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     ,       .         91- ,   1901  2000 .  ,      172 ,    .          ,   ,  , ,  ,   ,   ,  (   ,   ).       : , , ,         .        ,          .

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Nozdrachev A. D., Maryanovitch . ., Poliakov . L., Sibarov D. ., Khavinson V. Kh. The Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine: One Century. 2-nd edition. St. Petersburg, Russia, Humanistika, 2003. 752 pp.



This is the first book in Russia devoted to Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine. It presents chronologically all 91 prizes that were awarded from 1901 to 2000. Besides, it includes the most significant information about all 172 Nobel laureates. Each article describes one annual Prize and contains portraits of laureates, the Nobel Committee formula, the essence of the discovery, its prehistory, history and scientific and practical importance, biographies of the laureates and their bibliography. Summarized facts concerning laureates citizenship, age, education, place of work, and age of getting the Nobel Prize are also presented. A separate chapter gets the reader acquianted with Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry which were important for development of life sciences.

The book is designed for a wide range of readers interested in history and development in the area of biology, physiology and medicine.



 . . , A. T. , E. . , . . , . X. , 2003

 - , 2003




 


               ,    XX .    [1 -   . . 25  1931.  .     . . .  .       -  .      ()  .  . . 13  1952. . . . . . . .      . . .  .        .         .  . . 17  1949. . . .      . . .  .      (),         .  . . 15  1975. . . .     . . .  .     .  . . 27  1946. -    .        -  .       .             .],            ,     .        : -,           (      ,   ); -,         ,      ; -,    ,  ,     ,         .          - ,    XX     ,     [2 -    -       XX    ,     - : 1(7), 2002.].

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       ,      .      ,  20    -,  90-            ,  , ,  ( .   . ,  . ).  2001                  100  (    .      www.humanistica.ru (http://www.humanistica.ru/)).






    ,          1991.         L. Gyllensten,     . Sohlman,  . . .

: Susanne Concha Emmrich (Alfred Nobel. By T. Frangsmyr. Stockholm, 1998).



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 ,       ,     . , ,    , ,   ,  ,        .        X   (Rhazes) (     )    ,   (-  , 980-1037)  XI .               ,       (        ).           .    (. immunitas)            .

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 1890-   (  1908 )     .  ,              ,     (    ).

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 1890         (Shibasaburo Kitasato, 18561931)               .            , , ,       .

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   15  1854    ( ,   )      (August Georg Behring)    (Augustine Zech).           ,     -    (18741878),   1889     .      ,         .  1888         - ,   ,                 (  1905 ).  1891 ,        ,    .         .        ,     .  1894      ,         ,        ,       .     ,    ,    ( !)      .

 1896       (Elsie Spinola),     .

    31  1917    63 .





 :

   .   . ., 1896;

   . ., 1900;

Uber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei Thieren // Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 1890. B. 16. S. 113114 (with S. Kitasato);

Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur atiologishen Therapie von ansteckenden Krankheiten. Leipzig, 1893;

Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Nene Folge. Bonn, 1915.



 :

  - () // . . 1917. 9-11. . ;

Zeiss ., BielingR. Behring. Gestalt und Werk. Berlin, 1940;

Unger H. Emil von Behring, Sein Lebenswerk Als Vovegangliches Erbe. Hamburg, 1948;

Browning C.H. Emil von Behring and Paul Ehrlich; Their contributions to science // Nature. 1955. V. 175. N. 4458. P.616619;

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 1. New York, 1981. P.574578.












 , 

(RONALD ROSS)

18571932



1902

1903

1907

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1926

1927

1928

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1939

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1948

1949 ()

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1954

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  :     ,    ,     ,             .

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 ,   ,      1880- .       :   ,   ,     . 

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    ,    ,       :       ,  ,        ,      .    .  1898            .        .



  

   1897    - (William George MacCallum, 18741944)        .     ,  ,   ,            .

    (Giovanni Battista Grassi, 18541925)    (Amico Bignami, 18621929),        ,            (   ,  ).   ,          .

           .          .

   ,          ,    ,   ,    .         (         ,       ).  ,     .    (  1948 )        .  ,      ,      ,         ,    , -        .            :                  ,   

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          ,    . ,  ,     ,    ,  ,     . (          .)

              ( )  .





  13  1857        -            (Campbell Claye Grant Ross)     (Matilda Charlotte Elderton).        .     1875 .    1879 ,           -.  1881        ()       (Burma War).  1888          (Klein).      1889 .

 1899             (),         ,   .           .              .         ,   (  1905 ), , .  (A. Celli),  (Christophers),  (Stephens),  (Ruge),  (Ziemann)   .

 1901       , -     1911  1913 .  1911      .     1902        1912 ,            -  .  1917                   .  1926    ,   ,     .

             : , ,  ,   , ,  ,       19141918 . ,             .       ,   .        (       25 ).

 1889        (Rosa Bessie Bloxam).        .     1931 ,      ,          16  1932    75 .





 :

On some peculiar pigmented cells found in two mosquitos fed on malarial blood // Brit. Med. J. 1897. V. 2. P.17861788;

The Prevention of Malaria. London, 1910;

Studies on Malaria. London, 1928;

Researches on Malaria / Nobel lectures including presentations speeches and laureate's biographies: Physiology or Medicine 19011921. Amsterdam, 1967. P.21119.



 :

 . .     . .-., 1938;

 . .  . 18571932 () // . . , . 1932..1..286;

  //. . , . 1957. . 26. .509510;

Megroz R. L. Ronald Ross, Discoverer and Creator. London, 1931;

Ross R. Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and Its Solution. London, 1923; Christophers S. R. The Dictionary ofthe National Biography. 19311940. London, 1949. P.752754; Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 11. New York, 1981. P.555557;

Nye E.R., Gibson M. E. Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath  A Biography. St. Martin, 1997.












  , 

(NIELS RYBERG FINSEN)

18601904



1902

1903

1907

1912

1926

1927

1928

1934

1939

1945

1948

1949 ()

1952

1954

1966 ()

1976

1979

1988

1990

1997



  :      ,   ,   ,       .

 :        .





 ,  lupus vulgaris  ,     .    ,   ,   .                ().             .  ,   ,  ,   ,   ,    .       .     (  1905 )  ,       .

  La Phototherapie,     1899 ,               (Downes, Blunt, 1877),  (Duclaux),  (Arloing),  (Geissler)   (Buchner).     ,            .          ,      ,      ,  .    ,        .



 

  1883  (, ,  )    ,        ,   .        .       :                  :     ,        ,  ,        ,                ,     .  ,    ,   .    (  1888 )          ,  ,          ( ).

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   ,        .           -   ,       .      ,            .

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       . ,            ,   .      ,  ,       .            .       .

        ,       . ,          .        .     ,    ( ,        1950 ).         .   , ,  ,  :    .     (  )           .





    15  1860       ()      (Hannes Steingrin Finsen)    (Johanne Froman).      ,   X ,   1871      .           .   ,      ,      .    1876      ,     ,   ,      .

 1882     ,   ,   1890    .           ,      1893 ,     .

         1896     ,           ,      .

 1892       (Ingeborg Balslev),  .      (    ),        . -        .

    24  1904      43 , ,            .





 :

The red light treatment of smallpox//Brit. Med. J. 1895. V. 2. P.14121414;

Phototherapy. London, 1901;

Die Bekampfung des Lupus vulgaris. Jena, 1903.

 :

  . .    ?   . ., 1936. .289305;

 .          //. . . . 2002. 2 (8). .7173.

Roesler H. Niels Ryberg Finsens disease and his self-instituted treatment // Annals Med. Hist. 1936. V. 8. P.353356;

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 4. New York, 1981. P.620621.




 







  , 

18491936



1904

1920

1922

1956

1998



  :     ,            .

 :      .





 1753   . . .   (R. A. S. de Reaumur),      ,  ,       .  1783   .  (L. Spallanzani)      :     ,         .  1824  .  (W. Prout)         .  1836     (Theodor Schwann, 18101882)     ,   ,    .

 1662   .   (R. de Graaf, 16411673)                       .         (Bomon),   1833         ,    .   1842     (18121879)             껠          .

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 1870-1880-                    .         ,           .            .    .        ,    .         ,       .  ,     ,          ,     .            .

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       ,      ,      (    ).  ,     ,   ,         .



  

       (. Babkin, 18771950)   -, , ,                :

       ;

      ;

      ,      ;

              ;

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  , ,   ;

    ;

      ,   .

        ,       ,    -     .          ,        .             ,        .

 1902       (William Maddock Bayliss, 18601924)     (Ernest Henry Starling, 18661927) ,              ,    (. humor  ),  ,    .        ,            ,            .

          ,      ,      .        , ,    (     )     .

     ,     (       )            ,   .       ,       ,     .           .     ,           .

  (Alfred Nobel)          .     (1901, 1902  1903)   ,   ,   1904         (       ,   ).





  14 (26)  1849        10    ,    ,   ,   . ..     ,     ,      ,      :  (), , ,  ,      ,     .       ,     ,   , .

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 1872      -  (),   1875-       3-       ,   ,  ,    ,     .         .    :      .         ,     .       . . . ,      ,    .  1878           (18321889),          .             ,    .       ,    , ,  ,    .   ,       ,    1904       (Robert Tigerstedt, 18531923)    (Johan Johansson)          .

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 1935       XV   ,     ,     facile princeps physiologorum mundi (.   ).                 .    ,  , .   1934            ,       .     1936         ,   .    ,    ,     .

  :     ,          (  -);        ,     ,           (  );      ,              .

         ,     ,      (III    )   .

 1881       ,  - ,   .        .

    27  1936    85 .      -.





 

  . .-., 1940;

  . .; ., 1949;

 . .13. .; ., 1949;

  . .16. ., 1951-52;

  . .13. .; ., 19541957;

 . . . ., 1970;

      () . 10 .,., 1973.



 :

. .    . ., 1967;

    . . . ., 1975;

 . .   . , ,   . ., 1981;

 . .,  . .   --. ., 1989;

 . .   . 18491936. . . .  150-   . ., 1999;

 . .,  . .     :    //  . 1999. . 69. .813823.




 







 , 

(ROBERT CH)

18431910



1901

1905

1908

1913

1919

1930

1951

1960

1972

1980

1984

1987

1996



  :        .

 :     ,           .





 (. tuberculum  )     .       .           (lupus vulgaris)  ,    .        ,   .     ,        (      ).                  . ,      ,      .     :    ,                  .

    . . .  (R. Th. . Laennec, 17811826),  ,           .   ,     ,       . .  (G. . Morgagni, 16821771).

              (Edward Jenner, 17491823), ,       .        ,   , .  ,   (1798)   ,       .

           (Louis Pasteur, 18221895)     1880- .              .       ,    .   ()    ,       .           .

           (Joseph Lister, 18271912)    .            .

            ,        .       .        : ()       ?; ()         ?; ()              ,    ?; ()       ,          ?; ()  ,    ,   ?     .



 

 1882       ,     ,    ,     ,     .

  ,              +40C.         ,     .  ,       ,   ,     .        ,  , , ,    .

       ,   ,     ,              .     :    ,     ,   ,      .        .        ,    (+58C   1     ,  +65C    ).                           3738C.       ,     ( ).      , ,              .

,      24  1882 ,                  .               ,                .   ,       .

 1890      ,          in vivo ( )  in vitro (  ).          .      ,      :      :     ,             .      .

 ,  (18981917)       ̸ (Karl Axel Hampus Momer, 18541917) ,         ,         ,     ,           .



  

     ,       :     ,       .

 (  1908 )  .  (F. Ziehl, 18571926)    ,     .           .         in vitro     in vivo.           (  1901 )  .  (  1903 )         - .

   ,     .                 ( ).

  XX       ,   ()   (      1952 ).  ,          ,   .

     :

     (corpuscula oryzoidea)  ,    ;

  ( )       : )        ,           ; )          ; )           ;

     2448             ;

    (G. Cornet, 18581915,  ) ,                ;

    (J. . Weeks, 18531949,  )  Haemophilus conjunctivitidis,  ,      ;

       ,     .





     11  1843   , ,       (Hermann Koch)      (Mathilden Julie Henriette Biewald).     13 .      -      .

 1848      ,     .  1851      ,   1862   .

 1862     ø ,   .       (Georg MeiBner, 18291905)     (Karl Gasse).          (Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle, 18091885),  ,   ,       .      .

    1866     ,       .          ,     1867        ,   ,   ,       .

 1870      - ,  1871   ,   1872  1880       ( , ).       .    .          (Ferdinand Julius Cohn),      ( , ),        1876     ,    .       .

1878       .   ,   ,    .

 1880                 .       : ,   .      ,         (Friedrich Loftier, 18521915)    (Georg Gaffky, 18501918).       -    .        ,         .

 1883                ,         ,    ,        .          1893 .  ,        , ,  ,  ( )   .          ,   .

 1896      ,     ,        ,              .         ,     (    1898 ).                 .   1904        ,       ,       .

   ,        ,     ,         ,        .

 1866         (Emmy Adolfine Josephine Frantz).    .  1893              (Hedwig Freiberg).

   - 27  1910    66 .





 :

  . ., 1890;

   ,     . ., 1899;

Investigations into ethiology of traumatic infective diseases. London, 1880;

Ueber den derzeitigen Stand der Tuberkulosebekampfung (Nobel prize address) // Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 1906. Bd. 32. S. 8992;

Gesammelte Werke. Bd. 12. Leipzig, 1912;

Etiology of tuberculosis // Amer. Rev. Tuberculosis. 1932. V. 25. P.285323;

Etiology of antrax, bases on the ontogeny of the antrax bacillus // Med. Classics. 1937-38. V. 2. P.787820.



 :

 . .   (18431910) //. . . 1910. . 4. .10691070;

  1  1910 // . . 1910. 11. .748751;

 .   .     . . ., 1925;

 . . , . ., 1934;

 . .   ( 50-   ) // . . 1960. 9. .129133;

 . .  . ., 1962. (  .  . . 13 (346));

Podach .  Robert Koch. Berlin, Leipzig, 1947;

Harms R. Robert Koch, Arzt und Forscher. Ein biographische Roman. Hamburg, 1966;

Barlowe C. Robert Koch. Portland, Oregon, 1971;

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 7. New York, 1981. P.420435.




 







 , 

(CAMILLO GOLGI)

18431926






 --, 

(SANTIAGO RAMN Y CAJAL)

18521934



1906

1932

1936

1938

1944

1949 ()

1963

1970

1973

1981()

2000



  :         .

 :      .





 ,    1590        (Jansen)  .  ,           .  (R. ),      (. 1665).

               ,           .  1850    (Rudolf Virchow, 18211902)     ,       .

      .         ,           ,   ,    (   ,    ). ,       ,    ,       .

 ,    ,       ,     (  ).         .   1860-    ,      :   ()    ().          .   ?       ?    .

    ,    1880- ,      ,      ,   .        ,       . ,          .



 :



          ()   1860- .  1872               ,     .              ,        .

    ,    ,         .              .      ,   ,      , .. .

--

    ,    , --,       ,        .             .

 1886      ,     ()    .       ,   --   ,    . --   .

  1887 ,               .            ,   ,     ,     .       ( ,  ),        .



  

 (  1932 )        1886  (      )   --     .  ,   ,  --,      .         ()   ()      .

 , --                  .   ( )     ,           .         1897      .

     ,  ,    --,      ,               ,   -.

    :  ,  ,  ( ) ,  -  .       :  -- ( ),   ,  .



:



  7  1843     , .       (Alessandro Golgi)    (Caroline Papini).          (Mantegazzi)  .  (G. Bizzozero, 18461901).      1865         . .   ,             .  1872            .

       ,     ,     ,   1881 ,  ,     .

      .                .           (1890.).      : ,    (Plasmodium malariae)           (     ).

   ,          .       ,        . ,    .       -    .             .

    , ,    ,         -  ,      .              .          ,   ,      .          .

      ,     -   (1905).

 1881       (Lina Bizzozero),    .          .

    21  1926    82 .

--

--  1  1852   --,             (Justo Ramon Cassasuls Cajal)    (Antonia Cajal).       ,   .               .   --,             .       ,     ,        .

 1873 ,     , --   .         18741875 ,     .   ,               (1875),  1877                  ,      (1879).  1887  --         .  1892       .  1902        (Investigaciones Biologicas)    .

 1880  --       .            ,         .   , --            ,             ,        .

 1880  --      (Silveria Fananas Garsia).        .

--    18  1934    82 .





 :

Opera Omnia. 4vol. Milan, 19031929 ( ).



 :

ChorobskiJ CamilloGolgi, 18431926//Arch.Neurol.(Chicago) 1935.V.33.P. 163170;

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 5.New York, 1981. P.459461.



 --:

Manual de Anatomia Pathologica General. Madrid, 1896;

Studies on Vertebrate Neurogenesis. Springfield, Illinois, 1960;

Studies on Diencephalon. Springfield, Illinois, 1966;

The Structure of the Retina. Springfield, Illinois, 1972.



 :

 . .  -- (   ) // . . ,  . 1932. . 1. . 711715;

 . .    -- //. . 1946. 6. .367370;

Cannon D.  Explorer of the Human Brain: The Life of Santiago Ramon  Cajal. 18521934. New York, 1949;

Ramon  Cajal S. Recollection of my Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1966;

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V. 11. New York, 1981. P.273276.












   , 

(CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN)

18451922



1902

1903

1907

1912

1926

1927

1928

1934

1939

1945

1948

1949 (6)

1952

1954

1966 (6)

1976

1979

1988

1990

1997



  :           .

 :    ,           , , .





   (  )      ,          .  ,   (  1905 )  1876             ,     .  1880-      , , ,   , , ,     .        .        .      ,   -      .

  1850    ,   ,     ,  .   ,              .



 

 1879 ,   ,    ,   ,        , ,   ,     .      .    ( . melans, melanos  , haima  ).     .    . ,            .         .              .

              .          ,              -    .  1880   ,           .        ,     .          ,     ,        .      .            .

 1882        .          ,        .  1884          Traite des fievres palustres,    480    .

        ,        .    ,    .          (1884)    ,                 .          .



  

 1880-         (  1906 )      ,    .     ,    1889     .           ,        .        ,        (Patrick Manson, 18441922)     ().

      .   (  1902 )   1894      ,          .       ,   1897         Anopheles.    1897     - (William George MacCallum, 18741944)     ,    1898          ,    ,     ,        .

 ,  ,         , , , ,   ,     .         ,   ,     ,     .     1901  ..  (R.M. Forde)    ,         .         .                 ,    : Les trypanosomes et trypanosomiasis (1904).  ,      .

        ,     軠   ,    .  ,     ,      ,     .        .       ,    .   ,           ,     ,                        .

           -.         (   ,   ),      .          ,    .

    ,  .  (. Sundberg)        .





  18  1845         (Louis Theodore Laveran),  -  Ecole de Val-de-Grdce.         ,            .  1867     -        .   -    .  1874           Ecole de Val-de-Grace.  1875       ,     .           1878     ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67121760)  .

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notes








1


  . . 25  1931.  .     . . .  .       -  .      ()  .

  . . 13  1952. . . . . . . .      . . .  .        .         .

  . . 17  1949. . . .      . . .  .      (),         .

  . . 15  1975. . . .     . . .  .     .

  . . 27  1946. -    .        -  .       .             .




2


   -       XX    ,     - : 1(7), 2002.




3


 .  1983.            ,   .


