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     ,      ,          .        ,     ,     .     ,      ,          .      ,    ,   .           $12,     ,     7500   130 ,    [12 - See Open Source Drug Discovery, home page, accessed May 10, 2019, http://www.osdd.net/home (http://www.osdd.net/home). See also Mark Stevenson, We Do Things Differently: The Outsiders Rebooting Our World (NewYork: Harry N. Abrams, 2018), 40-73; Christine Ardal and John-Arne Rottingen, Open Source Drug Discovery in Practice: A Case Study National Center for Biotechnology Information, PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, no. 9 (2012): e1827, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447952/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447952/).].         ,              [13 -           (FDA)      .    ,      , ,     .      ,          FDA.]    ,   ,       2- [14 - Nisha Chandran and Samir K. Brahmachari, A Decade of OSDD for TB: Role and Outcomes, Current Science, February 5, 2019, doi: 10.18520/cs/v115/i10/1858-1864.].

    ,   ,    ,       .  -,     125000,       ,    122000        ,     [15 - Municipio San Pedro Garza Garc?a, The GovLab, and Codeando Mxico, Desaf?o San Pedro Primera Edicin (2016-18), accessed October 11, 2020, http://desafios.sanpedro.gob.mx/ (http://desafios.sanpedro.gob.mx/).].         .  2016 85%       .         ,      .

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         ,  ,     (    , -,   )  ,      . -   ,       .         ,               ,  ,         .           .      ,    ,     ,    ,             [16 - Beth Simone Noveck and Dinorah Cantu Pedrazza, City Challenges: Collaborative Governing for Public Problem Solving, Forbes, January 24, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethsimonenoveck/2018/01/24/city-challenges-collaborative-governing-for-public-problem-solving/#3948f666df34 (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethsimonenoveck/2018/01/24/city-challenges-collaborative-governing-for-public-problem-solving/#3948f666df34).].

         -,   ( ),    ,         ,    30000[17 - Beth Simone Noveck, Dane Gambrell, and Matt Ryan, Collective Intelligence Case Studies, The GovLab, accessed October 11, 2020, https://www.thegovlab.org/collective-intelligence.html (https://www.thegovlab.org/collective-intelligence.html).].       .       ,     ,    .       ,  렖   ࠖ   .

 2012       (Neighborhoods Sustainability Program),        2010-.     ,  ,   ,  ,           .  ,        :          ,        [18 - Jonathan Wachtell,    , 27 2019.8.Public Service Jobs Database, https://www.psjd.org/ (https://www.psjd.org/).].

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 ,        ,    1970-,     .   ,      .                ,      ,   .   1980-  300          .        1600  ,        ,     ,      2200 [19 - Art Barnard, Thomas Pittz, and Jeff Vanevenhove, Entrepreneurship Education in U. S. Community Colleges: A Review and Analysis, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, April 23, 2019, https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JSBED-06-2018-0178/full/html (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JSBED-06-2018-0178/full/html).].    ,   ,    ,   ,    ,    .

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            .           ,      [22 - eth Simone Noveck, Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010); Noveck, Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Government (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).].       ,           , , ,     .       젖       ,         ,       ,     .   ,  ,       ,   ,      . ,    ,        젖      ,      .




       


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 -,          ,              .       ,     ,      ,     XXI[29 - lue Wooldridge, Increasing the Productivity of Public-Sector Training, Public Productivity Review 12, no. 2 (1988): 205-217.].

        ,       ,     ,    .      ,    ,    ,                  .   ,             2020, : ,            ,     蠖  ,  , ,  ,   .    ,    .       ,      ;           [30 - Michael Gove, The Privilege of Public Service, Ditchley Lecture, reprinted in New Statesman, June 28, 2020, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2020/06/privilege-public-service-michael-gove-s-ditchley-lecture-full-text (https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2020/06/privilege-public-service-michael-gove-s-ditchley-lecture-full-text).].

 ,       ,      ,   ,  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   ,          . ,     2019,  ,     400         , ,                 [31 -         ,         , .:http://www.publicentrepreneur.org/skills (http://www.publicentrepreneur.org/skills).].  28%     ,    ,   ,       .  60%     ,          ,  ,   ,        .

      ,        .    ,      400  ,     .            [32 - eth Simone Noveck and Rod Glover, The Public Problem Solving Imperative, ANZSOG, August 13, 2019, https://www.anzsog.edu.au/resource-library/news-media/todays-problems-yesterdays-toolkit-public-service (https://www.anzsog.edu.au/resource-library/news-media/todays-problems-yesterdays-toolkit-public-service).].    2020  500  ,   ,     .       ,     ,    ,          [33 - eth Simone Noveck, Victoria Alsina, and Alejandra Mendoza, Encuesta de habilidades de innovacin en el sector p?blico de Paraguay (The GovLab white paper, August 2020), https://www.thegovlab.org/publications.html (https://www.thegovlab.org/publications.html).].

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         ,          [34 - Observatory for Public Sector Innovation, Core Skills for Public Sector Innovation (Paris: OECD, April 2017), https://www.oecd.org/media/oecdorg/satellitesites/opsi/contents/files/OECD_OPSI-core_skills_for_public_sector_innovation-201704.pdf (https://www.oecd.org/media/oecdorg/satellitesites/opsi/contents/files/OECD_OPSI-core_skills_for_public_sector_innovation-201704.pdf).            ,             .    150   ,                 .      2017.].   ,        -.  ,                8  30% [35 - Noveck and Glover, Public Problem Solving Imperative.].

   ,        .   2019      廠           ,    . ,    ,   2019     ,                       [36 - 4G Leaders Will Work with Singaporeans to Design, Implement Public Policies: DPM Heng, Channel News Asia, June 15, 2019, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/delmane/heng-swee-keat-4g-leaders-will-work-with-singaporeans-policies-11629932 (https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/delmane/heng-swee-keat-4g-leaders-will-work-with-singaporeans-policies-11629932).].  ,   ,  ,          [37 -    25 ,          ,     . , 5 2019.].

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            젖  ,     [38 -  TrimLab (Trim Lab Conspiracy)   ,   ,         2003  2008  -,    .              .          ,    ,    . : Buckminster Fuller, A Candid Interview with R. Buckminster Fuller, Playboy 19, no. 2 (February 1972), available at http://www.bfi.org/sites/default/files/attachments/pages/CandidConversation-Playboy.pdf (http://www.bfi.org/sites/default/files/attachments/pages/CandidConversation-Playboy.pdf).]. ,     , ,   ,  ,    ,         .              [39 -           ,   , ,       . Australian Public Service Commission, Barriers to Innovation in the APS, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.apsc.gov.au/4-barriers-innovation-aps (https://www.apsc.gov.au/4-barriers-innovation-aps). See also OECD, Innovation Skills in the Public Sector: Building Capabilities in Chile, OECD Public Governance Reviews (Paris: OECD, 2017), 30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273283-en (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273283-en).].      ,  ,            -  ,    頖    .

     ,      . ,     , ,  ,          ,     ,  ,     .  2015       The NewYork Times,      ,         , ,         ,   , ,       .      ,   ,   ,   .      ,   ,   -      ,    [40 - Barry Schwartz, Rethinking Work, NewYork Times, August 28, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/opinion/Sunday/rethinking-work.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/opinion/Sunday/rethinking-work.html).].   , ,    ,   [41 - Adam Grant and James Berry, The Necessity of Others Is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective-Taking, and Creativity, Academy of Management Journal 54 (2011): 73-96.].   蠖 ,      ,  ,     [42 - Teresa M. Amabile, K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey, and E. M. Tighe, The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, no. 5 (1994): 950-967, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950).].      [43 - Robert Lavigna, Employee Engagement Low, Especially in Government, Association for Talent Development, October 19, 2017, https://www.td.org/insights/employee-engagement-low-especially-in-government (https://www.td.org/insights/employee-engagement-low-especially-in-government). See also Lavigna, Engaging Government Employees: Motivate and Inspire Your People to Achieve Superior Performance (NewYork: HarperCollins Leadership, 2013).].

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    .  ,         .      ,          .        ,         ,         ,         ,  - ,   .      ,    ,    ,  2003.  ,  ,    ,           .      ,       ,           .        -     https://solvingpublicproblems.org (https://solvingpublicproblems.org/).







   (Open Drug Discovery)   ,  ,   [45 - Samir Brahmachari, interview, Expert Conversation: Using Open Source Drug Discovery to Help Treat Neglected Diseases, The Conversation, January 14, 2017, https://theconversation.com/expert-conversation-using-open-source-drug-discovery-to-help-treat-neglected-diseases-79318 (https://theconversation.com/expert-conversation-using-open-source-drug-discovery-to-help-treat-neglected-diseases-79318).].       (Open Source Farma Foundation),   2018,       ,  ,    ,        2       .        $50000[46 - Rohit Vashisht, and Samir K. Brahmachari, Metformin as a Potential Combination Therapy with Existing Front-Line Antibiotics for Tuberculosis, Journal of Translational Medicine 13 (2015): art. 83, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0443-y (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0443-y).].    ,      ࠖ      $2,6[47 - Joseph A. DiMasia, Henry G. Grabowski, and Ronald W. Hansen, Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R&D Costs, Journal of Health Economics 47 (May 2016): 20-33.35.Cap?tulo Tercero del Programa Desaf?os, Art?culo 509 Bis 7, et seq., September 13, 2017, https://www.sanpedro.gob.mx/gobierno/Reglamentos/PDFs/ReglamentoParticipaci%C3%B3nCiudadanaparapublicaci%C3%B3np%C3%A1ginainterntetGobMunicipalrevisado_XBDXNGD1IK.pdf (http://surl.li/avokw).].  ,         (Desafios),      ,                       -.

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         ,  AIR Louisville  ,           .    ,    ,     ,      ,    ,       .   COVID-19     ,       [49 - Service to America Medals (The Sammies), 2020 Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Medals, accessed October 9, 2020, https://servicetoamericamedals.org/ (https://servicetoamericamedals.org/).].       (Entrepreneurial State)     ,     ,  頖 [50 - Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Anthem, 2013).].         ,  , ,   ,  , GPS  .     Apple   $500000   ,    ,                .

,         ,            .   ,     ()                       .  ,        ,      .        2020        ,          11 2001,  ,          ,     [51 - Edelman, Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Covid-19 Pandemic, May 5, 2020, https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update (https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update). See also Sabrina Tavernise, Will the Coronavirus Kill Whats Left of Americans Faith in Washington? NewYork Times, May 24, 2020, A4.5.Paul C. Light, Six Ways the Demand for Government Reform Will Shape the 2020 Election, FixGov (blog), Brookings Institution, February 26, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/26/six-ways-the-demand-for-government-reform-will-shape-the-2020-election/ (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/26/six-ways-the-demand-for-government-reform-will-shape-the-2020-election/).].        .        , ,   ,  .

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       ,   ,         [54 - Megan Brenan, Americans Trust in Government to Handle Problems at New Low, Gallup, January 31, 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/246371/americans-trust-government-handle-problems-new-low.aspx (https://news.gallup.com/poll/246371/americans-trust-government-handle-problems-new-low.aspx).].          ,     ? 1958, 73%   .  2013     28%.   ,   2010,  ,      ,      ,   ,   4%[55 - Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often: And How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 3. See also Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Philip D. Zelikow, Conclusion: Reflections, Conjectures, and Puzzles, in Why People Dont Trust Government, ed. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 253-281.].

, ,  ,       [56 - Washington Post, The Great Society: 50 Years Later (NewYork: Diversion Books, 2014), 4.].          ,   Economist -       [57 - Democracy Index 2019, Economist, accessed October 10, 2020, http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index (http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index).].               (Why Government Fails So Often) ,      ,   .   ,       ,         .   270    ,    (   ,   ,    ,   -     ),  ,         .          ,    [58 - Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often, 23.].

,  ,         ,   -     .   ,    ,    ,    ,   ,  ,   -                 .   .       :    , ,   1   100          ,      [59 - John Bridgeland and Peter Orszag, Can Government Play Moneyball? How a New Era of Fiscal Scarcity Could Make Washington Work Better, Atlantic, July-August 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/07/can-government-play-moneyball/309389/ (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/07/can-government-play-moneyball/309389/).].

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        軠 ,  ,   ,   .         ,        ,   ,   1980-   .       [61 - Seth J. Hill and Chris Tausanovitch, A Disconnect in Representation? Comparison of Trends in Congressional and Public Polarization, Journal of Politics 77, no. 4 (2015):1058-1075.].

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         ,    (Winner-Takes-All Politics)    ,    1970-      ,  ,   ,           ,    ,        .                   [65 - ,    ,    70-     ( )      -.          .   . (. .)].     [66 - See Lawrence Lessig, Republic Lost: Version 2.0 (NewYork: Twelve, 2015); and Paul Pierson and Jacob Hacker, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 2011).].    ,        ,           . ,          ⠖     175  1971   11000           ,   [67 - Stephen M. Teles, Kludgeocracy in America, National Affairs 25 (Fall 2013): 97.].    ,             . ,          ,     ,    ,            ,            ,     [68 - See Center for Responsive Politics, Open Secrets, Lobbying Data Summary, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/summary (https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/summary). See also John B. Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust (NewYork: Knopf, 2013).].  ,      ,  , ,         .

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 ,    60      ,      ,   2014    [69 - Steven H. Woolf and Heidi Schoomaker, Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017, JAMA 322, no. 20 (2019): 1996-2016, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16932 (https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16932).].        [70 - National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015), https://doi.org/10.17226/19015 (https://doi.org/10.17226/19015).].   ,      ,         1990[71 - S.Jay Olshanky etal., Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences Are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up, Health Affairs, August 2012, available at https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746 (https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746).].        15 ,   -[72 - Jacob Bor, Gregory H. Cohen, and Sandro Galea, Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980-2015, Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8); Samuel L. Dickman, David U. Himmelstein, and Steffie Woolhandler, Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA, Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30398-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30398-7).].        ,      [73 - Shervin Assari, George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery Deaths: Racism Causes Life-Threatening Conditions for Black Men Every Day, The Conversation, June 1, 2020, https://theconversation.com/george-floyd-and-ahmaud-arbery-deaths-racism-causes-life-threatening-conditions-for-black-men-every-day-120541? (https://theconversation.com/george-floyd-and-ahmaud-arbery-deaths-racism-causes-life-threatening-conditions-for-black-men-every-day-120541?).].

       ,         ,          [74 - United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, December 15, 2017, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx? (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?) NewsID=22533. See also Kathryn Edin and H. Luke Shaefer, $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America (NewYork: Mariner Books, 2016).].  ,   ,     19,  57% ,     [75 - Ashish P. Thakrar, Child Mortality in the US and 19 OECD Comparator Nations: A 50-Year Time-Trend Analysis, Health Affairs 37, no. 1 (2018): 140-149, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0767 (https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0767).].   ,   -,          ,   ,       [76 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System, accessed October 20, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freproductivehealth%2Fmaternalinfanthealth%2Fpmss.html (https://clck.ru/Z8kEd); United Health Foundation, Health of Women and Children, Americas Health Rankings 2019, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-women-and-children/measure/maternal_mortality/state/NJ (https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-women-and-children/measure/maternal_mortality/state/NJ).].           [77 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Equity Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html).]. , ,   , ,    -  -           ,     - . ,      -, ,  95% ,     COVID-19   ,  [78 - Andrea Polonijo, How Californias COVID-19 Surge Widens Health Inequalities for Black, Latino and Low-Income Residents, The Conversation, July 30, 2020, https://theconversation.com/how-californias-covid-19-surge-widens-health-inequalities-for-black-latino-and-low-income-residents-143243 (https://theconversation.com/how-californias-covid-19-surge-widens-health-inequalities-for-black-latino-and-low-income-residents-143243).].

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   ,     ,    -   .        3,5%   2020   15%   2020   ,       .        ,     ,  ,      ,     ,            - ,     [80 - Heather Long and Andrew van Dam, U. S. Unemployment Rate Soars to 14.7 Percent, the Worst since the Depression Era, Washington Post, May 8, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/).].  ,   ,  ,       ,   .  1900 41%     ,   2000    2%.    ,   ,   30%          10%   .         .

   ?      ?   ,    ,          .        ,      -.     ,  ,         ,       Atlantic[81 - James Bessen, Scarce Skills, Not Scarce Jobs: The Real Challenge Technology Presents Isnt That It Replaces Workers, but Rather Displaces Them, Atlantic, April 27, 2015. See also Bessen, Learning by Doing (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 106-109.].

   ,             ࠖ      [82 - World Economic Forum, Future of Work 2018, accessed May 25, 2020, http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2018/preface/ (http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2018/preface/).].     ,  ࠖ    ,  ,  ,  .        :          堖   .        ,     ,         ,      .    ,      [83 - Mark Knickrehm, How Will AI Change Work? Here Are 5 Schools of Thought, Harvard Business Review, January 25, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/01/how-will-ai-change-work-here-are-5-schools-of-thought (https://hbr.org/2018/01/how-will-ai-change-work-here-are-5-schools-of-thought).].       , ,      ,    ,             ,  ,         .

                     .  40%  ,         ,   ,   2018.      -    젖     [84 - Americas Gun Culture in 10 Charts, BBC, October 27, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41488081 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41488081).].  2019     ,    . ,            .          ,        [85 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2017, CDC WONDER, 2017, https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html (https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html). See also Erin Grinshteyn and David Hemenway, Violent Death Rates: The U. S. Compared with Other High-Income OECD Countries, 2010, American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 3 (2016): 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025).].          .   ,     (     ),  ,      .   2015,    13%  ,           ,   .        [86 - 1011 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past Year, Fatal Force, Washington Post, May 29, 2020.].

       .        ,    ,       .  ,     ,           .  ,    ,   APM,     COVID-19    2,4  ,   ,   2,2  ,       [87 - APM Research Lab, COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S., May 27, 2020, https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race (https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race).].

      :     ,          [88 -       ,    ,   ,  ..  ,      30- ,  .. SOP (Sucess Oriented People).       ,    ,    ,     .  , -          (    )             ,  ,    . (. .)],     .    ,             ,       [89 -         70-      .      .  ,      ,   .        ,               . (. .)].      .   ,     .   ,      ,     . ,    ,  ,       ,   -    ,       ,     ,  ,      [90 - Michael Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit (NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), 18-27.].




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  ,         ,     ,    .      ,  -.   ,     ,   ,   .          ,   ,        .   COVID-19    ,      (   100       ,     ,    ,   ,    ).    ,   40          [91 - Charles Larson and Alec Mercer, Global Health Indicators: An Overview, Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 10 (2004): 1199-200, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1021409.].

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      ࠖ  .  ,        (),   10%        ,    10%[93 - OECD, Inequality, accessed September 20, 2020, http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm (http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm).]. ,   2026  Amazon      .    1%   82%  ,   42     ,   50%  ,    Oxfam[94 - Oxfam International Reward Work, Not Wealth, January 22, 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth (https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth).].

 ,    , ,    ,    .      ,          .       2015  193   17   .   堖    ,   ,    ,  ,     .

        .       -      ,        ,         2015,  ,     ,      ,  ,     [95 - United Nations Environment Programme, Bridging the Emissions Gap: The Role of Non-state and Subnational Actors, UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018, accessed September 20, 2020, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/26093 (http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/26093).].       , ,  ,   .    ,              (   ,         ,      ),      ,      ,    .       ,        ,     [96 - Hiroyuki Murakami etal., Dominant Effect of Relative Tropical Atlantic Warming on Major Hurricane Occurrence, Science 362, no. 6416 (2018): 794-799, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6416/794 (https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6416/794); Union of Concerned Scientists, Is Global Warming Fueling Increased Wildfire Risks? July 24, 2018, https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/global-warming-and-wildfire.html#.XC_6GM9Ki1s (https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/global-warming-and-wildfire.html#.XC_6GM9Ki1s); National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The Effects of Climate Change, accessed September 20, 2020, https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ (https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/).]. ,      .        [97 - Jeff Tollefson, Humans Are Driving One Million Species to Extinction, Nature, May 6, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01448-4 (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01448-4).]. ,            2010-,               1998, ,   ࠖ   堖     ,   [98 - The 10 Hottest Global Years on Record, Climate Central (blog), February 6, 2019, https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/the-10-hottest-global-years-on-record (https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/the-10-hottest-global-years-on-record).].

           ,   .       ,   -   .     ,   ,           .               .  2017 19         ,         [99 - Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2017: Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, 2018, http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf (http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf).51.United Nations Refugee Agency, Figures at a Glance, June 18, 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/ph/figures-at-a-glance (https://www.unhcr.org/ph/figures-at-a-glance).].  ,       .

,          ⠖  2011     25%.  ,   2017  ,   ,   258,   ,      ,     .  ,   ,           2018,   ,      [100 - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, accessed October 10, 2020, http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/ (http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/).].   ,        ,     ,        ,     ,    Pew Research[101 - Phillip Connor and Jens Manuel Krogstad, Many Worldwide Oppose More Migration Both into and out of Their Countries, Pew Research Center, December 10, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/ (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/).].   27 ,    Pew Research,    ,         .

           ,   . ,  Dalia Research, ,      ,         . ,       ,      2014,          .      , ,    .      ࠖ   , ,    .  ,   . ,   ,               [102 - Connor and Krogstad.].  ,   ,             (       ),   ,    ,   ,     ,  ,    Pew Research  27 , ,        ,       [103 - Richard Wike, Laura Silver, and Alexandra Castillo, Many across the Globe Are Dissatisfied with How Democracy Is Working, Pew Research Center, April 29, 2019, https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/04/29/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working/ (https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/04/29/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working/).].

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   :    ,   


   ,         ,   .    ,       ,        ,     .

           ,     ,         .          ,        ,       .  -   ,     ,   .  1965   ,    ( - )  ,           [107 - Walter Williams, Honest Numbers and Democracy: Social Policy Analysis in the White House, Congress, and the Federal Agencies (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1998), 2, 61.].

         䠖      ,     Medicare  Medicaid,           .       ,        .                   .

       .  .    .    ,          .            - ,     ,   , ,          .        (deep state).       . ,      ,    ,        [108 - Paul Light, The True Size of Government: Tracking Washingtons Blended Workforce, 1984-2015, Volcker Alliance, October 2017, https://www.volckeralliance.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Issue%20Paper_True%20Size%20of%20Government.pdf (https://clck.ru/Z8kBi).].

        .               ,      ,     .  ,   ,     ,          .  1970-         ,      ,       .           ,     .

           ,   .  1995   ,  ,     ,     ,  ,  ,    ,      ,  ,       ,        ,       -  [109 - Daniel Schuman, Keeping Congress Competent: The Senates Brain Drain, Sunlight Foundation, November 30, 2012, https://sunlightfoundation.com/taxonomy/term/Congressional-salaries/ (https://sunlightfoundation.com/taxonomy/term/Congressional-salaries/).62.Demand Progress and Lincoln Network to Rep. Nita Lowey etal., Strengthening the Legislative Branch by Increasing Its 302(b) Allocation, June 22, 2020, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DUMYLysANqdhngwUjYIDhPbFFr5CjLY1Kvz0KvOYxt8/edit?ts=5ee6d91c (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DUMYLysANqdhngwUjYIDhPbFFr5CjLY1Kvz0KvOYxt8/edit?ts=5ee6d91c).].  1995       279%,     131%.   , ,     , ,        8%.        111-     25%.    1000  ,   ࠖ  2500     25.

           .         ,      ,     ,        , ,         .    -  - :     :      7500000 ,         ,      .     ,   1995,    -         [110 - Bill Pascrell, Pascrell Testifies before Select Modernization Committee on Congress, press release, March 12, 2019, https://pascrell.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx? (https://pascrell.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?) DocumentID=3869.].  2010    $1,37    8000 .    ,  - ,          [111 - .OpenSecrets.org (http://opensecrets.org/), Lobbying Database, accessed May 4, 2019, https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/ (https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/).].  ,   ,   ,      ,  ,  , ,  ,  - ,    ,     .

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  ,      ,       .      ()   730  600,  421        6000 ,    .    1979  2015      28%[113 - Daniel Schuman and Zach Graves, The Decline of Congressional Expertise Explained in 10 Charts, Techdirt, October 18, 2018, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20181018/10204640869/decline-congressional-expertise-explained-10-charts.shtml (https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20181018/10204640869/decline-congressional-expertise-explained-10-charts.shtml) (    $88.  $327  111    239).].     :    ,  , :     ,        ,    ,    ,   ,             -                  ࠖ     .         ,    ,       ,       [114 - Kevin Kosar, Why I Quit the Congressional Research Service, Washington Monthly, January-February 2015, https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/janfeb-2015/why-i-quit-the-congressional-research-service/ (https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/janfeb-2015/why-i-quit-the-congressional-research-service/).].

             , ,  ,       ( ,           ).        ,         .   ,         ,     Congressional Management Foundation[115 - Kathy Goldschmidt, State of the Congress: Staff Perspectives on Institutional Capacity in the House and Senate (Washington, DC: Congressional Management Foundation, 2017).].   ,   ,         ,      ,   1995      [116 - Drew Desilver, Congress Productivity Improves Somewhat in 2015, Pew Research Center, December 29, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/29/congress-productivity-improves-somewhat-in-2015/ (http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/29/congress-productivity-improves-somewhat-in-2015/).          2015.  1947   -  906 ,    74   1995-1996  55   2013-2014.].       90-    700    , ,  2020,      116- ,       140[117 - GovTrack, Bills and Resolutions, accessed May 25, 2020, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/#bystatus (https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/#bystatus).].

         ,         ,    ,        . , ,            ,     堖   .   ,     .   . ,         ,   ,      ,   [118 - Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones, The Politics of Information: Problem Definition and the Course of Public Policy in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 64.].

     ,      .   ,     ,  ,   ,       ,  .  ,     ,       ,    ,   ,         .         ,     ,     .

           . .




:  堖   


  2018    17       --   ( ).       [119 - White House, President Trump Holds a Listening Session with High School Students and Teachers, YouTube, February 21, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKblXAikzEc (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKblXAikzEc).].             . ,       ,       ,         ,    .  ,   ,             ,     ,     .          ,           -  2012.    ,    [120 - John Cassidy, Trumps Idea of Arming Teachers Is Crazy but Clarifying, NewYorker, February 27, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trumps-idea-of-arming-teachers-is-crazy-but-clarifying (https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trumps-idea-of-arming-teachers-is-crazy-but-clarifying).].  ,   /       ,        .     ,  ,  ![121 - Rick Noack, Trump Supports Arming Some Teachers in the U.S.: Other Countries Have Different Ideas, Washington Post, February 22, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/22/trump-wants-teachers-in-the-u-s-to-be-armed-other-countries-have-different-ideas/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/22/trump-wants-teachers-in-the-u-s-to-be-armed-other-countries-have-different-ideas/).]

     ,   ,       , ,      .       .          18% ;       ,       ?  ,       [122 - Aimee Huff and Michelle Barnhart, Why Trumps Idea to Arm Teachers May Miss the Mark, The Conversation, February 26, 2018, https://theconversation.com/why-trumps-idea-to-arm-teachers-may-miss-the-mark-92335 (https://theconversation.com/why-trumps-idea-to-arm-teachers-may-miss-the-mark-92335). See also Elizabeth Chuck and Corky Siemaszko, Trumps Proposal to Arm Teachers Panned by Experts as a Colossally Stupid Idea, NBC News, February 22, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-s-proposal-arm-teachers-panned-experts-colossally-stupid-idea-n850286 (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-s-proposal-arm-teachers-panned-experts-colossally-stupid-idea-n850286).]. ,       ,       . ,       [123 - Terry Spencer, Education Unions Oppose Calls to Arm Teachers, Associated Press, February 11, 2019, https://www.apnews.com/a6239079b84a459291b69d3c17c0e455 (https://www.apnews.com/a6239079b84a459291b69d3c17c0e455).].

              ,          , ,   2020   COVID-19   ,     ,     ,   2019.    ,     .        .            ,         .

         2018       2019,   $5,7         ⠖   ,      ,        .

        ,   2018     -       .      .   ,    ,    ,        ,   ,        [124 - Elaine Kamarck, John Hudak, and Christine Stenglein, Immigration by the Numbers, Brookings Institution, August 15, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/immigration-by-the-numbers/ (https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/immigration-by-the-numbers/).].              ,   ,   ,    .          .

 ,         ,        ,  [125 - Michael Nelson, Presidential Competence, in The Presidency and the Political System (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2018), 155.].         ,     ,    ,   ,      .   ,    ,       ,   ,      .

    - .  2017       .                 ,     (   ,        ).             ,    [126 - Michael Lewis, The Fifth Risk (NewYork: Norton, 2019).].  ,         Fox News            ,   ,     .

     1941,          (        )[127 - Coral Davenport, In the Trump Administration Science Is Unwelcome, So Is Advice, NewYork Times, June 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/09/climate/trump-administration-science.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/09/climate/trump-administration-science.html).].            ,     .   2018       .           ,        .

          ,      .       ,         .   ,      ,       -  -.  ,         ,           ;       ,     ,  ,     ,        . NewYorker    ,      :  ,        [128 - Evan Osnos, Only the Best People: Trump vs. the Deep State, NewYorker, May 21, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/21/trump-vs-the-deep-state (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/21/trump-vs-the-deep-state).].         .  2019    ( 13875),              ,    .

           .  2019                    ࠖ    -,  .       ,        .                 ,         [129 - Merrit Kennedy, Scientists Desert USDA as Agency Relocates to Kansas City Area, NPR, July 17, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/07/17/742519999/future-of-key-farming-research-uncertain-as-2-3-of-usda-staff-say-they-wont-move (https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/07/17/742519999/future-of-key-farming-research-uncertain-as-2-3-of-usda-staff-say-they-wont-move).].        ,  -,   ,              .    450             [130 - Brad Plumer and Coral Davenport, Science under Attack: How Trump Is Sidelining Researchers and Their Work, NewYork Times, December 29, 2019, A1. See Silencing Science Tracker, Columbia Law School, accessed September 20, 2020, https://climate.law.columbia.edu/Silencing-Science-Tracker (https://climate.law.columbia.edu/Silencing-Science-Tracker).].    COVID-19      ,  ,                 ,       . , ,      ,          ,            ,     [131 - Read the Scrapped USPS Announcement to Send 5 Masks to Every American Household, Washington Post, September 17, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/read-the-scrapped-usps-announcement-to-send-5-masks-to-every-american-household/39cd11c9-3e38-4d8a-9d70-7c3215ab9cf8/?tid=ss_tw (https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/read-the-scrapped-usps-announcement-to-send-5-masks-to-every-american-household/39cd11c9-3e38-4d8a-9d70-7c3215ab9cf8/?tid=ss_tw).].

         ,    ,      ⠖ ,    ,          ,         .         ,         .

     .        ,    [132 - Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Cycles of American History (Wawa, PA: Franklin Library, 1986); Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones, The Politics of Information: Problem Definition and the Course of Public Policy in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).].          ,     Federal Register             1946[133 - Niall Ferguson, The Regulated States of America, Wall Street Journal, June 18, 2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324021104578551291160259734 (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324021104578551291160259734).].  ,     37   1966   1600  1973[134 - Baumgartner and Jones, Politics of Information, 72.].

        ,    .               .         :         . ,         ࠖ -  [135 - Michael Tanner, Budget Deficits Are Only Getting Bigger under Trump, CATO Institute, July 25, 2018, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/budget-deficits-are-only-getting-bigger-under-trump (https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/budget-deficits-are-only-getting-bigger-under-trump).].  -     ,       .

   :         (  )         (  - ,   ).  ,  -,  ;     90%    (       )  93%  [136 - Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often, 9.].    .     , -   .    [137 - James Q. Wilson, American Politics, Then and Now, and Other Essays (Washington, DC: AEI Press 2010), 8.].

,         [138 - John DiIulio Jr., Facing Up to Big Government, National Affairs 11 (Spring 2012): 22-41; Meena Bose, James Wilson, and John DiIulio Jr., American Government: The Essentials: Institutions and Policies, 12th ed. (Boston: Cengage Learning, 2011).].

   ,     ,       ,    ,      1970-,      2008    ,  ,        2016,   .    ,    ,   ,   .

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         .       ,  -               2016.      Telegraph,  ,     , ,           [140 - Ben Wright, Theres a Sinister Strain of Anti-intellectualism to Goves Dismissal of Experts, The Telegraph, June 21, 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/21/in-defence-of-experts-whether-they-support-leave-or-remain/ (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/21/in-defence-of-experts-whether-they-support-leave-or-remain/).].




   


         ,    -.           ,     ,   [141 - Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Anthem, 2013).].      ,    ,         :    ,    (Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World)[142 - Anand Giridharadas, Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World (NewYork: Knopf, 2018), 253.].       :  蠖   .    :          ,   ,     [143 - Edelman, Edelman Trust Barometer 2019, accessed January 1, 2020, https://www.edelman.com/trust-barometer (https://www.edelman.com/trust-barometer) (     ,   ,   :  . 58%   ,            .].

       ,      .       ,     ,   .           .        ,     -, , ,    -  ,           ,       2020,                 ,       ,       .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   (FAS)  ,   1945 -   .       ,              (. .).




2


       .              (. .).




3


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4


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5


Michell Weiss, Government Entrepreneur Is Not an Oxymoron, Harvard Business Review, March 28, 2014.




6


Elinor Ostrom, Public Entrepreneurship: A Case Study in Ground Water Basic Management, PhD diss., University of California, September 29, 1964, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/3581/eostr001.pdf?sequence$=$1 (http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/3581/eostr001.pdf?sequence$=$1).  : Rowan Conway, How to Be a Public Entrepreneur, The RSA (blog), July 25, 2018, https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-blogs/2018/07/how-to-be-a-public-entrepreneur (https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-blogs/2018/07/how-to-be-a-public-entrepreneur); Center for Public Impact, Enter the Public Entrepreneur, 2016, https://resources.centreforpublicimpact.org/production/2016/12/5284-CPI-Public-Entrep-singles1.pdf (https://resources.centreforpublicimpact.org/production/2016/12/5284-CPI-Public-Entrep-singles1.pdf); Mitchell Weiss, We the Possibility: Harnessing Public Entrepreneurship to Solve Our Most Urgent Problems (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2021).




7


Bertrand Russell, Power: A New Social Analysis (1938; repr., London: Routledge, 2004), 23.




8


Moises Na?m, The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being in Charge Isnt What It Used to Be (NewYork: Basic Books, 2014).




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Yuval Levin, How Did Americans Lose Faith in Everything? NewYork Times, January 18, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/opinion/sunday/institutions-trust.html?fbclid=IwAR2BiMBKMRahvW_rumZZ_Sd3kBMw5vmbMiDVAH7xVFQYSIl1DtlM1bw_p-w (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/opinion/sunday/institutions-trust.html?fbclid=IwAR2BiMBKMRahvW_rumZZ_Sd3kBMw5vmbMiDVAH7xVFQYSIl1DtlM1bw_p-w).




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Rapper Killer Mike Speech Transcript during Atlanta Protests, Rev, May 30, 2020, https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/rapper-killer-mike-speech-transcript-during-atlanta-protests (https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/rapper-killer-mike-speech-transcript-during-atlanta-protests).




11


See Open Source Drug Discovery, About Us, accessed June 18, 2019, http://www.osdd.net/about-us (http://www.osdd.net/about-us).




12


See Open Source Drug Discovery, home page, accessed May 10, 2019, http://www.osdd.net/home (http://www.osdd.net/home). See also Mark Stevenson, We Do Things Differently: The Outsiders Rebooting Our World (NewYork: Harry N. Abrams, 2018), 40-73; Christine Ardal and John-Arne Rottingen, Open Source Drug Discovery in Practice: A Case Study National Center for Biotechnology Information, PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, no. 9 (2012): e1827, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447952/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447952/).




13


          (FDA)      .    ,      , ,     .      ,          FDA.




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Beth Simone Noveck and Dinorah Cantu Pedrazza, City Challenges: Collaborative Governing for Public Problem Solving, Forbes, January 24, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethsimonenoveck/2018/01/24/city-challenges-collaborative-governing-for-public-problem-solving/#3948f666df34 (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethsimonenoveck/2018/01/24/city-challenges-collaborative-governing-for-public-problem-solving/#3948f666df34).




17


Beth Simone Noveck, Dane Gambrell, and Matt Ryan, Collective Intelligence Case Studies, The GovLab, accessed October 11, 2020, https://www.thegovlab.org/collective-intelligence.html (https://www.thegovlab.org/collective-intelligence.html).




18


Jonathan Wachtell,    , 27 2019.

8.Public Service Jobs Database, https://www.psjd.org/ (https://www.psjd.org/).




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20


Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber, Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning, Policy Sciences 4, no. 2 (1973): 155-169, doi:10.1007/bf01405730.




21


 ࠖ    ,       (  )        ,     . (. )




22


eth Simone Noveck, Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010); Noveck, Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Government (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).




23


        ,   , .:Sandford Borins, The Persistence of Innovation in Government (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), 4.




24


    2018,                   .         .    ,     . ,  . ,   ,        . ,        .     . . (. .).




25


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27


 .,  .,  .  . 5 ,  . .: , 2018.




28


Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovators DNA: Mastering the Five Skills of Disruptive Innovators (Brighton, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), 22.




29


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30


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31


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32


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33


eth Simone Noveck, Victoria Alsina, and Alejandra Mendoza, Encuesta de habilidades de innovacin en el sector p?blico de Paraguay (The GovLab white paper, August 2020), https://www.thegovlab.org/publications.html (https://www.thegovlab.org/publications.html).




34


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35


Noveck and Glover, Public Problem Solving Imperative.




36


4G Leaders Will Work with Singaporeans to Design, Implement Public Policies: DPM Heng, Channel News Asia, June 15, 2019, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/delmane/heng-swee-keat-4g-leaders-will-work-with-singaporeans-policies-11629932 (https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/delmane/heng-swee-keat-4g-leaders-will-work-with-singaporeans-policies-11629932).




37


   25 ,          ,     . , 5 2019.




38


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44


       : Sandford Borins, The Persistence of Innovation in Government (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), 20-25.




45


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Laura Bliss, How Louisville Is Using GPS to Control Asthma, City Lab, August 9, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/environment/2017/08/how-high-tech-inhalers-are-helping-louisville-clear-the-air/535749/ (https://www.citylab.com/environment/2017/08/how-high-tech-inhalers-are-helping-louisville-clear-the-air/535749/).




49


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50


Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Anthem, 2013).




51


Edelman, Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Covid-19 Pandemic, May 5, 2020, https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update (https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update). See also Sabrina Tavernise, Will the Coronavirus Kill Whats Left of Americans Faith in Washington? NewYork Times, May 24, 2020, A4.

5.Paul C. Light, Six Ways the Demand for Government Reform Will Shape the 2020 Election, FixGov (blog), Brookings Institution, February 26, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/26/six-ways-the-demand-for-government-reform-will-shape-the-2020-election/ (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/26/six-ways-the-demand-for-government-reform-will-shape-the-2020-election/).




52


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