .



 200.  ,    ,[15 -               .      ()   .       ,      .      ,        10 000 ,           .       Y-,    .]   , Homo sapiens.            195. .  100.      ,   100.     ,        . ,   ,  73.       .    ,       ,    .        ,  ,   .



7080.          (     70- )        ().      ,       ,     ,           ,   . ,      Homo sapiens  .  1  4%     ,   (  ),    .[16 - Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W. et al. A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome. Science, 2010, 328 (5979): 710722.]     ,    ,       46.       - .



      .      .    15.       ,    ,          .       :        ,       ,      (       ).  45.           .      40.  .



  10.          .  ,  , :      .       ,      .       ,     .    ,     .    ,  ,  .    :     ,     ,  .                  .



         ,  ?  ,     Homo floresiensis,  .   ,   ,       .    95  13. ,              .        (  ),      .       ,        .       ,  ,      .        ,           ?



      Homo erectus.   ,   ,         .       -   . ,       ,        .  2008.         ,   40.  .   ,        ,    .[17 - Krause J., Fu Q., Good J.M., et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of unknown hominin from Southern Sibiria. Nature, 2010, vol. 264, 894897.]         ,   .     .          ,        640.     46%         .[18 - Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M., et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature, 2010, vol. 468, p. 10531060.]  -  ,         , ,   [19 - Reich D., Patterson M Kircher M., et al. Denisova admixture and first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. The Amer. J. of Human Genetics. 2011, vol. 89, p.516528.]    , .[20 - Skoglund P., Jakobsson M. Archaic human ancestry in East Asia. PNAS, 2011, vol. 108, 18301-18306.]




1.3.    . I.  


   ,  , :  ,   .          ,         (. anthropos  , genesis  ).                   (1876):





         ,                  ,       ,  ,  ,       ,            .    ,        ,                     (  ,   X    ),         .[21 -  .         // .   . .  .   . . 3. .: , 1986, . 75.]




         .        .        2025%   .   ,    ,   .     ,     (    ).   Homo      .      ,   ,   ,   .



   .  ,          .     ,     -,    ,   ,  ,   .     .   .   ,  ,   ,  ,  .   ,    .        . ,    .       ,      ,       .



       .     , , ,  .   ,   ,    .     33          .      .        ,   .



  .   ,  ,    .   .       ,       .     .        .    ,    .        ,   .         ,    .       ,    ,      .      ,            .



    ,   .      ,            .           , ,      .  ,         2%.  5%       .[22 - McGrew W.C. Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution. Cambridge: England: Cambridge University Press. 1992, p. 154.]  ,     ,   ,    .         2/3  3/4 .



,     ?      .    . ,   ,     ,    .    .  ( )    8  20         .  ,          .    ,    . ,    ,    .     ,      . ,    ,   ,   ,      .



   ,           . ,          12,      . ,           .     ,         ,   ,      ,      .            ,   .



 ()         (1          ,  1   ),     .    ,      ,      .       . ,     ,    .    60%   ,      ,       .        .    ,             .      D,   ,         ,   .



      .    .      -3  -6,     ,  (  ),    .          -3  -6.     ,      ,   -3,   .          .        ,   ,  ,  -3.         .      ,   .          ,   ,    .



     ,        ,  ,        ,    ,       .    ,     ,   ,    ,      ,    ,  ,       .      12.  ,                ,    .            .




1.4.    . II.   


     ,          .



 6.        .            .

 3  2.       , ,   ,    .

 2,4.      Homo.     ,   .

 800.       Homo sapiens.  100.        ,    .  (250  29.  )     .      ,    .    .     ,  .    , ,         , ..       .

        200.  .   ,          ,     ,       ,    .  ,  125.        , ,   ,  , .              .  ,           . ,    ,       -3,       .  ,  ,   -3     .    . -,    -3     (, , ),    . -,   ,     .   ,      (  ),  -3    ,    .   ,      -3   ,   .[23 - Rule D.C., Broughton K.S., Shellito S.M., and Maiorano G. 2002. Comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. J. Anim. Sci., vol. 80, pp. 12021211.] ,        -3     ,   .

 70.          .       ,          ,       ,    .    ,    , .         . 40.    , ,       ,  .     .    ,  ,  3033.      ,   ,  ,     .

20  15.   .. (  )      .    ,       .      .            .       (   ),         .    50% .

               .  ,   , ,         .   ,         .

,    ,    12.   (10.   ..).      , ,     , .  ,  ,  (     )   (11.       ;   2.     ),    .      .          25  ,            .[24 - Ibid., p. 25.]    ,        .      ,   ,      ,     ,    90%    .  , ,   10      10%   .[25 - Gibbons A.1997. Paleoanthropology: Bone sizes trace the decline of man (and woman). Science, vol. 276., pp. 896  897]    ,      ,    .




1.5.    


        ,      .      ,    .       ,        .    ,       .



,      .       ,    . ,        ,  ,  ,  ,      .          . ,        .



     ,     ,        .       ,   ,      .     ,          ,   .  ,       ,           . ,         ,        ,      .



      .    ,     .      ,     .      ,           .          ,         ,    ,     .    ,    ,  ,       13 .[26 - de Waal F.B.M. 1995. Bonobo sex and society. Scientific American, vol. 272, pp. 8288.]



            .        ,          ,   .               .  ,          ,   ,        .



,  ,    ,    ,         .   ,      ,  ,     ,       ,      .       ,    ,     .



            .   ,       .           .                 . ,         ,         .  ,   30% ,    ,       ,   .[27 - Grehan J.R. Commentary regarding the similarities of behavior between bonobos and orangutans. See site: http://www.dlynnwaldron.com/bonobos.html.]



       .     ,   .     ,  ,  ,    ,        .  ,     ,       ,       .  ,    ,   ,  .



                  .    .      ,      ,           .        ,      ,     .      ,       .



              .    ,           .           .      3,   4,     8,[28 - Diamond J. The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. New York: Harper Collins. 1992, p. 61.]   1216 (     10  20).[29 - Wessells H., Lue T.F., McAninch J.W. 1996. Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: guidelines for penile augmentation. J. of Urology, vol. 195, pp. 995997.]        .           120, ,   ,     41,       35    ,     ,      30.[30 - Harcourt A.H., Harvey P.H., Larson S.G. and Short R.V. 1981. Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates. Nature, vol. 293, pp. 5557.]



,     ( )    .       ,      ,      .        ?   ,  ,   8    1011.[31 - Diamond J. The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. New York: Harper Collins. 1992, p. 61.] ,       23,      1720    . ,         ,   .     ,    .   ,   ,   ,    ,                  .     , ,   ,   .      .



             .          ,        ,   .               ,    .       ,   .       ,        ,    ,  , ,     .   , .     ,     .    ,   ,  ,         .



   ,    ? ,         .       564    , 89       . ,   - 77   82%  ,[32 -        ;    .] 15   17%    ,   ,   ,    .     71%  , 25%    4% .[33 - Coon C.S. The origin of races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1962, p. 102.]



 ,         .             .   30     .  40  ,        (,  )  ,     .      ,     .       .            .       ,    ,    ,         .



 ,        .           .                   .  ,    ,   ,   .  ,           .        ,    .     ,       . ,           .      Homo           ,    . -,           .



 ,       .  ,               .          .  ,    ,    :    15            .          .   ,     ,      :



    ,    .   ,            .         ,   .     ,        .[34 - Harris M. Our kind. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. 1989, p. 182.]


        ,   .        ,      ,      .        (   )  .       :      ,  ,   .     ,       ,   ,          .     ,      ,   .    ,  ,    ,   ,    , ,  , -  .






  .  , . 2012. : Rob Bixby. Wikimedia Commons.



     : , , , .          .         .         .       ,  ,  .        ,   .




 2.       ?    





2.1.   廠  


 2010.      HarperCollins,          :    .     ,   2012.      9 ,   ,  .                   Savage Love.               ,     ,     , ,  .       .



                 .  ,       ,    ,     (   ),    .           ,    .                .       ,   ,     ,    .              .  ,          ,             .



        .           -  1984.  20         .    ,     ,        ,  ,    ,      .         2003.   Doctor of Philosophy ( )  .        .   90-    .          (    ).     ,                .   ,    .       .  ,          .



        .  ,     :





  ,     .     .   .   , Homo sapiens       ,   , ,    (   ).             ,  5   .[35 - Ryan C., Jeth C. Sex at dawn: the prehistoric origins of modern sexuality. New York: Harper Collins, 2010, p. 1.]




, ,  .   1991.         :         .[36 - Diamond, J. The rise and fall of the Third Chimpanzee: How our animal heritage affects the way we live. London: Vintage, 1991.]       ,        20    ,  , ,      .    ,    ,      .      ,     . 42%    -  ,         ,   , ,      .             :





  ,      ,     ,    ,      ,  ,    ,     :        , ,    ?         ,      ?     -?        ?     ?.[37 - Ryan C., Jeth C. Sex at dawn. p. 4.]




   ,   ,   :         ,       .        ,             ,        ,      ,       .        10. ,     .



    200.    Homo sapiens,     .      ;         .   ,   .     .        ,       .        ,   :           ,    .  200.     ,  10.  ,              ,   [38 -     .]   ,      .       ,     ,     .



           , ,  ,   ,    ( ,      ).      :     .     ,            (,    ).    ,      [39 -      ;      .            .]    .     ,      .   ,   ,      , ,     .        .,      ,    ,      ,      .  ,    ,      .




2.2.   .  


         Evolutionary Physiology    ,     (2011).    ,       .        ,       ,        .    ,   ,   .  ,     ,    ,              .  ,        ( ,  ),    .     ,   ,            ,      .[40 - Puts D.A. Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans // Evolution and Human Behavior, 2010, v. 31, p.157175.]         .[41 - Marlowe F.W. The mating system of foragers in the standard cross-cultural sample // Cross-cultural Research, 2003, v. 37, p.282306.]



   ,       () ,     ,         .           .        . (2000),  ,  ,     ,   ,    .   ,  ,      ,       .      ,   .[42 - Wyckoff G. J., Wang W., Wu C. Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man // Nature, 2000, v. 403, p.304309.]         ,   ,             (          ).       ,     .  :





  ,      ,      (-Homo erectus),      ,      .       ,       ,    .[43 - Ellsworth R.M. The human that never evolved // Evolutionary Psychology, 2011, v. 9(3), p. 332.]




 ,  ,    ,         ,   ,    ,  ,    :        (2002).          :





 ,  ,               ,  . ? .  -, , ,    ,     . ,   ,   ,                  , ,  .[44 - Barash D. Sex at Dusk // The Chronicle of Higher Education / http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/sex-at-dusk-2/50099.]




  ,         ,  ,    ,    .       ,   ,    .   ,    ,[45 - ,                .          .]  (   )    ,     ,  ,   ,      .  ,  ,   ,      ,      ,  -  ,   ,      ,      .   ,   .



      .  ,         :       ,         .     ,       ,      ,  ,         ,         .      ,    .  ,         ,       .




2.3.   廠   


  2010.   ,   ,    ,    ,     .     .  ,  :       .         .            .  ,    ,      .     .  2012.        :       唻.   ,        ,   ,       .       ,          .



         .  ,  ,  ,        ,      ,            .         ,            .          .   ,  ;     ,      .     ,      :           .          .     ,     :   ,      ,  , ,           ,    .



  ,           ,     .  ,    ,   ,      ,     (  AVPRIA),    .[46 - Ryan C., Jeth C. Sex at dawn. p. 72.]  ,          , , , ,  , .   ,  AVPRIA    .   ,        .[47 - Hammock E.A.D., Young L.J. Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobihavioral traits // Science, 2005, v. 308, p.16301634.]  ,       .   ,     AVPRIA ,    ,         ,     .         ,    ,  .



               .         ,          .             .      ,    ,  ,   .        ,     .   ,               ,    ;   ,    ,  .[48 - Saxon L. Sex at dusk: Lifting the shiny wrapping from Sex at Dawn. 2012, p. 239.]



    ,     ,          (        ).     ,      ,    .               .    ,     , , ,   .       ,          .   ,  ,       ,  ,      .    ,    .[49 - Ibid., p. 114.]    .      ,      15    .    ,       .   ,  ,    ,      ,   .    ,       .         .



  ,     ,    ,   ,             .[50 - Ibid., p. 209.]    ,  ,   :              (1988):     ,   ,    ,   ;   .            ,           .[51 - Ibid.,]




2.4.     



         .     . :    Homo sapiens. :           .




2.4.1.     


         (460370  ..)     (9955  ..).    :



    ,    

      .

,   ,  

  ,      .

      .

      , 

      ,

   ,  , , .

..

,  , ,    ,

   ,    ,

    ,    

 ,     ,

     .[52 - .   , V, 958965, 10111014. . .. . ., 1958, .190192.]


 XIX.            ,  -,     .  ,        .       .   .   ..      (1974)     .   1   .   2      , ,     .   3 (  )          ,    .   4   .        ,   ,    ,     .           ,   ,        ,           .



    .   ,  ,             ,  ,  .          :     (    ),    ,   ,              .         (     ),   , ,   .     ,           .        ,      ,     .



         78.  . 56.       ,   1.  ,  Homo erectus      ,        .    ,       ,       .   ,      ,     ,        .     :     ,      .    .      ,    (     ),  (  )    ,      .   ,    ,     , ..       ,        .        XXI .




2.4.2.      (  )


       , ,      , , ,   .[53 -  .  //  .  . .: 1965, . 153.]   XVII.,   ,   ,  ,     (    ).               .       -,   ,      .  -      ,    .       (    ),    ,    .     (      ).   ,  ,      ,      .



 ,   ,     .      .         .  ,      .    ,    .  ,  ,        ,        .    ,     .[54 - Ryan C., Jeth C. Sex at dawn P. 202; Charles Darwins Beagle Diary. 5th March 1834 // http://darwinbeagle.blogspot.ru/2009/03/5th-march-1834.html.]      (, )          ,    -  .      廠  ,        ,     .          ,    .   ,         .   ,        .



  ,       ,    ,       .  ,   ,        ,  , .       .            15   100 


     ,      .[55 -  ..,  .. . 4- . .: - ; , 2005, . 318.]         ,    1012   100 


.[56 - Belovsky G.F. An optimal foraging-based model of hunter-gatherer population dynamics // J. Anthropological Archeology, 1988, vol. 7, p.329372; Diamond J.M. The worst mistake in history of Human race // Discover Magazine, May 1987, pp. 6466.]                    (,[57 -      .] , ),            .      .



   [58 -   (4010.  )     ().]      .       , .. .    ,         .       .    -       ,  ,     ,     .        .      (17.  ).        .  ,     (, ,  ,   )    .        (  )      .



     12.   ( .  ..)    ,         .    ,       , ,   .  ,   ,   .  ..    .    , ,        XI  IX.  ..       ,      .       .     ,  .      (, )   (, )    ( IX.  ..).        (VIV.  ..).      VIV.  ..;     .       , ,  , .



    .          .    ,           .       ,        .     (30  9.  ..)     177    166.5  ,    (97.  ..)   172,5  160.    (75.  ..)     170  155,5,     (53.  ..)   161  154.       ,      (300  .. 120 ..),         ,   172    156,5  , ..   ,    .[59 - Angel L.J. Health as a crucial factor in the changes from hunting to developed farming in the eastern Mediterranean // Cohen M.N., Armelagos G.J. (eds.) Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (proceedings of a conference held in 1982). Orlando: Academic Press, 1984, pp. 5173.]     .     ,      .



         .            1:1,       ,     1020%    .[60 - Ibid.]  ,  ,     .          (    ).         ,    ,    .       ,   ,    .        D,     .  D     ,  ,  ,    .       ,      .             .       -3,        .    ,  ,     .



     .      ,   ,   .      ;      .    .          (, ,  ).   , ,      ,   .         ,    .           .[61 -     ,      .     ,        ,      ,           .]      ,           .           ,   ,     ,      .        .



            .  ,     ,           (    )   ,  ,            ,         ,  .  ,     .  1987.            ,     ,   :





  -  ,     ,          ,     ,      .          ,    ,      ,         .      ,          ,    -,            .    ,  -    ,   ,  ,    ,      ,       ,     .[62 - Diamond J. The worst mistake in the history of the Human Race // Discover Magazine, May 1987, p. 66.]




       ,          .        .     -            ,                       ,     ,     ,       .    (   )   :            ,      .



             ,       .      .    ,             ,    .       ( ),     .           ,    - .[63 - Phillips S.A., Jurva J.V., Syed A.Q. et al. Benefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesity // Hypertension, 2008, vol. 51, p.376382; Foo S.Y., Heller E.R., Wykrzykowska J. et al. Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, vol. 106, p. 15418-15423; Lagiou P., Sandin S., Lof M. et al. Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: prospective cohort study // British Medical Journal. 2012 Jun 26; 344 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4026.]   ,       , ..  .         .



  ,      ,          (     ,   ).          .      27  50       35 .    ..  :             ,            ,   , ,  ,   .[64 -  ..  4.     //   .  . .: , 1988, . 309.]                .[65 - Angel L.J. Health as a crucial factor in the changes P.5173.]



,           ,      .  ,        ? ,   ,  .    ,    ;    ,    .   ,    ,         ,    .   , ,        -   .    100     . ,  ,      ,   ;          .[66 - Samaras T.T., Elrick H. Height, body size and longevity //Acta Med. Okayama, 1999, vol. 53, p.149169; Samaras T.T., Erlick H. Height, body size, and longevity: is smaller better for the human body? // West J Med. 2002, vol. 176(3), p.206208.]    .  ,      ,     .   ,     -   ,      .[67 - Smith G.D. The conundrum of height and mortality // West J Med, 2002, vol. 176(3), p. 209.]  , -   ,    .[68 - Gavrilova NS, Gavrilova LA. Physical and socioeconomic characteristics at young age as predictors of survival to 100: astudy of a new historical data resource (U.S. WWI draft cards) // Living to 100 and beyond: Survival at advanced ages [online monograph]. The Society of Actuaries, 2008.]      ,             .




 3. ,    





3.1.   


      ,   - ,   ,   ()   .   , ,         .     ,      ,       ,  .



          ,             (1684).       .    , ,    .   .   .  , ,    (         ).       .      .   (, )   :





        ,         .     ,     ,           .  ,  ,  ,   ,       ,        .         ,    ,        ,     ,         ,  .[69 - Harris M. Our kind. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989, p. 182.]




           (1735)    :





1.Americanus rufus  . , ,  , , ,  . 2. Europaeus albus  . , , , , , ,  . 3. Asiaticus luridus  . , , , ,  ,    ,  . 4. Afer niger  .  , ,  , , , ,  ,  .[70 - . : Sauer N.Y. Applied anthropology and the conception of race: A legacy of Linnaeus // C. Gordon (Ed.) Race, ethnicity and applied bioanthropology (Bulletin No.13). Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association, 1993, p. 79.]




           ,  ,    , , .    XVIII.    (1776),   :  (),  (),  (),  ()   ().



  XIX.                  ( ,  , ,  , ).          .       7  ,   29  .          (1900),     .



               .    ,   ,  ,   ,    ,    ,    .     ,            .    ( ,   )            .



     Homo sapiens.           ,   .    ,     ,    (   ),         .        ,        (, ,  ),         .    ,   ,           .



   .          ,  ,  ,     .           .   ,            .  ,       ,  99,9%     .  ,              .



  ,    ,   (    - ),      .   ,     99,9% ,    0,1% ,       .      .                   ,     400        .[71 - Rosenberg N.A., Pritchard J.K., Weber J.L. et al. 2002. Genetic structure of human populations. Science, vol. 298: pp. 23812385.]



  ,     ,      .  ,    (, , , )               .                ,        .



    ,          ,    ,   Y-,   ,     ,     .         .



130.          ,    10 000 . - 100.          ,  ,  .  70.               ,     .     (   )     ,       .         -    5540.  ,      .     ,    ,            ,   -    (4030.  ).



35  30.  ,       ,  ,   .             .     30  7.  .  , 21.  ,     ,   .



-      ,       .          ,[72 - Coon C.S. The origin of races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1962, p. 3.]  ,  (), ,    (  ).       ,      .



 .   ,   .        13%,        10%.[73 -  .. 2003.       .  , . 73, c. 614621.]  ,    .          ,       .        .      ,  , , , , .             .




3.2. ,   


 -   .     .           ,    ,   ,        .   ,       ,           .       .       .     ,      ,       .



       35% , 15% , 17% , 20%   65%  , 7090%    (   25% , 13%   22%  ),  80%   , 90%  100%   .[74 - Johnson J.D. The regional and ethnic distribution of lactose malabsorption. Adaptive and genetic hypotheses. In: Paige D.M., Bayless T.M., eds. Lactose digestion. Clinical and nutritional implications. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, pp.1122.]        50% ,     80%.[75 - Tandon R.K., Joshi Y.K., Singh D.S. et al. Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1981, vol. 35, pp. 943946.]       30%    6080%      .[76 -  ..   . 2004. , 10, . 2332.]



  ,    ,   ,   .       ,        .   ,              59. .[77 - Bersaglieri T., Sabeti P.C., Patterson N. et al. 2004. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74, 11111120.]          ,          ,   59.  .       ,    . ,    ,       .



          D,     .   D       .          ,     .            D  .  ,     ,     ,   ,     D,     .



         .         D   .        .      ,     ,      .  ,     ,  . ,  ,                .           ,   ,  ,  .   , , ,  ,  ,     .     ,    .



             , ,   .  ,     ,             .       ,   .                  .    ,             .



   ,       ,   .    ,    ,  ,      .       ,    .       -  -.   -       500 ,       100. ,       ,   -  78.  .        ,   ,     .      3.  ,      ,      ,     .



         ,  .             .  ,       , ,   ,       , ,   .[78 - Eriksson N.E., Moller C., Werner S. et al. 2004. Self-reported food hypersensitivity in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania and Russia. J. Invest. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., vol. 14, pp. 7079.]



             .       ,  ,         .        ,           .       ,     ,   .          ,        .     ,           .



    ,   ,    : 1.     ,      ,    ,  ,   ,   ; 2.     ,  ,     ,   ; 3.     ,  ,   ,    ; 4.        .   ,     ; 5.        ,   ,   ,  .     . ; 6.            .



    ,  -  .  ,      ( ),          .    ,    ,        . ,                 .



       .         ,   ,     .                .     ,  .        ,              ,  ,    ,   ,    .



 1- ,       ,       5  10%     .     ,         .  2- ,       ,        .  85%        2-     ,   ,   .   ,  2-       ( ,   )[79 - Hanis C. L.; Boerwinkle E.; Chakraborty R. et al. 1996. A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nature Genet, vol.13, pp. 161166,]          .



     .     .         ,        30  70%,     50%.   ,   ,  .       ,   .  1996.      .      .    2003    430 ,    ,       .[80 - Snyder E.E., Walts B., Pe?russe L. et al. 2004. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2003 Update. Obesity Res., vol. 12, pp. 369439.]



          .       ,  .     .            (- ),   ,              .  ,        ,       .



   ,   .  ,     .      ,     .  ,     .   ,     ,   ,    . ,  2030%    ,   ,            .     25%. ,        ,  ,   ,   .



         . ,        ,  ,     ,       .     76%   86% .  ,   ,       30  ,    ,   .    ,  ,     ,    ,    6%.[81 -  .]    ,         ,   .  ,  :  - -   ,        ,      ?



       .          .   ,      ,    ,      ,           . ,  ,   .     .  ,   -                .        ,       .              .         .    ,  -  .     .




3.3.   .  


   ,           (),  ()   ( , ),          ,    (1995).      ,      .  , ,          .        ,    .  , ,   .       .  - .     ,    ,        ,    .



  ,       ,  , .  , .      .       ,     .         .    ,       ,     750 000 .              .



         ,       .   ,         .   ,              .              (      )       ,              .   ,          .              . ,  :





 VIII  XVI       ,   ,          .   XIX          (    ,    ,   )     (   ,     ).  ,        (,   )  ,      .




         ?  , -,    .        ,        .     ,        .      49    , 52        53    .       49 .



        ( = 9.,  = 21.).    ,    .   . ,   1989.     Nature (), ,       ,          ,  .            .[82 - Rushton J.P. Race evolution and behavior. 2nd Special Abridged Edition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. 2000, pp. 4142.]



          1014    3,2  ,    1415    3,8  ,    15,9  20,3    5  .    .     3,    5.    ,    ,    .  ,     .       ,       .          .   ,   ,    ,      ,   ,     .



   ,          ,   .  ,  ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   .             ,   .        .  1000      4  , 8    16  .



           ,  . ,    ,        ,   ,  ,   .  ,      .   ,             .



              .            ,         ,   ,  , .           .    1951.,        14   ,   24 ,    3-  10- .   ,  ,   .         23   ,  4 ,    5 .



   ,        .  Durex,     ,   -.  2004.   350.   41  ,        137   ;       .  (,   )  13-  (114),    24-  (103),      , 33-  (96).    :     79,    46   ,    ,  .  2005.  317.   41 .       138   ,        ,       120.  13-  -    112.   15-   109.     ,     75, 73  45   .[83 - http://www.durex.com/cm/gss2004result.pdf and http://www.durex.com/cm/gss2005result.pdf.]



      ,    ,    ,    ,      , , ,   .      ,        .  ,  ,      ,       ?   ,                ,    .




3.4.      


      .        ;      .       14      .       ( ,          ).           ,    ,          ,      . ,    ,         .            ,           ,     .

  ,     .        ,    (  ).           .  ,   ,          ,   ,  ,     8 ,   .   ,    ,   .      .      ( 30%),     .      ,       (      ).           .      ,  .



,    (    )     70%     ,     .   ,           . ,  ,        .           .     ,   ,           ,      .            . ,   ?         , .



            ,     .     ;        ,     .    ,     :          ,     . ,        ?  ,      :         .  ,  ,         ,      .



           .                  ()  .              ,   .        ,    .     ,      .        .    ,    .    ,   ,     .                .



   ,        ,     ,               (       ).       :    ,      ,       ,      .    ,         ,    .   ,     .      ,  .      .



 ,   ,   .    ,        ,  .        .          ,     .        ,         .      -    ( ),  -   .       .

,      .    ,  ,     ,         .                . ,      (   )   .   ,               ,     ,  ( ) .




3.5. 


      .        homos  ,    homo  ,       ,   .         ,   gay  ,      ,   ,     ,   .



        .        1%  10%   .  ,     2004   , 4%       . ,   ,    ,   , -,     .



             .        , ,  ,    (   ),      ,    .



        ,     100%        ,     ,   50%  .[84 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality.]      .  ,                  .  ,          .



        ,       .      ,               .       Y- ,    .       ,       .        ,    ,     .



     ,     ,          .  ,      ,   , ,      ,  .           .        ,      ,       .



  ,          .   ,                 ,       ,     .     , , ,         ,     .



                     , ,   100%-            XIXXX.              .                .         ,        .



        .         ,       .




 II.     





 4.  





4.1. 


      .  ,   ,  7,7. . ,       ( 10. . ).   ,      .       .     ,    ,         1800.   ,     .    ,          .    .



    70%    500    .      ,   -   . ,        .       ,      ,            .   ,     1250 ,    .     :     ,       .    ,      ,      .



      60.  .     .    -    ,     ( )   ,    ,    .      150  ,  ,          . 12.  ,     ,       ,       .       .



          .      ,      ,  , .   19.,    400 .   , ,     ,    .




4.2. 





 , 


     ,   .   ,    .   -,   ,    ,    ,     .         .  ,  ;  ,  .        ,         .   ,          (    ,   ),      .






  .  .  . 1920. : Herbert Basedow. Wikimedia Commons.






  .  . 1916.   . : Herbert Basedow. Wikimedia Commons.



   ,   .     ,  ,    .       :          10,        .[85 - Stirling E.C. Aborigines. In Handbook of South Australia. Adelaide, 1914.]   ,  ,    ,  ,   .  ,        .    (   )  ,   ,       .



    .   XVIII. (  )    400700 .     100  1500 .        ,    .  ,   ,       .   ,          .         200  ,   .




 


    ,    .        ,  , , , , ,  .      .     , , ,  ,  ,   .          .               .       .      ,      .  .           ,        .     ,       .




 


    ,       .       , ,   .       ,  ,    ,   .        ,    .     ,    .    ,       .        .       .          .     ,    .           ,      .




4.3.    








    . ,       .     .      .         .      , ,   , , ,       .   ,    .    ,  ,    .     ,   . , ,     .        .             ,   .   ,    ;     .    ,   .          .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kirill-urevich-reznikov/zaprosy-ploti-eda-i-seks-v-zhizni-ludey/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



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60


Ibid.




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Harris M. Our kind. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989, p. 182.




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73


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74


Johnson J.D. The regional and ethnic distribution of lactose malabsorption. Adaptive and genetic hypotheses. In: Paige D.M., Bayless T.M., eds. Lactose digestion. Clinical and nutritional implications. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, pp.1122.




75


Tandon R.K., Joshi Y.K., Singh D.S. et al. Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1981, vol. 35, pp. 943946.




76


 ..   . 2004. , 10, . 2332.




77


Bersaglieri T., Sabeti P.C., Patterson N. et al. 2004. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74, 11111120.




78


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79


Hanis C. L.; Boerwinkle E.; Chakraborty R. et al. 1996. A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nature Genet, vol.13, pp. 161166,




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Snyder E.E., Walts B., Pe?russe L. et al. 2004. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2003 Update. Obesity Res., vol. 12, pp. 369439.




81


 .




82


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83


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84


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85


Stirling E.C. Aborigines. In Handbook of South Australia. Adelaide, 1914.


