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         (National Endowment for the Humanities),      (John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)     (Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences),        .      ;      ;  ,          2002  ,  ;         ,       .







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          .        ,  ,       . , , , , ,          ,   (  ).           , ,  蠖     ,     .       ,     ,    ,       ,   ,      .    ,       ;     ,         .

      -    , , , , , , , ,  .       ()   ,    ,  ()  , , ,    .    XX    ,   ;     ,  ;   ,      , , , , ,      .   蠓蔠   ,  ,  , , , , , , ,   蠓  (  ).

       ,      . -       ,     ; -       ; ,    ,         ;   ( )   -    [1 - David Nemeth. Patterns of Genesis among Peripatetics: Preliminary Notes from the Korean Archipelago, in Aparna Rao, ed. The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 1987, 159178; George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma. Japans Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966, 2028; Michael Bollig. Ethnic Relations and Spatial Mobility in Africa: AReview of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 179228; JamesH.Vaughn, Jr. Caste Systems in the Western Sudan, in Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov, eds. Social Stratification in Africa. New York: Free Press, 1970, 5992; Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Groups That Dont Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities// Annual Review of Anthropology, 15(1986): 307330; Asta Olesen. Peddling in East Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 3564; Hanna Rauber-Schweizer. Trade in Far West Nepal: The Economic Adaptation of the Peripatetic Humli-Khyampa, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 6588; PhilipD.Curtin. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 19.      ,   ,   ,      .].

     . ,   ()            ,   ,   ,    , , , , , ,  .      ,    , , , , , ,   ( ),         .      -           ,   , -    - ,       ,   .  XVI XVII      ,  , , ,        ,      ,    .  XVIII         -[2 - Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 186206; Bruce Masters. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 16001750.New York: New York University Press, 1988, 8289; JohnA.Armstrong. Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas // American Political Science Review 70, 2 (June 1976): 400; JohnA.Armstrong. Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 210.].

     .  ,     ,      ,     ,        ,    . ,     ,       , ,      ,       ,      . -        ;       ,   ;   蠓      ,      [3 - Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 102; Dominique Casajus. Crafts and Ceremonies: The Inadan in Tuareg Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 291310; William Lancaster and Fidelity Lancaster. The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 311322; Hagop Barsoumian. Economic Role of the Armenian Amira Class in the Ottoman Empire // Armenian Review, 31(March 1979): 310316; Hillel Levine. Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, 5973.].

            -.           ,     .  ,  VIII  ,   ,    ,           .    , ,   ,  XVI      , ,   . ʠ XIX    ,   ,         .

  XIX        -  (     ),    .     ,    (  )           - .             ,    1895        ,   蠓 .   , , ,     baniyas ().      ( ),   ,  ,    .       (    mescates   ),       , , ,  ,    . Ƞ  ,    , , ,     [4 - Edna Bonacich. Theory of Middleman Minorities // American Sociological Review, 38, no. 5(October 1973): 583594; Paul Mark Axelrod. Social and Demographic Comparison of Parsis, Saraswat Brahmins and Jains in Bombay. Ph. D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1974, 2639, 60; CharlesA.Jones. International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987, esp. 50 and 8184; T.M.Luhrmann. The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, 7891; D.Stanley Eitzen. Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines // Jewish Journal of Sociology 10, 2(December 1968): 221240; Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997, .   ; Joel Kotkin. Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993, 170180; Thomas Sowell. Migrations and Cultures: A World View. New York: Basic Books, 1996; Edgar Wickberg. Localism and the Organization of Overseas Migration in the Nineteenth Century, in GaryG.Hamilton. Cosmopolitan Capitalists. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999, 3555; Yuan-li Wu and Chun-hsi Wu. Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Chinese Dimension. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1980; LindaY.C.Lim and L.A.Peter Gosling, eds. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, vols. 1and 2.Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1983; Lynn Pan. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1990, 23152; Agehananda Bharati. The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Ururu. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972, 1122, 36, 42116; PierreL. van den Berghe. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Praeger, 1987, 135156; Dana April Seidenberg. Mercantile Adventurers: The World of East African Asians, 17501985. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996; Albert Hourani and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1992; WilliamK.Crowley. The Levantine Arabs: Diaspora in a New World // Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 6 (1974): 137142; R.Bayly Winder. The Lebanese in West Africa // Comparative Studies in Society and History 4(19611962): 296333; H.L. van der Laan. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.].

     ,         .    , ;     .   蠖  蠖  (),   ,   ,    ;  ,  ;  ,  .

     -,  ,      (  ),      .   ,  ,      .      ,       .       , , , , , , , , , , ,  .       ,    ,  ,  蠖  (,     ).        ,   . ,     ,     :     ; ,     ,       ; ,  ,  ,      ;      ( )  ,   ,    , , ,     (silvaticus),  [5 - NormanO.Brown. Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1947; Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978; Laurence Kahn. H?rmus passe ou les ambiguits de la communication. Paris: Fran?ois Maspero, 1978; W.B.Stanford. The Ulysses Theme: A Study in Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1992.].

   ,           ,  .    ,           ,   ,   ,   .    ,     -,  ,   ,     ,      ;   ,   (  , wong clagang,  ,   ).         , ()      .        ,      ( ), ,    ,  .    ;   ,    堖   .      ;      ,    ,   .    , ;    蠓,  蠓[6 - George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Commercial Nomadism: Occupation and Mobility among Travellers in England and Wales, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 134; MattT.Salo. The Gypsy Niche in North America: Some Ecological Perspectives on the Exploitation of Social Environments, Rao, The Other Nomads, 94; Judith Okely. The Traveller-Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 5860; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 70; Clifford Geertz. Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963, 4344; Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. eds. Life Is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl. New York: Schocken Books, 1952, 62; Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 42; DanielJ.Elazar. The Jewish People as the Classic Diaspora, in Gabriel Sheffer, ed. Modern Diasporas in International Politics. London: Croom Helm, 1986, 215.].

   ,      .       ,   ,     ,      .  .,  1970-       - -.    ,   - ,       ;    ,   - ,      .   ,    ;    ,  -    (   ). Ƞ  ,        젖     .   , ,      ,  ,               .        ,     [7 - BrianL.Foster. Ethnicity and Commerce // American Ethnologist 1, 3 (August 1974): 441. See also Cristina Blanc Szanton. Thai and Sino-Thai in Small Town Thailand: Changing Patterns of Interethnic relations, in Lim and Gosling, eds., The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 99125.].

      ,     , , - ,    ;   ,    ,       ,    , ,   ,    ( 23: 1920).    ,      ,     (       蠓 ).

Ѡ   ,   ,    (  merchant ,  mercenary , ꔠ ,    , merx, ). Ƞ,   . ,        ;       ⠖ ;   ,  ..    ,       ,   ,       .    ,    ,     ,     ,   -,  ,     ,    ,   [8 - Benjamin Nelson. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952: 338345; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 56; Alejandro Portes. Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview, in Alejandro Portes, ed. The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, 14; L.A.Peter Gosling. Changing Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review, in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 4.   ,      ( ),   Mark Granovetter. The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs, in Portes, The Economic Sociology of Immigration.].

Noblesse oblige,   -           .      (icasar);        (takarakayt);   ,    ;            (, , , ࠖ     ,   ).       ,    .   ,    ,         ,    ꠖ       [9 - DonaldL.Horowitz. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985, 119; Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 303; de Vos and Wagatsuma, Japans Invisible Race, 231; Werner Sombart. The Jews and Modern Capitalism. London: T.Fisher Unwin, 1913, 138; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 322323.].

      ,   蠖 .     ,    ,    ;    ,       .     ,     (  ,  ,  蠖       ).     ,     ,    젖 ,   .   ,      ,      ⠖      ,   ,    .

   ,        ,     , ,    .        ,   ,         (, ,   ).  ,    , , ,  ,       .      ,    .    ,             ( ,      )      蠖 ,     [10 - JosephC.Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 253; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 320321; Anne Sutherland. The Body as a Social Symbol among the Rom, in John Blacking, ed. The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, 1977, 376.].

     ,              ( ,   ,     ). ,       ,     .     , ,   ,      .  ,     ,   ,   ,  ; -,    ,     , , -,   , ,   ( , )[11 -  :       XIX   XX. (.: , 1993), 251.      .].   ,   (  );  ,    ,   ; -  ⠖    . Ƞ    .  :  ,    젖      ,     .


* * *

,    ,  ,         .  ()  ,     ;   ()  ,     ,   .      ࠖ    蠓;     젖  , [12 - Yuri Slezkine. Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity // Representations 47 (Summer 1994): 174, 180182; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952, 351355.].

   ,     ,       (   頖 ).        , ,  ,   ,           ,  ,  :     (  25: 118).     ,               . ,     ,     ;       .

   ,     .           ;  ,     ,      ,      ;  ,      ,     (   ,  ).   ,  ,   ,            (ahimsa).   ,    ,       (,  ..),  ,    ,   ,    .    堖        ,   ,  , , ,  .      ,    [13 - Vaughn, Caste Systems, 7779; Sutherland, The Body, 378380; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 8385; Axelrod, Social and Demographic Comparison, 5154, 6162.].

      ,    (  ,  ,  ,    )    ,   .   ,  蠓 (  )    .     ,     (,   ,  ,   ,  , ,   ,  [14 -  15:11.].     ( -    ),       蠖    ,     .   ,        ;   ,       ,     (   ),  .     ,  , , ,  ,        ,     蠓          ,    .  ,   ,     ,   ,   (     蠓), , , , ,  .

 蠖    ,         .    ,    .   , ,  ( )     ,      ,       .  ()      ,       .   ,  ,  ,   (   ) ,        .  ,     ,      , ,      .

Ӡ   ,   ,    ,          .   ,     ,      ,   (-),          ,  ,   ,    - .        ,          .       (marime)    ,        ,       (  ,         ,   ).     唠 ,  ,  ,          ,        . ,    ,         . Ƞ  ,         ,        ,   [15 - . : Sutherland, The Body, and Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 102; Max Weber. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963, 109; David Nemeth. Gypsy Taskmasters, Gentile Slaves, in MattT.Salo, ed. The American Kalderas: Gypsies in the New World. Hackettstown, N.J.: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1981, 2941.].


* * *

       .      ,    ()    .      蠓,    (   ).    ,      ,    . ,     ࠓ,     ,          ,  . (,    ,          ,             [16 - C.: Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 819; and Paul Wexler, The Case for the Relexification Hypothesis in Romani, in Julia Horvath and Paul Wexler, eds. Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, 100161.    . : Yaron Matras. Para-Romani Revisited, in Yaron Matras. ed. The Romani Element in Non-Standard Speech. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, 127.].)       -,      (,  )   .    , , , , ,    ;        -  :    ,     ;   ,   (,   ),   -     ;   ,   ,    ,    (    )   ;    ( ,  ),    -; ,   ,           ,    [17 -   ( ) . : (1)Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 103f; (2)Ian F. Hancock. The Social and Linguistic Development of Angloromani// Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, 38(December 1977): 142; also IanF.Hancock. Is Anglo-Romanes a Creole?// Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 49, 12(1970): 4144; (3) Norbert Boretzky and Birgit lgla. Romani Mixed Dialects, in Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous, eds. Mixed Languages: Fifteen Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT, 1994, 3568; and Norbert Boretzky. Der Romani-Wortschatz in den Romani-Misch-Dialekten (Pararomani), in Matras, The Romani Element, 97132; (4) Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous. Introduction, and Peter Bakker. Michif, The CreeFrench Mixed Language of the Mtis Buffalo Hunters in Canada, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 111and 1333; and (5) Jakob Ladefoged. Romani Elements in Non-Standard Scandinavian Varieties, in Matras, The Romani Element, 133164.].

  ,  -    ,            .      -,   -  -,   ,   ,    ,   .        ࠖ    [18 - Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 204, 214.].

 ,   , ,     ,  蠓      :    (    ),  ,  , , , ,   ..         -  -     [, ];  (,    )      -eishi  -elheid;    ()  about (, ), bull () tobacco smoke ( )  aboutas, bullas fogas;     do () dorus ()  od rodus,   solder () supper () grawder grupper[19 - Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 308309; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 214; Hancock, The Social and Linguistic Development, 29; AnthonyP.Grant, Shelta: The Secret Language of Irish Travellers Viewed as a Mixed Language, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 135136; R.A.Stewart Macalister. The Secret Languages of Ireland, with Special Reference to the Origin and Nature of the Shelta Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937, 132.]. ࠖ   ,    - ,     .      , ,    ,  1890     ,     :



         ,     .      ,   ,  ,  ,   .       , -,    [20 -  Macalister, The Secret Languages, 134135.].


     ,            (      ).       ,     ,        .   ,         ,      ( ) , , , , , ,    .   ,    堓,  蠖 Judezmo, , 堓,  Yahudic, 堓 (        -). ,         ,     ,        ,      (       )        ,    [21 - SolomonA.Birnbaum. Yiddish: A Survey and Grammar. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979, 76, 106.].   ,       -     -; ,  ( ) ,     ,    [22 - Max Weinreich. History of the Yiddish Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 95124.].

  ,       ,      (),     ,      [23 - Paul Wexler. The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity. Columbus: Slavica, 1993, 5960and passim; Dell Hymes. Introduction, in Dell Hymes, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, 76, 7778, 8687(  . 86); . : F.Hancock. Recovering Pidgin Genesis: Approaches and Problems, in Albert Valdman ed. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977, 277294, esp. 289290, and IanF.Hancock, Appendix: Repertory of Pidgin and Creole Languages, , 385.].        ,      (  ):     , , ,   ,      -,   򔠖 ,  ( ),  .  .,    - ,      ( )  ,     (pidgin),           [24 - Birnbaum, Yiddish, 82and passim; Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 29, 350351, 599f and passim; JoshuaA.Fishman. Yiddish: Turning to Life. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991, 1935, 189201.].         ;     , ,   ;        ;        ,    [25 - Π   .: Bakker, Michif, 2526.  ,          ;  (  )     .].

  :     ,   ,     ,     (  ),  (  ).     ,  .      . raison d?tre  ,   , , .  蠖      .    ()       ,   ,      . Ѡ頖      Loshen-Koudesh (  /  )  ,   ,  . (   ,  ,      .   ,  蠓𔠖  [26 - Matras, Para-Romani Revisited, 21; Yaron Matras. The Romani Element in German Secret Languages, in Matras, The Romani Element, 193194; Hancock, Recovering Pidgin Genesis, 290.].)       ,  ,      .    , 堖 ,    ,      .         , , , ,    .     : ,    ,  : ,    .         ,  ,  ,     ,     ,  ,     [27 - Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 199, 605.].


* * *

     ,        ,       , ,   (  ,   ,  ,  ).       (    )   ,       ,        () , ,  .  ,    (   ).   ,      ,        (,    )    .   ,  ,  ,   ,    ,  ,   ,     ,    () .

  .     (, , )   ,    :   ,     ,  .  ,     ,  ,   ,      ,   [28 - Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 4759.].       ,      .    ,  ,  ,          (    ).   蠖    ()  ()     . Ƞ .    :    , ,    .           :         (ࠖ   ),         .       ,    -   :   ,   ,            (limpieza de sangre)  .

  .       ,  ,  ,  .  ,     蠖  ,        ,   ,   ,     . Ƞ,        ,    : 堖 , 堖 , 堖 , 堖 , 堖 . Ѡ       ,    (    ,     ,   )[29 - Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 168169.].

Ƞ  ,     .          ,  ,           .    ,     . ,     ,   ,   ,    ,    (     ,    ).  ;    ;      .

     .              (   :     ).      (      ),  ,    ,      ,    ࠖ   ,       , 蠖    .

  ,    ,     ,  , ,    .    ,         .  ( )      ,         ,      . - ,       ,     :    ;     . ,   ,    ,  , . Ƞ  ,   , ,     ,   ,      ,     -.   ,  ,        ().   ,    , ,      ,       ,      .       ,     ,    ,    .               , ,  ,    (      ).          ,        .        ,   ,   ; ,   ,  , , , /,   ,      ,   [30 - MichaelJ.Casimir In Search of Guilt: Legends on the Origin of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 373390; Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 216.].

   ,  , , ,  .      , ,   , ,  ,  ,          (      ,  ).     , ,  ,   ().   ,  ,    ,   ,        .       ,     , , .    ⠖      [31 - Lancaster and Lancaster, The Function of Peripatetics, 319.].       ;             .     :   ,   .    , 蠖       ,  ,   ,  ,  , ,      .

Ӡ ,  , . ,    ,  , .        ,   ,      .     ,  ,  젖     .     (   )  ,         ,   . (    .)    蠖       .  , .

   ,      ,    ,     (   ).       :  젖 , ,    (     ,    ).      :    (  ) , ,           ,   .     ,     -,    ,  .     ,         ,      ,       ,    [32 - Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 143. . : Bonacich, Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586.].

 ,        ,      [33 - Π  .: WilliamG.Davis. Social Relations in a Philippine Market: Self-Interest and Subjectivity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973, 199200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143146.].     (),    ,      ;  ,   ()   ()    ,  ,          [34 - Sutherland, The Body, 377378; MattT.Salo, Gypsy Ethnicity: Implications of Native Categories and Interaction for Ethnic Classification, 7879; Ignacy-Marck Kaminski. The Dilemma of Power: Internal and External Leadership. The Gypsy-Roma of Poland, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 332334.].

          (  baniyas,  ,   dukas []),  ,       [35 - Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 42, 149; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 147153.].         .  ,   (    )    .          .     ,      :       ,      [!],     - ,  ,      .   ,   ,         ,     [36 - Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 228230, 241244.   . 229.].     ,    ,   ,  ( )  ,   (),  ,   .      ,  ,    ,    ,    ,  ,     ,     .     ( )                   [37 - Ivan.Light. Ethnie Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972, 4561, 81100; LindaY.C.Lim. Chinese Economic Activity in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1: 5; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 230; Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 111127.]. (        ,   .)

         (  ).       ,     ,      .  ,    ,    ;     ,         [38 - Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143; see also Bonacich, ATheory of Middleman Minorities, 586587; and van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 139144.].         :   .      .

 ,             :  ,    ,    . , ,     .   ,  ,    .  , ,  ,    ,   . ,   , ,  -[39 -  : AlbertS.Lindemann. Esaus Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.].   ,   ,        ,   ,      .   ,    ,  ,       . ,    ,   ,      ,  , ,   [40 - Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.].

    .        ,   ,      .     ,     ,       ( ,     ).   蠖  堖     .     ;   ,          ();     ,    ⠖ ;      (   ), ,    ,     ; , , ,      , , , 酠       [41 - Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: AlfredA.Knopf, 1943)], 131.].

 ,   ,   ,    ,   ( ࠓ     ).  ,       /,     ,        ,   .     - ,



   ,  ,      ,   ,    ,      ,  ,  .      ,  ,   ;  ,      ;   ,      ;    , ,  ,    ;  ,     ;  ,    ,        .      [42 - Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 4748.].


      ,    .   ,   -  , . , ,   ,    ,   ⠖  .      ,   ,           ⠖        [43 - Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.].    , 젖  (, ), 젖 , 젖 , 젖 ,  .   ,     rug ( ),      :     ,       ;     , , 蠫 ,         [44 - Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 314.].

   ,   , , ,         (   ).       ,   ,      .   ,      ,      , ,  ,       .     (  ).  ,   ,  ,   ,     .          .       ,             ,    ,   ,   [45 - Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 17701870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.]. ,  ,         .

    .     ,   .            (Mercuriales viri,   ,   ),       .        ;     ࠖ . , , ,          :      蠖 ,  . ,   ,     ,      . , ,     , ,  .     .

 ,      . Ӡ,   , ,  ,     . ,  ,    ,  ,    ,   (     ),    . Ƞ            蠖     ,        .


* * *

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 ,   ,    (,  ,     )          XX        ,   .  19191936    67%  -,  1960-     3645%     --.              :     ,     ,    ,   ,      .         ,   ;  ,  ,  2000  .  -  (  1% )      ,    , ,  ,   .         -  [48 - DarioA.Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s1930s, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; ClarkS.Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292293, 302303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; NancieL.Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149150.].

     (     )  ,     ()  ,  , , , ,    .   , , ,             ( 7080%     ). ,   , ,     ,       ;   1980-    ,  -,  -,        .     ( )   40%          .  1989-   ,     ,   100 .     (1980-)  -     ,  26000. ʠ1990     5000    .      20000  28000,  10%  .          .    -     ,       60%      .        .  1970-             ,     [49 - David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157158.].

         .    - ,  ,     ,   ,     ,  ,    , ,    (    ).   XX   ( 2% )   60%   , ,   ,       , ,    .   , ,  ,  , ,   ,           ,   .     ( 70%  , 80%           ),  ( 70%  )  (6770  -,     ,    - ).              :       ,  ,    50%     , -,     .  -         - ,  [50 - Chua, World on Fire, 3, 3637, 43, 3435; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, 4(1999): 910; Kotkin, Tribes, 165200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175176.].

       ?    ,   ,  ?        baniyas? Ƞ         (       ,         )  ,     ?

      ⠓  , , ,   [51 - ., : RobertE.Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, 1(July 1962): 1120; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; PeterL.Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S.Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in GaryG.Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 2742; RobertN.Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985.    ,   -    ,  , ,  , ,  ,     (   )  ,  . .  Sociology of Religion, . XVXVI,  Ancient Judaism.].     ,     ,   . , ,           (    ),    ,                      ,   ,      .       ,         ,          ,   .

              .   ,     ,        ,      ,     ,  .  ,  ,    ,     ,    ,       .       蠖   .   , ,         ,       ,    [52 - Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375.     . Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 8192; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.].

        ,    ,      .      ࠖ  ,        [53 - . : Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S.Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and GaryG.Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in GaryG.Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 1326, 2742, 4358and 283298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140143.].    ,  , , ,    ,   .        , - , -, - -,      ,      , ,    .   ,        (          頖 ).   ࠖ  ,        ,      [54 - Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97112.].

     (    )  ,      頖  ,     .           頖          ( ).  :       ,     .  ,    ,      :   ,   ,   ,   .        (),                .  ,  ,   ;  ,     ,   [55 - Fukuyama, , passim.].


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 1903,     ,             .       (   LAntisyrien)    蠓 ,     (extirpation).      (       )      .  900  [57 - Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 19031934 // International History Review 3, 4 (October 1981): 517539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 8889.].  1919   (-)          ,    .            ,   .      -        ,     (  ),       .     ,   , ,   ,     .  ,   ,    [58 - Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 45; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69n. 61. . : Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 7598.].

            .              .     , 蠖       蠓.  1972       70000 ,  ,     ,     .  1982        ,     500     [59 - Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 155; Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 9798; Seidenberg, Mercantile Adventurers, 203204; Chua, World on Fire, 114.    Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1972,  : Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 591.].

  -      .       27  (1942), 堖  (1957),    ᠓             (      ).  19591960                130000, 19651967       , ,    .    ,  -       ,            .  1969    -    ; 1975-        200000 (       ,   ); 19781979         .      ,         (    ),      . ,   ,    .   ,     .    ,  .    .  ,        .     5000,  150     2000  [60 - Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 213214, 215219; Chua, World on Fire, 36, 4445; MaryF.Somers Heidhues. Southeast Asias Chinese Minorities. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Longman, 1974, 8086; Garth Alexander. Silent Invasion: The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Macdonald, 1973, 130143; Ben Kiernan, Kampucheas Ethnic Chinese under Pol Pot // Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, 1(1986): 1829; Wu and Wu, Economic Development, 3940; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 224225; Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, 61; Harymurti, ]Challenges of Change, 910.    : Abidin Kusno. Remembering/Forgetting the May Riots: Architecture, Violence, and the Making of Chinese Cultures in Post 1998Jakarta// Public Culture 15, 1(2003): 149.].

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notes








1


David Nemeth. Patterns of Genesis among Peripatetics: Preliminary Notes from the Korean Archipelago, in Aparna Rao, ed. The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 1987, 159178; George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma. Japans Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966, 2028; Michael Bollig. Ethnic Relations and Spatial Mobility in Africa: AReview of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 179228; JamesH.Vaughn, Jr. Caste Systems in the Western Sudan, in Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov, eds. Social Stratification in Africa. New York: Free Press, 1970, 5992; Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Groups That Dont Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities// Annual Review of Anthropology, 15(1986): 307330; Asta Olesen. Peddling in East Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 3564; Hanna Rauber-Schweizer. Trade in Far West Nepal: The Economic Adaptation of the Peripatetic Humli-Khyampa, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 6588; PhilipD.Curtin. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 19.      ,   ,   ,      .




2


Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 186206; Bruce Masters. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 16001750.New York: New York University Press, 1988, 8289; JohnA.Armstrong. Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas // American Political Science Review 70, 2 (June 1976): 400; JohnA.Armstrong. Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 210.




3


Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 102; Dominique Casajus. Crafts and Ceremonies: The Inadan in Tuareg Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 291310; William Lancaster and Fidelity Lancaster. The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 311322; Hagop Barsoumian. Economic Role of the Armenian Amira Class in the Ottoman Empire // Armenian Review, 31(March 1979): 310316; Hillel Levine. Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, 5973.




4


Edna Bonacich. Theory of Middleman Minorities // American Sociological Review, 38, no. 5(October 1973): 583594; Paul Mark Axelrod. Social and Demographic Comparison of Parsis, Saraswat Brahmins and Jains in Bombay. Ph. D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1974, 2639, 60; CharlesA.Jones. International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987, esp. 50 and 8184; T.M.Luhrmann. The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, 7891; D.Stanley Eitzen. Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines // Jewish Journal of Sociology 10, 2(December 1968): 221240; Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997, .   ; Joel Kotkin. Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993, 170180; Thomas Sowell. Migrations and Cultures: A World View. New York: Basic Books, 1996; Edgar Wickberg. Localism and the Organization of Overseas Migration in the Nineteenth Century, in GaryG.Hamilton. Cosmopolitan Capitalists. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999, 3555; Yuan-li Wu and Chun-hsi Wu. Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Chinese Dimension. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1980; LindaY.C.Lim and L.A.Peter Gosling, eds. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, vols. 1and 2.Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1983; Lynn Pan. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1990, 23152; Agehananda Bharati. The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Ururu. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972, 1122, 36, 42116; PierreL. van den Berghe. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Praeger, 1987, 135156; Dana April Seidenberg. Mercantile Adventurers: The World of East African Asians, 17501985. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996; Albert Hourani and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1992; WilliamK.Crowley. The Levantine Arabs: Diaspora in a New World // Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 6 (1974): 137142; R.Bayly Winder. The Lebanese in West Africa // Comparative Studies in Society and History 4(19611962): 296333; H.L. van der Laan. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.




5


NormanO.Brown. Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1947; Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978; Laurence Kahn. H?rmus passe ou les ambiguits de la communication. Paris: Fran?ois Maspero, 1978; W.B.Stanford. The Ulysses Theme: A Study in Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1992.




6


George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Commercial Nomadism: Occupation and Mobility among Travellers in England and Wales, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 134; MattT.Salo. The Gypsy Niche in North America: Some Ecological Perspectives on the Exploitation of Social Environments, Rao, The Other Nomads, 94; Judith Okely. The Traveller-Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 5860; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 70; Clifford Geertz. Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963, 4344; Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. eds. Life Is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl. New York: Schocken Books, 1952, 62; Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 42; DanielJ.Elazar. The Jewish People as the Classic Diaspora, in Gabriel Sheffer, ed. Modern Diasporas in International Politics. London: Croom Helm, 1986, 215.




7


BrianL.Foster. Ethnicity and Commerce // American Ethnologist 1, 3 (August 1974): 441. See also Cristina Blanc Szanton. Thai and Sino-Thai in Small Town Thailand: Changing Patterns of Interethnic relations, in Lim and Gosling, eds., The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 99125.




8


Benjamin Nelson. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952: 338345; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 56; Alejandro Portes. Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview, in Alejandro Portes, ed. The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, 14; L.A.Peter Gosling. Changing Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review, in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 4.   ,      ( ),   Mark Granovetter. The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs, in Portes, The Economic Sociology of Immigration.




9


DonaldL.Horowitz. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985, 119; Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 303; de Vos and Wagatsuma, Japans Invisible Race, 231; Werner Sombart. The Jews and Modern Capitalism. London: T.Fisher Unwin, 1913, 138; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 322323.




10


JosephC.Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 253; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 320321; Anne Sutherland. The Body as a Social Symbol among the Rom, in John Blacking, ed. The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, 1977, 376.




11


 :       XIX   XX. (.: , 1993), 251.      .




12


Yuri Slezkine. Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity // Representations 47 (Summer 1994): 174, 180182; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952, 351355.




13


Vaughn, Caste Systems, 7779; Sutherland, The Body, 378380; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 8385; Axelrod, Social and Demographic Comparison, 5154, 6162.




14


 15:11.




15


. : Sutherland, The Body, and Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 102; Max Weber. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963, 109; David Nemeth. Gypsy Taskmasters, Gentile Slaves, in MattT.Salo, ed. The American Kalderas: Gypsies in the New World. Hackettstown, N.J.: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1981, 2941.




16


C.: Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 819; and Paul Wexler, The Case for the Relexification Hypothesis in Romani, in Julia Horvath and Paul Wexler, eds. Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, 100161.    . : Yaron Matras. Para-Romani Revisited, in Yaron Matras. ed. The Romani Element in Non-Standard Speech. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, 127.




17


  ( ) . : (1)Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 103f; (2)Ian F. Hancock. The Social and Linguistic Development of Angloromani// Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, 38(December 1977): 142; also IanF.Hancock. Is Anglo-Romanes a Creole?// Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 49, 12(1970): 4144; (3) Norbert Boretzky and Birgit lgla. Romani Mixed Dialects, in Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous, eds. Mixed Languages: Fifteen Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT, 1994, 3568; and Norbert Boretzky. Der Romani-Wortschatz in den Romani-Misch-Dialekten (Pararomani), in Matras, The Romani Element, 97132; (4) Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous. Introduction, and Peter Bakker. Michif, The CreeFrench Mixed Language of the Mtis Buffalo Hunters in Canada, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 111and 1333; and (5) Jakob Ladefoged. Romani Elements in Non-Standard Scandinavian Varieties, in Matras, The Romani Element, 133164.




18


Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 204, 214.




19


Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 308309; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 214; Hancock, The Social and Linguistic Development, 29; AnthonyP.Grant, Shelta: The Secret Language of Irish Travellers Viewed as a Mixed Language, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 135136; R.A.Stewart Macalister. The Secret Languages of Ireland, with Special Reference to the Origin and Nature of the Shelta Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937, 132.




20


 Macalister, The Secret Languages, 134135.




21


SolomonA.Birnbaum. Yiddish: A Survey and Grammar. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979, 76, 106.




22


Max Weinreich. History of the Yiddish Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 95124.




23


Paul Wexler. The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity. Columbus: Slavica, 1993, 5960and passim; Dell Hymes. Introduction, in Dell Hymes, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, 76, 7778, 8687(  . 86); . : F.Hancock. Recovering Pidgin Genesis: Approaches and Problems, in Albert Valdman ed. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977, 277294, esp. 289290, and IanF.Hancock, Appendix: Repertory of Pidgin and Creole Languages, , 385.




24


Birnbaum, Yiddish, 82and passim; Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 29, 350351, 599f and passim; JoshuaA.Fishman. Yiddish: Turning to Life. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991, 1935, 189201.




25


Π   .: Bakker, Michif, 2526.  ,          ;  (  )     .




26


Matras, Para-Romani Revisited, 21; Yaron Matras. The Romani Element in German Secret Languages, in Matras, The Romani Element, 193194; Hancock, Recovering Pidgin Genesis, 290.




27


Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 199, 605.




28


Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 4759.




29


Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 168169.




30


MichaelJ.Casimir In Search of Guilt: Legends on the Origin of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 373390; Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 216.




31


Lancaster and Lancaster, The Function of Peripatetics, 319.




32


Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 143. . : Bonacich, Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586.




33


Π  .: WilliamG.Davis. Social Relations in a Philippine Market: Self-Interest and Subjectivity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973, 199200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143146.




34


Sutherland, The Body, 377378; MattT.Salo, Gypsy Ethnicity: Implications of Native Categories and Interaction for Ethnic Classification, 7879; Ignacy-Marck Kaminski. The Dilemma of Power: Internal and External Leadership. The Gypsy-Roma of Poland, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 332334.




35


Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 42, 149; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 147153.




36


Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 228230, 241244.   . 229.




37


Ivan.Light. Ethnie Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972, 4561, 81100; LindaY.C.Lim. Chinese Economic Activity in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1: 5; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 230; Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 111127.




38


Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143; see also Bonacich, ATheory of Middleman Minorities, 586587; and van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 139144.




39


 : AlbertS.Lindemann. Esaus Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.




40


Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.




41


Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: AlfredA.Knopf, 1943)], 131.




42


Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 4748.




43


Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.




44


Gmelch, Groups That Dont Want In, 314.




45


Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 17701870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.




46


: Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 103109; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.




47


Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 9195, 119; JamsheedK.Choksy, Evil, Good, and Gender: Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History. New York: Peter Lang, 2002, 109.




48


DarioA.Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s1930s, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; ClarkS.Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292293, 302303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; NancieL.Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149150.




49


David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157158.




50


Chua, World on Fire, 3, 3637, 43, 3435; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, 4(1999): 910; Kotkin, Tribes, 165200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175176.




51


., : RobertE.Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, 1(July 1962): 1120; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; PeterL.Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S.Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in GaryG.Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 2742; RobertN.Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985.    ,   -    ,  , ,  , ,  ,     (   )  ,  . .  Sociology of Religion, . XVXVI,  Ancient Judaism.




52


Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375.     . Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 8192; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.




53


. : Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S.Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and GaryG.Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in GaryG.Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 1326, 2742, 4358and 283298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140143.




54


Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97112.




55


Fukuyama, , passim.




56


Eitzen, Two Minorities, 223; . : Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 3134.




57


Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 19031934 // International History Review 3, 4 (October 1981): 517539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 8889.




58


Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 45; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69n. 61. . : Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 7598.




59


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