 .   
  


   
       (19592015)       1994         ,       .         (, ,  ), -    ,         .        1990- ,     ,             .       , .      ,  ,     ,    .





 

 .   




Svetlana Boym


COMMON PLACES


Mythologies of everyday life in Russia




HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

1994




 ,    







   


         Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia,    1994       , .       1980-    1990-.      .       .  , -   ,  .              .    ,    ,            (      )     ,    .      1990-   2000-,   ,    .

,    ,    .  ,        .             .      :       ,        ,      ,          .

       ,   .           . ,   ,          ,    .          , , ,   .            (     )  ,            ,    .     ,   :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,     ,     .    The Future of Nostalgia (New York: Basic Books, 2001)     off-modern,       XX ,     ,   .   off    ;     (off-off , )    ,  ,       .   -       .   ,  ,  ,   ,         .

    ,     .  ,          .       ,   .



 , ,    .            .          ,    -     .    ,    Central Park  -,              .            .     -        ,  -,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .           ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .       , ,  ,         .

      ,             ,   , -       .          ,    ,        .



  , 10  2002 .






   



-      ,        ,      .          .       ,   ,   ,   ,   .     -  .      ,   .  ,    ,  .               .       .         ,      . ,     saying what you mean and being straightforward   ,       .     , , ,  ,   ,   ,   .   ,        ,       ,   ,  ,     .            ,       .

      ,    ,   .    ,   .      ,    ,      .

      .   ,   ,     ,      .       ,     , ,  , :     ,    .    .       .    ,     ,   ,   ,        .  ,     .   ,     (heimlich)    - (unheimlich),      -.           ,          ,       .      ,    ,  . ( Campbell Soup         ,     .)    ,    ,   ,    .     ,    .             ,        ,   .       ,    .    .        ,       ,        ,    .       ,        eternullit     .      .

 ,    .       ,    ,    .      ,    .

  (    ) ,         ,       ,    -.  ,        ,       ,      ,      .        ,      ,   ,     ,    ,      ,    ,    ,   .     ,     ,    , , ,   ,     .    -.

       , , ,   ,      .       ,         ,   ,    [1 - Barthes Roland. Mythologies. Paris: Seuil, 1957.            ,    .        -      .           1950-.       1970-        ,          ,  .   ,     ,    ,  ,      .               1960- ,     ,    - .    ,    ,                   ,       .  ,  ,   ,   .       .          ,   ,    ,      1970- , ,     XX .           .  1980-   1990-          cultural studies (  )   .   ,        ,          ,    ,          ,  ,   ,     ,     . ,               (Geerz Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973 ?Clifford James. The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). , ,  thick description ( )        ,      .   1970-   1980- ,        ,   ,    . (              1930-  1940-          .  ,    ,       ,  .)  ,        ,          .  ,  , , , ,     -,       ( )  û   (, , ),      .    ,          (        integrity)       ,   ,      ,    .            ,         ,      , , ,   .            (   ? )  .].    ,   . ,     ?     ,     fine ()   great (),       ,          .     , ,  . , ,  ,   ,      ,   .      ; ,        XIX ,      .    ,     ,     .         ,    .                  .     ,        .           ,    ,      .     ,      (     );        .

                - .  XIX    ,         ,       [2 - Renan Ernest. What is a Nation? // The Nationalism Reader / Ed. by Omar Dahbour and Micheline R. Isnay. New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1995. P. 143156. . : Bhabha Homi (ed.). Nation and Narration. New York: Routledge, 1990; Anderson Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1994; Gellner Ernst. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca; NY: Cornell UP, 1983; and Greenfeld Liah. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge University Press, 1992.     ?  .    ?  : Representations. 1995. 49.].         , ,   ,  ,     .        ,  ,      . ,   ,             .      ,  ,     .   XX ,    ,        , , ,          ,  -    .      .        ,   ,         1940-   1950-,     ,     ,   60- .  ,   1940-,     ,      1940-.    ,     ,          ,    1980- .    ,     1980-        . ,     XX        .             ;     :       .    .

       .          .     .    ,      .         ,        ,  ,   ,       ,    ,       ,   .   ,         ,         .     ,    ,   .          .  ,          XIX      [3 - Nabokov Vladimir. On Philistines and Philistinism // Lectures on Russian Literature. New York, 1981.].   ,        ,       ,     , .          .        . (,        ,    - .        .)    ,    ,    .




1.    


        .      (1952)       ,      .        ,  , , -  ,    .          ,     .        :         ,      ,        ,     .      ,    ;    ,      -,        .  ,    ,      .     ,       ,     .       ,   , ,  , ,         .     :        -   sitcom,      .

   .     ,    .                  ,    ,   .        ,  ,        ,     .

  ,              1952    .        ,   ,        .        ,      ,     :



     ?      ,  , ,  , . ,   ,    ,       .       ,        .         ,     .   :

		
		
		 ,
		
		 
		:
		 ,
		   ,
		
		  

            :       . ,  ,     ,    ? ,   .

        .   , ,        [4 -  .   // . 19531954. . 22.].


       ,  .          .       ,      ;    ,  , ,   ,   .  ,  ,        ,    .  ,   ,       ,   , ,    .             .        ,      .    ,   [5 -         - ,     .  ()            1950- .].

       .        ,         . (,  ,          .)             .       ,            1920- ,     . ,        , , ,    ,       [6 -            .             .       .           . , ,        .  ,   ,       19301940-.].  ,         ,   .

    ,     ,         .                .          , ,         ,         . (       :    ,   .         ,    腻[7 -  .   . .:  , 1983. . 58.]) ,    ,   ,    .

          ,    ,   (    . , . , . ). ,           1947   :



         ,     ,     .         20                   [8 - . 1947. 2.].


,           ,   1940-   1950-    ,     ,   .     ,       .      ,       . ,          .    ,         .

      1960- .   1960-      .  1960-      ,        .            ,    ,  .            ,    .

   1950-     .        ,     . Oh this little and who tries to move the rubber plant hes got high hopes, hes got high hopes.  黠 -   .      ,       .         ,    . ,        ,           .          ,        .




2. :   


    [9 - Foucault Michel. Larchologie du savoir. Paris: Gallimard, 1969; Lordre du discours. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.].                 .  ,           .  ,             ,   .              . ,  ,         .          ,      ,   , ,  ,  .       :



            ,  ,   ,  ,     .       , ,         ,   ; ,     ,               [10 - Benjamin Walter. Berlin Chronicle // Reflections. New York: Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, 1978.     ,             ,  .   .    ,       ,      .  ,   ,    ,       .].


    .    ,    .  .            .    .                Hythlodaeus    .       .  ,   ,  ,                .  ,     ,  .      ,  ,    ,      ,  ,    ,   .

       .     ,         .    ,        , ,      ,       .    :    [11 -            .          ,             .   ,        ,            ,       ,            .               ,  ,      ,       .].

        ,   .        ,        .       . , , ,             -    , ,         .    ,     ,   ,    .




3. :    


        .  ,    ,     ,      .          [12 - Yates Frances. The Art of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.].  ,   ,  ,     ,  -   ,       .            .    ,      .    ,          ,   ,  .     ,   ,     ,      ,        .   ()    ,     ,    ,    ,          ,    ,    .        .

,       ,      ,     ,      ,   .         ,    ,   ,   .

   topos, lieu commun          ,     .     ,        .          . ,    ,      .          (koinos topos)      .           Ad Herennium     ,     koinos topos            ,           .           ,     .     ,      ,      ,          .

          ,     .                .      ,  .      .      ,        .              ,     , ,    ,         .  XVI              ,  XVIII        ,           .

 XVIII  XIX        :  ,    ,    ,   .     , .        ,    sensus communis,    ,       -  .       ໠  ,    ,  sensus communis,    . Sensus communis       [13 - Kant Immanuel. Critique of Judgement. Indianapolis: Hachett, 1987. P. 231.].  ,     ,      ,  ,         .  ,        . ,   ,        ,  ,    .

    XVIII  sensus communis         .   sensus communis     .     ,    ,      XVIII .  ,        .           ,          ,      .              .        ,    ,    ,   ,   .       ,      ,    ,   .              .     ,    .       ,             ,   XVII   XVIII .

  XVIII     ,       .        ,   ,          ,     ,        .           .            ,      .    ,     ,     ,   ,       -  ,    ,        .   ,         ,   ,  ,    .      ,       ,        ,   .

 -     (sensus communis)    ,   XX  -   ,       ,   ,   .

- clich   ,     ,    .              .         . ,   ,             .     ,       .      ,        .    ,     ,   ,   ,  , ,  ,  ,   [14 - Zijderveld Anton. On Clichs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.].

             ,          .                .        ,      .      ,    ,    ,       .

     ,   .          -,  -  ,    ,  .         .      ,         .

              .         ,       .              ,   .      , ,   ,           .     ,  ,          .        .

 ,        ,     .   ,        , ,   .  XX       ,              .      ,        ,          .          -.




4., ϻ,  


    .        -  XIX       . (         ,  tandeta,  cursi, schmaltz  ,  style pompier  corny  tacky.         -    ,   ,           ,    .)        ,         ,            [15 - Adorno Theodor. Aesthetic Theory. London; New York: Routledge, 1988. P. 340. Broch Hermann. Notes on the Problem of Kitsch // Kitsch: The Anthology of Bad Taste / Ed. by Gillo Dorfles. London: Studio Vista, 1969. P. 6970. Eco Umberto. Structure of Bad Taste // The Open Work. Harvard University Press, 1987; Calinescu Matei. Five Faces of Modernity. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. P. 225265. Salmagundi. Winter-Spring. 1990. 8596; Moles Abraham A. Le Kitsch: lart du bonheur. Paris, 1971.].         ,   ,    .     ,   , ,    .  ,     ;     ,     ,    .

          .             (  )     ,          .  ,         .    1939 :        ,   ,    ,     ,  ,         ,    .       .         [16 - Greenberg Clement. Avant-Garde and Kitsch // Art and Culture. Boston: Breacon Press, 1962. S. 29.].

       19601970- ,         .  1980-     ,     ,     ,      .  ,           .    ,      ,             .

      ,   , , ,   , .        ,                ,           ,   ,     .        ,    ,     .       :        ,     .            .      .   ,     ,      .

   ,   , ,     ,  ,      .       .      ,        .    ,   , , , , ,  .            .  ( )       (        ),       . ,    ,    .    .       ,  .       ,   ,   , ,    ,   [17 - Kundera Milan. Unbearable Lightness of Being. New York: Harper and Row, 1987. S. 241248.].     ,       .

, ,       XIX ,             XX  .  19201930-    ,     ,  -,   .

              .         ,  .           (          ).        (  ). -       ,      ,        .        ,         .

     ,   ,  ,    .    ,      ,    .     .  1930-   1950-              .                            [18 - Arendt Hanna. Eichmann in Jerusalem: Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Vintage, 1963. S. 48.].     ,              .      ,        ,        .              ,       .            .   ,    ,      ,        ,   ,  , . ,     ,     ,       .  XX     ,  ,  .

    ,    .      ,    .             . ,    XX                (   ),     -   ,     .     ,     ,      XIX  (, ,    .)         .            ,     .  1960-  -      .       - . ﻠ     ,       [19 - Sontag Susan. Notes on Camp // Against Interpretation. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.].      theatrum mundi.   ,       .     ,       . (           -.)    ,    .          ,          .       ,  .     (fascinating fascism)    -   ,       .

       .   XIX   (    )             . (  ,   ,    .)      .         ,          (  ).

    ,  ,   ,      .         .        .                     , , ,       ,       ,    .

            ,       (    ).    ,     ,     .         ,                   .     ,         .

 XX      ,   .  1920-            , ,  ,      .         ,    ,         .   ,   -,      ,  ,  .  ,        :      ,    ,   ,   .      19201950-      .      ,    ,   30- ,              .          .                   .   1947           (   )     ,    ,              .

  1960-              ,   .    ,     .            .  , ,   (     )            ,        .      ,        , ,    ,    ,    . (   .) ,  ,     ,       (     )          .  ,    ,             .                  .       (        ),           ,   XXI        ,         .

        .      ,      ,         [20 - Kundera Milan. Unbearable Lightness of Being. P. 256.].                   .




5.  


  ,      ,   .    ,           ,       .       ,        ,    .       ,   ,     ,       ,   ,          ,   [21 -         ,         ,        .  ,    :  ,  ,            ,       ,   ,   .     : Lefebvre Henri. Everyday Life in the Modern World. New York, 1984; Certeau Michel de. LInvention du quotidien/Arts de Faire. Paris, 1980; Everyday Life (special Issue) // Yale French Studies. 1987. 73. ?   ?  ?  .: Broszart Martin (ed.). Alltagsgeschishte der NS-Zeit. Munich: Oldenburg, 1984). ?        ? .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67567184)  .

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notes



1


Barthes Roland. Mythologies. Paris: Seuil, 1957.            ,    .        -      .           1950-.       1970-        ,          ,  .   ,     ,    ,  ,      .               1960- ,     ,    - .    ,    ,                   ,       .  ,  ,   ,   .       .          ,   ,    ,      1970- , ,     XX .           .

  1980-   1990-          cultural studies (  )   .   ,        ,          ,    ,          ,  ,   ,     ,     . ,               (Geerz Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973 ?Clifford James. The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). , ,  thick description ( )        ,      .   1970-   1980- ,        ,   ,    . (              1930-  1940-          .  ,    ,       ,  .)  ,        ,          .  ,  , , , ,     -,       ( )  û   (, , ),      .    ,          (        integrity)       ,   ,      ,    .            ,         ,      , , ,   .            (   ? )  .




2


Renan Ernest. What is a Nation? // The Nationalism Reader / Ed. by Omar Dahbour and Micheline R. Isnay. New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1995. P. 143156. . : Bhabha Homi (ed.). Nation and Narration. New York: Routledge, 1990; Anderson Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1994; Gellner Ernst. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca; NY: Cornell UP, 1983; and Greenfeld Liah. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge University Press, 1992.     ?  .    ?  : Representations. 1995. 49.




3


Nabokov Vladimir. On Philistines and Philistinism // Lectures on Russian Literature. New York, 1981.




4


 .   // . 19531954. . 22.




5


        - ,     .  ()            1950- .




6


           .             .       .           . , ,        .  ,   ,       19301940-.




7


 .   . .:  , 1983. . 58.




8


. 1947. 2.




9


Foucault Michel. Larchologie du savoir. Paris: Gallimard, 1969; Lordre du discours. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.




10


Benjamin Walter. Berlin Chronicle // Reflections. New York: Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, 1978.     ,             ,  .   .    ,       ,      .  ,   ,    ,       .




11


           .          ,             .   ,        ,            ,       ,            .               ,  ,      ,       .




12


Yates Frances. The Art of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.




13


Kant Immanuel. Critique of Judgement. Indianapolis: Hachett, 1987. P. 231.




14


Zijderveld Anton. On Clichs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.




15


Adorno Theodor. Aesthetic Theory. London; New York: Routledge, 1988. P. 340. Broch Hermann. Notes on the Problem of Kitsch // Kitsch: The Anthology of Bad Taste / Ed. by Gillo Dorfles. London: Studio Vista, 1969. P. 6970. Eco Umberto. Structure of Bad Taste // The Open Work. Harvard University Press, 1987; Calinescu Matei. Five Faces of Modernity. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. P. 225265. Salmagundi. Winter-Spring. 1990. 8596; Moles Abraham A. Le Kitsch: lart du bonheur. Paris, 1971.




16


Greenberg Clement. Avant-Garde and Kitsch // Art and Culture. Boston: Breacon Press, 1962. S. 29.




17


Kundera Milan. Unbearable Lightness of Being. New York: Harper and Row, 1987. S. 241248.




18


Arendt Hanna. Eichmann in Jerusalem: Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Vintage, 1963. S. 48.




19


Sontag Susan. Notes on Camp // Against Interpretation. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.




20


Kundera Milan. Unbearable Lightness of Being. P. 256.




21


        ,         ,        .  ,    :  ,  ,            ,       ,   ,   .     : Lefebvre Henri. Everyday Life in the Modern World. New York, 1984; Certeau Michel de. LInvention du quotidien/Arts de Faire. Paris, 1980; Everyday Life (special Issue) // Yale French Studies. 1987. 73. ?   ?  ?  .: Broszart Martin (ed.). Alltagsgeschishte der NS-Zeit. Munich: Oldenburg, 1984). ?        ? .


