 .  .  2
 

 


   
            .        1990-           ,   ,           .    ,         .                   .    ,       ,         ,    .        ?     ,  ?           ?     ,      .    , ,      .    ,   , MA in political science - .





 ,  

 .  .  2



THE ANATOMY OF POST-COMMUNIST REGIMES

A Conceptual Framework

  : Picture by IADA on iStock



 Blint Magyar, Blint Madlovics, 2022

 . ,   , 2022

 . ,  , 2022

    , 2022




5.





5.1.   


  5     ,      .           5.1,     ,              .

 5      ,           .      ,          ,      ,   ,   ,      .   5.3      ,      -.        (1)       ( ,         ),       , (2)    , (3)   ,   ,  (     )     (  )   , (4)     ,      ,  (5)        (    )   .



 5.1:        (    )






  5.4     .            ,      ,  ,            .    ,           ,   ,            .

 5.5   .    ,             ,         (  ).                     ,            ,       / .        ,    ,    .       ,    :          (     ).

,  5.6    ,     .          ,      (   ),       (   ):   ,       ,    ,       .         (  ),     (  )   ,       (  ).            (   )    ,     .  ,               (      ).      ,       ,               .




5.2.       


            .  , ,      ,   ,    ,         .         ,          ,                 , ,    -  ,   ,     [1 - Box G., Draper N. Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. New York: Wiley, 1987. P. 424.].      -    .  ,             ,         ,       [2 -         ,      .    ,        ,          [? ].].

    XX ,         .        ,   (       )   (      )     [3 -    .  :  . .,  . . . .: , 2012.].         ,      , , ,  -,      ,    [4 - Colander D., Holt R., Rosser B. Jr. The Changing Face of Mainstream Economics // Review of Political Economy. 2004. Vol. 16. 4. P. 485499.].

 ,   ,   .     , ,   ,        .  , ,      ,      ,   ,          .    ,         .           .      ,       ,   ,          .     ,   (1)  , (2) ,     ,  (3)  ( 5.1)[5 -     .: Mearman A., Berger S., Guizzo D., eds. What Is Heterodox Economics? Conversations with Leading Economists. New York: Routledge, 2019.].



 5.1:     ,        






         ,      .  ,    ,    ,     (  ).    ,   ,   (1)              ,  (2) ,    ,         ,        ,      [6 - Friedman D. The Methodology of Positive Economics // Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953. P. 343.].       ,    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,      (  / loss aversion,   / framing,   / anchoring  ..)[7 - . -    :  .  :       . .:  , 2019;  .    . .: , 2014;  .   .           . .: , 2017.].    ,                .

        ,    ,        .   ,   ,  (1)    A    ,  B,  (2)     B    ,  A,      A  B.   ,              ,  ,            [8 - Varian H. R. Intermediate Microeconomics: aModern Approach. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014. P. 1517, 582590.].   ,      (1) -     (   ,    ),   (2) -  ,   ,        [9 - Coase R. The Problem of Social Cost // The Journal of Law & Economics. 1960. 3. P. 144; North D. C. Transaction Costs, Institutions, and Economic History // Zeitschrift F?r Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 1984. Vol. 140. 1. P. 717.].  ,   ,     ,           ,        ,   ,    [10 - Williamson O. The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead // Journal of Economic Literature. 2000. Vol. 38. 3. P. 595613.].

        ,    ,         (market failure).    ,     ,        ,     ,           (     ,       )[11 - Friedman D. Market Failure: An Argument For and Against Government // The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. P. 256261.].            ,      .    ,  ,     ,    ,   ,   [12 - Acocella N. The Foundations of Economic Policy: Values and Techniques. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. P. 122171.].

  ,    ,    ,       , ,   ,      ,  .       [13 - Holcombe R. Make Economics Policy Relevant: Depose the Omniscient Benevolent Dictator // The Independent Review. 2012. Vol. 17. 2. P. 165176.]   ,  (1)     ,    ,     ,      , (2)          ,  (3)      [14 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2015.]. ,       ,       ,         (),      ,          .

 ,          ,      . -,   ,   ,    ,  ,         ,           [15 - Tomer J. What Is Behavioral Economics? // The Journal of Socio-Economics. 2007. Vol. 36. 3. P. 463479; Hodgson G. The Approach of Institutional Economics // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. Vol. 36. 1. P. 166192; Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 4471.]. -,      ,       ,        ,       .        ,      [16 - ,          :        ,           .].

             .   ,     (   ,    )       .   ,            ,  ,         ,    . ,         ,        ,    ,        . ,      2,     (  ,  )     ,           .

 ,   ໠   .   ,         ,  ,           ,      ,      ,      ,    [17 -     .  : Buchanan J., Tollison R. The Theory of Public Choice II. University of Michigan Press, 1984.].  ,         ,  ,   .    ? -,               ,     [18 -           . .: Dunleavy P. Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Approaches in Political Science. New York: Routledge, 2016.].  ,   ,   ,           ,               .     ࠖ    ,          .                  ,          .

-,    ,  ࠖ         ,    ,      ,            .  ,  ໠   ,   ,    ,           ,         ,       .    ,             ,            [19 -  ,           :  .  .      . .: , 2015; Stockman D. The Great Deformation: The Corruption of Capitalism in America. New York: Public Affairs, 2013.].        ,                   .  ,            ,              .             ,   ,     ,      ,  .




5.3. 





5.3.1.  : , , 


     , .          ,   ,       :

?      ,    /  /  ,      .

       ,   ,        ,     ,    .     [20 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018.].      ,     ,    .         ,       ,    ,          ,        ,   (.   5.1).       ,  ,    ,        ,     ,            .   ,      :   ,             .        (a) ,   , (b)   ,  ,  (c)  ,  .    ,               ,   ,     ,    堖     蠖     ,        [21 -  .,  .,  .    . . 250253.]. ,   ,   ,      (a), (b)  (c),       ,        .    ,  (1)          / (2)                   ( ). ,   ,       .  堖      ,      ,    ,        ,                      ,      [22 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 7296.].     ,    ,   ,           ,    ,    .  ,  ,         ,   ,             ,    ,    ,     ,       .  ,                  [23 - Ibid. P. 1.].


  5.1:    



 ,    ,      ,         .       ,       .           ,   ,     ,     .    ,         ,    ,         .     ,              ,               .          [24 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism: How Economic and Political Power Is Made and Maintained. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. P. 170.].


    ( ),       . -,  (  )     ,         ,   ,  ,   ,   .           ,   ,               [25 - .     : Green D., Shapiro I. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. Yale University Press, 1994.], ,  (1)             .  , (2)               ,   ,                 ,   ,  (3) -         [26 - Gilens M., Page B. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens // Perspectives on Politics. 2014. Vol. 12. 3. P. 564581; Dal B E. Regulatory Capture: A Review // Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2006. Vol. 22. 2. P. 203225.].  ,        [? 2.6] ,                          .

 ,     ,   ,           .  ,      ,  ,    ,      [27 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 7677. .: McGrath C. Lobbying in Washington, London, And Brussels: The Persuasive Communication of Political Issues. Lewiston, N. Y.: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2005.]. ,  ,       ,   ,                    ,     [? 3.2].  ,    ,         :       ,     .      ,         [? 3.7.1.1]. ,          ,          ,     (ALEC),               ,          [28 - Greeley B., Fitzgerald A. Pssst  Wanna Buy a Law? // Bloomberg Businessweek. 02.12.2011. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-01/pssst-dot-wanna-buy-a-law.  .: Pogtsa Z. A Neoliberalizmus Politikai Gazdasgtana [  ] // Neoliberlis Hegemnia Magyarorszgon: Elemzs s Kritika [   :   ]. Budapest: Noran Libro, 2019. P. 5073.].           ,  ,           ,       .     , ,  ,              ( )  [29 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 78; Pogtsa Z. A Neoliberalizmus Politikai Gazdasgtana [  ]. P. 5859.     ,           ,   .               (.   3.1 [? 3.3.3]).],        /          (  ..).  ,        :    ,        .

    ,             ,    , :

?    ,      , -  -    ,  , -  -    ,     /  .

             [30 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 1.].   ,   ,   ,      .        :

?    ,      ,     ,     ,     ,   /  .

       . -,          ,     . -,        ,   .   ,       ,  :           - .  ,            ( )       ( ),      .    ,    ,            .  ,          ( )      ( ),      .  ,             ,      .           ,    .    ,    ,       (.  [? 3.4.1]),   ,   ,     (.  [? 3.3.3]).




5.3.2.   :  





5.3.2.1.   [31 -             .    (   ,   )  : Jvor I., Jancsics D. Corrupt Governmental Networks // International Public Management Journal. 2012. Vol. 15. 1. P. 6299.]


   ,     .    ,    2.4.4,            .      ,    ,      ,       ( ).           ,    - . ,     ,     .         ,     [32 - Vargas-Hernndez J. G. The Multiple Faces of Corruption: Typology, Forms and Levels // Organizational Immunity to Corruption: Building Theoretical and Research Foundations. 2013. P. 134.].      ,         ,         ,    .             , ,   ,      .

  ,       ,       ,       .       ,      -[33 - Gambetta D. Corruption: An Analytical Map // Political Corruption in Transition: A Sceptic s Handbook. Budapest; New York: CEU Press, 2002. P. 3356.         , , : Groenendijk N. A Principal-Agent Model of Corruption.].  ,       :  (),      - ;  (),   ,  ;   (),    ,          ,             [34 - Gambetta D. Corruption: An Analytical Map. P. 35.].       ,       ,     ,    (        -).   ,          ,    ,        ( = ),        ,                [35 - Ibid. P. 4041.].

     , ,  ,   ,       ,  .          ,     ,      ,          [36 -     , ,    堖  ,      . .: Katz R. No Man Can Serve Two Masters: Party Politicians, Party Members, Citizens and Principal Agent Models of Democracy // Party Politics. 2014. Vol. 20. 2. P. 183193.]. ,   ,  (  )  ,   ,   (  )  ,     .

   ,        ,   ,        ࠖ . -,         ,    ࠖ   ,      ,     .    ,     ,   ,             .    ,      ,     ,      ,  . ,        ,       ,       . ,             ,       ,    ,      ( )        [37 - .: Jvor I., Jancsics D. Corrupt Governmental Networks.].  ,  ,       ,       ,      ,     .

     ࠖ         .   ,               .      ,     ,  (1)  ,    ,  ,     ,   (2)   .   ,          :  ,     .        ,        ,    ()  ,          ,          [38 -           . .: Knack S. Measuring Corruption: A Critique of Indicators in Eastern Europe and Central Asia // Journal of Public Policy. 2007. Vol. 27. 3. P. 256.].         ,        :  ,       .           2 [? 2.2.2].              :

           ,  蠖    ;

     ,     ,     ,         (       ,        );

        -   ,      ,         ,   , -  [39 -       ,   ,     ,     .].

   ,       (),          ( / ),       ,    (,  / ).              ,       ,     .  ,              (  ).    ,      ,   堖   .

    ,  ,        ࠖ    /    .       . 堖      :     (a) ,    ;  (b) ,     ;  (c) ,         /     (    ).  ,    ,   ,     ꠖ    : ꠖ  ,      ,  ꠖ  ,      [40 -           ,       ࠖ ,        ,   ,        .      ,    ,  ,     .].  ,      ,           ,  ,             .   ,  -          ,      . ,       ,       ,      -     .

,    (   )       ,          .      (a)  ,          ,          ,       ,  (b)   ,    (,    )  -    .   ,     ,   ,   [? 3.6.3.1],           .  , ,          ,     ,   ,   ,      ,         . ,      ,       [41 - Ledeneva A. How Russia Really Works. P. 86.].

              .    ,          ,         ,    ,       ,    . ,  ,    ,     .              (  ),    (1)        ()   ,    (),  (2)         ,    .




5.3.2.2.  :    ,     ,   


       ,     .     ( 5.27)       ,             ,          .        : ,            ,         (       ). ,        ,         .   ,   :         ,                 .      ,      (1)   ,      (2)   ,  ,        ,     .          ,   (1)  (2)     .



 5.2:      






           .        ,          ( 5.2):

?    堖   ,            ,         .        ,    (),  ,  ,      .

                    , ,    .                    ( ,   ..).         :                 ,    .    ,      [? 2.4.4],   ,          .             ,    .     ,          ,        ,       ,  -     ,            .           .    ,   ,          .    ,         ,    ,    ,   .        , ,   ,               (      ).

            [? 2.6],   ,         .  ,         ,    ,    () ,       .  ,       .      ,        ,   ,       ,   [42 - Diaby A., Sylwester K. Corruption and Market Competition: Evidence from Post-Communist Countries // World Development. 2015. 66. P. 487499.]. ,    ,     ,     ,          . ,             ,     -,      [? 5.3.3.2][43 - Jancsics D. A Friend Gave Me a Phone Number: Brokerage in Low-Level Corruption // International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 2015. Vol. 1. 43. P. 6887.].

   蠖     ( 5.3):

?   頖   ,                 ,            ,    (            ).        ,    (),  ,  ,      .



 5.3:     






  蠖  ,             ,            [44 - .: Khatri N., Tsang E. W. K., Begley T. Cronyism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.].  ,    , ,    -   - [45 - Crony // Merriam-Webster.com. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crony.].          , ,      ,     .              .       ,   ,              .        ,      ,    .      頖   , - [46 - Kl?ma M. Informal Politics in Post-Communist Europe: Political Parties, Clientelism and State Capture. London; New York: Routledge, 2019. P. 1315.],                ,            .     ,  ,        (    ).      ,   ,      ,      .

     ,       ,  ,  , .        ,           ,       .    ,           ,     ,     .                .   ,             (     ),            .   ,      ,     ,        ,     ,     ,      (.   5.2).  ,         .     ,         ,         .              ,    ,   ,         .         ,  ,            .         ,      :          ,       .


  5.2:         



 ,    ,    ,    ,        .          ,         .                  .              .           ,        ,   ,  . [ ]       ,          ,      .       ,    ,             .                   .             ,     [47 - Kl?ma M. Informal Politics in Post-Communist Europe. P. 10, 15, 27.].


              ,        .           ,           .     ,  ,               ,     ,    .            ,         ,          .



 5.4:   ,   






               ,         ,    [48 - Holcombe R. Political Capitalism, 2018. P. 34; Henderson D. R. The Economics and History of Cronyism // Mercatus Center at George Mason University. 27.07.2012. URL: https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/Henderson_economics_history_cronyism.pdf.].   ,   ,     ,        ,         .   ,    ,        /           ,         [? 5.4.2.3].

   蠖  ,    ( 5.4):

? ,   젖   ,       (  )      ,            (        ).  ,    ()  ,     .

      ,            ,   ,   ,       ,         ,      .  ,    ,  ,       ,       .     ,      . ,    ,    ,       .                    .                       ( . . ., . .)[49 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 133134.].             ,      ,       ,      () .

 ,    ,      ,    ,        ,      . ,     ,              .  ,      ,      ,         [50 - Kornai J. The Soft Budget Constraint.],   ,               .         ꠖ        ,     ,   ,  ,    .   ,    ,    , , ,    ,           ,         [? 4.3.4.2].   ,   ,    ,     2009   .   ,           .           [51 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 134.].




5.3.2.3.  :          


  ,         ,       ,  ,  -   .     ,     ,    ,        .        .

     ,      ()         :

?    ,   ,    -    .  ,        .

  ,  ,              [52 - Anticorruption in Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate. Washington: World Bank, 01.01. 2000. P. 3.].      ,      . -,      ,      -,  ,   ,       .  ,       . -,     ,   ,         .      ,     [53 - TI. Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Full Source Description // Transparency International, 2018. URL: http://files.transparency.org/content/download/2183/13748/file/CPI_2017_Technical%20Methodology%20Note_EN.pdf.]   . ,     ,  ,  ,   .   ,       ,     ,      ,        ,      [54 - ,        / ,     ,           ,          .].   ,       ,      ,   ,  ,                    [55 -      .: Innes A. The Political Economy of State Capture in Central Europe // Journal of Common Market Studies. 2014. Vol. 52. 1. P. 88104.].       ,  頖  ,        ,        .

         .   (a)   ,       ,  (b)   ,       .

      ,         ( 5.5),   ,         [56 -       : Hellman J., Jones G., Kaufmann D. Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture and Influence in Transition Economies // Journal of Comparative Economics. 2003. Vol. 31. 4. P. 751773.]:

?       ,               ,    ,             (            ).   ,      ()  ,    .

                ,      , ,               ().   ,             ,      .        ( , ,   , ,   ..)   .        ,         ,    (, , ,     ).                 ,   [57 - Saj A. Clientelism and Extortion: Corruption in Transition // Political Corruption in Transition: A Sceptic s Handbook. Budapest; New York: CEU Press, 2002. P. 16.].            ࠖ      ,   ,    ࠖ      ,  .



 5.5:      






           ,                   [58 -  ,  ,      ,               .       ,               .  ,            .        ,    :        ,                 ,     (, ,  ). .: Kl?ma M. Informal Politics in Post-Communist Europe. P. 26.].        ;      ( ,     )      . -  ,         .        (,      )    (, )    ,    ,  ,       ,      .                  ,      .           ,     ,     , .

,   , ,         (  ).              ,     ,              (  )   [59 - Hellman J., Jones G., Kaufmann D. Seize the State, Seize the Day. P. 760763.].         :          ,     -    .         :     ,              .

            ,     .   ,      ,    ,  ,    (, ,      ).            ,        ,       ()     .   ,             ,    ,    :           ,            [? 2.4.4].        ,     .        ,      ,              [? 3.4.1.3].

   蠖      ( 5.6):



 5.6:      






?    砖   ,          ,   ,            .   ,      ()  ,     .

          (,   ),     (,  ).            ,      .     : -,        ; -,       ,    ,     ()      ; , -,          . ,        ,    ,           (,  ,   ..),        .  ,       ,   ,     .

       ,    (   ),      ,  ,   ,    .         ,        .

               ,              . ,   ,          :  ,          ,    ,    ,       [60 -       ,                ,                   . .: Zhu J. Corruption Networks in China. P. 3639.].      ,   ,      ,  ,  . -,         .     ,        ,             .        ,             [? 3.3.7]. ,      ,         .                           ,            [61 - Hale H. Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics: Institutions and Democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia // World Politics. 2011. Vol. 63. 4. P. 581617.].

        ,        .        ,   ,  ,     ,   -  ( 5.7)     :

? -    ,    ,   ,      ,    ,            .   ,         ()  ,     .

                      .    ,            (  )        .   ,   ,    ,        ࠖ  ,            .          , 頖    蠖           (   ).

    ,        ,     - ,    . -,   ,       ,     ,          .         (        )    ,         (19681984 )   -    ,       [62 - Schabert T. Boston Politics: The Creativity of Power. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1989.]. -, -             ,               . ,  ,          ,   - ,     - [? 5.6.2.3]. , -       ,                  .        ,             [? 2.4.5].



 5.7:   - 




(:       ,     .              )



       . -,                      .  ,             ,    ,      . -,         ,      .       -  ,  ,   ,     ,  , ,  ,  ,          ,   .

-,         ,       ,       .     ,         ,     ,         [? 3.4.1.4].           -       ,  ,           ,     [? 6.2.2.3].




5.3.3.   :          





5.3.3.1.       


  5.2        .        :  .              ,       ,    ,          ,      - ,    [63 -       ,         .  .   ,   Transparency International: TI. What Is Grand Corruption and How Can We Stop It? // Transparency International (blog). 21.09.2016. URL: https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/what_is_grand_corruption_and_how_can_we_stop_it. .: Moody-Stuart G. Grand Corruption: How Business Bribes Damage Developing Countries. Oxford: WorldView, 1997.].

-  ,         , , ,     ,   ,   ,        ,    .        . -,        ,  ,     ,      ,   ,    ,        [? ]. -,  , ,     , ,   ,     ,    ,      ,              ,    .



 5.2:      (     )






         .            ,    ,   ,          [64 - Beke M., Cardona F., Blomeyer R. Political and Other Forms of Corruption in the Attribution of Public Procurement Contracts and Allocation of EU Funds: Extent of the Phenomenon and Overview of Practices. Brussels: European Parliament Policy Department, 2013. P. 27.].        ,    ,   ,              . ,             ,   ,        (           ,           )[65 - Kornai J. Hidden in an Envelope: Gratitude Payments to Medical Doctors in Hungary // The Paradoxes of Unintended Consequences. Budapest: CEU Press, 2000. P. 115; Patients Bearing Gifts // The Economist. 24.03.2015. URL: https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/03/24/patients-bearing-gifts.].       ,       ,    ,    ,       .       ,   ,       ,    - .        ,               .       :

   ,     ,      ,    .                       .

   ,    ,       .                  .

        , .    -,        ,           ,       .            ,       [66 - Cartier-Bresson J. Corruption Networks, Transaction Security and Illegal Social Exchange // Political Studies. 1997. Vol.45. 3. P. 466.].   ,       ,    .     ,   -   [67 - Cartier-Bresson J. Corruption Networks, Transaction Security and Illegal Social Exchange. P. 466.].

    ,    5.2,    .         :     .

? ࠖ       ,          .

?          ,     ,       .

       ,           .             ,        ,               .          ,           - ,  ,        .

         .         ,      ,     ,  .         ,   頖 .       ,       .     ,       , ,         ,  ,       (    ),           [68 - Khatri N., Tsang E. W. K., Begley T. Cronyism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. P. 62.].  ,           ,       .    -   ,      - ,        .     ,   ,    ,     ,         .             ,      ,   .

  ,    ,  ,         ,  ,        .     ,      ,    ,     .    ,    ,  ,       ,        ,    .   , ,  ,             .   ,           ,    .   -       .  , , -,    ,     ,  -,             - .  ,      :            ,        .  ,         ,                  (  ,     ,    ),        ,    .

,                  .   ,   ()    ,              .   ,  ,     ,      , ,   ,       ,  ,          .   ,      ,       .

     ,  ,      ,           [? 3.2],              .     ,   ,        .   ,       ,       .   ,      ,       . ,       .   ,    ,      ,  堖 ,  ,      ,   .     -          ,                   .




5.3.3.2.  -


     ,   ,         .      ,           .          , ,      ,             ,  .   3      ,    -. ,  -                  [? 3.4.2].

 -         ,        /   ,     [69 - Burt R. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.].   ,        ,    ,           .  ,        ,        ,      ,       .        . -          ,  ,     .                   .         ,       [70 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 131132.].

            ,        ,         -.   5.3[71 -            .]      (1)  ,      ; (2)  ,     ,    ; (3)  ,  ; (4)     (5) ,     ,        ,       .

,     :

?    -,          (,   ).  ,      ,       .              .

       ,            .    ,      (         ),           .        ,      ,      [72 - Jancsics D. A Friend Gave Me a Phone Number.].            ,     , ,             ,   ,       ,       ,     .



 5.3:  -.     : Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 129147.






    -,      [73 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 131136.]:



? -  -,       (,   ).  ,    ,     ,    ,   .

?   頖  -,      ,     ,      .              .

?   ࠖ  -,        ,       ,   .      ,        ,       .

?  ࠖ  -,         ()      .      ,         ,       .  ,      .

?  ࠖ  -,      ()      .      ,        ,       .  ,      .


,    ,      ,     5.2.         ,        .      : (1)      ,         ,  (2)            .

   -       ,     ,   ,         .       ,       ,              .  ,      ,          ,        .    ,  ,           ,      ,      .     -           .  ,           .            [74 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 135.].

         ,   ,   ()  [75 - Cooley A., Heathershaw J., Sharman J. C. Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations.].      ,       ,      ,      [76 - ,       ,     ,   ,        .],    .  ,   -        ,        ,   ,      .

   ,          , ,         .    ,      ,                 .   -     ,  ,  ,     ,   ,              ,  -   .  []  ,        [  ]:      - ,    ,       [77 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 136.].

          ,           -.             - ,     ,     ,  ,            .

          ,   -  ,   ,       .             ,       -:

?    -    ,     (    ).      ,             .

?  蠖  -    ,     (    ).      ,  -,   ()  ,   ,           .

 ( )  -,        ,    .    , ,     -,          /     [78 - Ibid. P. 140142.].  ,   ,         ,         ,     .  -   , [ ]    ,      ,        .    ,   [ ]            .          ,       ,        [79 - Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 141142.].




5.3.3.3.        :  


        ,      ,         ,        ,         .           ,          .        ,           2009  2015 .         ,      .

         . -,    ,            ,               . -,                   [? 7.4.6.1],     .        ,      ,      [? 7.4.6.2]. -,  , ,  ,    ,              .  , ,     ,  ,                  ,     ,        .    ,    ,           , ,  , ,          -        , ,         .    ,  ,    ,       ,    ,     ,      ,    .     ,          ,              ,   ,    ,        120    ,   2009-2015 [80 - Competitive Intensity and Corruption Risks: Statistical Analysis of Hungarian Public Procurement 20092015. Data and Descriptive Statistics // Corruption Research Center Budapest, 2016. URL: http://www.crcb.eu/?p=943.    ,   , : Fierascu S. Redefining State Capture: The Institutionalization of Corruption Networks in Hungarian Public Procurement. Bucharest: Editura Eikon, 2019.]. ,    ,       .

     ,   ,          ,      [81 - Beke M., Cardona F., Blomeyer R. Political and Other Forms of Corruption in the Attribution of Public Procurement Contracts and Allocation of EU Funds. P. 29.]:

1. ,      (       )   ;

2. ,      ,    ,      ;

3. ,     (     )   ,    ,        (  ,   ,  ).

             ,       .   ,           ,         ,                  ,     .

          .       ( )     (  ).    ,     .           ,        ,       ,    .          .          ,      ,       . ,        ,   .     ,   ,   ,   -      ,                 (  ).         ,   ,            .

    , , ,          ,   ,   ,     -           (  ).            ,           ,      ,        .    ,   ,                  ,   ,   , ,  .    ,        ,    ,  , , ,  ,       ,             .

,            ,   蠖           .         ,     ,       .       ,             .  ,  ,                     .         ,             ,       .    ,       .

    ,      (,   ).  ,     -,     (, ,      ),      :            . (,      ,           ,             .)

 ,       ,        ,    .    ,              ,  ,     ,       ,           .     , ,      ,      ,      ⠖ . ,           ,            ,            [82 - ,           ,                 [? 5.3.4.2].            ,        ,   -  ,       ,     ,      ,   ,           .].

 ,           ,    .  ,                  , ,   ,        ࠖ          .        ,             .

  ,          ,       . , , ,               ,          2010 ,      ,         [83 - TI. Black Book: Corruption in Hungary 20102018. Budapest: Civitas Institute and Transparency International Hungary. 29.03.2018. URL: https://transparency.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Black-Book_EN.pdf. P. 1829.].            .   ,      ,  ;       ;          50%,            ,      (  ) .            ,            [84 - TI. Black Book. P. 1829.].

      ,   2010             .                 ,                    [85 - Heged?s J., Pteri G. K?zszolgltatsi Reformok s a Helyi ?nkormnyzatisg [      ] // Szociolgiai Szemle. 2015. Vol. 25. 2. P. 90119;  .    . . 156158.].                         ,    .           [86 - TI. Black Book. P. 28.           ,      .  2016          ,  300  (900. ),    2018       ,          ,        700  (2,1 ); 2021   ,        ,      ,              ( ,   ). .: Szab Y. Purgatorbnium; Br?ckner G. Az llam vratlanul beszntja a teljes hazai k?zbeszerzsi piacot [      ] // Telex.hu. 05.02.2021. URL: https://telex.hu/gazdasag/2021/02/05/az-allam-varatlanul-beszantja-a-teljes-hazai-kozbeszerzesi-piacot.].

 ,   ,         ,       ,            .        2010 .     5.8, ,   ,   ,    0.21  2009 .  2011     0.4     0.54  2014 .    ,         ,      ,                ,        .

-,        ,   .      ,    2009               ,   2015            ( 5.9).      ,   ,         ( )  .                 ,      ,   ,      .



 5.8:       , 20092015  (  : 118 843). :    , 2016




:     ,         ,         .                 ,      .   0,5    ,      ⠖  ,  



   ,                      ,   ,   .   ,   ,        ,    ,    (,   )         ,     .   ,               ,       ,       ,    .   ,            ,  ,    ,         ,       ,     . ,      .                        [? 4.3.4.2].  ,         ,      .       ,     ,    .



 5.9:  ,    ,   ,            , 20092015  (  : 121 849). :    , 2016






 5.10:       , 20092015. :    , 2016




:              (    )  , 20092015 ,   : 123 224



-  ,               ,          ,   ,   ⠖  ,       .     ,    5.10         ,       .

   ,   2015 ,     ,      .        ,      ,               .               ,       .  ,            ,      .     ,          ,   ,   [87 -    ,       ,    젖    ,   .        2011 ,      ,    25  (75. ),         (  ) . .: Tth I. J., Hajdu M. Versenyerossg, trsadalmi vesztesgek s a 25 milli forintos rtkhatr rejtlye: 20092016 k?z?tti magyar k?zbeszerzsek statisztikai vizsglata. [ ,       25 :       2009  2016 ] // Working Paper. CRCB Working Papers, 2017. URL: http://www.crcb.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/t25_2017_paper_170927.pdf.].

,             :     ,   ,     .   ,   ,         ,        ,    ( =    /   )[88 -       ,            .].    ,        ˸  [? 5.5.4.3],            (  9.9).        ,   Colas (1.78), Strabag (2.57)  Swietelsky (1.61).    ,    ,       , , 28-      2011  2018  (   56 ).      ,      ,  ,             ,         20172018 ,    46-  (   46 )[89 - Tth I. J. Nyolc bra Egy Magyar Csodrl [   ] // G7 (). 21.05.2019. URL: https://g7.hu/kozelet/20190521/nyolc-abra-egy-magyar-csodarol/.].      ,       ,       ,      .      ,           .             ,     ,           ,           [? 7.4.7].




5.3.4.   ,         





5.3.4.1.    


 ,      ,        ,     ,    ,               [90 - Baumann H. A Failure of Governmentality: Why Transparency International Underestimated Corruption in Ben Ali s Tunisia // Third World Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 38. 2. P. 467482; Fougner T. Neoliberal Governance of States: The Role of Competitiveness Indexing and Country Benchmarking // Millennium. 2008. Vol. 37. 2. P. 303326.].   ,       ,  ,               ,        .   ,      ,  ,         , ,      .  ,        ,  ,      ,         ,     .            .

             頖      Transparency International[91 -       .: Magyar B., Madlovics B. From petty corruption to criminal state.].     ,      .    ,   ,   Transparency International,        ,      ,     [92 - TI.     2011.    // URL: http://transparency.ee/cm/files/lisad/2_cpi2011_faqs_ru.pdf.]. ,    ,   Transparency International      .  , ,     ,     .     ,  ,          .            ,      .      ,   ,              . ,   ,      ,   :    ,      ,            ,   [93 - TI, Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Full Source Description.].

       ,      .         :  ,     ,    ,         ,             . ,   ,   ,         ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   ,    [94 -       Transparency International    .].  ,     ,       ,               ,             .

 ,  Transparency International    , ,            ,    ,     .    -        , ,     ,   ,            .       ,              ,    ,    .    ,   :           ,     ,   , ,     .       ,        -,     ,             .         ,  ,        Transparency International,     ,       ,     [95 - TI. TI, Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Full Source Description.].




5.3.4.2.      


     ,       .   ,                 ,      ,     ,     ,         .            ,      ,   ,        , ,   ,          .

 ,             .    ,   ,   ,     ,      , , ,       ,      .     ,     ,   ,   ( [? 3.6.3.1]).  , ,             ,     .

     -         ,               (      )[96 -            ,      ,     ,       . .: Anin R. The Brotherhood of Killers and Cops // Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). 03.092018. URL: https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/28-ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/8539-the-brotherhood-of-killers-and-cops.    .  3 [? 3.6.2.1].].   ,            ,             (trust networks) ( ,  ,    ..)[97 - Tilly C. Trust and Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.].                      .    ,       , , ,     ,     (a)  (concealment),        ,   (b)  (clientage),             [98 - Ibid. P. 34.].   , ,   ,      : ,   ,   ,       [99 - Ibid. P. 103107.].

       :                     .       ,       :      ,  ,     ,      ,   ,               . , ,    ,          ,    .    ,               .        ,   .

            ,     /     :  ,         .            ,          .                  ,      . ,     ,  ,    ,         ,      ,       ,  [100 - Gambetta D. The Sicilian Mafia.].                    (),           (),            ().

     ,            ,    .  ,   (, ,      )         ,       ,          ,    .   ,          [? 2.2.2.2].

     ,         ,          ,        .    (a)       ,  (b)     ,  (c)          ,      ,   .            .        ,          .   ,        ,        .   ,  ,           ;   ,               .      ,   ,   ,   ,    [101 -     -, []    ,   .    ,      ,   ,   ,      (Baez-Camargo C., Ledeneva A. Where Does Informality Stop and Corruption Begin? P. 57).]. (,    , ,   ,           .)    ,    ,       .          ,   ,     ,    ,   ,         ,      [102 - .:  .    . . 227238.]. ( ,       ,        ,   ,        .)

          .         ,      ,   ,      (, ,  ,      ..).          .    ,   , [],     ,     , ,  ,           (    )      (      )[103 - Tilly C. Trust and Rule. P. 105.].        ,             (, ,  )[104 - Tth D., Gl L. I., Kohalmi L. Organized Crime in Hungary // Journal of Eastern-European Criminal Law. 2015. 1. P. 2227.].     ,   ,     ,         .                 ĸ,  ,  ,  ,                   ,   ,   (.   5.3).


  5.3: -   



    ,      ,      .              ,      .    ,   ,    .        .      ,      ?         .      .        .      .        : , , -   .      ,     ,     .  ,   ,      .    ,  . ,        ,           ,     .    :       ,         .        [ ]:      ( -,    ),         (     ).      :     ? .        ,      . []    ,   . [ : ]    .     :   ,    .     ,      .       ,       [105 - Pomerantsev P. Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible. New York: Public Affairs, 2014. P. 3032.].


  ,   ,      [? 4.4.3.2]         .  ,     ,        ,        [? 2.5.1].      ,        .              [106 - Stephenson S. It Takes Two to Tango.].          .    ,        .  -  2008      ,       ,     ,         [107 - Turovszkij D. Orosz hekkerek: ?gy lettek lzadkbl Putyin katoni [ :     ]. Budapest: Athenaeum, 2020. P. 147.].  ,     ,     , ,    ,    .   ,         ,       .   ,       . []      . ru .   ,  :      -,    ,     ,         , .        [108 - Ibid. P. 158.].

                     (, ,  )[109 - Wang P. The Increasing Threat of Chinese Organised Crime // The RUSI Journal. 2013. Vol. 158. 4. P. 618.],             ,          .          ,        ,     2003 [110 - Griffiths H. Smoking Guns: European Cigarette Smuggling in the 1990 s // Global Crime. 2004. Vol. 6. 2. P. 185200.].     ,  ,      ,  ,   2016              (      ).  ,  ,      ,   ,       ,   .      ,            ,   ,   ,       ,    ,  .      [111 -            .: Chayes S. Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015. P. 101117.  2016    ,     2019       (       ).].

,   ,                  ( 5.4).   ,       ,      : (1)       (,      ); (2)           (,    );  (3)      [112 - Tilly C. Trust and Rule. P. 3036.].       ,  ,    ,      ,   .        ,     ,        .



 5.4:           







5.3.4.3.  :    


        ,     .           [113 -       ,        ,     . .: Na?m M. Mafia States.  -             . ., : Yang C. et al. Analyzing Spammers Social Networks for Fun and Profit: A Case Study of Cyber Criminal Ecosystem on Twitter // Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web, 2012. P. 7180.]:

?  ࠖ        ,        .

, ,   ,          .                     ,     ,    (),  ,     ,        ().   ,   ,     ,     ,   :               .      ,               . ,          ,             .

        .       ,             ,     ,   .          ,           .         -   ,           ,      (1)      ,     ,           (2)      [114 - Stephenson S. It Takes Two to Tango. P. 414.  .: Bayart J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity, 2009.]. ,      ,     ,     ,         .          ,            ,     ,  ,        ,      [115 - Miller A. Moldova under Vladimir Plahotniuc.].         ,  ,    ,   ,         ,      ,   ,         .               ,   ,      .

           ,            ,  ,      .      ,             .   ,  ,                 ,         [116 - .: Dek A. Captured by Power: The Expansion of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant // Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State. P. 323344; Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization // Journal of Democracy. 2018. Vol. 29. 1. P. 2538.].   ,             .    ,  ,  ,           ,        ,   .  ,    [117 - Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization. P. 33.].  ,      - [? 5.3.3.2]     ,        ,                (.   5.4)[118 -         .: Miller A. Moldova under Vladimir Plahotniuc. P. 125152.].    ,     , ,       ,    ,     [119 - Cooley A., Heathershaw J., Sharman J. C. Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations. P. 4244.]:


  5.4:   



   []        .     [] ,   ,       ,             .         .         ,     ,     ,        ,     ,      .     ,           .   ,    .      ,         ,                     [120 - Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization. P. 2834.].


  ,       .          ,        ,   ,       .     ,         ,        ,     ,    ,    ,           ;

   ,      .  ,        ,        []        -.  ,      ,      - ,         ,      ,  ,      .

   ,      ,          ,          ,    (a)         ,       ,  (b)      ,         ,         .           ,       [121 - Cooley A., Heathershaw J. Dictators Without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.].




5.3.4.4.   : ,       


        ,         蠖 .           ,             ( ,     [? 2.4.3]).        .   ,    , ,             ,   ,    ,              .

             :

,                (  ,   , , ,    ..)[122 - Dawisha K. Putin s Kleptocracy; Br?ckner G. tel-ital, autk, ruhk: fogyasztanak a NER aranyifjai [, ,   :       NER] // Index.hu. 19.12.2017. URL: https://index.hu/gazdasag/2017/12/19/etel-ital_autok_ruhak_-_igy_elnek_a_ner_aranyifjai_iii./.];

,                 [? 3.4.3]  (1)    (2)    (    )[123 - Yuichi Kono D., Montinola G. Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both? // The Journal of Politics. 2009. Vol. 71. 2. P. 704718.];

  ,            ,      ,            - [? 5.5.4][124 - Br?ckner G. Mibe fektetnek a NER-lovagok? [    NER?] // Index.hu. 05.01.2018. URL: https://index.hu/gazdasag/2018/01/05/a_ner-lovagok_beruhazasi_befektetesi_szokasai_iv._resz/.];

  ,            ,    , 蠖  , ()    , , ,    ..

                  ,   . ,    ,  (    )           [125 - .: Lyebyedyev Y., Makhortykh M. #Euromaidan: Quantitative Analysis of Multilingual Framing 20132014 Ukrainian Protests on Twitter // 2018 IEEE Second International Conference on Data Stream Mining Processing (DSMP), 2018. P. 276280.],          . ,   ,    ,    ,          ,       .      ,   ,      ,     ,       [? 5.5.3.5],  ,         .            ,        () ,       ,     (,  ,           ),   ,     .  , ,                       ,          ,           [? 4.4.4].

 ,     ,  .             ,       .              [? 4.4.2],      -      ,              (  )  .      ,     ,    ,    ,            ,      .     ,                 (  :    [? 3.3.8]).     ,             .         ,                    .           (      ),    -               .   , ,   ,   ,  ,   /    ,       ,        .               ,    .  ,         [? 7.4.7.3],             ,        .     ,       ,   ,   [ ] ,         ,          [126 - Pomerantsev P., Weiss M. The Menace of Unreality. P. 2223.].

               ,     -    .     ,       ,              [? 5.5.4.3].      ,     ,          ,      .             ,            .                         ,  .  ,             ,    (  )          ,             [? 6.2.2.3].    ,     ,         ,   ,    .     ,         ,             ,        .       ,      ,      ()       ,    .      ,               [? 7.4.3.2][127 - Lough J. Russia s Energy Diplomacy // Briefing paper. The Means and Ends of Russian Influence Abroad Series. Chatham House, 2011.].




5.3.5.    





5.3.5.1.     


        ,      ,    ,         .  ,      ,        ,       ,     . ,    ,     ,     .         -,   ,        .   , ,      ,       ,         .

         ,  ,     .  ,        [128 - Juhsz P. Trsadalmi Egy?ttmuk?ds Az Elso, a Msodik s a Harmadik ?konmiban [    ,    ] // Fogyaszti Szolgltatsok. 1981. 4.].          ,      ().    ,            ,      




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Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 131132.




71


           .




72


Jancsics D. A Friend Gave Me a Phone Number.




73


Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 131136.




74


Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 135.




75


Cooley A., Heathershaw J., Sharman J. C. Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations.




76


,       ,     ,   ,        .




77


Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 136.




78


Ibid. P. 140142.




79


Jancsics D. From Local Cliques to Mafia State. P. 141142.




80


Competitive Intensity and Corruption Risks: Statistical Analysis of Hungarian Public Procurement 20092015. Data and Descriptive Statistics // Corruption Research Center Budapest, 2016. URL: http://www.crcb.eu/?p=943.    ,   , : Fierascu S. Redefining State Capture: The Institutionalization of Corruption Networks in Hungarian Public Procurement. Bucharest: Editura Eikon, 2019.




81


Beke M., Cardona F., Blomeyer R. Political and Other Forms of Corruption in the Attribution of Public Procurement Contracts and Allocation of EU Funds. P. 29.




82


,           ,                 [? 5.3.4.2].            ,        ,   -  ,       ,     ,      ,   ,           .




83


TI. Black Book: Corruption in Hungary 20102018. Budapest: Civitas Institute and Transparency International Hungary. 29.03.2018. URL: https://transparency.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Black-Book_EN.pdf. P. 1829.




84


TI. Black Book. P. 1829.




85


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88


      ,            .




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90


Baumann H. A Failure of Governmentality: Why Transparency International Underestimated Corruption in Ben Ali s Tunisia // Third World Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 38. 2. P. 467482; Fougner T. Neoliberal Governance of States: The Role of Competitiveness Indexing and Country Benchmarking // Millennium. 2008. Vol. 37. 2. P. 303326.




91


      .: Magyar B., Madlovics B. From petty corruption to criminal state.




92


TI.     2011.    // URL: http://transparency.ee/cm/files/lisad/2_cpi2011_faqs_ru.pdf.




93


TI, Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Full Source Description.




94


      Transparency International    .




95


TI. TI, Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Full Source Description.




96


           ,      ,     ,       . .: Anin R. The Brotherhood of Killers and Cops // Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). 03.092018. URL: https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/28-ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/8539-the-brotherhood-of-killers-and-cops.    .  3 [? 3.6.2.1].




97


Tilly C. Trust and Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.




98


Ibid. P. 34.




99


Ibid. P. 103107.




100


Gambetta D. The Sicilian Mafia.




101


    -, []    ,   .    ,      ,   ,   ,      (Baez-Camargo C., Ledeneva A. Where Does Informality Stop and Corruption Begin? P. 57).




102


.:  .    . . 227238.




103


Tilly C. Trust and Rule. P. 105.




104


Tth D., Gl L. I., Kohalmi L. Organized Crime in Hungary // Journal of Eastern-European Criminal Law. 2015. 1. P. 2227.




105


Pomerantsev P. Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible. New York: Public Affairs, 2014. P. 3032.




106


Stephenson S. It Takes Two to Tango.




107


Turovszkij D. Orosz hekkerek: ?gy lettek lzadkbl Putyin katoni [ :     ]. Budapest: Athenaeum, 2020. P. 147.




108


Ibid. P. 158.




109


Wang P. The Increasing Threat of Chinese Organised Crime // The RUSI Journal. 2013. Vol. 158. 4. P. 618.




110


Griffiths H. Smoking Guns: European Cigarette Smuggling in the 1990 s // Global Crime. 2004. Vol. 6. 2. P. 185200.




111


           .: Chayes S. Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015. P. 101117.  2016    ,     2019       (       ).




112


Tilly C. Trust and Rule. P. 3036.




113


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114


Stephenson S. It Takes Two to Tango. P. 414.  .: Bayart J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity, 2009.




115


Miller A. Moldova under Vladimir Plahotniuc.




116


.: Dek A. Captured by Power: The Expansion of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant // Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State. P. 323344; Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization // Journal of Democracy. 2018. Vol. 29. 1. P. 2538.




117


Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization. P. 33.




118


        .: Miller A. Moldova under Vladimir Plahotniuc. P. 125152.




119


Cooley A., Heathershaw J., Sharman J. C. Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations. P. 4244.




120


Bullough O. The Dark Side Of Globalization. P. 2834.




121


Cooley A., Heathershaw J. Dictators Without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.




122


Dawisha K. Putin s Kleptocracy; Br?ckner G. tel-ital, autk, ruhk: fogyasztanak a NER aranyifjai [, ,   :       NER] // Index.hu. 19.12.2017. URL: https://index.hu/gazdasag/2017/12/19/etel-ital_autok_ruhak_-_igy_elnek_a_ner_aranyifjai_iii./.




123


Yuichi Kono D., Montinola G. Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both? // The Journal of Politics. 2009. Vol. 71. 2. P. 704718.




124


Br?ckner G. Mibe fektetnek a NER-lovagok? [    NER?] // Index.hu. 05.01.2018. URL: https://index.hu/gazdasag/2018/01/05/a_ner-lovagok_beruhazasi_befektetesi_szokasai_iv._resz/.




125


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Pomerantsev P., Weiss M. The Menace of Unreality. P. 2223.




127


Lough J. Russia s Energy Diplomacy // Briefing paper. The Means and Ends of Russian Influence Abroad Series. Chatham House, 2011.




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