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, ,         ,      .   ,           ,       ,   頖 ,       .             ,             .    ,          ,     ,            .           (,   ),      ,  ,  ,  ,   .       ,   ,         .       ,      ,      ,     ,     ,       -[6 - ,    ,    .].

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           ,   .         ,     蠖 .   ,          . ,    ,          .     ,       ,          .                       [15 - Letsinger A. C. etal. Alleles associated with physical activity levels are estimated to be older than anatomically modern humans // PLOS ONE. 2019. Vol. 14. P. e0216155.].             ,  -   ,     ,                [16 - Tucker R., Santos-Concejero J., Collins M. The genetic basis for elite running performance // British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013. Vol. 47. Pp. 545549; Pitsiladis Y. etal. Genomics of elite sporting performance: What little we know and necessary advances // British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013. Vol. 47. Pp. 550555.].     ,    ,           . ,     ,      .           .    (, ),     ,  ,  堖  ,      [17 -     . ,        (https://www.mann-ivanov-ferber.ru/books/vynoslivost/) (.: ,   , 2021)            .].  ,             ,  ,    ,       .

                ,     .    ,     XVIII. - ,  , ,   ,   (   ),    ,    .         .      :    ,   ,          , ,    ,   .  ,    ,       ,     ,        .     ,  ,   ,         ,           ,       ,  .  ,  , ,     ,     113,   ,    ,   蠖  , ,  ,          ,     ,      ,    .

   ,           .   ,       ,   ,      .               -    ,     ,  ,   : ,   .         ?     8   .    ,     ,      :     .  ,       ,   ,           . ,            ,       ,     :  ,    .       ,      (  !),     ,      ,   ,   [18 - Lieberman D. E. etal. Running in Tarahumara (Rarmuri) culture: Persistence hunting, footracing, dancing, work, and the fallacy of the athletic savage // Current Anthropology. 2020 // journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708810 (http://journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708810).].  ,    , ,          .                    .   , 蠖   ,      . ,  ,  -     . ,                     ,            ,     ,  ,       .

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 ,      ,      ,     ,       -      .          ,   ,      ,    ,  [19 -             Coakley J. Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies, 11th ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2015.].  ,       ,     ,    - ,   ,           ,         ,      .       (  ,     ).         ,       .        ,   ,           ,    Ironman ,   , ,         .              ,       .

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    ⠖  . Arnett J. The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American // American Psychologist. 2008. Vol. 63. Pp. 602614.].     ,        ,                 88%  .  ,       ,     ,    :    /     ? ,      ,      .     ,         ,        ,       , ,  ,    WEIRD:   .       (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic , ,  , , )[21 - Henrich J., Heine S. J., Norenzayan A. The weirdest people in the world? // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2010. Vol. 33. Pp. 6183.].

     ,  ,           -,              .    -          ,    -,  ,     .

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                     ࠖ [27 - Raichlen D. A. etal. Physical activity patterns and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in hunter-gatherers // American Journal of Human Biology. 2017. Vol. 29. P. e22919.].     ,                        ,      .               ,     ,            .        8      ,     1116[28 - Marlowe, Hadza (2010); Pontzer H. etal. Energy expenditure and activity among Hadza hunter-gatherers // American Journal of Human Biology. 2015. Vol. 27. Pp. 628637.].       ,    :     .

 ,        -,      . ,    1979.  ,   ,         -          - [29 - Lee R. B. The!Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1979.].    ,     ,          ,    ,      ,      [30 - Hill K. etal. Mens time allocation to subsistence work among the Ache of eastern Paraguay // Human Ecology. 1985. Vol. 13. Pp. 2947; Hurtado A. M., Hill K. R. Early dry season subsistence ecology of Cuiva (Hiwi) foragers of Venezuela // Human Ecology. 1987. Vol. 15. Pp. 163187.].       ,  ,         .              ,      ,  ,      .           ,      ,      ,       [31 - Gurven M. etal. Physical activity and modernization among Bolivian Amerindians // PLOS ONE. 2013. Vol. 8. P. e55679.].

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   PAL  -    1,9   1,8  ,   ,    :  2,1   1,9  [34 - Leonard W. R. Lifestyle, diet, and disease: Comparative perspectives on the determinants of chronic health risks // Evolution, Health, and Disease, ed. S. C. Stearns and J. C. Koella. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pp. 265276.].     ,   PAL  -   ,          (1,8),   15% ,         (1,6).  ,  -    ,    ,        . ,  - ,       PAL  3,3  ,  ,       -[35 - Speakman J. Factors influencing the daily energy expenditure of small mammals // Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1997. Vol. 56. Pp. 11191136.].  ,  , ,             ,    ,      .

      :    ,     ,   -  ,        -.                 .    PAL  1,67,          [36 - Hays M. etal. Low physical activity levels of Homo sapiens among free-ranging mammals // International Journal of Obesity. 2005. Vol. 29. Pp. 151156.].  ,    PAL           ,     ,     .  1960.            ,     20%  ,  , ,          100  [37 - Church T. S. etal. Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity // PLOS ONE. 2011. Vol. 6. P. e19657.].       26.  .  ,     .          ,   , ,  ,           ,   ,     .

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    ,      ?   .         ,      .                    ,               ,   ,     () ,        .   ,      ,        .     ,       ,    ,  ,        . ,        (     ).  ,        ,       ,  ,     (         ),       .         . -,      ,      ,            . -,                   ,   ,       ,      .

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    ,         ,       ,       ,       .        .  -    ,      XVXVI.  , ,  ,     堖   ,     ,    ,        ,  ,     . ,             , - ,                    .  XIX.           ,    ,        .        .

        ,     .       㠖 .      ,                ,    - -   ,               .          .         ,    XIX. ,                         , ,     [40 - Rice E. A., Hutchinson J. L., Lee M. A Brief History of Physical Education. NewYork: Ronald Press, 1958; Nieman D. C. Fitness and Sports Medicine: An Introduction. Palo Alto, Calif.: Bull., 1990.].              ,            ,           [41 - McKenzie S. Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013.].  ,         ,         .

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-,  ,                  .         .  ,      ,      ,  ,           ,         [49 - Pilbeam D. R., Lieberman D. E. Reconstructing the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans // Chimpanzees and Human Evolution / ed. M. N. Muller, R. W. Wrangham, D. R. Pilbeam. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. 22141.].        ,       (-  ),  ,   ,      .      ,       ,          ,     .


 

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       ,     1950.        ,          -    ,   1944.     [57 -      : Tucker T. The Great Starvation Experiment: The Heroic Men Who Starved So That Millions Could Live. NewYork: Free Press, 2006.       : Keys A. etal. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950.].        ,            ,         3200  .  ,       35       ,      .        ,   , ,   , ,   ,     ,    ,  , , ,      . , 12 1945.,      蠖 1570  .  ,       ,         35  .    , ,              ,  ,  ,      .

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  .


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50


     O


    5,1     4,7   .  O


  CO


    ,        .     ,      CO


  O


,    ,  CO


   70% ,  O


.          ,      4,8     .




51


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     ,  .        H


O,  ,   1 (1H,      ),  ,   16 (16O,  8   8 ).           (2H,  ,   )    (18,      ).   ,   H  O  ,       -:  ,   ,   .     ,      (CO


).           , 2H,  , 18O,    (),   2H    18O       ,  ,  CO


  ,  -  ,    .      ()   (),           .




54


Pontzer H. etal. Hunter-gatherer energetics and human obesity // PLOS ONE. 2012. Vol. 7. P. e40503.      BMR,  ,  ,   RMR,    , ,  10% : 1169     1430  .




55


           13%,    21%,       23%    38%  .  .




56


White M. Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History. NewYork: W. W. Norton, 2012.




57


     : Tucker T. The Great Starvation Experiment: The Heroic Men Who Starved So That Millions Could Live. NewYork: Free Press, 2006.       : Keys A. etal. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950.




58


           14%   ;      5,5%  .




59


Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate // Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries / ed. J. M. Kinney, H. N. Ticker. NewYork: Raven Press, 1992. Pp. 6177.




60


     2015.,        ,     ,         . .:M?ller M. J. etal. Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: The Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited // American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015. Vol. 102. Pp. 807819.




61


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