.    ,   
  


     ,   ,     ,      .

      , ,    .

         ;       ;   ;       ;        ,  .    ,           .





 

.    ,   








          ,   .      ,         .         .               .   ?    ,   ,   .

         .      ?     .    .          ,  ,    ,  ,     .    (   ) ,        ,          .



  ( ,  . upgrade)      .         ,      (,     ,  ). ,  ,  ,      ,      ,    .             :         ,   .

       :          ,     .                  ,      .       ,      ,      .     .

:         ?  ,     ,     ,   ,  ,      ,    .    :  ,   ,     .         . -         ,             ,        ?



    (       )       .         .         ,             ,      .



        .    ,   ,  ,    23      . ,  ,         ,   ,    .          ,           .     .     .       (        ).


   

   ,      . ? ,    ,      .      ,   ,      ? , -  .        !



      .    ,  ,  ,  ,  CD/DVD, , , ,    ..

       .       ,    .       ,    .

          .    , ,   ,    ,       Windows.

         .      ,      ,       ,             . ,    ,      .         .        ,    , ,     .

      .     : ,     (        ),  Windows (  ,     ),  ,     ,   ,   TPM,       .



         ,      , ,       ,      .                ,    :     ,    .

  ?             .




 I

  








       .  ,   ,  ,  ,    ,   ,       ,    .          .       . ,    ,    :       ,    .[1 -       ,      .        .          0,  1.    .    ,        1 .       1    ,   .. 1024      (),  1024    1  (). 1024    1  (),  1024    1  (). :  1024,   1000.     1024?         (  2   0  1), 2  10-      1024. ,            ,    . , 528    528 ,       (   8),   66  (66 ).]




 1

    





  


   ,    .

,      ,   .       ,   ,       .       ,    .

         1673 .   ,  .

     Zuze Z1     1938 .    .  , ,       ,        (.1.1).       .         4


 .

     ,    .      1981 ,  IBM     IBM PC. PC     Personal Computer,    ,       . IBM PC      : ,  , .







.1.1.   


(-,       ).


 ,   ,   ,     ?

       .  ,      (.1.2).

      :  , ,   .       .      (    ,   )      .      .       .







.1.2.         .  -       - ,    

      ,       (,          Apple,   Microsoft,   )     .   , , ,      ,  , , .

        15,    (, ,   .)   13.      .




  


        .  .1.3    .  ,       (,  ,         ).

    ,     1.  2    .    ,       .         .

    3.  4   ,    .  5      ()    (CD, DVD).    ,   , ,  ,           .     CD/DVD       ,    6.







.1.3. 

 ,      ,    7.  8    .




   


  (mother board)    ,       .    3.

 (processor, CPU, central processing unit)   .    2.

  (ram, random access memory)       ,  .    4.

 (case)   ,     .    13.

  (power unit)     ,     .         .     13.

  (hdd, hard disk drive)      (       ).    6.

    (FDD, floppy disk drive)       FDD, , ,  -       .    8.

 cd/DVD     DVD-,    ,     (combo) ,     CD-    DVD-.  CD/DVD    7.

 (video card)       ().         .    11.

  (sound card)    ,     .    12.

  (network card)      ,     .      ,      Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet ( 100/1000 /).

 (monitor, display)    ,   .       ,        .       .     15.

 (keyboard)    .         13.

 (mouse)         ,   (   ,  TouchPad  )    .




  .   


      ,   ,           .

   .     ,       ,   .         .       .


 

     .    (       ),      ,         .   ,   ,   .

     .     CRT-,      VGA-  (.1.4).    LCD-,      DVI-- .    ,  LCD-      (VGA)    ,     .         ,        VGA-.         ,      DVI-.

 .1.4       .   ,      .







.1.4.   


   

      ( PS/2)     ,    .

   ,       :

     (     );

    (     ,   ).

   ,       :     ,      .      ,    :       .             .

!          !


  

          .    .      .          : CD-, .


   

     USB-.  .1.4 ,    .   USB     10.


 

  ( ADSL)      (COM) ,   USB-.      USB- COM-      .

ADSL-     ,      USB-.



  .       .   ,      .    .      ,       .   .     .





 2







   


 (CPU, Central Processing Unit)  ,        .

       Intel.    ,   AMD, Cyrix, IDT  .,       Intel.




   Intel



 2000 

     15   1971      Intel     Intel 4004.        ,       ,    1981 ,   IBM     (IBM Personal Computer, IBM PC).

 IBM PC   8-  Intel 8086. 8-  ,          8  (1 ).  1984   16- (   16-)  Intel 80286. ,   ,  .

 32-  Intel 80386   1985 . ,     ,    ,  32-,  ,        (   ,   ).  ,     :     ,   .    .  ,     ,    . ,   .    ,   ,      2 ,    ,     2,5 .   80286   12 ,    80386    32 .

    80486 (1989 ,  133 ),      Pentium ( 200 )  1993  (.2.1).       1995-: Pentium Pro  Pentium MMX ( 233 ).     (  )     .       Pentium,         .  1997      Pentium MMX 166 Mhz  16  , 1    ,  CD-ROM  14??   800 .







.2.1. Intel pentium

  1997     Pentium II ( 450 ; .2.2).  1998      . Pen tium II     ,    .    Intel   ,   (Socket),  Pentium II   ,    Slot-1 (      ).







.2.2. Intel pentium ii

 1998      Pentium II   Intel Celeron ( 433   Slot-1).   Celeron   - (  ,      ,    )  ,   ,  Pentium II.       Celeron,       Pentium II.

 1999     Pentium III    Katmai.        (     Slot II),    600 .      SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions)     MMX.

  1999     Pentium III    Coppermine (.2.3).      1200 .     Coppermine      ,     Intel.   Intel .    Pentium II   Pentium III,       ,      (  Socket 370).   1999    Intel Celeron Coppermine    Intel Celeron;   PIII Coopermine,  Celeron    Socket 370,      1100 .








.2.3. pentium iii ( socket 370)

      ,        Pentium,      :

Socket 7   Pentium (c 1994  1997 );

Slot-1   Pentium II (c 1998  2000 );

Slot-II   Pentium III ( 1999  2000 );

Socket 370   Pentium III (c 1998  2001 ).


 2000  (  )

,   20002007 ,   . ,  .      .   , ,   Pentium IV,    2000 ,      .   ,    2000  2007 ,  . -   ,         .


Socket 423

 2000     Pentium IV Willamette.     ,       .     Socket 423 (.2.4),       2   ,    2000 .   Socket 423      :   .   2000   2001  .  Intel    .   ,      .  .     (  2000    Pentium IV/Socket 423),       (     ,      ),     .    Intel            Socket 478.      ,            .







.2.4. Socket 423


Socket 478

 2001       Pentium IV Northwood,        2,8 .  Pentium IV    Socket 478 (.2.5).     512     ( ,   ,   ,   ),     ,    .







.2.5.  Socket 478

        : RD-RAM (Rambus), SD-RAM  DDR-RAM. ,         ,        .



    RD-RAM        .  RD-RAM    , -     .   Intel    ,   SD-RAM-,    DDR-.  SD-RAM-        RD-RAM.

      .       (        Pentium IV)    SSE2.       ,         .

      ( 845D  845GD),     DDR.       Rambus,  RD-RAM.         2 / ( RD-RAM      3,3 /),   ,       .

    DDR-,      DDR-   5 /.    .     RD-RAM,   DDR-   !

 2002    Celeron (Willamette-128).  ,    Pentium IV,     2      Soket 478.



 .   ,     . Intel  .  Intel  AMD  .  ,  AMD      64-  Athlon 64 FX, Intel  Pentium IV Extreme Edition.    Intel  .     (    ,      )  Xeon   Pentium IV Extreme Edition.   .        2    ,      Intel  1000 ,          AMD,      ,    .      Athlon 64,  Pentium IV Extreme Edition     Intel.



Socket LGA (Land Grid Array) 775

   Socket LGA775 (.2.9).      2004         Intel.       Intel,       Socket LGA775.



           ,       .







.2.6.  lga 775

       Pentium IV Extreme Edition 3,4  ( Gallatin).       Pentium IV   ( Socket 478).

 ,    Intel   : Pentium IV      Celeron D.   Celeron D       256 .

  2005    Pentium IV     2 .          3,6 .    ,   Pentium IV     ,   2004 .   ,    ,   .    .

 2005       ()  Extreme Edition Pentium IV.     Pentium IV ( 2005 ),       1066  ( 800    Pentium IV).       1066  (FSB1066)     Pentium IV  Extreme Edition.     ?     ,      .    (  )     .


Core 2 Duo  Core 2 Quad:  

     ,    (   )    ,     ,    .       (SMP-, Symmetric Multi Processing).    SMP-,    :     (    ).         32.      .

    .    ,        350   .     .    Intel Xeon (    Intel).     300 .

 2006  Intel    Intel Core 2 Duo,       .      ,     .      ,    ,     ,          () .    Intel Core 2 Duo    1    ,     2   4 .



 . Core 2        Intel,    Intel core,        Intel p6.    core 2  27  2006 .   : solo (1 ), duo (2 ), quad (4 )  extreme edition (2  4 ,    ,     ).     : Conroe (       ), Merom ( )  Kentsfield (  Conroe.       Intel:  Penryn   ,   Merom,    45- ,   Woodcrest      Xeon.

  2006    Core 2 Duo      .


 Intel Core 2 Duo       LGA775,        (   ).  IC2D (Intel Core 2 Duo)  2     180  ( ),     Intel (!)      80 .    : 260   650 (SMP-). , , ,    .

 ,  2006 ,    Intel Core 2 Quad (IC2Q),         LGA775 (.2.7).  IC2Q    ,        LGA775,    ,      IC2Q.  -            120 . ,   IC2Q   350 ,    IC2Q      (  ).    350 + 120 = 470    ,      SMP- ,      IC2Q  .







.2.7.  Intel core 2 quad

,    IC2Q  8 ,  4     .    .   IC2Q         ,      Intel Core 2 Duo.      .

    Intel   :    64-, ,   ,  64-  ,     .




  AMD


 AMD     Intel    .   Am286, Am386  ..,       Intel. ,   AMD    ,   Intel,    ,     AMD   .  -     ,      Intel.   -  ,     AMD.      K5  K6.  K5    Intel Pentium.      Pentium,    .    AMD K6     Pentium MMX,      .   -    Intel.

   : ,    AMD,      (   ,    )   Intel,     AMD       .

      AMD,    :

 AMD   ,   -     Intel.     ,       86,     (  ),      Intel,      AMD;

      amd   ,    Intel ( :     Intel   ,   AMD).   ,     .



    AMD   .       AMD:

Sempron      AMD,      ( ,     - );

Athlon 64  64- ,     Sempron;

Athlon 64 X2  64-   (.2.8);

Phenom    AMD,      ,               .







.2.8.  amd athlon 64 x2

   AMD  64-,       AM2 (  Phenom,    AM2+). ,           AMD,   ! ,       AMD     ,          .


 : AMD  Intel

      :     AMD  Intel?   .      AMD   Athlon 64 X2 4200+  2  ,    90 ,  Intel Core 2 Duo  2    180 . ,     AMD     .

    ?    ,      X2.    - .   ,    ,   ,          ,    .   Intel,   AMD      .      .     : AMD  ,             ,     .


  AMD. PR

  ,      AMD  Sempron 3600+.      ?    ? ,      2,0  (2000 ).

3600+     Pentium Rating.    :    Sempron  ,      3600 .  ,      . PR      ( Pentium IV      ).

 ,     Sempron 3600+,        Pentium IV   3,6 .


     AMD Spider

20 2007   AMD         AMD Spider.                   AM2+   Phenom.

     ?    :

  AM2+,     AM2,      AM2+     ,    AM2;

 64-   phenom (    4).



    ,  ,       :

       AM2;

    Phenom    ;

-  AMD   !




 


   Intel (4004)  ,  4-.  ,        4  .     64-,         32- .  ,       ,  64-    .  ,  ,     64- ,       32-.      ,    .           .




-


        .  ,    .          ,      .

        ,         ?   -!

-         ,       .   -   ,     ,         .    ,              .

    -  (L1)   (L2) .      -   (L3),        .

   -  ,     .         ,       .  L1    ,         .    .        64  . (:       1    .    64 .  ,      ,         ,  L1-!)

L2-    ,   L1--.        ,  - . (          ,    ,            .)  L2-   128  (   )  8  ( IC2Q).

  ,    ,     . L3-   .




   ()


  (  , FSB  Front Side Bus)     .

     ,        . ,        ,  . ,  Pentium IV,    3400 ,   4,25x (    800 ).

     .  ,   ,      .

 . 2.1     .


 2.1.    







  


   -,    .              :

: AMD64, 3Dnow, enhanced 3Dnow, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, MMX.

. 2.2     ,    .


 2.2.   










 3

 





    


      ,      ,     .        ,         ,     (),     .

        .




  


     .  ,          .

      : ,   .   ,       .     .          -,    /.           HP, IBM, Compaq  .

,     . ,     .    ,     ,   .           .         .        ,         . (                 .             .)

   :

baby-AT    ,    IBM PC  IBM PC XT ( 80-   ).

AT      .      Intel 80286.  Pentium      AT-,        .

LBP, WTX, ITX    .      .    ,       .      -    ,  ,      .



 :

NLX     ,       .      .

mini-ITX       ,    .           mini-ITX, Flex-ATX, micro-ATX  ATX.       PCI.

ATX       AT.  ATX-    ,       ,      .      (, .   tower).

mini-ATX    ATX,    .      (tower),     (desktop, ) .         .

micro-ATX     ,              .

BTX    ,    2005 .    .    ATX. BTX-      BTX-.

micro-BTX   BTX,  .  BTX       ,  micro-BTX      .   micro-BTX      BTX  microBTX.

PICO-BTX       BTX.             (  :   ,       ,     ).     pico-BTX, micro-BTX, BTX.



       ATX.           . BTX  ,      ,  ATX. ,   ,          ATX,   .

  ? -,       ,  -,     . -,          .  ,           ATX,   .




  


        () : ,    .

    . -,         ,   ,    .       (    ),   .

-,        .        . ,     .

             (  ),     .               ,     .

     .                ,      .




 .  


,  ,      ,    , ,       ,     ,     (.3.1).

      ,   ,   .            .        ,     .







.3.1.        

         :

PCI (peripheral component interconnect)  32- ,   Intel,       10   (          PCI-),      .    PCI   . 3.1.

AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)    ,      PCI,   AGP   . ,    AGP    AGP-.       11.

PCI Express     PCI.


 3.1.    PCI






 . 3.1    PCI 2.0      PCI,   .  PCI 2.0       5 .

   PCI 2.1         3,3 .    PCI 2.2    ,        PCI  ,   ,   PCI 2.1.  PCI 2.3  PCI 3.0       5 .

      ,   PCI 2.13.0     33  66 ,        (. . 3.1).



   PCI 64   PCI (2.03.0)  32-.  PCI 64  64-.  PCI 64    PCI,   .  PCI 64    PCI,     PCI 64       .    PCI 64:

PCI 64 v1   5 ;

PCI 64 v2   3,3 .

PCI 64    33 ,     266 / ().



 PCI 66    PCI 64.      66         3,3 .       ,   533 /.



  PCI 66    PCI 64/66.     :

PCI 64 3,3 ;

PCI 32 3,3 .

PCIX       PCI 64.         : 66   4, 100   2,  133   1.    PCIX.     1024 /,    4096 /.   PCIX  1,5 ,       PCI 64 3,3 .



    PCI       :

Mini-PCI   PCI 2.2  ;

Cardbus  32- PCI-  ,    33 ;

ATCA (Advanced TCA)    ,   .



    PCI Express.   ,    AGP  PCI.         :  AGP  PCI,  PCI  PCI Express.           :

    PCI;

    AGP;

    PCI Express.

   PCI Express,          .  ()    PCI  0,5 / (, 528 /,          528 ).

    .   PCI Express 1   0,5 /.  ,   ,        PCI Express.     PCI Express 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32.          (, 2x)   0,5 /. ,    PCI Express 4x  2 /,  32x  16 /.

  PCI Express    .     PCI Express 1x         ,    2x32x.  .3.2    :    PCI,     PCI Express 1x,    PCI Express >1x.







.3.2.   PCI, PCI Express 1x, PCI Express 4x

     ?     .   PCI Express   , ,       .       32x,      4x,            4x. ,      PCI Express 4x,        PCI Express 16x,     , ,   4x       .

  2006      PCI Express 2.0.      ,  ,       .    PCI Express 2.0    ,    PCI Express 2.0 1x   1 /,  PCI Express 2.0 2x  2 /  ..




 


      . ,    Intel    LGA775,   AMD    AM2.




 


    ,  FSB (Front Side Bus),  ,      ,      .     :   FSB    ,      (North Bridge).

         ,     .         ,     PCI Express 16x.     (,    PCI)     (South Bridge),   -     .        (chipset).

 ,    ,    ,     ,    ,       .


  Intel[2 -      Intel      Intel.]

 . 3.2        Intel.     ,  ,     . (       ,    .)


 3.2.   Intel ( LGA 775)











     ,      ,   Core2 Duo  Core2 Quad,          .      ,    ,    .       .

        .   ,     Windows Vista,   1   (  Vista   512  ,       ,     ).       Windows,  .   ,      4  .


  AMD

     AMD (. 3.3).     AMD    .  Intel   ,           Intel,    AMD    ,  VIA  nVidia.   nVidia    ,   .      nVidia       .      nVidia    nVidia. ,          nVidia,    ATI   .      nVidia         (    ).


 3.3.   AMD ( AM2/AM2+)






 AMD R770   ()     Phenom.            . ,     ,    ,     AMD  AM2+:        .




 4

 



         .           Reset   .

         RAM (Random Access Memory),    ,     ,       .

     RAM     (),       .




  


       ( ,   ):

ROM (Read Only Memory)    (),      BIOS;

SRAM (Static RAM)   ,   ,    -;

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)  ,     .

       ,              .    DRAM   : ,   ,    .     ,   ,      .

   DRAM,  ,   . 4.1.


 4.1.    (DRAM)







  . 


     DDR2.   DDR           ,       DDR2.

DDR  DDR2   (.4.1),      DDR2      DDR- ,   (          ,   ).







.4.1.    DDR  DDR2

   SDRAM,  DDR    PC* (. 4.2),   DDR2     PC2* (. 4.3).      ,      .           .   ,       DDR II 533 (PC4200).

,  DDR2 (.4.2)      .    PC4200    PC24200.     .







.4.2.   DDR2 PC26400  1 


 4.2.   DDR





 4.3.   DDR2






     .    PC        .    ,         PC,    .

  DDR   ,      .     ( )    .




    DDR3


DDR3      DDR,      (  14,5 /)    ( 40%  ,  DDR2),          .

     . ,  DDR2 ( )  1     30 , DDR-     60 ,   DDR3 (  1 )  400 !

     .  DDR3  ,          (DDR31066  DDR3800)       DDR2.         DDR.

        DDR3.       ,           :       .




   


    Windows XP  512   .        Windows Vista.

   , Windows Vista    1     .           (    ).  1       .     ,    2   .

  2    .        ,    , , 4   ,       .

    , :

        (      );

   4    (2   ,  , ,      Windows  );

   DDR2-667  DDR2-800 (,    DDR3).




 


 . 4.4       .


 4.4.    












   


        17,     .




 5

BIOS:   /





 


BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)        (hardware)   (software)  .

  BIOS   . ,   (  , ROM)     ,   ,        ,   BIOS.

       ,   , ,        .   ,           .

     .      ,    . ,        ,     ,     80-   .     .    :   ( ),   ,   ,      . BIOS     ,    .         ,      .     .        DOS (   , ).         IO.SYS      ,     CONFIG. SYS.

    .  BIOS     ,   ,  SCSI-,    .    (, )    ,    (, SCSI-)     :      -    SCSI-.

       .    ,   ,     .              DOS,      ,       . ,      (      )  ,       .

   BIOS  ,    .      .      . BIOS    /     BIOS ( ,    ,  BIOS  )   .  BIOS,      ,  firmware.




 


        (   ):

ROM (Read Only Memory)    ,   .

PROM (Programmable Rom)  rom.      .  PROM  ,    ,    BIOS   .              .    BIOS,     ,      .      .

EPROM (Erasable Prom)  ROM.   ,   PROM,         (,     ,      EPROM  ),     .    , ,            ,   .       1 .      27xxxx.        PROM-.   EPROM   ,  .      .

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Prom)   prom.   prom,     .   rom   Flash-ROM.   ROM   ,   .   28xxxx  29xxxx.     .




 firmware.   BIOS


    ,       BIOS,   :

POST (power On Self Test)   .         , , ,  ,      .

Setup BIOS     BIOS,    .    ,       BIOS.        .

   (boot loader)           (Master Boot Record, MBR)         .    ,          CD/DVD,   ..      ,    Setup.         ,        .

BIOS   ,            .



     ,    ,    .        Setup,     ROM    (   ROM, PROM),  ,      (EPROM)?

        CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor),      Setup.  CMOS           .   ,       ,    .     ,    Setup           Setup BIOS.



,   ,       Setup BIOS:

  ;

  ;

  ;

   (5-10  );

  ;

  ;

  !




  SETUP


    BIOS      ,       BIOS.   BIOS ( ,    firmware)  AMI, Award  Phoenix (   BIOS  Award  Award-Phoenix). ,   ,  IBM, HP-Compaq,    BIOS,       .

      .

      Press DEL to enter SETUP.   ,     SETUP   DEL.   SETUP   . 5.1.


 5.1.    SETUP







    SETUP


 BIOS  ,       Phoenix BIOS.         F2,     POST.



  (.5.1)    :

Main      ,     ;

Advanced   ;

Security     ;

Power     (     BIOS,          Advanced, . );

Boot    (     BIOS,  ,  ,      Advanced, . );

Hardware Monitor       (  ,     ),         BIOS;

Exit       .


 Main

  Main      ,    ,          .

             (   )   (   ).      (  )  Enter  Tab.

    ,     ,    .    (    SETUP),    (,   ).    (. .5.1)             .







.5.1.  main

       . Primary Master, Primary Slave, Secondary Master, Secondary Slave       (  IDE-)  .         ,    ,     .        ,       Setup.       Enter.         (.5.2).







.5.2.    

 Type    (      Type        +/):

auto    ,     ;

user     .   ,         .         (.5.2)  , , .           ,          ;

cdrom     CD-ROM  DVD-ROM;

none      .







.5.3.   

    ,        (. .5.3):

Multi-Sector Transfers    (Enabled),            ,   /   ,   .   ;

LBA Mode Control   LBA (Logical Block Addressing)        ,     , ,   .     ,      ,      ;

32 Bit I/O   32-   .    ;

 -   (    ),       .


 Advanced

  Advanced     :

Dvanced BIOS Features    BIOS;

Advanced Chipset Features    ;

Integrated Peripherals     (,  ,    ..);

Power Management Setup    (   BIOS    ,        Power,    .5.1);

PnP/PCI Configuration   PnP/PCI.



  Advanced BIOS Features.

 . 5.2     (   BIOS)   Advanced BIOS Features.


 5.2.   Advanced BIOS Features





















Advanced Chipset Features.[3 -     AGP 8x,    ,        8x.   VIA    4-in-1,      .              IDE-.  ,       .]

     . 5.3.


 5.3.  A dvanced Chipset Features





















  Integrated Peripherals.

  Integrated Peripherals  ,          ,    ..      . 5.4.


 5.4.   Integrated Peripherals




















 Security

  Security (.5.4)      (user password)    (supervisor password).        Setup      Setup    .        ;   ,   (Enabled)  Password on Boot.







.5.4.  security


 Power

  Power     ,    .             ,      220 ,     .


 Boot

 Boot    BIOS (.5.5).   .5.5.      :

  (HARD DRIVE);

 CD/DVD (CD-ROM Drive);

 ,   (Removable Devices);

  (Network Boot).







.5.5.  boot


 Exit

  Exit (.5.6)    :

Exit Saving Changes     ;

Exit Discarding changes    ;







.5.6.  Exit

Load Setup Defaults     ;

Discard Changes   ,   ;

Save Changes   ,   .

  Setup  BIOS      -,      .  .5.7     Setup   Award BIOS.







.5.7. Award Setup




 6

 





    


  (HDD, Hard Disk Drive, , )     .          .       ,    ,        .      .  ,      .         .   ,       . ,       ,   1997  (Quantum, 1 ).

 .6.1       .







.6.1.     :  ,  ,   ?:) -,    ,   .    ,  ,     ,      

            :

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics)   1986      ;

SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)    1986       ;

Serial ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)   2003 ,   .

 IDE       .         ATA     .

 ATA  IDE   ,   ATA      ,    CD/DVD.

 ATA  ,       ,     (. 6.1).


 6.1.  ATA






  ATA    2001 . ,       ,     .     ATA-8 (2004 )   SATAII,   IDE (ATA).



 SATA (Serial ATA,  ATA)   ,  ATA.   ATA-7     150 /,  ATA-8  200 /.  ,     SATA     PATA.  SATAII  .



SCSI         .          ,    . ,  SCSI-,        ,    LPT-.     USB        SCSI  USB  .



 200 /     / ,     .         SCSI ( Fast-320DT)  640 /.                ,       .




   


    : ATA (IDE)  SATA (Serial ATA).     SATA. ,    ATA-   .

!              !


 - (IDE)

 ,         IDE-    .       IDE-.       ,    IDE-    CD/DVD.[4 -        IDE-   (IDE0).]

 ,   ,   (master).        .     (slave).



,      () IDE-:

  (primary master);

  (primary slave);

  (secondary master)  ;

  (secondary slave)  .



   .     IDE 0,    IDE 1 (     ).      IDE- (     SATA-),       .    IDE  SATA-?  :  IDE ,  SATA  .



    IDE-,       .    (, 40-),       (, 80-):      (     ,      ).        BIOS    ,   40-  (40 pin)   80- (80 pin).







.6.2. IDE-   

  IDE-   IDE-    ( ,         ),      .      .        ,        master  slave.

     IDE-        .      ,       ,      .

             .    (master)  DEVICE 0 (.6.3),   (slave)  DEVICE 1.       .



  :             .     ,          master,      slave,  .

      . ,        master     Windows.        master,    ,      Windows       ,  ,   .







.6.3.     

      IDE-     (CABLE SELECT).            ,          .     ,            (    ).



,   IDE-,   ,   .    :       ,          ,     .    ,      .

   IDE- (,  ,   CD/DVD  )   .6.4.







.6.4.  IDE-

         ? ,          ,     .      .    ,           .      ,      IDE--    .      .      ,   ,     ,   .      ,       ,        ,  ,  .        .    


 SATA-

 SATA-  .        SATA- (.6.5).       .  ,   : SATA-    -    .







.6.5. SATA-

 SATA- ,  IDE:

SATA-       .      ,     .   SATA      ;

 SATA-   (),        ;

  SATA-     ;

   IDE-     SATA-;

  SATA-      SATA-.  :      (3,3 ),      .   ,       SATA- (.6.6).







.6.6.   SATA   ()    sata ()

    Windows  SATA-,     . ?   ,     DEL    SETUP,  DEL,     SETUP     Boot Sequence  Boot Device Priority.       ,    .       ,      .      .   Windows     Windows   SATA- (    ).       .



  Windows            ,        :   ,   ,  Windows,  .

 ,       SATA-,  SATA-  ?     SATA- (.6.7)  600    SATA-    (SATA-    PCI).    SATA-2     ,        ( SATA-2   ).







.6.7. SATA-




 


    ,    ,       .       ,      ,           ,    .



         Partition Magic.   ?     (   ),         ,    . ,    .

  Partition Magic?    :

  ;

 ;

     ;

     ;

       ;

 .



 :      ,        .          .       ,         .



 Partition Magic.  ,        ,      .  ,      (.6.8).







.6.8. Partition Magic

          .   :

Create a new partition    ;

Resize a partition        ;

Merge partitions       .



,   .   Create a new partition.  ,   ,        (.6.9).







.6.9.  

      .          ,      Next.



      (.6.10):

Size    ;

Label    (     ,        );

Create as    (    (logical)   );

File system    (fat32  ntfs);

Drive letter     ,    .







.6.10.   

   ,            .   . ,      200 .        ,       Partition Magic            ,  windows    .        200 .     ,       .     . ,       50 .      ! ?         .

FAT32  NTFS?       ( 512 ),    FAT32.     .  FAT32      .      ,      4 . -!       ? !   DVD      ,      .      (4,5 ),      44,5 .     FAT32,  DVD    .

    .  FAT32      2  ().   Widows 98     124  -    scandisk.  , 124       ! ,     .        ,   Windows 2000  Windows XP  FAT-  32 ? , Windows 98      124 ,     Windows  32 .        50 ,     NTFS    Windows 98.      ,     NTFS. , , ,     32      FAT32   .



,     ,   Next  .         .         Apply  .

      .



   ,  Partition Magic          .  ,      :

Partition, Convert      (  FAT32  NTFS,  ,   );

Partition, Format   .

             .  ,        .        .     .        ,    ,     (  ).              .



.    ,                 ,       ? ,            ,       .          (.6.11).          (    IDE-,    SATA),    .            .    1015 ,     ! ,            .

     ,        ,            .






.6.11.    




 7

 CD/DVD



         CD  DVD,         CD/DVD-.




  CD



  CD

    CD.    120 ,     15 .    46  117- . ,       46- ,  Lead-In,  ,  117120- ,  Lead-Out.     Lead-In  Lead-Out.[5 -  (   overburn)     120- ,    Lead-Out   ( ,   ).          ,         CD-,      .         .         ,  ,         CD (   ),              .]

      .        CD.   (   )  .  .7.1   ()  .







.7.1.  CD

   ,           . ,    .          .

  .7.1.   CD   .     0,50,83 .    0,5 .   ,        .

    (   )  1,6 ,    .7.1.

        0,62 , ,   ,   .      80-     1  .      ,   CD   ,    DVD.


 CD

 CD  .      :   AudioCD     ,     .         (. 7.1).


 7.1.  CD





Audio CD

AudioCD       -.   AudioCD (CD-DA)    1977   Philips,    CD-DA    Sony.

    ,    CD    . CD-DA    ,      ,       .

    AudioCD      .   (1)     150 /. ,  Nx  Nx150 /.


CD-ROM

 CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)    1985 .         Philips  Sony.

 CD-ROM        .         , ,   ,    CD-DA.

   ()  CD-ROM    ISO 9660        CD  .        :

Level 1          DOS  8 + 3 (8     3   ).     8 ;

Level 2   ,   Level 1,       31 .



,   (  )   ,       Windows       ( 255 ),        .        ,     Level 2.      ISO 9660,  Joliet, RockRidge.      Joliet,      CD ,      .

   ISO 9660,     HFS  UDF. HFS (Hierarchical File System)  ,    ,      Windows/Linux,    MacOS.    .        HFS,    ISO. ,       350 .       .   MacOS     ISO-,   HFS .

  UDF (Universal Disk Format)              .  ,        UDF,         . ,     UDF     CD-RW,       .


CD-R, CD-RW

       .  ,       ,   ,    ,    CD-ROM.  ,       (),   CD-R (CD Recordable)  CD-RW (CD Rewritable).

 CD-R  CD-RW     ,     ,    CD-RW (     ).    CD-R      ,   CD-RW    .

 CD-R-       .     ,         (, ,   ).    , ,           (,    10 ),      .

 CD-RW    ,   CD-R (   ),   ,   CD-RW      .

 CD-R    CD-ROM.     CD-ROM   .   CD-R    ,   .   ,     .       ,  .     ,  ,   CD-R      .

             .       ,    .         .      .      :

      ,   ,      .     ,             ;

    ,    ;

    ,     ,    ,     .

         CD/DVD.       Alcohol 120%.       CD-R  ,  ,     (   )     ,     ,    .            (.7.2).







.7.2.   CD-R

 CD-RW      CD-R.     ,          ,  .   CD-RW      500700.

 CD-RW         ISO 9660  UDF.        (,   ),    UDF.        CD-RW ,     DVD-,      MP3,    ,    ISO 9660,  UDF    DVD-,  .


  CD

    CD    :

CD-ROM/XA (eXtended Architecture) -  .    CD-ROM/XA    ,   XA      74        120  ;

CD-I (CD Interactive)  .      ,     .       ,    CD/DVD-;

Kodak Photocd      ,      ;

CD + MIDI     Audio CD   ,  midi-, , ;

CD Text   AudioCD,    ,   ;

CD-Extra    CD-Extra  ,       cd-.         , , . CD-    ,       ;

CD-3    CD   80 . ,    240300  . ,  Flash-    ,    CD-RW  CD-3.  .       , , ,    ;

VideoCD      CD.  VCD (VideoCD)    .     MPEG-1.    (  )              -.    MPEG-4  VCD   ,    DVD- -   .




  DVD



   DVD

  .

 DVD-    4,5  .       mpeg-4.

 ,      DVD-.   (2   2 )    18  !

 DVD-Video   32   , 9    (     ), 8   (       ,   8  ),       4: 3  16: 9.

 DVD-Audio/Video     dolby digital, dolby digital pro, dolby surround (   5 + 1),         -.

DVD    cd,     CD !    .   DVD    :   DVD-RW        .      .   DVD-  3545 ,       ,           DVD (  ,   ).     !


  DVD

    DVD  . DVD      CD.    ,             790   635        0,6 ( CD  0,45).        .

     DVD.  DVD,   CD,     (DVD-5).     DVD- (DVD-9),    , ,    (. 7.2).


 7.2.    DVD










   DVD

   CD  DVD   ,    :

 A   DVD-ROM,   DVD  ,    ;

 B   DVD-Video,     ;

 C   DVD-Audio;

 D  E     , DVD-R  DVD-RW.

  DVD-ROM, DVD-Video  DVD-Audio  .                .    DVD-R  DVD-RW         DVD-Video.    DVD-Audio :     ,  DVD-R  DVD-RW,        ,    .

  DVD-R  DVD-RW    .  ,  DVD-R  DVD-RW    Pioneer,    Philips, Sony     DVD+R  DVD+RW.

     .  DVD- ( ,    DVD-)     ,   .           DVD-RW      ,    .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/denis-kolisnichenko/komputer-bolshoy-samouchitel-po-remontu-sborke-i-modernizacii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      ,      .        .          0,  1.    .    ,        1 .       1    ,   .. 1024      (),  1024    1  (). 1024    1  (),  1024    1  ().

 :  1024,   1000.     1024?         (  2   0  1), 2  10-      1024.

 ,            ,    . , 528    528 ,       (   8),   66  (66 ).




2


     Intel      Intel.




3


    AGP 8x,    ,        8x.   VIA    4-in-1,      .              IDE-.  ,       .




4


       IDE-   (IDE0).




5


 (   overburn)     120- ,    Lead-Out   ( ,   ).          ,         CD-,      .         .         ,  ,         CD (   ),              .


