 .    
 

 

 

 

 

 


      ,        ,    ; ,     .      ,                   . ,     ,              ,        .

     ,         ,   ,    ,   ,   ,         ..  ,   ,      ,      , ,   ,   .





 

 .    



 Peter Senge, Charlotte Roberts, Richard Ross, Bryan Smith, George Roth and Art Kleiner, 1999

    , .  -, 2003




 


        1990.     :     [1 -  .  :     . .: -, 1999.] (The Fifth Discipline: the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization),            :        ?   ,       ?  ,        ,         .  ,       , ,          ,            ,   .    ,      ,   status quo.

     , h Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, ,      25-    , ,      ,   .    ,             , ,         ,       .     ,      ,     .

      ,        ,    ; ,     .      ,                   . ,     ,              ,        .

     ,         ,   ,    ,   ,   ,         ..  ,   ,      ,      , ,   ,   .

-        British Petroleum, Chrysler, Dupont, Ford, General Electric, Harley-Davidson, Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Electric, Royal Dutch/Shell, Shell Oil Company, Toyota, Xerox  ,     .   ,    ,     , ,   ,        .




 I







 1







1.   


  2030   . - ,   20    ,    ?    ,           , ,  ,  , ,     ?   ,    :      ,      .     ,       :       ;       ;         ;   ,       ,  .    ,        .  ,    , ,    ,   -   .

         ,       ,   .   ,  ,     ,                .       .        .          .   ,    ,   ,       ,      .

                  .  XVI.         ,                  ,  .  ,       ,               .

 ,    ,          ,     .   XVI.  , ,        .       ,                . (          ,      .)       :       ,       ,    .

        .      ,          .         ,          .          ,        .        :        ,   (      ),            .           ,   .         .

                ,     .

    ,  ,     ,    .     ,    ;    , ,    .      ,     ,  ,      .        :      (The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization)   :   (The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook),       .         .        .        ,     ,  ?       ,         ,       , ,             .

        ,          .      :     ,        .    :           . ,  .       ,        (     ).         ,         .       ,      .   ,            .            .

    ,             ,               .




2.      

 


      .   1990- .      ,   Arthur D. Little  McKinsey & Co.,  ,            (total quality management, TQM)     ,      [2 - .: The Economist, 1992, April 18 (  ,   Arthur D. Little  McKinsey & Co.); Strebel Paul. Why Do Employee Resist Change?//Harvard Business Review, 1996, May/June, p. 86 (,   20  50%       ); Kotter John P. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail//Harvard Business Review, 1995, March/April, p. 59; Champy James. Reengineering: A Light That Failed//Across the Board, 1995, March, vol. 32, 3, p. 2731.].            70%.          ,   ,  ,         .   ,              .   -    ,         .         . , , ,          .

   .       ,       .       ,  ,        .          .     ,      :    .  ,       ,        .

        ,      ,   ,   .   ,   ,       ; ,        ,   ,          .

      ,          ,         .       .    ,          .

   ,    ,  .    ,            (. .1.1).








         ,          ,     . ,     . ,           .            [3 -   ,       ,     , .: Kleiner Art. The Age of Heretics. New York: Doubleday, 1996; Failure in Organization Development and Change: Cases and Essays for Learning/Eds. Mirvis Philip H., Berg David N. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977.].        ,    .         ,       ,     ?     .1.1    .           1%  ?          5%,         ?    ?

      ,           ,  ,     . S-       ,    :   .        ,          :     ,   ,    ,  .      :  ,   .      ,        .

          .     ,        ,       .             ,     .    ,     ,   ,    :       ,     , , .       ,     :  ,    ,     ,  .

      ,      .   ,      ,      .            .

                 ?

     ,        . ,     ,    ,       : ,  !   !    !         :      ,      .

 ,  ,        ,    .     ,     ,    .        ,     .   ,        .   ,       ,      ,     .

   ,       ?    ,         . ,   1980- .   ,   .       :       ,   :    ,    .  ,       ,        ,   - .        ,    .  ,   .        ,      .

    ,  ,   ,    . , ,       ,      .  ,   ,      ;            ,   .

          .      ,           .        ,   ,    ,  ,   .          ,     .    ,            .

   ,          ,                    .   , ,    ,    ,     ,    .             ,         .

    .                  .         .        .  ,   ,       .  ,      ,   [4 -        ,     ,        -     ( ).].

   ,      -  .       -     .        ,  ,  ,   .    ,          ,     .          20 .    ,         ,       .           ,  ,         .     ,     ,          .

     ,    .         ,      .     ,  ,        .     ,      ,  .      ,        .   .        ,     .

        .      .   ,   .       .   ,       .     ,      ,  .




3.    





  

 



    

     .

  ,     .

      .



     ,      .       .     ,       .   ,       ,        .     ,              ? ,     ,  ,          ?

               -,          ,      .         , , ,    .    ,     ,    .    :      .

         ,    ,   . , ,      ,        ?  ,    -        ,                ,            ,    ,     ?

   ,     -     .    ,    -         ,   .       ,       .         ( )      .      . ?      ,     .     ,   .         ,               .              -.             ,           .

  -  ,  ,      .           :    ,     ,       ,     - .

 ,   ,    .      ,          .      -,      .               ,         . ,   ,         -.  ,       ,     .


    

   :

   ,      .

                   ,    .

           .             .



      ,    .       ,      Shell Oil (      Fluor Corporation),  :   ,  .  ,  ,     .    ,     .

 ,     Harley-Davidson, : ,  ,       ,  .

  ,    Visteon Automotive Systems,    Ford Motor, :  ,    82 000 ,         .

               .     ,                 .

 ,           .     ,   ,       ,   ,     ,      .     ,             [5 -         .:  .  :     . .: -, 1999. C. 218223.].      .     ,       .  , ,           ,          ,   .

 ,     ,    ,         ,     .     Β,       Hanover Insurance, :     ,      :       ,        .

,     ,         ,     .       ,      ,        .        ,     . ,      ,      ,    ,       360 [6 -    ,        ,     ,   . . . .],       ,    ,          .       , ,      ,     -  .

    ,   -       ?   ,       ,        ,  .      , ,     status quo,    .     ,    . ,             .                 ,     ,    [7 - .: Argyris Chris. Good Communication that Blocks Learning//Harvard Business Review, 1994, July/August, p. 77.].       ,    ,       . ,         -.        .            .


      ?

         [8 -     : Leading Learning Organizations: The Bold, the Powerful, and the Invisible//The Drucker Foundations The Leader of the Future/Eds. Hesselbein F., Goldsmith M., Beckhard R. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.].    ,        ;      ?,       .




,    




     changer     (       ). ,    ,        , .. 500.  ..

          .          , , ,  ,    . ( ,           .)       ,    ,       ,    .        ,   ,          .

          .        ,   ..       ,    , ,   ,   ,        .     ,   ,    ,     .

           ,  ,      General Electric  Shell Oil.       ,        .    ,      .  ,         ,      . (    trasformatio   , .)     ,      ,       . ( 1830.      ,      .)

           ,      ,        , ,   .     .      - ;   ,     -,  ,      .     ,     ,        .  ,    ,       ,   ,   .


   . -,    ,  ,       ,   .     ,   ,       . -,         .       ,       .      ,  .      .

      .                   .      ,    .  ,     ,        .

 ,  ,          , ,               .     .    ,   . ,       (29:18),     ,    .

        .       [9 -      . . . .]      :  ,     ,                ,          .       ,           ,           .

         ,          ,          .          ,   -.          ,        ,         ,    .

   .       ,            .       , ,      ,        ,         .           .      ,   ,  ,    ,     .     ,    ,                   .

           Ford Visteon,    Intel,     British Petroleum,    ,     ,     Eskom     Covenant Insurance.



 ,    .      ,                .              ,         .               ,      ,     [10 - ., : Wenger Etienne. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.].

         .          ,           .        .    ,    ,           ,       ,     .           .      ,      ,      .

    ,        . ,            .      ,   .   ,     ,     .     ,     ,   ,  .     ,          ,    ,      .

     .      Ford,    Shell Oil,    Detroit Edison   .



-.     ,          .    ,  -,        ,   , ,    .        ,     ,  ,         .

   ,        .        ,         .    , ,   - ,    ,      ,      .

        ,                 .       ,      ,         .

 ,        ,       ,            .       ,       ,        .       ,     .    ,    ,         ,          ,    .

       ,     Fluor Corporation (   Shell Oil),   (  Eskom),  - (      Royal Dutch/Shell)     (    ).



   , , ,           ,      -,    ,        ,     .  ,    ,   ,          .  ,           [11 -           ,      ,   . .: Shein Edgar. The Three Cultures of Management//Sloan Management Review, 1996, Fall.].


  ?

         .                .  ,       ,      ,    - .             .       ,        .    ,   .

  ,   ,         .    ,      ,     .

 ,    ,         .       ,   ,          .   ,        :        [12 -       ,    1991.        (Center for Organizational Learning)     ().     ,    .  1997.         (Society for Organizational Learning).      ,    .       ,        ,    .      ,   ,    .     .    -     .          .      ,  ,    ,            . (           .)].

  ,     ,        .           -      .          .

 ,     ,  ,  ,         .         ,            ,      ,    .     ,       ,         .

       ,               .      ,   ,           .

    ,          ,   .          , ,   .     ,    ,             ,        ,       .      ,                 .

          ,          .  ,      ,   ,      ,    .

      :

     ,    ?          .     ?

   ,  ?        ?     ,        ?



           ,  . ,   .    ,    ,   .        .       .        .     ,    ,    .     .   ,   .




4. :   

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  



  Ż   

 1988.  Harvard Business Review     ,       Royal Dutch/Shell,   Planning as Learning (  ).         ,     ,  :



 ,             ,   .


     General Electric  ,     ,          :



    :                  .


     General Electric     -   3.

            ,    Coca-Cola, First National Bancorp, Chevron, Mead Industries, Shell Oil  Tenneco. Co    :      .      , , ,     (,  )      ,      ,      .

    ,     ,          .      ,      ,     ,    .   ,      .

 1991. Electrical and Fuel Handling Division (EFHD;     Ford Visteon,    Ford,      )      ,   $50 .         1996.   $150 .   ,           ,    .           .        ,       ,   .

    Ford Motor      5.



   Shell Oil       Royal Dutch/Shell     .  Shell Oil    ,     -  (, Shell Chemical  Shell Services,         )          .

      5, 6.



                  ,    .     ,             .

       11.



          ,  Detroit Edison, British Petroleum, Burch-Lowe, Chrysler, Covenant Insurance, Eskom, Harley-Davidson, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Electric, Scania, Springfield Remanufacturing Company, Toyota, Xerox  .         .

     .         .    ,    ,  ,  ,     .       .          ,    ,  ,         .  ,        .     ,   ?      .           ,   ,     ,        .     ,             ,  [13 - . : Roth George, Kleiner Art et al. A Car Launch With Heart: The Story of AutoCo Epsilon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 2526.].


    



      ,          .     ,      ,        ,       ,       .

        ,      .    (training)    -    (,   .),  .

   (learning)    leis  , .    ,           .                .    ,            .

     ,     .       ,       .              ,    .


          .   ,        ,    .  ,   .


  Ż    (   )

         ,     .        ,       .        ,                 ,      .        ,   ,            ,    ,      ,    . ,      . ,        ,         .      , , ,    ,       [14 -      .: Kleiner Art. The Age of Heretics.].

 , ,        ,            .  1997.       General Electric ,           ,   ,        .

,           ,    ,   .            .    ,   . ,  ,      ,   ,    ,               .             ,            ,       .

      6    .



           ,    (     ,   ).        .           ,        ,   ,        ,        .          ,      , ,        .       ,     ,    .

     ,      ,    .  ,          ,          .

         -  ,  .    ,         ,     ,     ,           .      .  ,      ,      .

           . ,  ,      ,     .      ,       ,  ,   ,      ,                .    ,    ,    ,        ,                 . ,    ,        .


 

    (,       )    ,   ,     (  ).

       !   . ,    -,  -       ( 3).

   !   ,       ,    ,      ( 4).

     ! (   !)  :   ,   ,  ,          ( 5).

     !     :     ( )   (),       ( 6).



     ,   :                , ..    ?

 [15 -      ,      ,    ,       ,  , .]     ,   ,    ,                   ( 7).

   !     ;  -         (    )      ( 8).

   !/   !    , ,                :              ( 9).



                  ,     , ..    .

    ? -    ,    ,  , ,           ,       ( 10).

   !    :              ,   ( 11).






     ,       ,     ,     .   , ,     ,    ,                  ,    .     ,     ,        .       ,    ,    [16 - .: Toynbee Arnold. A Study of History. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press, 1934; Vol. 16 [ ]/Ed. Somervell D.C. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.].


, ,  ? (   ?)     :            ( 12).



 ,        . ,   ,     .   ,  ,      ,       ,  .

            (  ),            .          .             ,    ,           . ,         .

 ,         ,      .          .

      .



  ,        ,      ,     .   Β, , ,           ,     .    ,     :    (      );  ,    (    );       (  );    ,    (   );      (   !)   ,   [17 - .: OBrien Virginia. Success on Our Own Terms. New York: John Wiley, 1998. . : A Solid Investment: Making Full Use of the Nations Human Capital. U.S. Department of Labor Glass Ceiling Commission. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.   : www.ilr.cornel.edu/library/e_archive/glassceiling].






.1.2.   .      ,   :   ,    .      ,     ,       .       (  ).    ,    



   ,   ,   ,      ,      .         ,    .   ,        ;    .      ,    ,     .

          ,     .     , ,     ,    ,       .           -     ,           ,   .    ,  -   .


,   

   ,      ,       .



      ?     ,   ?  ,       ,   .



    ?    ?      ?    ,     ?        ,          .      ,         .



           ?       ?    ,      ,         .       ,       ,     ,   ,       .



      ?     ?            ,      .           .



   ?    ,        .   ,   ,     ,   .    ,       ,        . ,       ,  ,           .


    

      ,     ,  ,  ,   ,   ,        .         ,    ,        .  ,   ,      .

           :     .                  .








 .    ,   ,       (  ),       (,     ).          (    )           .








 .     ,          ,       .      ,               (    ,          ).








 .   .           ,        ,       ,         (  ).








 .     .      ,      ,           ,     ,            (  ).








 .              ,   ,    .         ,      .     ,   ,    ,      ,          . (      ,              .)

     ;       4.



       ,    .      ?    .        :   (The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (Doubleday/Currency, 1994))  , ,        .. , ,  ,         .    ,        ,   ,         .  :       ,          :

        .

    ,         .

       .     ,       ,        ,    , , , ,     .

  , ,   :    ,  ,        .           ,       .             , ,   .



     :        ,    .      (   )        19941995.  .      ,         .              .       :   ,       ?

           :           .          ,       .        ,     .

    .         ,    ,         .




5.   



   ,    

   ,        .      ,       .


  

   .       .               .


 

     ,    .   ,    - ,   :            ?   ,       ,   ,   .


     

,    ,   .         ,   ,   .       . ,      ,      .




    ,   ,    .           .








 .      ,                .








-.       ,      ,        .








 ,    .      ,            .

        1








 .       .








 . ,            ,           .








 .       ,          .








.          .   ,  ,       ,          .








.  , ,   -,      .








 .   - .








 .  (  ), ,   ,        .


 

        ,        ,   ,    .     ,        ,   : , ,    ,       .        ,    ,     .

        .     :       . ,      (. .1.3),    .         ,    .   ,  ,        . ,         ( )  .        ,    .  ,       .        ,          .






.1.3.   



          ,   .          ,  ,          ,  ,  ,  [18 -     ,       Innovation Associates,     .].






.1.4.  ,     ,    2.    ,     .     .      (, ,   ),      ,         


   

  .1.4            ,        .      .

      ,      . , ,      .

          .     :      酻  ,         :          

  ,    .  ,  - :        , , , ,   ,       .        酻

      .     ,           .



   ,   ,    2, 4.




 2  





1.  

 


      .      ,       .         .        -,  ,  ,      - ,           .

     ,     ,  ,       ,      .     ?  ,     ,   ,    .

           ,       .     ,   ;        ,       ,    ,        .       ,   ,            .

      ,    ,   .           .  ,       .             .   ,        ,       .        ,  -   ,          ,         .              .         ,    Ford,  - :     ,     ,    , ,    -,      .

       ,            .   1990- .    Shell Oil                ;             ;     ,            .  1994.           ,           ,           [19 -           The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 59, 77, 103, 242273, 385, 525, 554.].          ,  ,  ,    .     .    200     ,    ,        .        (  ),         .

  ,   Ford  British Petroleum,        -  ,     .           ,       ,          .

          ,  ,     .


  :      ?

          ,      .     ?             ,  -,   ?           ?       .      ,       .

,  ,  ,     ,  ,   :        .    ,          .   ,        .   ,     ,        .        ,    .   ,     .

  ,       ?

   ,               .       ,          ,         ,        ,       ,         , ,    ,      .

         .          ,   ,    ,  , ,  ,   ,           -  . ,   ,      ,        .      ,         .




2. ,   


    ,        .       ,          ,     .             ,     .

   ,     ,      :     ,      ,    ,      .         :     ,    .       .    ,  ,       [20 -            (. : Yule Sarah S.., Keene Mary S. Borrowings, 1889).    :      ,    ,    ,     ,               .   ,        : Roth George, Kleiner Art et al. A Car Launch With Heart: The Story of AutoCo Epsilon.].

      . -,      ,    .  ,        ,            ,       . -, ,      ,        .   ,            ,    . -,            ,       . -,     ,          ,   ,        .            ,     ,      ,  ,    , .

 ,         ,    ,           [21 -         .:  .  :     . .: -, 1999. . 9899; The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 114.]. :

  ;

  ;

  .



         ,       ,      .


   

    ,   .      ,          .








     [22 -    : Assessing to Learn and Learning to Assess. Report of the First Forum on the SoL Assessment Initiative, 1998, January. Cambridge (MA), Society for Organizational Learning.]:

       ;

    ;

   ,         ;

        ,    ;

     ໠      ,       - ;

       ;

   ,   .



        .             . ,     -      ,       ,      .            ,  ;       ,            .     ,                .

          ,     ,     ,     .        ,   :    ,      ,            .       ,              .

   ,         ,       [23 -      .: The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 15ff, 2Iff.].








  .   ,      Hanover Insurance  Β,  - ,     .            -.       ,    ,     :      ;   ,            .     (    ),   (        )    (     )          .



 .      ,     .       ,   ,     ,       .     ,    .          ,       ,   ,     .     ,                ,  ,   ,     ,       .

        11.



,   .     ,   . ,   ,    ,    ,   ,          .   ,        ,    ,         ,     .


   

                  ,   ,    Harley-Davidson.      , ,     ,     셔








              . ,    , ,        .         .   ,         ,              .   ,       ,   ,    ,    .

        ,    ,                  .  ,      .

 -    ,       ( ),         ,         ,   [24 -       : The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 21. .        .]:

          ,    ,     (        );

         ,        (       );

              (    ).



    ,    .   . (   ,         ,   .)       :     .     .       ,   .     ,     ,    .         ,  :     .

     ,  ,     ,    .          ,           ,    .        .     .2.4      ,    R1, R2  R3 (. .2.12.3).


R1:    λ ( )

  ,        ,      ,       . ,       ,  -      .       ,    ,        .

    ,     ,   ,     .        ,            .            ,     ,  , ,  ,     ( )         .     [25 -      (total quality management).         . . .],      .     ,    ,       ,   ,       ( ) .






.2.1.     R1



       ,      . ,          , :      , ,   ,     ,   .   :        .    ,     ,        .        .   , ,   ,      .     -  ,    Fortune 50:     ,   .    ,         .   , , ,  :     .      ,           ,             .

,         ,    ,      ,   .      ,         .      50  100 ,            .        ,        .     :        ,     .       ,   :        ,      ,             .

        .     :      ,     ,   ,      ,           .

      ,      ,            ( R1  .2.1).      ,    ,         ,  .          ,          [26 -         .: The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 17.].

     ,    ,         . -, ,  ,         ,   .    ,    .

-,               .        , , ,    ,   ,             .

-,        - ,      .           ,  ,    ,           .     ,          .        ,     .

,      .         .   ,              .       ,         ,  .   ,       ,     .           .

      ,   ,     ,    .        , ,     ,    .


R2:       û (   ,  )

            British Petroleum (BP)             (Global Refinery Network, GRN).     ,      ,      .   1998. -         ,     ,      .  ,   BP      .

      BP     11.



  ,        ,       Ford, Intel, Shell Oil, AT&T   .        ,          ,            .   1990- . Hewlett-Packard (HP)                   $30.        ?      ,        [27 -     : Powers Vicki J. Corporate Networks//Continuous Journey Magazine, 1995, April, p. 34.].

                    .             ,    .     ,     , -  Xerox.      ,    .         Xerox  - (      ) ,       ⻠ ,          .             ,     .         ,   [28 - Brown John Seely, Gray Estee Solomon. The People and the Company//Fast Company, 1995, November, vol. 1, 1, p. 78.].

          .   . -,     ,        .                . -,  ,     ,     .      ,      , , ,    .        ,    . -,        ,       ,   ,    .        .






.2.2.     R2



  ,      ,                 , , ,       .      ,      ,          .        (R2  .2.2).    ,       .     ,         .    R1       .        -,          ,           .

,     ,        .          ,  ,   .   ,  :      .      ,        .    ,      , ..  , ,   ,     .         .    , , ,     ,       .

     ,  ,        .      ,    ,     ,      ,      ,       .       ,   .        ,    ,           .              ,           .

          Xerox,        Ford    .






.2.3.     R3




R3:    һ ( )

        ?         .       ,     . ,     ,    EFHD  Ford,          :



 [ ]   ,      .         .       ,  .       ,       [29 -  : Berdish Dave et al. Learning for Operational Excellence at EFHD, 19921996. Detroit, MI: Visteon Automotive Systems, 1997, p. 9.].


             .       ,           .

        .   Ford       ,                .     ,      .       ,     ,  ,     -   ,         .     ,    [ ]         .      .  ?   ?     .                   .

       ,             (  R3, . .2.3).    Ford       ,           .   1992.     ,  32 .   1993.   12,    132.   1994.     20,       27,       500  1200  . ,       ,           (  -  ),     ,                  .       .   1991.      $50,    1996.  $150 .       2    $2,  ,         ,  10 ,    .

          .            ,             .                     ,     -                  .         :    ,     .

       ,    ,    .        ,        .        ,    ,         .

  ,   ,     ,      ,      . , ,  :         ,   ?    ,  ,    ,    .

       .    Ford    ,          ,      .       - .            ,         .  -   ,     ,    :     .       :       .     ,       .

  ,    ,        9.



-,         ,          . ,   ,     ,    .   , ,     ,   ,      ,     .

-,     ,             ,     ,    (. .2.3).    ,     , , , ,      .  ,      ,    ,     ,     .

       ,       ,   .      ,   .  ,  ,    .    ,          .

., ,       9.



      ,          :        18 ,   12.  .      .               ,       .        ,     ,             ,     .


  ,   ۻ

    ,     ,  .2.4.

    ,   ,   .   ,           ,      ,      ,              .

       ,       ,   . ,       ,     .           ?   ,     - ?






.2.4.   ,        .               ( R1);            ( R2);            ,      ( R3).        ,      ,  ..



      .        ,    .  ,               .        ,       ,       ,     .

     .



      ,      .      ,  .   ,      ,         ,    ,       ,       .         ,   . ,   - ,    ,    ,   .    ,      ,       .   ,      ,  ,      ,     .                 ,   -.



  ,   .   .    ,        . ,       .  ,     ,    .              ,     .     -   .








             ,      . ,  ,            ,     .                   .       ,             ,    .  ,          ,       .



       .  ,    , ,        仠           .             ,              ,      .          ,         ,       - .           .       ,       .



         ,     .    ,        .    ,       .          .      ,             .



,  ,   ,     -    .           ,        ,     -  ,         .     ,      ,            .    ,   ,          ,    ,      .



    , ,      ,      .        ,  .     ;       ,   .   ,     ,   ,       , ,  ,    ,      ,       .

      .           .           ,        .                           .

       .         ,  .    ,           .  ,       ,   ,         .            .      ,                 .




3.  

 



    ,         ,    .  ,        XIV.            .     .      ,   :    ,     ,   

   .

         .    ,      ,      ,    .    .              .2.5.       ()   :        .  ()  ,            .     .     ?       ,  , .  ,              .       ,           ,      10 .




, , 




            .   clock ()    clocca  , :      .  VI. -         ,     ,   .           ,      .     ,     .          .  time ()  ,  ,     ;      di    , .

 XVI.,     ,       ,      ,          .   XVII.,    ,  ,    ,         ( . punctus  ),        ┻.

  XIX          ,       ,    ,   .    ,          .      ,       ,         ,     .


         .       ,     .  ,      .          ,      .             .   ,  ,       , ..  ,     :  ,  ,   






.2.5.     



., ,     - ( 5).



      ,    .    ,      ,         .    ,      ,   ,  :          .  ,    ,     ?

    :    .      ,    .            .       .             .         ,  ,  ,     .




4.  





         

 


       ,    .        ,       .      ,     :          ,    .    ,       Arthur D. Little/Innovation Associates,        .    20       .         ,      ,   ,   :  .

,      ,     ,   .      ,       .   :    .     ,      ,       .         ,   .

       ,    (  ).

     -    ,  ,      .     ,         -   .    ,   ,  ,     .


   

   ,       ( ) , ..       .         ,   .        :       ,      ,  ,   ;         .

     ,       . ,        ,      .    ,     ,   .  ,         ,  ,        .         ,        ,       ,      ,    -,    (. .2.6).






.2.6.     



         ,          .        ,  ,      ,  .   ,      ,          .

     ,   , ,        ,  ,  .         ,   .    ,   ,     ,     ,           (          ).

                  .    ,       ,   ,   .   ,        .


 1:   

       :    ,     (. .2.7).       ,   ,    - .     ,       ,    .    .       ,    .        ?            .    ,       ,       .






.2.7.       .         ,        ,   



    :    ,        .   -  ,    ,   ,  ,    (  )          .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/art-kleyner/tanec-peremen-novye-problemy-samoobuchauschihsya-organizaciy/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .  :     . .: -, 1999.




2


.: The Economist, 1992, April 18 (  ,   Arthur D. Little  McKinsey & Co.); Strebel Paul. Why Do Employee Resist Change?//Harvard Business Review, 1996, May/June, p. 86 (,   20  50%       ); Kotter John P. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail//Harvard Business Review, 1995, March/April, p. 59; Champy James. Reengineering: A Light That Failed//Across the Board, 1995, March, vol. 32, 3, p. 2731.




3


  ,       ,     , .: Kleiner Art. The Age of Heretics. New York: Doubleday, 1996; Failure in Organization Development and Change: Cases and Essays for Learning/Eds. Mirvis Philip H., Berg David N. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977.




4


       ,     ,        -     ( ).




5


        .:  .  :     . .: -, 1999. C. 218223.




6


   ,        ,     ,   . . . .




7


.: Argyris Chris. Good Communication that Blocks Learning//Harvard Business Review, 1994, July/August, p. 77.




8


    : Leading Learning Organizations: The Bold, the Powerful, and the Invisible//The Drucker Foundations The Leader of the Future/Eds. Hesselbein F., Goldsmith M., Beckhard R. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.




9


     . . . .




10


., : Wenger Etienne. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.




11


          ,      ,   . .: Shein Edgar. The Three Cultures of Management//Sloan Management Review, 1996, Fall.




12


      ,    1991.        (Center for Organizational Learning)     ().     ,    .  1997.         (Society for Organizational Learning).      ,    .       ,        ,    .      ,   ,    .     .    -     .          .

      ,  ,    ,            . (           .)




13


. : Roth George, Kleiner Art et al. A Car Launch With Heart: The Story of AutoCo Epsilon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 2526.




14


     .: Kleiner Art. The Age of Heretics.




15


     ,      ,    ,       ,  , .




16


.: Toynbee Arnold. A Study of History. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press, 1934; Vol. 16 [ ]/Ed. Somervell D.C. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.




17


.: OBrien Virginia. Success on Our Own Terms. New York: John Wiley, 1998. . : A Solid Investment: Making Full Use of the Nations Human Capital. U.S. Department of Labor Glass Ceiling Commission. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.   : www.ilr.cornel.edu/library/e_archive/glassceiling




18


    ,       Innovation Associates,     .




19


          The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 59, 77, 103, 242273, 385, 525, 554.




20


           (. : Yule Sarah S.., Keene Mary S. Borrowings, 1889).    :      ,    ,    ,     ,               .   ,        : Roth George, Kleiner Art et al. A Car Launch With Heart: The Story of AutoCo Epsilon.




21


        .:  .  :     . .: -, 1999. . 9899; The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 114.




22


   : Assessing to Learn and Learning to Assess. Report of the First Forum on the SoL Assessment Initiative, 1998, January. Cambridge (MA), Society for Organizational Learning.




23


     .: The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 15ff, 2Iff.




24


      : The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 21. .        .




25


     (total quality management).         . . .




26


        .: The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, p. 17.




27


    : Powers Vicki J. Corporate Networks//Continuous Journey Magazine, 1995, April, p. 34.




28


Brown John Seely, Gray Estee Solomon. The People and the Company//Fast Company, 1995, November, vol. 1, 1, p. 78.




29


 : Berdish Dave et al. Learning for Operational Excellence at EFHD, 19921996. Detroit, MI: Visteon Automotive Systems, 1997, p. 9.


