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Copyright 2021 by Sandra J. Sucher and Shalene Gupta

Cover design by Pete Garceau

Cover image by Pete Garceau

Cover Copyright 2021 Hachette Book Group Inc.

This edition published by arrangement with PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group Inc., NewYork, NewYork, USA. All rights reserved

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      ,    .                 .  1987          Fidelity,   .           ,            .   ,     1987,     2008,     .                  .   ,             蠖   2007-   2009.    , 2013,      [12 - Robert Rich, The Great Recession, Federal Reserve History, accessed August 19, 2020, www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great_recession_of_200709 (http://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great_recession_of_200709).].   ,           .

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  ࠖ           ,       .  ,  ,           .        .                      [13 - Bhargav Srinivasan, Artificial Intelligence and Ethics Implications (unpublished manuscript, last modified May 12, 2019), Microsoft Word file.].      .        PredPol[14 - Matt Reynolds, Biased Policing Is Made Worse by Errors in Pre-Crime Algorithms, NewScientist, October 4, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631464-300-biased-policing-is-made-worse-by-errors-in-pre-crime-algorithms/ (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631464-300-biased-policing-is-made-worse-by-errors-in-pre-crime-algorithms/).].   ,  PredPol    ,       ,     [15 - Danielle Ensign, Sorelle A. Friedler, Scott Neville, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian, Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018): 112, https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09847 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09847); Srinivasan, Artificial Intelligence and Ethics Implications.].

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   ,      ,   . ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,   ,      [17 - Jonathan Watts, We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN, The Guardian, October 8, 2018, www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warns-landmark-un-report (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warns-landmark-un-report).].

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   2000-  McNeil     :    ,        .  2006 Johnson&Johnson     , Pfizer,   .      .  McNeil,          ,    Johnson&Johnson       .  McNeil    ,  ,   蠫[23 - Clayton S. Rose, Sandra J. Sucher, Rachel Gordon, and Matthew Preble, On Weldons Watch: Recalls from 2009 to 2010 (HBS Case No. 9-311-029, Harvard Business School, October 21, 2010), 6.].   .     2005 2009   32%,      .     .    Johnson&Johnson   .

 2009 McNeil     ,         .   2010        .   ,    .   ,       ,   .   2010           (Food and Drug Administration, FDA)     McNeil.    ,          ,      -   2008 112        2009. FDA   Johnson&Johnson  ,          [24 - Rose etal., On Weldons Watch, 3.].      Johnson&Johnson  . ,       88    2008,       .    ,             .     2010 Johnson&Johnson     .   Johnson&Johnson  56%,    (  ) 96%.      Johnson&Johnson  600 :    .

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,     ,     .      ,          ,       [34 -   (19302021)     ,  , ,     .   1980- ,         ,       ,    . . .].   ,     :          ,   ,           ,    ?      ,  ?               ,   [35 - Goodreads, Robert C. Solomon, accessed May 28, 2020, www.goodreads.com/author/show/9704.Robert_C_Solomon (https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9704.Robert_C_Solomon).].            ,   .


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        ,      .  ,          .      World Values Survey   29      ,    10%     0,8%[36 - Stephen Knack and Philip Keefer, Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation, Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, no. 4 (1997): 12511288, www.jstor.org/stable/2951271 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951271).].       , ,   15%  , ,    ,    1%     ,    .  1%            , ,   ,  .  ,    ,       30%   :          [37 - Knack and Keefer, Does Social Capital.].   ,    ,       ,       ?

         .  2000         (NCAA) ,       ,     [38 - Kurt T. Dirks, Trust in Leadership and Team Performance: Evidence from NCAA Basketball, Journal of Applied Psychology 85, no. 6 (2000): 10041012, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16508-016 (https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16508-016).]. ,  ,  7%  ,  ,     .     ,      ,            10% .      :      ,   ,           .         ,   ,      .

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     .            ,     -     -  :       ,     ,        [40 - Dirks, Trust in Leadership, 21.].    ,        ,        .

 -     ,    .     (Edelman Trust Barometer),    Edelman,       .     34  28[41 - Edelman, 2018 Edelman Trust Barometer, accessed July 16, 2018, www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf (http://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf).],           43 53%.     2020     ,        [42 - Edelman, 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer, accessed July 18, 2020, www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-01/2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf (http://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-01/2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf), 22.]. (    ,       ,     .)       ,      [43 - Edelman, 2020 Trust Barometer, 7.],     56%  ,        ,  [44 - Edelman, 2020 Trust Barometer, 12.].

   ,          . PricewaterhouseCoopers 1997    ,  ,     ,  2002     [45 - PricewaterhouseCoopers, 20th CEO Survey, accessed July 16, 2018, www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2017/pwc-ceo-survey-report-2017.pdf (http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2017/pwc-ceo-survey-report-2017.pdf).].    .        -   .  2001       Enron    ,       ,       74 [46 - Troy Segal, Enron Scandal: The Fall of a Wall Street Darling, Investopedia, May 4, 2020, www.investopedia.com/updates/enron-scandal-summary/ (http://www.investopedia.com/updates/enron-scandal-summary/).].       WorldCom    ,     :       1,4    [47 - Adam Hayes, The Rise and Fall of WorldCom, Investopedia, May 5, 2020, www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldcom.asp (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldcom.asp).].

  ,     , 2002  12%   ,        .  29% ,          .             .  2013,           , 37%   ,          . ʠ2017     58%[48 - PricewaterhouseCoopers, 20th CEO Survey.].  ,   .      . ,     ,   ?


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notes








1


,   ,  ,       . . .




2


 ࠖ  ,    ,   ,          ,           . . .




3


A material girl in a material world   蠖           Like a Virgin. . .




4


Fidelity Investments   ,   .          .  1946,   40      . . .




5


Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Historical Timeline: The 1980s, accessed August 1, 2020, www.fdic.gov/about/history/timeline/1980s.html (http://www.fdic.gov/about/history/timeline/1980s.html).




6


  401(k)   ,               .            .           (401(k)).              1978 (The Revenue Act of 1978).        1984.  1990-   401(k)         . . .




7


Kathleen Elkins, A Brief History of the 401(k), Which Changed How Americans Retire, CNBC, January 4, 2017, www.cnbc.com/2017/01/04/a-brief-history-of-the-401k-which-changed-how-americans-retire.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/04/a-brief-history-of-the-401k-which-changed-how-americans-retire.html).




8


Donald Bernhardt and Marshall Eckblad, Stock Market Crash of 1987, Federal Reserve History, www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock_market_crash_of_1987 (http://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock_market_crash_of_1987).




9


Bernhardt and Eckblad, Stock Market Crash of 1987.




10


Bernhardt and Eckblad, Stock Market Crash of 1987.




11


   ,      ,  1964        ,    ,   . . .




12


Robert Rich, The Great Recession, Federal Reserve History, accessed August 19, 2020, www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great_recession_of_200709 (http://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great_recession_of_200709).




13


Bhargav Srinivasan, Artificial Intelligence and Ethics Implications (unpublished manuscript, last modified May 12, 2019), Microsoft Word file.




14


Matt Reynolds, Biased Policing Is Made Worse by Errors in Pre-Crime Algorithms, NewScientist, October 4, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631464-300-biased-policing-is-made-worse-by-errors-in-pre-crime-algorithms/ (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631464-300-biased-policing-is-made-worse-by-errors-in-pre-crime-algorithms/).




15


Danielle Ensign, Sorelle A. Friedler, Scott Neville, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian, Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018): 112, https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09847 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09847); Srinivasan, Artificial Intelligence and Ethics Implications.




16


Calum Chace, The Economic Singularity: Artificial Intelligence and the Death of Capitalism (Three Cs: 2016).




17


Jonathan Watts, We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN, The Guardian, October 8, 2018, www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warns-landmark-un-report (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warns-landmark-un-report).




18


Watts, We Have 12 Years.




19


Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Global Warming of 1.5?, accessed August 2, 2020, www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/summary-for-policy-makers (http://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/summary-for-policy-makers).




20


뻠    ,               . . .




21


Judith Rehak, Tylenol Made a Hero of Johnson&Johnson: The Recall That Started Them All, NewYork Times, March 23, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/IHT-tylenol-made-a-hero-of-johnson-johnson-the-recall-that-started.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/IHT-tylenol-made-a-hero-of-johnson-johnson-the-recall-that-started.html).




22


Rehak, Tylenol Made a Hero.




23


Clayton S. Rose, Sandra J. Sucher, Rachel Gordon, and Matthew Preble, On Weldons Watch: Recalls from 2009 to 2010 (HBS Case No. 9-311-029, Harvard Business School, October 21, 2010), 6.




24


Rose etal., On Weldons Watch, 3.




25


Roger C. Mayer, James H. Davis, and F. David Schoorman, An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust, Academy of Management Review 20, no. 3 (July 1995): 712; Annette Baier, Trust and Antitrust, Ethics 96, no. 2 (January 1986): 235.




26


Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores, Building Trust in Business, Politics, Relationships, and Life (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2001), 236.




27


Solomon and Flores, Building Trust, 6.




28


EZ-Pass (  -,,    easy pass  )  ,             .       .     ,  ,  ,       EZ-Pass         ,   . . .




29


Rose etal., On Weldons Watch.




30


Baier, Trust and Antitrust, 231260.




31


Baier, Trust and Antitrust, 232.




32


Baier, Trust and Antitrust, 234.




33


Baier, Trust and Antitrust, 238.




34


  (19302021)     ,  , ,     .   1980- ,         ,       ,    . . .




35


Goodreads, Robert C. Solomon, accessed May 28, 2020, www.goodreads.com/author/show/9704.Robert_C_Solomon (https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9704.Robert_C_Solomon).




36


Stephen Knack and Philip Keefer, Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation, Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, no. 4 (1997): 12511288, www.jstor.org/stable/2951271 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951271).




37


Knack and Keefer, Does Social Capital.




38


Kurt T. Dirks, Trust in Leadership and Team Performance: Evidence from NCAA Basketball, Journal of Applied Psychology 85, no. 6 (2000): 10041012, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16508-016 (https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16508-016).




39


Tony Simons, The High Cost of Lost Trust, Harvard Business Review, September 2002, https://hbr.org/2002/09/the-high-cost-of-lost-trust (https://hbr.org/2002/09/the-high-cost-of-lost-trust).




40


Dirks, Trust in Leadership, 21.




41


Edelman, 2018 Edelman Trust Barometer, accessed July 16, 2018, www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf (http://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf).




42


Edelman, 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer, accessed July 18, 2020, www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-01/2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf (http://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-01/2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf), 22.




43


Edelman, 2020 Trust Barometer, 7.




44


Edelman, 2020 Trust Barometer, 12.




45


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