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          ,      .  ,      ,     ;   ,                  .  , -  ,   (, , ,   ),              . ,            ,                  .  ,       ,        [3 -        ,  - ,              ,               . .: - .  .       / . . . . ., 2017. . 294.].  ,         ,   .

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        ,               [4 -  . .       XVIIXIX . 3? . ., 1982. . 57.],    (      )[5 -  . .       (XIXIX .). ., 1994. . 115, 117.] , ,        [6 -  . .    :  2 . . 2. ., 2017. . 993, 1019.]. ,     -    XVIII       - ,    .

                  ,     .     ()               .   (cultural turn)   ,     ,        ,   .                                .              ,       ,   ,       , ,    .  ,          . ,     (cultural translation)       ()    ,      .        (  )     ,       ( )  ,     .                 ,    .  ,           ,      ,     [7 -      .: Bassnett S. The translation turn in Cultural Studies // Translation, History and Culture / Ed. by S. Bassnett, A. Lefevere. L., 1990. P. 123140; Pym A. Exploring Translation Theories. 2


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        ,          ,                 .

  ,        ,         ,          .        ,          ,      , ,               ,         (scientia civilis/scientia politica/ars politica).         (, ,  ,  )  , ,       (societas civilis)[8 -              . .     XVIIXVIII :  . ,  (Gesellschaft, b?rgerliche) //    .    2 . . 2 / . . . . ., 2014. . 9495, 123128.]     (civis)  [9 -     Philosophiae moralis   (1747)   :   ,    ,     ,       <>     ,    ,   ,  ,   ,     . .:        .          . ., 1783. . 7.]. Scientia civilis  scientia politica   ,     politik? epist?m? ,        [10 - . Ethika Nikomacheia. I.3.     epist?m? ()    techne,       scientia politica,  ars politica.         ,   l arte del Regnare.          :       ,       ;      , -      ,   []     ,  ,   ;    ,            . (.: . . 308d, 311bc; . . .   . :  //       . ., 1783. . 414.)        II,   :        ,    ,    ,  ,       ,        , , ,    ,          ,                . .:    . . 36. . 1. 798.      ,     . . 7  7 .].              [11 -       civilis scientia (De re publica, I.193), rerum civilium scientia (De re publica, I.11), administrandi scientia (De finibus bonorum et malorum, V.58), regendae rei publicae scientia (De oratore, I.201; I.214), scientia in foedibus, pactionibus, condicionibus populorum, regum, exterarum nationum (Pro L. Cornelio Balbo, 15).    ,       (   ,   ),    ,   ,     .        ,     civilis scientia: ,   ,     ,  ius civile;                ,    ,   廠    ,         . .: Kelley D. Civil Science in the Renaissance: Jurisprudence in the French Manner // History of European Ideas. 1981. 2. . 261276; Viroli M. From Politics to Reason of State. Cambridge, 1992. P. 26; Skinner Q. Scientia civilis in classical rhetoric and early Hobbes // Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain / Ed. by N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner. Cambridge, 1993. P. 6796; Smith S. The Language of Political Science in Early Modern Europe // Journal of the History of Ideas. 2019. Vol. 80. 2 (April). P. 203226.].            XVIII             .   I      ,     ,    [12 -            . .:  .        . ., 1726. . 8.].           (     ),     ( )    ,     scientia civilis    [13 -  . . 256. . 432.  . . 6  6 .;  . . 310. 885.  . . 265 .;  . . 550. F.II.65.  . . 56.].  ,             XVIII .


    

         (translation turn)   ,            [14 - -.  . . 283.],            . ,   (translation studies)              .       ,      ,     , ,      ?

 XX     ,  ,    ,             . -        ,              .      -              ,           [15 - Steiner G. After Babel: Aspects of language and translation. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1998.].     . . ,  ,         ,         ,     [16 -  . .   .       . ., 1996. . 193.].        . .        ,        [17 -    .:  . .      XXVII . .; ., 1962. . 5394.       ,  ,    , , ,   ,       .              ,         :       ;     ,     .           .  .    ՖXVII .:   . ., 1998. . 2122.].          ,          ,                ,   ,     .          ,        ,         [18 -  . . . ., 2010. . 590602.].

            ,       .      ,   ,         .                    .        ,       , , , ,   .  ,      .       [19 - .: Espagne M., Werner M. (Dir.). Transferts: Les relations interculturelles dans l espace franco-allemand (XVIIIe et XIXe sie?cle). P., 1988;  .      / . . . . . ., 2018.], ,     ,      [20 -  ,       (),          ,    - ,   ,      ,    , ,          . .     . . 685686.].  , ,       ,           ,     ,    ,         .      ,    ,     ,    .     ,   ,     ,    . ,       ,           ,    [21 -  . . 45.]. ,          ,               .      ,   -.    ,   ,       ,         ,        (      )     . , ,         ,   ,             ,     .   ,     ,          .         ,   ,       ,        [22 - ,             ,              .           ,       ,    .           . ,               .].        ,             .

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           (cultural translation),      1990? .          ,   ,           .    ,  仠            ,      (     ),      ,  , , ,       .    ,          [24 - .: Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe / Ed. by P. Burke and R. Po-Chia Hsia. Cambridge, 2007. P. 810.].             ,     ,    .   ,          ,       ,   .           ,  ,       ,               [25 - Pernau M. Whither Conceptual History? From National to Entangled History // Contributions to the History of Concepts. Vol. 7. 2012. Issue 1. P. 7.].                ,        [26 -       Entangled history (Histoire croise), .: Werner M., Zimmermann B. Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croise?e and the Challenge of Reflexivity // History and Theory. 2006. 45. P. 3050; Adam T. Intercultural Transfers and the Making of the Modern World, 18002000: Sources and Contexts. N. Y., 2011.].

       -      .       -     ,   .              ,      .   Begriffsgeschichte     ,             ,        (Sattelzeit),     [27 - .:    . . 1. . 2444;  ,  ,   /  . . . . ., 2010.].             ,     .

  ,    contextualism,   ,       . ,        ,         .      ,       ,      ,   ,    (langue),    ,     (parole)[28 - .: Pocock J. G. A. Concepts and Discourses: A Difference in Culture? Comment on a Paper by Melvin Richter // Lehmann H., Richter M. (Eds). The Meaning of Historical Terms and Concepts: New Studies on Begriffsgeschichte. Washington, 1996. P. 4758; Richter M. Pocock, Skinner and Begriffsgeschichte // The History of Political and Social Concepts: A Critical Introduction / Ed. by M. Richter. New York; Oxford, 1995. P. 124142.].  ,   XVIII            ,         . ,              ,                  ,   ,        .            ,     . ,     ,  , , ,         .

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    ,  ,              XIX ,          (semantic transparency),       [31 - Howland D. R. Translating the West: Language and Political Reason in 19th-century Japan. Honolulu, 2001. . .:  .   :         XIX . /. . . . . .; , 2020.].     ,              ,  ,    . ,         -    ,            . ,                  ,   ,              .     , ,   ,      ,      ,     .         (,  , , , )   ,      ,    [32 - ., : Schaffer F. C. Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture. Ithaca, 1998; Kurtz J. Translating the Vocation of Man: Liang Qichao (18731929), J. G. Fichte, and the Body Politic in Early Republican China // Burke, Richter (Eds). Why Concepts Matter: Translating Political and Social Thought. . 153176; Yuezhi X. Liberty, Democracy, President: The Translation and Usage of Some Political Terms in Late Quing China // New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China / Co-edited by M. Lackner, I. Amelung, J. Kurtz. Leiden, 2001. P. 6994.], ,          [33 - Burke P. Translating the Turk // Burke, Richter (Eds). Why Concepts Matter: Translating Political and Social Thought. . 141152.].

         (entangled history, histoire croise)               ,        .   ,  ,              ,      ,     ,      , ,               [34 - Pernau. Whither Conceptual History? P. 7.].

     cultural translation          ( ,       ?),         :    ,    ,   ?   , , ,  ,     :         (verbum pro verbo)[35 -           ;           ,           .         ,     ,  ,     .              .:  .    . Praha, 1976. . 3845.]     ,    (sensum de sensu),     [36 - .  .   .  (Epistula LVII. 5. Ad Pammachium De Optimo Genere Interpretandi,  405  410 ),  ,   ,      ,    non verbum e verbo, sed sensum exprimere de sensu. Translation/History/Culture: asourcebook / [translated and edited by] A. Lefevere. N. Y., 1992. P. 4748.].         ,     ,  ,    .  ,      (    ,    ),  (       ),  (     ),  (     ,      ),  (-,      ,     ,   )[37 - . : Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. P. 2435.].    ,     ,      XVIII .

          (decontextualization)   (recontextualization),          ,       , ,     ,    ,    [38 - Ibid. P. 10.]. ,           ,             [39 - .      :             ,     ,      . .:  .    : ,  24  1813 . //  . . 9: . 2000. 2. . 132.  .       . .: Venuti L. The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. N. Y., 1995. P. 1516.].                 ,        ,      ,         ,   ,  ,     .     XVIII    ,     ,      ,   ,           ,   .    XVIIIXIX ,   ,       ,          ,    ,   ,        . ,    ,          :   XVIII        ,     ,                [40 -      ,        XVIII  (, . . , . .   . . )    . ,       .:  . .  . (    ) // XVIII . . 19. ., 1995. . 314.].   ,        ,   .       , ,      .


      XVIII  

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 . . -              XVIII      .     . . ,         [70 -  . .   :       . ., 1998.]           XVIII ,        ,      (, ,   .).             ,   1756 [71 -      XVIII .    . . . ., 2019.].

 ,        XVIII ,          ,    .                    ,        . ,   . .         ,  . . , . .   . .        . .    [72 -  . .       XVIII . ., 1973;  .      . ., 1976;  . .,  . .,  . .     . .  //    1978 . ., 1979;  .    . .    //    1980 . ., 1981.].   .    ,     [73 - Marker G. Publishing, Printing, and the Origins of the Intellectual Life in Russia, 17001800. Princeton, 1985.].   XVIII               :   . . [74 -  . .   XVIII .      XVIII . ., 1963.],      XVIII ,           .

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       . . ,          . . ,               [83 -  . .   .   . . . , 2015.  .: . III. .    . .   . . 118198.].     . .   . . ,     XVIII ,                  [84 -  . .,  . .    :        XVIII . , 2016.]. ,     ,                   ,      ,      .  ,        : -,   (  ), -,     (  -) , ,  ,      ,       (     ).         (         ,     [85 - , ,     - XIX ;   . .  :    ,  ,      :     , , ,    ,      ,           <>  ,   ,     .  . . 838. . 1. . 12. . 15.]), . .   . .  ,                [86 - , .    . . 610.].     ,  ,        ,      .

           ,     .      ,       ,       ,     ,     .     ,       ,     ,          .         ,    ,      ,  ,  ,     -   ,    ,  ,   .   . . ,           ,      [87 -  . .      //   .    / . . . . . . ., 2010. . 163.]. , ,     XVIII ,       ,     ,    ,        [88 -  . . . . . 3. ., 1849. . 649.].        XVIII   . . :     . . ,          ,         [89 - .:  . .               XVIII  //    . ., 1985. . 227.].

,      ,       ,      .           ,      [90 - .:  .    3 . . 1. . 3445.].       ,          , ,       ,         [91 - Steiner G. After Babel: Aspects of language and translation. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1998. P. 47.].       ,         ,    ,           [92 -   . ,     ,      .              . Ibid. P. 246.],             ,   .        XVIII               ,        ,     ,        .


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      :        - (   ),    ,              .    ,      ,   [94 - Pernau. Whither Conceptual History? P. 7.].           ,       ,    [95 - . .         ,         .  XVIII ,     ,        ,    . .          ,         malgr lui,        ,   ,   ,    . .:  . . . I.   //     . . I. . 2223.]. ,   XVIIXVIII            ,      ,    ,                ,   [96 - .          ,               16801690?       :  .  .    / . . . . ., 2008. . 442450.].                     [97 -         Commentariorum de regno  libri tres   XVIII .  ,    :    ()  ,       (publicum Scribam)   ( ). ,       : , ,        ,     ,        ( ) .         (artem non Politicam),   (Tyrannicam).   ,    ,    ,   ars Politica,        ,         ,     . .:  . . 550. F.II.27. . 3.].         : , ,   ,        [98 -  ,           ,     ,   ,    XVIII    XIX ,        XIX ,           .       XVIII          ,         ,    .].  ,       ,    -  ,   () , ,     .        ,      .

  ,            ,     ,           ,      ,      .         ,       [99 - Burke P., Po-Chia Hsia R. (Eds). Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, 2007. . 3334.],               ,       ,       . ,   -        Recueil de penses           :    ,   ,   ,    ,    ,      [100 -  . . 310. 884.         . . 58, 68 ., 69, 76, 82.].      ,             ,      1750?      ,      ,          1720? [101 -  . . 528. 7.    .   ,   .        (  ):       18    


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           ,      .         ,     ,             ,    ,     .           , ,  ,    ,             ,      ,      [104 - : Qui nimis arma decora habent, fer? parum milites; ninium instrumenta artis culta, parum artifices; nisi excuset ?tas j?venilis. Item qui corpori nimis vacant, atque nimium formosi, & amabiles, sunt parum docti, Distrahuntur enim plerumque conversatione foeminarum, acstudium iis placendi artibus vanis eos ? studiis severioribus arcet. Deformes naturam ulcisci solent studio virtutum. .: Breviarium Politicorum secundum rubricas Mazarinicas, multis locis Auctius. Editio septima. Francofurti, 1697. P. 16.].





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           ,    .         XVIII [108 -       XVIII . 17251800.  5 ., 1 . . ., 19621975.     . .]       68 .        XVIII        47 .         XVIII ,    (livres)   (livrets).   , , - ,         XVIIXVIII ,     [109 -      50 , -    30 . Adam Cl. Les imprimeurs-libraires toulousains et leur production au XVIII


 si?cle (17391788). Nouvelle dition ( ). Toulouse, 2015. http://books.openedition.org/pumi/15339 (   06.07.2021),  11, 48.],       48    .  ,      ,   (   plaquette)  ,     1  47   77%  ()       1739  1788 [110 - Adam. Les imprimeurs-libraires toulousains. 161163.].        ,    [111 - Martin H.-J. Une croissance sculaire // Chartier R., Martin H.-J. (Dir.). Histoire de l dition fran?aise. T. 2. Le livre triomphant. Paris, 1984. P. 113127,  p. 113.].

  ,        ,   ,    .         1723  1789 ,        ,         ,    XVIII .      ,      ,    [112 -          .: Furet F. La librairie du royaume de France au 18


 si?cle // Boll?me G., Ehrard J., Furet F., Roche D., Roger J. Livre et socit dans la France du XVIII


 si?cle. Post-face d A. Dupront. Paris; La Haye, 1965. P. 332,  p. 47.],   ,  ,    ,     44 000  [113 - Furet. La librairie du royaume de France au 18


 si?cle. P. 7, 8, 13.].    48  , ,       (       ,       ),   ,    ,      48   ,    XVIII , ,  .

      .    ,       ,                   ,            , ,    [114 -       XVIII  (http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/corpus),      85%           ,    ,   ,  .    ,     , ., : Pettegree A., Weduwen A. der. The Bookshop of the World. Making and Trading Book in the Dutch Golden Age. L.; New Haven, 2019.].

        , ,    ,      ,         .   XVIII       3500    ,   , ,     ,   ,    10 .         15  XVIII  -          [115 -      ,     XVIII :  3 . ., 19841986;    http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   04.06.2021).].

 ,           ,      XVII ,             XVIII  , ,    .

    ,       .    XVIII      ,              1783 [116 -     :  : 1649  1825  (  ). ., 1830. . 21 (17811783). 15634.      1770? . ,  1771            . . . 19 (17701774). 13572.  1776                 . . . 20 (17751780). 4495.].  ,       ,     (           )   ,              -       [117 -  ,             , .: Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. Ch. 5.].


    

           XVIII    ,        .  ,           ,     ( ,    , ),         ,     ,         ,    ,       [118 -             , :  . . (. .).     .  . XVIII . . 1. . ., 1995; . 2. . . ., 1996;  . .       XVIII . ., 2006.    ,            ,       ,         . ., :  . .  4.  1760   1780? :  //     . . 1. . 143.].  , ,    ,         XVIII ,                [119 - .,  (  ):  . .       XVIII . ., 1973;  .       17251740. ., 1976;   I: - / . . . . ., 1978;  .       17571763 .    //  . . (. .).       XIV    XIX .   . ., 1982. . 525;  . .         //  . . 2641;  . .    XVIII  . .  //  . . 5667;  . .        XVIII  //  . . 100113;  . .        (17141742 .) //  . . (. .).      XVIII .  . ., 1986. . 556;  . .        XVIII . //  . . 59172.].         XVIII    ,   ,       [120 -  . .     XVIII .   . III. ., 1901.].            ,        XVIII ,     ,      ,        .                         XVIII [121 - Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 60, 73, 88, 132, 141, 165   .], . .   . . [122 - , .    . .   . 2021, 23.],       . ,   . . [123 - ., :  . .       XVIII  (  ). ., 2000 (       );  .   .         XVIII . 2? ., . . ., 2015. . 7579, 146148, 279287, 302, 309   .].                       [124 -   , ,    ,              : https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/page/intro.].

             ,               .          .  Intraduction : Traduire en fran?ais, 18


19


 si?cles[125 - http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/ (   04.06.2021).         La transculturalit des espaces nationaux. Processus de traduction, figures de mdiation et effets socioculturels des transferts littraires en Europe, 17501900   .  (C. Charles), .-.  (H.-J. L?sebrink)  .-.  (Y.-G. Mix).         1776  1812      .  (I. Havelange)  .  (S. Juratic) (CNRS, IHMC). .  (R. Reichardt)  .-.          (Deutsch-Franz?sische ?bersetzungsdatenbank, 17701815),             ,       .          : L?sebrink H.-J., Reichardt R., Keilhauer A., Nohr R. (Hrsg.). Kulturtransfer im Epochenumbruch. Frankreich/Deutschland 17701815. Leipzig, 1996, 2 Bde.]    ,    , 18401915    XVIII [126 - http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/corpus (   22.07.2021).        : Conlon P. Le Si?cle des Lumi?res: bibliographie chronologique. Gen?ve, 19832009. 32 vol.; Monglond A. La France rvolutionnaire et impriale: annales de bibliographie mthodique et description des livres illustrs. Grenoble; Paris, 193078. 10 vol.].           ( , ,   )       1776  1812 .        ,         (    ,          ):   , , ,  ,     ,    ໠          [127 - http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   04.07.2021).].            ,        .


   

       XVIII . 17251800 (19621975,   )     . 1708   1725 . (1955),       9500    ,       1708    [128 -       XVIII ;    . 1708   1725 . /. . . , . . ; . . . . . . .; ., 1955. ,     , ,        ,  ,       .],   7350         [129 - .: Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 106.      .    XVIII     500 ,   . Ibid.].     1955    ,    [130 - -       .                   ,        ,        .  ,  ,  : 1.       ;    ,  ,     ,  . 2.      -            ;     ,   ,    . 3.           . 4.        .       (    ,      ),            100%.].

 ,   ,     XVIII ,   :   [131 -       XVIII  / . -  . . . . . . .; . . . , . . . ., 1968;  . .      XVIII     -     . ., 2010.]    .   ,  ,   ,      [132 - .  . ,     1725  1755   375       7    . Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 59.],  ,        ,         ,         , ,    (   ,    XVIII  ),        .    ,       (      1708 ,   ).                .

              :           XVIII .   . .  (2010)       ,       (1968).            ,       .     , , ,  ,       1968 .

           ,     .              [133 - ,         1708 .]    (. 1 2).

         ,       ,         ,      . [134 - Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 60, 68, 84.].  , ,      ,       ,     ,        ,        II.



 1.       






 2.      






 3.      ( )     1750? 






 4.          1760? 






 1.           17501760?  (       ;        )






             ?    (. 3, 4).

        ,  1750?          [135 -   ,    ,              -   ,  ,   ,      ,        .].

        1760? ,          II.        ,    1  2.      1.

   (/  ; / 15 ; / )           ( 1708      ) (. 5).



 5.      (   )   XVIII 
















           20   ,       ,              1213 ,           I,       1708 .  XVIII    ,         , , ,         . ,    XVII           ,   XVIII       ( ),                             XVIII   ,     [136 - Martin. Une croissance sculaire. P. 114, 120; https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/page/chron.].       ,   XVIII   , ,   200 000 [137 - .: Feather J. British Publishing in the Eighteenth Century: apreliminary subject analysis // The Library. 1986. Vol. s6VIII. Issue 1. March. P. 3246.].                     .


      

         XVIII ,        ,  ,     ,     .      ,    1708    , 3860   ,   40%        [138 -    ,          XVIII      - , . https://krp.dhi-moskau.org.].

        ?  ,       , ,   1716  1786       5%,      :  3% (1736)  7% (1771)[139 -    ,    (Sabine Juratic)   .       ,     17 700 . Juratic S., en collab. avec Cointre A., Dosquet E., Faubert S., Havelange I., Pellegrin N., Weil F. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial // Chervrel Y., Cointre A., Tran-Gervat Y.-M. Histoire des traductions en langue fran?aise. XVII


XVIII


. 16101815. P., 2014. P. 187248,  p. 190.]. , ,       ,     -    .                 1770  1815 .         6618  ,   9318    [140 - L?sebrink H.-J., Nohr R., Reichardt R. Kulturtransfer im Epochenbruch  Entwicklung und Inhalte der franz?sisch-deutschen ?bersetzungsbibliothek 17701815 im ?berblick // L?sebrink H.-J., Reichardt R. (Hrsg.). Kulturtransfer im Epochenbruch. Frankreich  Deutschland, 17701815. Leipzig, 1997. S. 2986,  S. 35.].  , ,         XVIII             ,           , , ,      ,     ,         ,    , ,     .    , ,       ,           ,            ,          1780? .

 1760?           ,        .    ,             ,   .       ,          ,    . .    ,    .    ,    . . ,        [141 - , .    . . 26.].       ,         [142 -             XVIII  .: Marker G. The eighteenth century: from reading communities to the reading public // Rebecchini D., Vassena R. (Eds). Reading Russia. A history of reading in modern Russia. Vol. 1. Milano, 2020. P. 77115,  p. 94.].

         II          .    1762  1763    :   1760 , ,       (    ),   1761   ,   1762      26,   1763    15.     ,     ,  ,  .              .     (. 6),          II,          .



 6.         1759  1763 [143 -         ,       ,          .]






 2.      , 17301800 






           XVIII     2.

   1788         XVIII .  1761 ,   ,      II,  1788       ,   7 ,       10 .

                ?      1780?   1790?      (       ),        ,   1783 ,      :  , ,         .   ,          ( . . , . , . , . . ,    ).              ,   1785  . . ,  -  ,   -  .  1788       89 ,     72 ,   ,     .   40%    ,     1788 .    1789   ,  ,   15%.

          ,     ,    .   1786          (135/116),   1787          (167/191),   1788        (154/256).    ,       .   , ,          ,       .             . ,    1773  1793   ,  ,  900,    540  ,    60%     .

               ,            1789  1790 ,    1786 . ,   1790        ,   ,        .          1795 ,      ,    ,   II 16  1796 ,    ,    [144 -         ;        : , , ,     ,     .     .  .   17508. . 23. . 933.].


     ?

      ,          ,     XVIII       ,          -[145 -     . . 1. . 12.   ,       XVIII     .].   ,       ,         ,    [146 -        : .       XVIII .].           ,      , , ,   ,          ,     .

     ,     XVIII   ,    .   ,             18,8  11%.          ,     : 46,5  27,2% .             ,       : , , ,   ,  4,8%       12%   [147 - .      1756  1775   : Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 88.        ,   ,   ,      .  (52%),  , ,      ,               .   .: Offord D., Rjoutski V., Argent G. The French Language in Russia: aSocial, Cultural, Political, and Literary History. Amsterdam, 2018.].  ,          (55%),      (46,5%),      ,   ,      .        ,   ,      . ,    ,       ,   -    [148 -   , ,     ,     : https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/about.].  , ,  ,          .            ,     .

 ,          XVIII  (. 7).

      ,       XVIII , , ,       ,      ,    ,      ,   ,   ,        1750? .           ,    ,         17331735 ,         ,     [149 -       ,        .       . . . .   :    ,        17331735 . /. . . . ., 1917.         .     . :  . .           30?  XVIII .      //  :  . , , . , 1988. ., 1989. https://facetia.ru/node/3139 (   06.07.2021).].    ,      , -,       ,   .



 7.          XVIII [150 -     1700  1709    .]






         ,    : 17591763  17801788  (. 8).   ,             II       ;                  (1783),                .



 8.         1759  1763 






 9.       17501759   17601763  ( /  )






 10.        , 17801788 






  ,        ,         .   ,         ( ,       ).             17501759  ( 69 )   17601763  ( 113 ) (. 9)[151 -        ,     .].

,    1760?      ,           ,           .

 ,        ,          (  1783 ),    .     1788              XVIII ,     (. 10).

         ,   , ,    17591763 ,     - ,     .         ,      ( ,      )    .  1780  1786     ,    1787    , ,      .                  ,  ,     , ,     1788 ,     ,     1787 ,  1788 , , .  ,              .      3.



 3.      ,    , 17801788  (   ;    ;    )






,  -      -    ,    ,        . ,  1788         , , , , ,  . ,         .         XVIII      ,        154        ,       49      .   ,       ,  : 17761785      20  ,   17911800     36.        ,   .

  , ,   .   ,      ,      ,     .      XVII  XVIII ,      ,          ,      ,  ,      [152 -            XVIII .    . ,             ,        ,     ( )     ,    ,   , , ,        ,  .  ,                    ,       . .  : McMurran M. H. The Spread of Novels. Translation and Proze Fiction in the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 2010. P. 47.]:  ,          ,   ,      . ,              ,            ,     :             [153 - Ibid. P. 45.].         , , .       ,      .    ,    (   )  ,     ,     .    ,   ,   1792        .        ,     ,      [154 -  . . -  -  XVIIIXIX . //    :   /  . . . . . .; ., 1963. . 6485,  . 7278.].            XIX ,      [155 -  . . 8284.      ,   ,      ,        ,       .          (1741),        , .:  . .   XVIII :   I //     . . 1. . 2. . 78.].


      

            XVIII     ,     Intraduction                XVIII   XIX [156 -  ,         ,     ,   ,     XVIII . ., :  . .  //     . . 1. . 14.    ,       ,  ,    ,   ,    ,      .].

 17761800         (46,7%)    .                [157 - Offord, Rjoutski, Argent. The French language in Russia. P. 158160.]  , ,             .   (22,5%)           ,      (16,7%),  (14,5%),  (10,8%)   (3,8%) .



 11.   ,      [158 -     http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   20.10.2021),      .   .  (. ). , -,        ,           ,    ; ,   ,    ,     ,           ,   100%. ,            . -,       ,             .            ,      81% ( )  86% ( )   ,   .]






  ,        [159 -    ,        1776  1812 .        ,                 XVIII .],           (. 11).

   ,              (   ).         ,       .

            ? (. 12).

   ,        ,         ,   ,                .                   , ,    ,           ,        [160 -    ,                ,   . ., : .  //     . . 1. . 11.].    ,                ,              .



 12.   ,    






.,        , ,     XVIII   ,     1750?  1780? ,           ,          ,  ,         ,         .       (.    aire francophone)         [161 - Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 197. , ,   ,        ,      , ,             . ,             ,      . Ibid. P. 195.].

                  .   ,               ,  10%,  , , ,   ,              .

    ,       , ,     ,          .             .     XVII    ,         XVII ,     , ,             ,      ,        [162 - Ibid. P. 193.].  1770? , ,             ,     :               15  8% .            ,    ,     ,     :    ,             ,    ,        ,      ,   ,    ,     ,   1760?    ,    ,  , , [163 - Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 194, 196.  ,         ,  ,                     , .].

 ,    ,      ,       ,    ,   1760? ,     , ,    .         ,    .  , ,  ,      II (1762),  ,   ,       . ,  17521761           32   ,        ,          .    ,               (17  13  ),           (                )[164 -           (1  0    17521761 ).   ,     ,    ,     , ,  .].   1770?       ,        ,               ,                        (. 13).

  ,             (    ,        ).



 13.   ,    






    , , -,             , -,               .         (   2526%    )   (   ,     17%    ,       10,5% ?      ,        ),      .             ,          ,       ( 6%      13%  ). , ,              ,         .             .

            XVII    XVIII  , ,  ,       ,    ,       :        ,   ,     [165 -     -   . Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 193.].           ,      .   ,     ,          ,   ,   ,                  ,    [166 - .  :  . .        //     XVIII . . 8. ., 2018. . 228251; Rjoutski V. Latin in the education of nobility in Russia: The history of a defeat // Rjoutski V., Frijhoff W. (Eds). Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance. Amsterdam, AUP, 2018. P. 169189.]. ,     ,   ,         ,    ,     .           ,  ,      ,              .    ,      ,     ,  ,      [167 -        XVII   XVIII  .:  . .     :   XVII    XVIII . ., 1989;  . -   XVIXVIII .].


 

.,    . .   . .       XVIII           ,  ,  , -   [168 - , .    . . 21.].                  ,   ,     ,    [169 - ., , Martin. Une croissance sculaire. P. 122.].             .



 4.         , 17861788  (     )






 ,      17601763 .       ?   ,       ,    .         .         . ,       ,     ,    ,  ,   ,       .            . ,         ,      .    ,      ,  (    )         ,   ,   ,     (     ,    III,     )   ,    .

        17861788  ( 4).             .      ,    ,  , , ,  ,  .     (,     ),   , .    ,   :         . ,  1788              ,         ,       .         .        .     1780?     1760? ,       :       ,     ,   ,     . ,             XVIII ,     ( )     [170 -     . . 1. . 143144.]. . .    ,   []       [171 - . :     . . 1. . 177.].

 1788         ,   ,  .         .        ,        : , , , , , -  , , - , .       : , , - ,   [172 -       ,   .].



 5.         , 17861788  (     )






     ,   ?  17861788 ,     1760?,           :    ,    (         ),   , , ,     ,     .      .    (  )   ,            .          ,     . , ,       ,    .       , ,   .  ,      ,         .         (      ).            ,      1760?  ( 5).

   ,        ,    .        (  ,   )     ,                 : 56 (40,3%)  173 (60,7%)  .     ( 20%)      ,           ,        .



 6.         , 17861788 (     )






   ( 6)       ,    ,        .      ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   .    ,        .

                  :             ,   ,     ,       [173 - .  : Offord, Rjoutski, Argent. The French Language in Russia.],       .     :      ,  ,     ,          ?      :       ,        ,  ,            ,  , ,   ,      . .                XVIII :               ,           ,   ,        ,  ,       ,    ,    ,       (1783)[174 - Baudin R. Reading in the times of Catherine II // Rebecchini, Vassena (Eds). Reading Russia. A history of reading in modern Russia. Vol. 1. P. 151178,  p. 153.].

           ,           (      III      , 1762),      ,    ,             ,       ,    ,          [175 - Ibid. P. 153157.].

 ,                    ,         .  -          ,    ,   ,                 .



 7.     XVIII      ( )[176 -        ,    ,     ,      .         ,   : , .    . . 1320.         -,    ,   1301 ,      .]






           ( 7).         ,       .        ,   ,      .      1760?  (    ,    ),        1770? ,      1780?       1790 ,         [177 -        .  . . :  . .    . XVIII    XIX . ., 1978; Zaborov P. Voltaire dans la culture russe. Ferney-Voltaire, 2011.].

    .       ?   [178 - https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru.]          XVIII  (    ),   5%        13%  ,     XVIII .  17591763   ,     ,     ,      .  17861788       ,        ,   ,   ,   ,             par excellence (. 14).

      ,         .    :  ,     17871789 ,      ,     , , ,             ,        ,    .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


 I   . . ,  II  . . ,  III   . .   . . .      (  ) . .  ( ,  ), .  (  , -), . .  (     . .        ), . .  ( -), . .  ()  .  ( ).        . .  ()  . .  ( ),             XVIII ,   ,     ,    ,   . .       : https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/page/intro (   07.08.2021).       : . .      .




2


. https://krp.dhi-moskau.org (   07.08.2021).




3


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4


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5


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6


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8


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9


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10


. Ethika Nikomacheia. I.3.     epist?m? ()    techne,       scientia politica,  ars politica.         ,   l arte del Regnare.          :       ,       ;      , -      ,   []     ,  ,   ;    ,            . (.: . . 308d, 311bc; . . .   . :  //       . ., 1783. . 414.)        II,   :        ,    ,    ,  ,       ,        , , ,    ,          ,                . .:    . . 36. . 1. 798.      ,     . . 7  7 .




11


      civilis scientia (De re publica, I.193), rerum civilium scientia (De re publica, I.11), administrandi scientia (De finibus bonorum et malorum, V.58), regendae rei publicae scientia (De oratore, I.201; I.214), scientia in foedibus, pactionibus, condicionibus populorum, regum, exterarum nationum (Pro L. Cornelio Balbo, 15).    ,       (   ,   ),    ,   ,     .        ,     civilis scientia: ,   ,     ,  ius civile;                ,    ,   廠    ,         . .: Kelley D. Civil Science in the Renaissance: Jurisprudence in the French Manner // History of European Ideas. 1981. 2. . 261276; Viroli M. From Politics to Reason of State. Cambridge, 1992. P. 26; Skinner Q. Scientia civilis in classical rhetoric and early Hobbes // Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain / Ed. by N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner. Cambridge, 1993. P. 6796; Smith S. The Language of Political Science in Early Modern Europe // Journal of the History of Ideas. 2019. Vol. 80. 2 (April). P. 203226.




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13


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14


-.  . . 283.




15


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20


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21


 . . 45.




22


,             ,              .           ,       ,    .           . ,               .




23


Boutcher W. From Cultural Translation to Cultures of Translation? Early Modern Readers, Sellers and Patrons // Demetriou T., Tomlinson R. (Eds). The Culture of Translation in Early Modern England and France, 15001660. L., 2015. P. 23.           .:       XVI   XVIII :  . . . (, 1213  2019 .). ., 2019.




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.: Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe / Ed. by P. Burke and R. Po-Chia Hsia. Cambridge, 2007. P. 810.




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      Entangled history (Histoire croise), .: Werner M., Zimmermann B. Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croise?e and the Challenge of Reflexivity // History and Theory. 2006. 45. P. 3050; Adam T. Intercultural Transfers and the Making of the Modern World, 18002000: Sources and Contexts. N. Y., 2011.




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Burke M. J., Richter M. (Eds). Why Concepts Matter: Translating Social and Political Thought. Leiden; Boston, 2012.




31


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33


Burke P. Translating the Turk // Burke, Richter (Eds). Why Concepts Matter: Translating Political and Social Thought. . 141152.




34


Pernau. Whither Conceptual History? P. 7.




35


          ;           ,           .         ,     ,  ,     .              .:  .    . Praha, 1976. . 3845.




36


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37


. : Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. P. 2435.




38


Ibid. P. 10.




39


.      :             ,     ,      . .:  .    : ,  24  1813 . //  . . 9: . 2000. 2. . 132.  .       . .: Venuti L. The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. N. Y., 1995. P. 1516.




40


     ,        XVIII  (, . . , . .   . . )    . ,       .:  . .  . (    ) // XVIII . . 19. ., 1995. . 314.




41


.:  . .,  . .  .        . ., 2014. . 93114.




42


.: Skinner Q. Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes. Cambridge, 1996. P. 23.




43


  ()             XVIII .             ,        (   . , . , . ). .:  . .  :    //  .       / . . . . . ., 1994;  .  .     . ., 2001; Kahn V. Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counter-Reformation to Milton. Princeton, 1994; Skinner. Reason and Rhetoric; Evrigenis I. Images of Anarchy: The Rhetoric and Science in Hobbess State of Nature. Cambridge, 2014.




44


  . Staatsmann   , .




45


  Rzecz Pospolita,  . Res Publica,     .




46


   :     Staaten   tats   (          - ).




47


 . . 31. 26.3.58.  ,              : ,        .   XVIII . . 2.




48


 . . 2.




49


   XIXVII . . 16. ., 1990. . 218.




50


  . . 4. ̖. ., 1793. . 965, 966.




51


   ;       . . 1. ., 1768. . 23.




52


,              : 9? .,  ,     2      . . 2. ., 1818. . 23.




53


.      XVIII :  .  .     . ., 2001;  . .        17601780? . //     XVIII . ., 2018. . 8.   XVIII    XX .       XVIII . . 317321.




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Les Matines du roi de Prusse   1765 ,      ,     .   II      ,  .      .: Stroev A. La Russie et la France des Lumi?res: monarques et philosophes, crivains et espions. P., 2017. P. 468470.




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56


 . . 256. . 432.         .     1725 . . 6  6 .




57


 . . 117. . 4.




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             XVIII    . .  (. . 236295  ).




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 . .        . . 12. ., 1862;  .      . . 12. ., 18701873;  . .      . . 19. ., 18851900;  . .      //         . . LXXXIV. 3. ., 1908;  . . ,     ,   II. 17681783 . ., 1913.




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- . .       XVIII            //  . . 113. . 1. . 6869.      ,  XVII : - . .       XVIIXVIII . ., 1990.




61


 . .      XVIII  //  . . 838.  . . . 1. . 1229.




62


        :    XVIII .         ,     ,      ,        :      ,    ,             ,   ,    ,     , ,          ,  .  . . 838. . 1. . 12. . 6.




63


         XVIII .,             .  . . 10.




64


 . . 1011.




65


 . . 838. . 1. . 17. . 5354.




66


 . . 113. . 68. . 42.




67


 .




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70


 . .   :       . ., 1998.




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     XVIII .    . . . ., 2019.




72


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73


Marker G. Publishing, Printing, and the Origins of the Intellectual Life in Russia, 17001800. Princeton, 1985.




74


 . .   XVIII .      XVIII . ., 1963.




75


 . .      // .        . . LXXXIV. . 3. ., 1908;  .    .   . . . ., 1980;  .        . ., 1910.




76


 . .       XVIIXIX .  . ., 1982;  . .       XVIII  //  . .     . ., 1959. . 111137;  . .      (     ) //    :   /  . . . . . .; ., 1963. . 563;  . .       XVIII  ( ) //       (   ). .; ., 1966. . 734.




77


 . .    .  , ,     XVIII . .; ., 1964.




78


 . .        XVIII  // Russian Linguistics. 1988. Vol. 12. P. 347;  .      XVIII . ., 1996;  .      XVIIXVIII . ., 2004;  . .         . ., 1988; - .            // Wiener slavistisches Jahrbuch. 1987. Band 33. S. 721.




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 . .       //  . 1988. 1. . 162172;  .    . ., 1996;  .     .  . XVIII .  I.  / . . . . . ., 1995. . 2;  . . -   XVIXVIII .:  . ., 2008;  . .     XVIII :   . ., 2004;  .           (  XVIII ) // Russian Linguistics. 2000. Vol. 24. 1. P. 7580;  .    1720? .       //   .    . 2003. 4. . 5055;  . . :   (     ) // Tusculum slavicum. Festschrift f?r Peter Thiergen (Basler Studien zur Kulturgeschichte Osteuropas). Bd. 14. Z?rich, 2005. S. 501513; Evstifeeva R. Lessico relativo alle qualit? intellettuali in Pridvornoj Celovek (1741), la prima traduzione russa dell Orculo manual di B. Gracin, Tesi di dottorato. Universit? di Roma Tor Vergata. Roma, 2018; Moser M.    1717 .     . M?nster; Wien, 2020;  . .     :       // Philologia Classica. 2020. Vol. 15. Fasc. 1. P. 120153.




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.:  . ,   ,  .                //  . . (.).        .          . ., 2008;  . .,  . .,  . (.).   :     . ., 2012. . 12.




81


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86


, .    . . 610.




87


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88


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90


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Steiner G. After Babel: Aspects of language and translation. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1998. P. 47.




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  . ,     ,      .              . Ibid. P. 246.




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Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. P. 11.




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Pernau. Whither Conceptual History? P. 7.




95


. .         ,         .  XVIII ,     ,        ,    . .          ,         malgr lui,        ,   ,   ,    . .:  . . . I.   //     . . I. . 2223.




96


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98


 ,           ,     ,   ,    XVIII    XIX ,        XIX ,           .       XVIII          ,         ,    .




99


Burke P., Po-Chia Hsia R. (Eds). Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, 2007. . 3334.




100


 . . 310. 884.         . . 58, 68 ., 69, 76, 82.




101


 . . 528. 7.    .   ,   .        (  ):       18    


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102


 . . 31. 16.9.24.     .             1709    (. 1.).   ,      1748  (          3?    ?,    (1962)  21, 1747    (1958)  785, 1748 ), ,    1748 ,      XVIII .




103


  , :          , ,     .      1697;

1? , :      ;

2? ,  (   ):         , 


;

3? :       


 


 ,     .




104


: Qui nimis arma decora habent, fer? parum milites; ninium instrumenta artis culta, parum artifices; nisi excuset ?tas j?venilis. Item qui corpori nimis vacant, atque nimium formosi, & amabiles, sunt parum docti, Distrahuntur enim plerumque conversatione foeminarum, acstudium iis placendi artibus vanis eos ? studiis severioribus arcet. Deformes naturam ulcisci solent studio virtutum. .: Breviarium Politicorum secundum rubricas Mazarinicas, multis locis Auctius. Editio septima. Francofurti, 1697. P. 16.




105


 . . 31. 16.9.24. . 14 . 15.




106


Soll J. Publishing The Prince: History, Reading, & the Birth of Political Criticism. University of Michigan Press, 2005. P. 4.




107


,          ,     : https://krp.dhi-moskau.org.




108


      XVIII . 17251800.  5 ., 1 . . ., 19621975.     . .




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     50 , -    30 . Adam Cl. Les imprimeurs-libraires toulousains et leur production au XVIII


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Adam. Les imprimeurs-libraires toulousains. 161163.




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Martin H.-J. Une croissance sculaire // Chartier R., Martin H.-J. (Dir.). Histoire de l dition fran?aise. T. 2. Le livre triomphant. Paris, 1984. P. 113127,  p. 113.




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         .: Furet F. La librairie du royaume de France au 18


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Furet. La librairie du royaume de France au 18


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      XVIII  (http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/corpus),      85%           ,    ,   ,  .    ,     , ., : Pettegree A., Weduwen A. der. The Bookshop of the World. Making and Trading Book in the Dutch Golden Age. L.; New Haven, 2019.




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     ,     XVIII :  3 . ., 19841986;    http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   04.06.2021).




116


    :  : 1649  1825  (  ). ., 1830. . 21 (17811783). 15634.      1770? . ,  1771            . . . 19 (17701774). 13572.  1776                 . . . 20 (17751780). 4495.




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 ,             , .: Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. Ch. 5.




118


            , :  . . (. .).     .  . XVIII . . 1. . ., 1995; . 2. . . ., 1996;  . .       XVIII . ., 2006.    ,            ,       ,         . ., :  . .  4.  1760   1780? :  //     . . 1. . 143.




119


.,  (  ):  . .       XVIII . ., 1973;  .       17251740. ., 1976;   I: - / . . . . ., 1978;  .       17571763 .    //  . . (. .).       XIV    XIX .   . ., 1982. . 525;  . .         //  . . 2641;  . .    XVIII  . .  //  . . 5667;  . .        XVIII  //  . . 100113;  . .        (17141742 .) //  . . (. .).      XVIII .  . ., 1986. . 556;  . .        XVIII . //  . . 59172.




120


 . .     XVIII .   . III. ., 1901.




121


Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 60, 73, 88, 132, 141, 165   .




122


, .    . .   . 2021, 23.




123


., :  . .       XVIII  (  ). ., 2000 (       );  .   .         XVIII . 2? ., . . ., 2015. . 7579, 146148, 279287, 302, 309   .




124


  , ,    ,              : https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/page/intro.




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http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/ (   04.06.2021).         La transculturalit des espaces nationaux. Processus de traduction, figures de mdiation et effets socioculturels des transferts littraires en Europe, 17501900   .  (C. Charles), .-.  (H.-J. L?sebrink)  .-.  (Y.-G. Mix).         1776  1812      .  (I. Havelange)  .  (S. Juratic) (CNRS, IHMC). .  (R. Reichardt)  .-.          (Deutsch-Franz?sische ?bersetzungsdatenbank, 17701815),             ,       .          : L?sebrink H.-J., Reichardt R., Keilhauer A., Nohr R. (Hrsg.). Kulturtransfer im Epochenumbruch. Frankreich/Deutschland 17701815. Leipzig, 1996, 2 Bde.




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http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/corpus (   22.07.2021).        : Conlon P. Le Si?cle des Lumi?res: bibliographie chronologique. Gen?ve, 19832009. 32 vol.; Monglond A. La France rvolutionnaire et impriale: annales de bibliographie mthodique et description des livres illustrs. Grenoble; Paris, 193078. 10 vol.




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http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   04.07.2021).




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      XVIII ;    . 1708   1725 . /. . . , . . ; . . . . . . .; ., 1955. ,     , ,        ,  ,       .




129


.: Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 106.      .    XVIII     500 ,   . Ibid.




130


-       .                   ,        ,        .  ,  ,  : 1.       ;    ,  ,     ,  . 2.      -            ;     ,   ,    . 3.           . 4.        .

       (    ,      ),            100%.




131


      XVIII  / . -  . . . . . . .; . . . , . . . ., 1968;  . .      XVIII     -     . ., 2010.




132


.  . ,     1725  1755   375       7    . Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 59.




133


,         1708 .




134


Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 60, 68, 84.




135


  ,    ,              -   ,  ,   ,      ,        .




136


Martin. Une croissance sculaire. P. 114, 120; https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru/page/chron.




137


.: Feather J. British Publishing in the Eighteenth Century: apreliminary subject analysis // The Library. 1986. Vol. s6VIII. Issue 1. March. P. 3246.




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   ,          XVIII      - , . https://krp.dhi-moskau.org.




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   ,    (Sabine Juratic)   .       ,     17 700 . Juratic S., en collab. avec Cointre A., Dosquet E., Faubert S., Havelange I., Pellegrin N., Weil F. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial // Chervrel Y., Cointre A., Tran-Gervat Y.-M. Histoire des traductions en langue fran?aise. XVII


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L?sebrink H.-J., Nohr R., Reichardt R. Kulturtransfer im Epochenbruch  Entwicklung und Inhalte der franz?sisch-deutschen ?bersetzungsbibliothek 17701815 im ?berblick // L?sebrink H.-J., Reichardt R. (Hrsg.). Kulturtransfer im Epochenbruch. Frankreich  Deutschland, 17701815. Leipzig, 1997. S. 2986,  S. 35.




141


, .    . . 26.




142


            XVIII  .: Marker G. The eighteenth century: from reading communities to the reading public // Rebecchini D., Vassena R. (Eds). Reading Russia. A history of reading in modern Russia. Vol. 1. Milano, 2020. P. 77115,  p. 94.




143


        ,       ,          .




144


        ;        : , , ,     ,     .     .  .   17508. . 23. . 933.




145


    . . 1. . 12.   ,       XVIII     .




146


       : .       XVIII .




147


.      1756  1775   : Marker. Publishing, printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia. P. 88.        ,   ,   ,      .  (52%),  , ,      ,               .   .: Offord D., Rjoutski V., Argent G. The French Language in Russia: aSocial, Cultural, Political, and Literary History. Amsterdam, 2018.




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      ,        .       . . . .   :    ,        17331735 . /. . . . ., 1917.         .     . :  . .           30?  XVIII .      //  :  . , , . , 1988. ., 1989. https://facetia.ru/node/3139 (   06.07.2021).




150


    1700  1709    .




151


       ,     .




152


           XVIII .    . ,             ,        ,     ( )     ,    ,   , , ,        ,  .  ,                    ,       . .  : McMurran M. H. The Spread of Novels. Translation and Proze Fiction in the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 2010. P. 47.




153


Ibid. P. 45.




154


 . . -  -  XVIIIXIX . //    :   /  . . . . . .; ., 1963. . 6485,  . 7278.




155


 . . 8284.      ,   ,      ,        ,       .          (1741),        , .:  . .   XVIII :   I //     . . 1. . 2. . 78.




156


 ,         ,     ,   ,     XVIII . ., :  . .  //     . . 1. . 14.    ,       ,  ,    ,   ,    ,      .




157


Offord, Rjoutski, Argent. The French language in Russia. P. 158160.




158


    http://intraduction.huma-num.fr/traduc/statistique (   20.10.2021),      .   .  (. ). , -,        ,           ,    ; ,   ,    ,     ,           ,   100%. ,            . -,       ,             .            ,      81% ( )  86% ( )   ,   .




159


   ,        1776  1812 .        ,                 XVIII .




160


   ,                ,   . ., : .  //     . . 1. . 11.




161


Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 197. , ,   ,        ,      , ,             . ,             ,      . Ibid. P. 195.




162


Ibid. P. 193.




163


Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 194, 196.  ,         ,  ,                     , .




164


          (1  0    17521761 ).   ,     ,    ,     , ,  .




165


    -   . Juratic et al. Chapitre III. La traduction, un objet ditorial. P. 193.




166


.  :  . .        //     XVIII . . 8. ., 2018. . 228251; Rjoutski V. Latin in the education of nobility in Russia: The history of a defeat // Rjoutski V., Frijhoff W. (Eds). Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance. Amsterdam, AUP, 2018. P. 169189.




167


       XVII   XVIII  .:  . .     :   XVII    XVIII . ., 1989;  . -   XVIXVIII .




168


, .    . . 21.




169


., , Martin. Une croissance sculaire. P. 122.




170


    . . 1. . 143144.




171


. :     . . 1. . 177.




172


      ,   .




173


.  : Offord, Rjoutski, Argent. The French Language in Russia.




174


Baudin R. Reading in the times of Catherine II // Rebecchini, Vassena (Eds). Reading Russia. A history of reading in modern Russia. Vol. 1. P. 151178,  p. 153.




175


Ibid. P. 153157.




176


       ,    ,     ,      .         ,   : , .    . . 1320.         -,    ,   1301 ,      .




177


       .  . . :  . .    . XVIII    XIX . ., 1978; Zaborov P. Voltaire dans la culture russe. Ferney-Voltaire, 2011.




178


https://krp.dhi-moskau.org/ru.


