     .  1.      18- 
 

 


      ,        20- .

      20 ,    , , , , , , ,   ,              .

      ,       .

     ,  ,    ,     ,  .

The book tells about the history of insurance and reinsurance, from the ancient times to the end of the 20

It covers a total of almost 20 countries, including Italy, Great Britain, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the USA, Austria, Switzerland and Russia, which have had the most important influence on the formation of the insurance institution in the world and its evolution.

The text of the book is based on a huge array of documents, contains numerous references to the works of hundreds of authors.

The book will be of interest to insurance specialists, students of economic, financial and legal universities, as well as a wide range of readers interested in history.





 

 

     

 1

     18- 



,    ,       







 , ,   ,     , , ,      .            ,    ,       .              ,         ,   ,   .           ,      ,   ,        ,              .

     ..:     , : ) , ,     , )  ,        , )      [1 -   .     .  4- . . 1.  1, 3  .].     ,     ,       .      (Martin Joseph Routh): Always verify your references (   )[2 - Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Preface, vi.].   ,     ,   ,  ,      .       ,         ,  , ,  ,  .   ,          ,   . ,      -    .

     ,        , , ,      .

                  .   ,  ,  .       ,           , ,  ,    (  )         . ,    .

                , ,         ,            ,       ,      .  ,   ,        , ,   ,   ,                .







-,     ,   (, ,  ),    .

-,      :

[  ],         .        .

  ,    λ         .

 ,  ,   ,  ,    (Hannover Re),   (Anja Nickel),   (      (Hannover Re)    (Frank Thyrolf),          (GDV  Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e. V.)         ,  ,  ,    .

  ,     -      .

  ,            .




 I.      





 1.      


           . ,       ,         .  ,      .    ,      ,     ,      , ,   ,     .              (  ).        ,     .

,                 (,   ..).        ,   ,          ..

           .             (, ,   ..).                , ..   .                [3 -   . .   41:14      .      .          .41:15   :   ,   ,    ,     ,     .41:16    , :   ;      .41:17    :  : ,     ;41:18  ,              ;41:19  ,      , ,      :         ,  ;41:20          ;41:21   []   ,    ,      :      ,   .   .41:22 []  : ,         ;41:23  ,      ,     ;41:24       .    ,     .  ,          (       .  ,    . . 1.  . . 1.  XLI. . ., ., 1876. . 49).].








   .

.   . , , 1866.



   ,   ,  ,       .  ,  ,    .        ,         :        ,    ,  ,       .

   , ,      , ,               ,  ,  -  ,        ,   ,  ,        ,    ,    ,    .   ,        [4 -       ,     ,        (  ).     7%  ,     12%   .]   900-700-    .

       .        ,         ,      ,  ,    .      ,        .

      -  ,    .     ,          , :  ,     .      ,      ,      , ,  .     , ,       .   ,       ,   .

        .    -  5000   ..         . ,   ,     ,     .      .   ,    , ,        ,   ,  .           , ,    ,       [5 - ., www.globelifeinsurance.com/article/History-of-Life-Insurance.].

                     ().      IVIII   ..  ,   .       ,       .       ,       .                 .   , ,         .

   ,   ,       43    .        ,     , ,   .  ,      ,    ,   ,    ,    ,        .           .  ,       .   , ,      ,       .

          ,   ,    ,  ,   .     ,             .      ,        ,       ,        ,    ,     .       .  ,       , ..         .             [6 -    ,   ,      .      ,      ;    ,        .  (     )        .],            .

        . ,     ,         .  ,     ,      ,         .

        3000   ..     ,          .         ,         ,  .    ,             ,    -,     .

                .      .

      .      ,    .

  ,     ,   .    -,  3-  .         :    .    20-    ,          .      1952    ...  ,          {-},  III  . ..   1983  ,      -,    ,  -  (20932046.  ..).       ,   ,              :

15.      ,     .

16.      ,     .

17.      ,      .

18.     ,        .

19.    ,      (  )[7 - www.podelise.ru/docs/index-26338859-11.html.].

  ,   -         .    ,      -   .

   ,     ,      . ,    (   553330.  ..)  ,        ,       .        (       );    ,    ,   .        .     10 000  (derrik    ),       ,     ,    .     ( )  .       .    , ,  ,   ,  ,   ,         .       ,           .       :  ,     [8 - .    Afshar, Mohammad Sadegh Nazmi, Insurance in Ancient Iran, Gardeshgary, Quarterly Magazine 4, 12 (Spring 2002). . 15.].

.      ,     ,   .

   ,    () ,        ,   ,       ,  , ,      ,          , ,    ,           ,   .     ,   .        (     ),  , , , ,           .

    . ,  ,     foenus nauticum             .       , , .         ;      ,    ,      ,    ,    .

       .              Bomerie    Bome,    .

    .

.      ,   .   III   ..        (      -   ),        (17921750.  ..).

          ,             .      ,            .

 3000   ..      ,                      .

    .. (Charles Farley Trennery)      ,       Commenda of Islam (.   []),      ,    [9 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .56.].    ..     ,      ,     7-  ..!!!

    (  4 000  3 000   ..)    ,     ,         .  , ,         , , , ,  ,   .., ..  ,       ,                .

                 .            Darmatha (   ,  ,    )     ( ),         .          ,    .   ,   ,     ,     100% ,    , Darmatha   100%  .       ,     . ,         ,             ,               .    ,              , , ,           .

     ,        .     ,          ,     ..        .   , ,                 ,        (  ,     ).

.  ,       :               (  ),     ;           ,   ,      ,    .           ,        [10 -  .   // , 19 (774), 17 2010 .].

         ,    .

 ,  ,   ,   ,      , ,    ,        .       , , ,            ,    ,     ,   ,     .                   .

 ,  ,       . ,       XIII   ..      ,       .        .  ,  ,     ,  ,    .     ,       .     .                      II        .             ,    .        , ,     ,             .        (,  ) ,       ,       [11 - .  .   // , 19 (774), 17 2010 .].

 [12 -    ,  ,  www.bizkonsalt.ru  .].  ,  , (               . ),        .








     



    ,        ,     ,   ,   ,  ,  .

   ,     100107 .      ,          ,       (  ..)  .

..       [13 - . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .5359.].     ,  -         ,    , ,       ,     .              ,      (   ),         ,   ;    ,          . ,  ,          ,         ,       .      ,             .   , ,   ,           ,         .          .    ,     ,      .

  ,      ,       ,   ..,      .         .          .    ,             ,          .

           ,        .         ,   .    0.046,  180      8,3.  ,         .       . 1   0,8 ,  1  = 252,6 .

     : 33,3%      20%      88:   (     ,    -   . )     ,        1/5   ,      ,         1/6   5   .     89:  ,     ,      ,    , ,   ,       100   1   .

   ,     ,      3000   ..        . ,    ,  ,     90:        100    1    1/6   6   1     ,    ,    .                 ()  94:          , ,     ,         ,     ,         ,     ,     .

                ,        .

 ,             , ,  ,  .  ,   ,   ,        -: .. ,    ,   ,       .        .     ,       ,          .

    100,     ()           ,       (),   ,   ,   ,       ,   ,      ,        ().

 101 , ,  ,   ,    ,  ,   ,       ().

  102  ,       ,  ,   ,   ,       .

   103,           ,   ,      ,   .

 104 () , ,       , ,     ,        ;        ,    .

     c           ,    ,          (105).

 106             ,      ,             ,       ,   ,   .

 107  ,  ,    ,      ,    ,    ,    ,          ,  ,       ,    ,     ,    ().

 .

()      .     ,        (.  102).            ,     ,  ,   .

      ( 105106).

()   .

() ..      ,  ,   ,         ,      ,     ,        .

() , ,   ,        ,           .

  ,        ,        100101.

()   104,    ,  ,      ,  ;     , , .

()    ,        ,      .   , -,              (  )        .

  .     ,  ,     .   100  ,       ,        , .., ,   ,    .

      .          , ..            .      103      ,       .

      ,     ,      23-    ,    ,    ,     ,      ,  24-     ,       1    ,           ,     .       ,    -                   .

        , ..             .   ,          ,   ( ),   (..        ..)            .    ,          .         , ..    ,        ,  ,   , .. ,          ,            .     ,     , ,     ,       ,        [14 - Niekerk Johan Petrus van. The Development of the Principles of Insurance Law in the Netherlands From 1500 to 1800. Juta Legal and Academic Publishers, 2009  Journal of the Washington Institute of China Studies, Spring 2011, Vol. 5, No. 3. . 28.].

       ,      ,     ,            (contingent profit-sharing),       , ,   ,  ,          ,       .

   ,       ,    ,   ,     ,       .            .

 ,           ,      ,    .. ,   ,     ,     ,      ,         ;       ,   ;      ,              ,        .   ,          .    ,       .

         (Babylonian Talmud                  586   ..          500  ..).     ,          .     ,    ,    ,      .      .           .            .     ,        ,       ,       .        :       ,          [15 - . Rodkinson Michael Levi. New Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Section Jurisprudence (Damages), Vol. III (XI) Tract Baba Kama, New York: New Talmud Publishing Company, 1900. . 267.].

.   1600  1000   ..     .  1600   ..  ,           ,   ,        .               (,   ).       (Maspero), Toutes les races du monde antique semblent s?tre donn rendez-vous en Asie Mineure  ,            [16 - Maspero Gaston Camille Charles. Histoire ancienne des peoples de lOrient Classique. Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1876, Vol. 1. . 141.].

 ,    ,              ,    .

       .           ,       ,          ,       .

     ,        .   ,          ,     ,  ,  ,        ,      ,   .    ,      

.           .       ,     ,  ,        600-   .. ,  ,   . ,         , , ,    ,  ,    .     ,  ,      ,  ,  ..,   ,         [17 - .  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 9.].   ,      ,   ,   ,          ,  ,  ,  ,    ..,       . ,          .

.  ,               (          6-   .. . ).  Manava-dhar-masastra,   , ,         ,         ,  .     , ,      ,     ()    -       ()  .  ,     yoga kshema (.  )  ,     Rig-Veda[18 - ? (. ??????, ?gveda 


,  )    ,        .        ,   .   , ,  17001100.  ..               .      IIVII.           , ,    .        ,        .  2007        . ., ..,  .. : . ., 2009.].

      ,     ,         -         [19 - ., Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Chapter I, p. 3.].

       :

   ,    .

,   100%,   ,         ,    .

   (  )  ,     /  ,            .

    .

          ,     ,            ,   .

         ,   Mnava Dharma Sstra,     ,       , ..  600   ..         ,            . ,    ,     ,   ,      ,     ,      ,        .

 ,             ,      ,        ,     .          ,    ..   . .. :    ,     ,       ,  ,   , ,         ,  .   ,           ,   ,            ( 1000-800   ..),     ,    ,         [20 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 64.].

 ,        ,     (Mnava Dharma Sstra)[21 -    ,  ,  www.advayta.org f_545.pdf.],     ,     ,      .

      200-   ..  200-  .., ,   ,      ,    600   ..   ,         , ,    600   ..    ,      ,   156  157   VIII   

156.   []          [],    ,          .

157.          ,   ,     [  ]  .

 .    1000  600   ..       ,                  ,   .

.. :           ,         [22 -     3    5,5.]   Lesser Asia[23 - Lesser Asia  Asia Minor         .];           .           ,      ;    ,   ,          .     ,    ,  -               .                     ,           ,   ,    [24 - Park, James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, V.].

     Manilian law[25 - Manilian Law  Lex Manilia (Law of Manilius)     ,   66   ..         De Imperio Cn. Pompei              .] ,    ,         ,   .

         .              ( , . 292280  ..).








  ,    ,              .

      , ,      ,      ,       .

,     ,          .            , ,     ,      ,   .

       ,   ,      ,      , ..   900-   ..    200    .

        lex Rhodes[26 - Flower Harriet I. Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. . 175.]    .       .      [27 - ., , Houmanidis Lazaros Th. Economic History of Greece. d. Papazisis, 1990, Athens. . 235.],     [28 - ., , Scott, Samuel Parsons, The Civil Law: Opinions of Paulus, Vol. I, Book II, Title 7 On the lex Rhodia, Cincinnati, The Central Trust Co., 1932, reprinted in 1973 by AMS Press, p. 270.].

        ,   ,          ,         .

        ,           , .. ,   .

    .         ,     ,         .

,   ,  - ,     ,  ,       ,       ;

  ,       ,      ,      ,          .            , ,          ,    . ,    ,         ,   . , ,            [29 - .    Scott Samuel Parsons. The Civil Law: Opinions of Paulus, Vol. I, Book II, Title 7 On the lex Rhodia. Cincinnati, The Central Trust Co., 1932, reprinted in 1973 by AMS Press. . 268; Zimmerman Reinhard. The Law of Obligations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. . 407.].

 ,     .       ,          .    ,       ,    ,      , , ,        de nautico f?nore, de usur? maritim? (.  .   ,  )    .

.  ,        ( 350   ..)[30 -        ( 382322   ..).],      ,      .

          .  -          4-   .., ,   .   1806 ,      ,       [31 - . Boucher Pierre B. Histoire de lusure, chez les Egyptiens, les Juifs, les Grecs, les Romains, nos anc?tres et les Chinois, et considration sur les ravages quelle exerce actuellement en France dans laquelle lauteur prsent les moyens propres ? la rprimer; prouve que ldit de 1770, qui fixe lintr?t de largent ? 5 pour 100, est encore en pleine vigueur, et donne une explication des articles 1153 et 1907 du Code Napolon, relatifs au pr?t ? intr?t. 12. Paris, 1806.].

- ..,           , ,  ,   , ,  ,          ( 590-   ..),          . ,  ,          .  ,      ,       , ,    ,  ,   ..,     ,  ,  [32 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 7.].

 ,                 1900  , ..  350   ..  ,  ,                , ,   ,        ,  ,        ,  .           .  ,  ,       ,                ?  ,  ,      ,      ,    ,     .

         [33 - ., , Gilbart James William. Lectures on the History and Principles of Ancient Commerce. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 31.12. 1847. . 158.], ..     . ,         .     (Polybius)     ,   306   ..    ,     ,               .  ,        ,    .

,    ,   ,  ,   ..,      .

           ,        .

    ,       ,      .           10-  9-   ..,   9-           ,  , ,         .

      ,          , lex mercatoria ( )  ..      , ..   9-   ..  ,  ,            ,   ,     .         ,         8-  7-   ..       ,   ,   ,         ,    ..[34 - ., , Bury John Bagnell. History of Greece for Beginners. London, MacMillan, 1900. .7690.]            ,    .   ,        ,   ..        .    ,         , , ,      .

,        6-   .., ,    ,      (Dracons Code)[35 - ,  (Draco)  ,          ,    ,     ,   .          ,  ,  .  ,    621.  ..,       ,  , ,        .    ,  ,   ,      .] ( 621   ..)          ,  ,             ,  ,       .

                      ,  ,       ,         .       ,     , ,       ,  .  ,      ,  ,         .       ,            . , ,  ,  ,   .   ,            ,    ,           ,   4-   ..           ,            .        ,    ,       (Lacritus)[36 - . Demosthenis Orationes / Ed. Samuel Henry Butcher et William Rennie. Vol. IIV. Oxford, 19031931; Demosthenes. Private orations / Ed. Augustos Taber Murray. Vol. IVL Cambridge (Mass.); London, 19541984.     :  1947. 3. .237238.]   .  ,   ,    ,     .

 ,    ,  :

1),     , ..      ,   .

2) ,  ,      .

3) .

4) ,    10%  12%         22,5%  30%     ;       .

5)      ,        ;                   .

6)     .

7)      ;          ; ,         ,         ,    .

8)     .

  ,       ,      ,    ,        .

         ,         ,   4-   ..   19-  ..

                         ,    .  ,  ,      .  :     ,              ,         ,    ,  ,     ,      .              ,  .    ,  ,   .             ,   ,   ,   ,      ,          ,     ,    ,    .    ,    ,    ,           [37 - Demosthenes: contra Lacritus. .: http://simposium.ru/ru/node/768.].

 ,     ,  :

(1) ,             (respondentia),   ,        .

(2) :

()    .

()   .

()   .

()      (..  ,   ).

()       .

()     .

() ,    .

()      ,     .

(3)  :

()      .

()     .

()    .            ,      ,    -   .

()   .      .

(4) :

() :

   ;

         ,  ,    ..

()  :

       10%-12%;

      22.5% 30%.

()  :

            -  ;

     ,         .

(5) :

() :

     ,            ,   ..

                    ,  .

() :

                   ,         .

(6) :

() ,   ..:

        ;            ;

       ,    ,              ;

       ,           ;

          ;

        ;

 ,    ,  ,        ;

     ,      ;

  (),       ;

         ,           ,    .

()  :

            ,       ()     ?.

,  ,        ,    30% ,  .  30%,   ,       .        .        ,      ,   50%  [38 - . www.simposium.ru/ru/node/782.].








 



      XXXII  .             .  ,     , ,   , ,      ,  ,     .  XXXII     340.  ..    ,    :

    ,     ,    ,              ,    .    ,     ,   ,        ,   .    ,         ,       (   . ),     .       ,            ,     .       ,  ,      . ,         ,        .   , ,   , ,        ,   , ,    ,       .        ,          .     ,         ,   ,      ,       .        , ,         ,   ,               ,   ,  ,      .            ,    ,          ,     ,     ,  ,     :   ,  ,       ,        ,  ,           ,               [39 - www.simposium.ru/ru/node/9330.].

  ,     ,    .       ,   ,     .         ,  ,  .     340   ..             ,    225   1000,          ,    300   1000.       ,   , ,        .

, ,  ,    . , ,    .                  ,         ,        .        .

        .            ,        -      .

. ,   ,           5-   ..,        .     . ? (Theodor Mommsen),








 



   [40 -  (Latium)      ,     .] ,     ,           [41 -     . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 11.].   . .         18-  ,             , ,  ,          ,         ,  ,      [42 - Pardessus Jean-Marie. Us et Coutumes de la Mer; ou, Collection des usages maritimes des peoples de lantiquit et du moyen ?ge. Paris, 1847. . 135.].

     ,  ,    ,      pecunia trajectitia (. ,   ,  ),  ,    ,        .

   ,   ,   ,    , ,     ,     , ,    ,      ,   , ,       .          .      :

1) ,      ().

2)    ,    ,  ,      .

3)   fCnus nauticum (.  )  ,         .

      ,     ,    ,       ,         , ,          .

     ,    ,   100-   ..  300-  ..,   ,         .           ,        .         (Western Roman Empire) , ,         ,   11-  .. ,         50%.         529-  ..     1% ,     ,           106.   , ,   ,   1%        11C    Corpus Iuris Civilis Romani.

     ,      14-  ..,  ,      , , ,   ,    ,      ,       .   ,                 ,     .

  3-  ..          -  ,      .  ,           , , ,           . .  ,      (Latium          . )   ,           [43 - . Mommsen Teodor. The History of Rome. Translated by W.P.Dickson. Vol. I. London, 1894. . 258.],    ,           [44 - . Bury John Bagnell. History of Greece for Beginners. London, MacMillan, 1900. . 77.].                      . ,         , ,      . ,         ,      ,      ,           ,    .   ,      ,         .      ,  fCnus nauticum ( )    fCnus terrestre ( ).    ,   ,       .    ,       ,  (        )     , ,       ,  ,     (    ),        . ,    ,        ,    ,   ,   .., money sent over sea  , ,        [45 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 81.].

       ,  8-   .., ,   ,        ,         ,  ,      7-  6-   ..   ,        -  ,        ,    12-      12%,    .           ,      ,        .

 :     ,    ,  ;            [46 - .  . Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 349.].

   6-  ..           . ,    , , ,   ,          , ,    ,  .         .  , , :

()     ,       , :

 ;

     ,   ,     ;

    ,  ,      (    )     .

()        ,              .       ,     ,         the true loan part of the contract (   ),        ,            ,       pecunia trajectitiC (. ,   ,  ).

()      ,     ,                  .          ,             ,     .    ,   ,  .        .    ,      pecunia trajectitiC, , ,    ,             ,      .          ,    ,   ,     ,    pecunia trajectitiC,  ,        . ,           ,        ,            [47 - .  /www.gumer.info       .].              .       ,  ,        .

()   ,    ,          .        .    ,  ,  ,          ..    .

  Corpus Juris Civilis   -           ,  Responsa    (Sc?vola) ( 100.  ..)   XXII,      ,     ,            ,    . ,    ,        ,   -    ,  ,   (   100   ..)      (Mela Pomponius   180  ..).    ,           ,           ,     ,     180  240  ..         (Diocletian)   (Maximianus)   300-  ..,       -     :

Digest, XXII (ii), De nautico fCnore ( ),      :

 1  3         (Herennius Modestinus)   240  ..

 2          175  ..

 4      (Aemilius Papinianus)   200  ..

 5       100   ..

 6  7       (Julius Paulus Prudentissimus) (165)   230  ..

 8     (Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus     )   225  ..

 9       (Marcus Antistius Labeo)   25   ..

Digest, XLV (i), 122        100   ..

Code of Justinian, IV (xxxiii),     ,         300-  ..

 100          (Breviary of Anianus),      pecunia trajectitia       .      , ,           ,    ,    .

  .   ,       ,         , , ,     .

,         ,           , ,      ,       ,            .

 ,   4-  ..      ,            .              .   ,         .       ,            .  ,     ,    , ,  ,     ,        ,           .  ,           .            .    5-  ..    II    ,        Responsa ()  .

 ,  50        I (Clotaire I  ,      558561. ..),








 I



   (Clovis    481511. ..) ,    ,   ,     .         (Code of the Visigoths),   643  ..,   ,       (.. ) .             ,    ,   Origines    [48 - Isidore, Saint. Bishop of Seville. Etymologiae sive Origines. Etymologiarum libri XX. Leipzig, 1831. ,   (Etymologiae sive Origines, PL. 82, col. 73-729)   ,   615 .      620 ,     .     ,    .            632  633  (PL. 82, col. 67).     ,     .]








 



    ,          . ,          ,     ,   ,  , ,    ,    (laws of Majorian),








Flavius Iulius Valerius Maiorianus



  I (Theodoric I)       .

,   ,   457  461. ..,    ,       (15 438  ..).

         ,             ,   4-  ..         ()    ,    ,            .  , .    ,   []        [49 - Gibbon . The History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. IV. . 57.].                 . .    :  ,   ,           [50 - Gibbon . The History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. IV. . 162.]. ,  ,           5-  ..,    -        4-  ..    ,  ,      ,      .  ,   7-  ..    ,         ,       .  5-  .. ,    ,       .

  ,            .  ,    7- ,     ,        5-  6- ,        .

 ,  ,          ,   5-  .. ,     ( 11-  15-  ..),     ,          ,    .   ( pecunia trajectitia)              II , ,      ,     .   ,           II    .   ..,   12-  ..     II    [51 - . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 90.].

    ,    pecunia trajectitia        ,   :

(1)  II.  5-  .. Ex Aniani Interpretationibus ad Pauli receptas sententias (    ), Liber II, title xiv. De Usuris ().

(2) Ex Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Originum Libro. Ex Libro V, cap. xvii. De Legibus Rhodiis. Rhodiae leges navalium conmerciorum sunt, ab insula Rhodo cognominatae, in qua antiquitus mercatorum usus fuit   .      ,       ,       .

       , ,           (Rhodian Sea Code), ,       .

(3) Exceptiones legume Romanorum, magistri Petri (183), viri. sapientissimi (   ,  ,  ).

  .   5-         ,  ,  ,  ,           529 .         ,     ,   ,  ,     1%  . : In trajecticiis autem contractibus, vel specierum fCnori dationibus usque ad centesimam tantummodo licere stipulari nec eam excedere, licet veteribus legibus hoc erat concessum      ,        ,  , ,           12%  [.. 1%  ],      [52 - The Code of Justinian. Translated by Samuel P. Scott, Cincinnati, 1932, Book IV, Title XXXII, section 26.2. www.droitmain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr.].                    [53 - Justinians Novels, Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, Berlin (1954), Recognovit Rudolfus Schoell, Opus Schoellii morte interceptum absolvit Guilelmus Kroll, Novella 106.].       ,          1%[54 - Justinians Novels, Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, Berlin (1954), Recognovit Rudolfus Schoell, Opus Schoellii morte interceptum absolvit Guilelmus Kroll, Novella 110.].    , ,         ,                , , ,     ,        . ,   ,    ,         879  ..,  11-      (Laws of Cyprus) 12-  ..      ,           ,  ,       . ,     ,  ,          .   ,  ,             .  ,     : -,      , -,          ,     .         ,           . ,   ,      ,     ,     ,       ,   ,     ,       -    .        6%,        8%.         14-     ,        ,   12  15%      ,      12  15%    .      14-  ..,    a fortiori (..  ),  12%-                     500  1000  ..[55 - .  Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vol. II. . 136.].        . ,      ,   ,   5-  9-  ..                   .   ,      , ,       , ,     .        ,    ,       ,      .   .  (1854 ),      716  867  ..:         ,   ,   ,         [56 - Finlay George. History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires, 716-1453 A.D.. London, 1854, Vol. I. . 250.].  ,          ,  ,  ,       .   .  ,         (Dark ages    ),    ,       , ,   ,    [57 - Hendricks, Frederick, Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vol. II. . 133.].  ,  ,                ,     ,  ,   ,     . ,  ,   ,         -   ,            , , ,         . -      ,   ,        1%  . ,   ,            ,   ,     ,        . ,         ,                 , ..  527  ..    :

(1)   ,      .

(2)    ,   ,       ,       Corpus Juris Civilis.

(3)        ,         .

(4)      ,      ,    .

(5)                 ,        )  , )  , )    )      .

(6)     ,                ,      .

(7)         ,      ,         .

(8)      .

  , ,      : )   , ,     , )           , )                , )      .

             , , ,    ,    ,        ,   ,     .     -   ,   ,  ,    ,   ,      ,    ,                 6-  ..     ,      ,                 ,   . ,   ,       ,                 , , ,    ,   ,   .  ,       ,          ,        ,    ,      .   ,         , , ,        .

 ,  ,      .  ,    ,           .  , ,               . ,  ,      ,  ,          ,         ,      ,          .          ,         ,   ,    ,   5-  ..   ,  8-  ..    .    ,           ,       ,   -   .       ,               . .. : ,    , ,   ,            ,     . ,          ,    ,      ,         vecturC periculum ( )[58 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 98.].

    ,   ,   ,      .

   ,        ,                     .  ,  ,    ,   - ,   9-  ..    ,  ,  ,   .  , .     ,     .   . ,Early voyages and travels in the Levant :   9  10  ..,          ,     ,       :     imperia in imperio (  )      ,     ,          ,      ,           [59 - Bent James Teodore, Thomas Dallam and John Covel. Early voyages and travels in the Levant. Edited by J.T.Bent. Hakluyt Society. London, 1893. . 48.].

 ,      , ,      ()   .      ,             , ,    .

  ,  , ,          ,         ,        ,    ,   ,    (..      ), , ,      .

          , , ,               .   :       ,    ,              ,  ,     .   :    -       ,   .

 ,     ,      ,         .  ,        ,   .          .   ,          ,    .                ,       .

    , ,  :

1)    (    )      ,          ,         ,     .

     ,     ,              .

    ,       ,    ,    .         , ,  -          ,  .

 ,             .

 ,       , ,    -   ,        ,       , ,   ,    .     ,           ,    ,    ,    ,  , ,   ,     ,  ,  ,  .  ,               ,                  ,   . ,        ,      ,     .

               , ,  ,         , ,   15-  16-  ..,             , , ,    .

 ,         ,            , ,    ,                   .

.  (Adriaen Verwer)   1711       ,    ,  ,  ,   ,  17 1699       .     : ,  , ,      ,        ,  ,   , :

1.          -  .

2.,           -  ,          ,      ;         [60 - Verwer Adriaen. Nederlants see-rechten, avaryen, en bodemeryen, Amsterdam, 1711, Jan Boom. . 177.].

  .   .        ,    ,              ,   ,    [61 - Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 46.].

 .  ,                 ,  ,    [62 - gio ( . Aggio)    , ..          .]      ;  ,             ,      [63 - Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 55.].  ,        -  .

   ,  ,      , ,           .




 2.         


    ,   .       ,    ,        .  ,           :

1)               (215- .  ..).

2)      (50- .  ..).

3)         (58- . ..).

4) ,     .

5)  .

      ,     ,       ,   ,   215- .  ..      (Scipios)[64 -      (235   ..,   183   .., , )     ,  205  194   ..     218   ..     .],    ,  ,     ,        - .

        ,        ; ,      ,             .     ,   ,     ,                  .     .

   ,           .  ,   :

)       ?

)        ,    ?

)  : 1)          ,        ,  2)             ?

 215- .  ..         (..    )        .         , ,   ,        .

,    ?[65 - ?,  ? (. ???????, . Cilicia)   -   .],            ,   ( )   (Caninius Sallustius) ,      (   . ): Laodice? me pr?des accepturum arbitror omnis pecuni? public?, ut et mihi et populo cautum sit sine vecture periculo       ,       ,         ,       ,        [66 - Ferguson Adam. The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic. London: printed for W. Strahan; T. Cadell, in the Strand; and W. Creech, in Edinburgh, 1783. Book IV, chapter 5, p. 271.].

       ,     .  ,       ,        ,    .       ,        .          .  ,  .., ,   ,       ,    [],        ,       ,   ,   []         [67 - Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, III.].








.     , 1493  (   )



 ,   58. ..              (bounty)    ,       ,    .

      : ,    ,     ,   ,   ,  , ,   ,         .     ,        ,  -         .         .          ,           .        ,              .

   ,    250 ,    ,              .       ,                     ,            ,      .

     , , ,        ,            . , ..,       (Ulpian),  ,       Illa stipulatio: decem milia salva fore promittis?   ,   10 000   ?.    : Valet   ( ),  , :         salva fore (  ), , ,    ,        ,       , ,  ,    ,  ,  »   -  ? 10 000,    .

 ,      ,  ,     ,    ,       »         .     ,      ,        ,  ,  ,          [68 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .1617.].

   ,           ,          .

   ,  ,     ,     .

     ,         ,        :   »:    ,    10 000?,    »      .

              .   ,          .    ,             .

   ,        ,      ,   ,            .         .

   .       :

)        ,           ..           ,       .

)   ,      ,          , , ,      ,             ,        .

    ,      , .   ,  ,     ,    ,  , ,             ,  , ,  .

 ,    ,     ,      ..         (Macer)    ,   , ,    ,   ,      .

   ,              ,        3-  ..     ,   ,         , ,     ,   ,  ,    ..

  ,      2-  3-  ..,     16- ,          ,  ,                .

 . ,     ,      : 1) ; 2)   3) .

 .          - .     26   VIII ( 12 -Leges Duodecim Tabularum)   ,  Lex Gabinia ( ),   67   ..       (Aulus Gabinius)      (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus)      ,    .

   1-   ..     ,    ,            ,       .    64   .. ,    ,       ,     58   ..            .

  ,        ,         ,  ,       .           .

         .   2-  .., ,      .    (Antoninus Pius)      ,    ,     ,     .

    ,                 .

 350         .             causa religionis (..   )  collegia tenuiorum ( ),          -        .  ,         ,          .

         ,         .

       . ,   ,  ,      .   ,         , ,   ,     , , ,        -  .   ,       - ,   ,           .    ,    ,           ,         . ,      ,           ,        .

,  ,   ,  ,          .

.         , ,  ,     ,       ,         . ,   -  ,     ,  ,          decuria (  ,     . ).

            funeraticium ( ),      .

,    ,           ,          .         ,        (),    .     ,           [69 - ., Digest. Liber XLVII, title 22, 3, section 2.].

     ,       ,   ,           ,   .     ,        ,        .    ,        ,        .          ,    , , ,          .

    -   ,         .

               funeraticium ( ),    ,  , -    .

     ,         .      : -   ,  -      .

 ,      ,         ,         ,     .

.       .        ,      :     ,   , ,         arca ().            , ,    ,    ,        (immunes),       .           ,    ,           .

       .

 .  2-  ..     ,       . ,   3-  ..  ,       causa religionis (..   )  collegia tenuiorum ( ).

   ,   :

(1)     ,  ,      .

(2)  ,   ..,       .

(3)        ,     ..

.          Album    ,     ,  ,    ,    ..    Album   , ..  ,    .        ,       arcarius (), scriba (, )  tabularius (  ). Scriba       .       arcarius ().

     ,  ,   ;       ,     .

 .        . ,        ,   ,  , ,     ..        .   ,     arca  ,      ,     curatores ()    .        ,            ()     .  ,          , , ,       ,  ,      ,    ,    ,      .       ,    ,  ,            .  ,   ,    ,              , ,      .        ,  ,       ,          .      ,   ,         .       ,         ,   .

 ,   ,     ,    ,      ,         .   , ..  (magistri)   (quinquennales   )             .   quinquennalis   ,    . ,   ,    ,          .

      ,   ,   ..;       .

   ,    ,      ,   ,    .

  ,               ,          . ,  ,    ,      ,   ,     ,   ,     ,       ,      .

 ,      ,   (540  ..),    ( 870  ..).    ,     .       (..    )      .      , ,              Cultores DianC et Antinoi (    ),   ,     15  (   ,  4  [  ]  . )     300 .

           ,       ,     , .

   ,          ,    ,           (funeraticium).      ,          .

   ,     ,   ,       ,        .

         , ,    ,          .       ,     ,      .

  ,  ,     ,              ,   ,         .      ,       .              ,    .

 ,  ,   ,     . ,  ,      ,     ,      ,                ..        ,    .  ,   ,    ,             .

      ,    ,        . ,     :  6,  62, . 1  5     ,   1.  , ,    ,          ,       ,     ,       . 5.  - ,   , ,   ,      ,   ,   ,     ,   ,  ,     ,   ,          .    ,     ,  ,         ,      .

 .              (funeraticium)     .

 funeraticium    ,      ,     ,  . .  (Waltzing), .  (Cagnat)   ,  funeraticium      [70 - . Cagnat Rene. LArme romaine dAfrique et loccupation militaire de lAfrique sous les empereurs. 4. Paris, 1892; Waltzing Jean Pierre, Etude historique sur les corporations proffesionelles chez les Romains depuis les origins jusgu? la chute de lEmpire dOccident. (Acadmie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Baeux Arts de Belgique. Vol. 50.), 4 vols. Brussels, 18951900.]. ,  , ,   . -,  funeraticium      ,     ,    .  ,         .

 ,  ..,    ,        ,    ,         ;   ,   funeraticia,    ,               [71 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 24.].      .     funeraticia          (  ).

  , ,   ,     ,  ,            .   ,   ,         .     .       ,       ;           ,    ,       (funeraticium)  ,       ,           ..

 .         ,   .

    ,       ,   ..    :      ,  , ;     CIL XIV 2112[72 - Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum: vol. XIV Inscriptiones Latii veteris Latina, edited by Hermann Dessau (Berlin, 1887) no. 2112.]:       ,             ,       (133  ..)[73 -   .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 134.].   9 136  ..      CIL XIV 2112      ,    (    )     .     collegia salutaria  collegia funeraticia ( ),                    (     ),   ,       [74 - .,   .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 134.].

            (tetrastylum     ).          (cultores)        .

      ,    ,           .

      , ,   .

     ,  ,       ,           (funus).           100      ( 24   . ),         15   .

         ,     ,        .  ,      , ,      .        ,     .

       (         . )   300  (funeraticium)   ,    50      , ..   (exequiari nomine).

        . -,          ,    .  ,   ,    ,        .          :     . -,       :        .

     20  (30)  ,        .

    ,       .        ,    ,  ,  ,        . ,               .   ,       ,    ,         (funus imaginarium),        (imago)   , ..      (in effegie)[75 -   .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 135.].

                            :       6  10  .            (     ,   ..).                .              .  ,          .    ,                  .  , ,  ,          ,     .

  .  ,          .     ,       ,   220  ..,     ,     (Ulpian)   (Macer)[76 - Mays Walter J. ASA. Ulpians Table, Actuarial Research Clearing House (Society of Actuaries), Vol. 2, 1979. . vi-x.].

        (Senefru),   (Hera),          (Flinders Petrie)   (Kahun)[77 -  (  , -)  ,   16  , .        II (  ),     - (.: ???????),       .],  








 



    [78 - Kahun Papyri ( )  Petrie Papyri  Lahun Papyri, legal documents, Census of Household, No. 47, Plate IX.].

      , ,      , , ,    ,  ,                 .  ,         .

 .      ,   ,          .       , ,        (220  ..),  ,         ,    .      : Sub praetextu religionis vel sub specie solvendi voti coetus illicitos nec a veteranis temptari oportet     ,    -,   ,    [79 - Digest. Liber XLVII, title xi, section 2.].

      ,     ,     ,                   .

          ,   .  ,     ,   ,      , ,   ..    ,   ,       ,       .

        ,    ..   : ,          ,          ,    ,        46 ,        .     ,              ,   ,      30    ,               ,     46   .

 ,    ,        ,  ,   30     ,       ,     ,    ,     ,         [80 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 25.].

          . -,    ,   ,   ,      ,      ,     .

                , ,         [81 - .     Halkin Lon. Les Coll?ges de Vtrans dans lEmpire Romain, Revue de lInstruction Publique en Belgique. Nouvelle Srie. Mons, Bruges, and Ghent, 18951906.].

 .  ,    ,     . -,              ,  ,    .  ,      :

(1)    ,             .

(2)     ,            

(3)    ,     .

(4)   , nomine annularium (  ), ,        .

 ,    ,    funeraticium, .. ,      ,              ,          .

    .. ,      ,     ,        [82 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 26.].

,     ,      funeraticia,  ,             .     ,   ,    , ,     3-  4-  ..   ,       .

             ,     .            ,     ,   ..,   tirones (  ),           (collegia),       .    .                 . ,          .

        College of Cornicines[83 - Cornicine     ( )    ( -)   .     ,     .    .         ()   (  ).       .]at LambCsa ( -     ).








 (   )



 ,    36 ,    .

           750 ,       . ,        .

          ,  , 200 ,    500 .   ,      200 ,             .

 ,   ,  500    nomine anularium (       ).

 ,    ,  500 .

          500 .

  ,    ,  250 .

Scamnarium (    )        750 . , ,         ,       .   ,  ,   ,              ,     .   - .  (Rn Cagnat)  ,  scamnarium    : (1)    (2)  [84 - . Cagnat Rene. LArme romaine dAfrique et loccupation militaire de lAfrique sous les empereurs. Paris, 1892 and Waltzing, Jean Pierre, Etude historique sur les corporations proffesionelles chez les Romains depuis les origins jusgu? la chute de lEmpire dOccident. Acadmie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Baeux Arts de Belgique. Vol. 50. . 470.].

  ,   -  , ,  ,   500            ,      ,     .   .., ,   ,            ,     ,        ,               .     -   ,     , ,             ,    ,    -       ,  ,   ,          [85 - . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .212213.].

,  ,              .    ,           46          ,  ,  ,  ,    -   ,              .

  ,        ,  ,            , ,  ,       .

 tirones (),        ,  .     ,      ,             . ,    ,           .     Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (  )   item discentib(us) pro proport(ione) scamnari sui (sestertios) m(ille) n(ummos)                 scamnari,  ,           (   , ..           scamnarium)       ,     .

,    ,    500    nomine anularium (     ).  ,    6 000,   () 1    College of Optiones (  )    .

     ,      College of Cornicines    750 ,   ( ,   )   200  500 ,    , , ,        . ,           ,     ,      ,         ,  , 1,25%,    College of Cornicines      9 .

       ,     ,          ,      ,       ,             .         46   ,          46,5 .

,   ,   ,      .  - ,       . ,   3-  ..      ,        ,    , , ,  -       ,      .  ,            ,      .

   .  ,       ,   ,  2-  ..,    ,     .             150-  ..,         I  (Basil I Makedonian)  900-  ..   ,    ,      .   ,           .

                ,        ,     ,        ,   - .   ,         ,         ..

     ... ,  ,       responsum :  -    ,         ,     .   ,  ,      ,          ,           .

  ,     (   533- . ..)    ,    ,     .        2-  6-  ..,  ,      ,      .      ,            ,         .

 ,      Basilic?n,    I      VI ( )   870-920- . .., ,       .     24    :    ,     ,      (=   ),  ,          ;   , ,    ,    [86 - .  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 30.].

  ,   ,        . -, ,        . -, ,      .

    ,    43,      ,      ,           ,     .

.. ,       , ,           ,   :

1) .

2)  ,    .

3)    .

4)      .

5).

6) ().

 (1), (3)  (4)    , ,               .

 (2).   ,       (utilis), ..            , ,    ,  ,     ,       ,      ,      .

 (4).  ,        ,         ,   , ..  .  , ,         .     ,     ,       ,        ,    .

 (5).    utilis, ..      , ,              .

        ,  ,     ,       ,       :

1)   ,      ,            ,   .

2)  ,       ,      16- ,       .

3)         .

4)    ,           .

5)          ,  ,  ,         [87 - . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .3233.].

  ..,  ,  , ,         ,       .

     ,                   ,         -,           .

             , ,   ,    , , ,    .  ,       ,  ,        .   ,         ,  ,     -   , ,  ,        ,         .

    , ,       -            .    - ,         .                ,                ,     -.  ,       ,     ,    , ,     ,      ,     .  ,     ,      .     ,            ,            .   ,   ,         ,           ,             ,        .

       ,           .. ,  ,  , ..          , ,             ,       ,        .          ,         ,     .

  ,              .               - ,    pecuni? trajectitiC,           . ,  ,   , ,        ,              ,        ,         .    ,          .

     ,  ,        ,               .

    ..:   ,      ,      ,   ,          -           .                    ,                ,           ,   ,         ,       ,           . ,    ,        -   ;   ,             ,       ,   ,    ,  ,               ,    ,          . ,                      [88 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .148149.].

   ,        ,   ,      .      , ,   , ,    , ,  ,   ,     . ,        ,       ,       . ,       ,   ,            ,  ,     .     ,                , ..        .   ,              ,   ,        .

    ,           (, , )    ,            ,  ,    ,    ,     , .. ,     ,   .

..    :  ,                   ,              ,         ,       ,       [89 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .145146.].

 ,  ,     ,      ,         ,                   ,       .   ,              ,      ,   ,   ,       ,     ,           . ,   1-  ..     ,     . ,    100  ..   (Nicomachus   ,    )         (?????????? ????????),     300  ..   (Diophantus).








  



            16-  .. ,                (abacus   ,       V   ..   ,  ),        .

 ,      , ..               :    , , ,  , ,   ,    ..,  (  , ,  ,    ..).

         ,                   . ,    ,             .        ,                      .

  .             ,    ,       ,         .         [90 -     (..  ).  ,  ,      ,          1-   ..       .            (Lex Manilia),   66   ..  ,    40   ..,       (Lex Falcidia de Legatis),     6-  ..,       ] (40   ..),     ,   ,       [91 -  ( . legatus, legare  , , )                  (),        .           .        ,         .        .]   ?  ,  ,     (quarta Falcidia).

    ,      ,      ?   .        ,          ,        .             ,        ,   Macers Table ( ,  )[92 -  , ,    3-  ..      lex Julia de vicesima hereditatium,       .].      Responsum ()   , ,   ,   ,   ,      [93 - . Digest. Liber XXXV, title ii, para 68.].        ,   ,   ,     .

,            ,    ,    ,     .         , ,            ,        ,  .       ,        


,  


,        ,  -,       -,      .

  ,  ,        ,         ,      .

     ,  ,   ,     , , ,     ,     ,          50 .            60     ,      ,      ,    60        . ,    ,  ,    59     ,  , ,  61        . ,  ,     55          .

     ,  ,     , ,   ,              18- .

       .   ,              , , ,                .   , ,      ,                  ,    .

    ,   , ,           ,  ,              . ,             ,    ,      ,  ,   ,    .  , ,   ,      .       ,        .        ,         ,     ,  ,  ,       ,         ,       ,             ,     .

,      ,         . -,         ,        ,     ,  .          ,          .

,             ,         .

      ,           ,      .    ,    (    )           . ,        ,        ,   .   ,     ,              .

  ,  ,        ,    ,      .

          .         ,     .

 utilis action ( ),        ,   :

Ulpianus libro 50 ad Sabinum.

pr. Quodcumque stipulatur is, qui in alterius potestate est, pro eo habetur, ac si ipse esset stipulatus.

1.Sicuti cum morietur quis stipulari potest, ita etiam hi, qui subiecti sunt alienae potestati, cum morientur stipulari possunt.

2.Si ita quis stipulatus sit: post mortem meam filiae meae dari? vel ita: post mortem filiae meae mihi dari?, utiliter erit stipulatus: sed primo casu filiae utilis actio competit, licet heres ei non existat.

3.Non solum ita stipulari possumus: cum morieris, sed etiam: si morieris: nam sicuti inter haec nihil interest cum veneris aut si veneris, ita nec ibi interest si morieris et cum morieris.

         ,      [] ,  ,         .

1.       ,    ,     ,    ,           .

2. -    :        ?         ?,     ;          ,    ,         .

3.    :   ,   :   ,    :       [94 - Digest. Liber XLV, title i, section 45 (Ulpian).].

 ,        .             ,       :

) ,   ,                , 

)       ,     , ,          .

        ,   ,    .       ,  ,          (paterfamilias)        ,   ,    ,   .        , ,    .

,   ,   . ,  subjectus patris potestati (  )      ,         .

 ,                   ,   ,       ,      .  ,     ,        . ,            .   ,          .

 ,            ,   ,         .  ,     ,     ,   ,         (post mortem alterius). : Item post mortem alterius recte stipulamur      -    -     [95 - Institutiones of Justinian. Liber III, title xix, section 16].

           ,          .            ,      .    . , ,         ,    vel ita    .   , ,      , ,     ,   ,     ,       ,  ,     .

,    ,       , ,                 ,   : )   ,  )      .

,       ,       ,  , ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,  ,    , , ,     .   ,       ;                , , ,           .  ,                  .  ,         ,      ,        ». ,      , ,       ,    .     ,       .

      ,         ,   :

        .

.  : ,  1,  3,  100,  150  .. (        Breviary of Aralic II,  9, 7  8,  150  ..)

(    ,  45,  1,  45,  225  ..).

  .

. ()   ,  2,  9, 7  8,  500  ..

3.  .

.  ,  8,  38, 11  15,  529 .

 ,  45,  1,  45 ().  533  ..

 ,  3,  20, 13, 15, 16  17.  533  ..

.  (Basilik?n),  24,  3,  19;  43,  1,  42;  43,  5,  2.

   ,     ,   2-  10-  ..                ,            .

 ,   ,    ,       .  ,     ,       .   ,       ,       ,                .  ,       . ,     ,      ,               .

   , ,      ,   ,      ,    ,             .  ,   ,   :  ,  ____     ?   ,  ____     ?,     ,      .   ,   ,   ,  ____       ?      ?  ,      ,    ,       ,       ,  ____    ?.      ,  ,     ,  ____     ?   ,  ____     ?,  ,               ,  .

 ,             .              ,              .

  .  ,   ,     ,     ,   ,       post mortem meam (  )  tuam ( )  pridie quam moriar  moriaris (  )  ( ),   ,      .  ,  ,    ,    ,    ,   ,  . ,        ,             ( ). ,  ,       ,   debitor  ,     ()        , , ,  creditor  ,   .            ,          .     (.. cum moriar  moriaris       ),    ,     .        ,      ,      ,   ,   ,   ,      .     ,         . ,        ,      ,  , ,    .

  .  Corpus Juris Civilis      ,    ,     .          , ,       .   ,       :

De inutilibus stipulationibus.

38.11

Scrupulosam (veterum) inquisitionem utrumpost mortemancum morereturvelpridie quam moreretur,stipulates sit aliquis, vel in testamento legati, vel fidei comissi nomine aliquid dereliquerit, penitus amputantes omnia qu? vel quocunque contractu, vel stipulate, vel pacti sunt contrahentes, vel testator in suo testament disposuerit etiamsipost mortem,velpridie quam moreretur,scripta esse noscuntur; nihilominus pro tenore contractus, vel testament valere pr?cipimus.

 .

       ,  : ,  -     -  ,   ,    ,  :   ,        ,  ,  ,   , ,         ,            ,   ,           [96 - Code of Justinian. Liber VIII, title xxxviii, section 11.].

   ,    , ,           ,  .    , ,        ,       ,      .                ,        I    VI.

       ,   :

De inutilibus stipulationibus.

13.Post mortem suam dari sibi nemo stipulari poterat, non magis quam post eius mortem a quo stipulabatur. ac ne is qui in alicuius potestate est post mortem eius stipulari poterat, quia patris vel domini voce loqui videtur. sed et si quis ita stipuletur,  pridie quam moriar  vel  pridie quam morieris dari?  inutilis erat stipulatio. sed cum, ut iam dictum est, ex consensu contrahentium stipulationes valent, placuit nobis etiam in hunc iuris articulum necessariam inducere emendationem, ut, sive post mortem sive pridie quam morietur stipulator sive promissor, stipulatio concepta est, valeat stipulatio.

15.Ita autem concepta stipulatio, veluti si Titius dicat  cum moriar, dare spondes?  vel  cum morieris , et apud veteres utilis erat et nunc valet.

16.Item post mortem alterius recte stipulamur.

17.Si scriptum fuerit in instrumento promisisse aliquem, perinde habetur, atque si interrogatione praecedente responsum sit.

   .

13.        ,  -       ,   ,    -    ,     .   ,    []  , ,          ,   ,        .  ,  -  :          ?,    .        , (   ),           ,    ,          ,      .

15. ,   ,         ; ,   :   ,       ?.

16.     -    -    .

17.  - ,     ,    ,         [97 - Institutiones of Justinian, Liber III, title xix, 13, 1517.].

    ,     / .    ,       ,        ,  , ,      .     ,    :

1)               ;

2)       , ..     , 

3)  ,      .

     ,     ,   (apud veteres)    .    ,    16  ,      ,           ?         ?     ,       .         ,  , ,       ,  ,            .  ,         (Corpus Juris Civilis),       - ,  ,  ,          .   ,       ,     .      ,     ,        ,            .

  ,  , ,       ,     ,      .  ,            ,            .

  , ,   ,    ,   ,  300 ,       24 ,       .        :

Cum et stipulations, et legata, et alios contractus post mortem compositos, antiquitas quidem respuerit, nos autem pro communi hominum utilitate receperimus: consentaneum erat, etiam illam regulam, qua vetustas utebatur, certo more emendare.

   ,    ,         , ,        ,   ( ):   ,   ,    ,   [98 - Basilic?n, Liber XXIV, title VI, XIX.].

   ,        -     .   ,         ,         ,         ,      . ,   , ,      ,      .  , ,      ,             .

   ,    ,       .     43:

1.  , ,    ,   ,     ,   (..     ),   .

2.    (..   ),          ,       .

3.     ,   :       .

  Responsa ,        .    ,       ,         , ,      .

       ,                ,   ,  ,   ,          .

       43 :   ,        ,     ,     ,  ,  ,  ,        [99 - .  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .236237.].

 ,              ,  ,     ,  .    ,    Responsa        ,               ,     . ,              ,   ,          .     ,             ,    .              .

  ,   ,   . ,        ,   (     )     ,     ,  ,     .  , ,           .

,    ,          (Mempisc),  (Flanders)       ,  ..,         ,     ,     13- .     ,    ,   ,      ,     ,   ,     .

     .            :

1)    .

2)    (8-10-  ..).

3)     11-  13-  ..

4)     14-  ..  .

          ,    .             ,  , (1)    ,  , (2)     , (3)      , (4)    wergild ()[100 -    (wergild)     .]  ,   , (5)     , (6)      .

              ,       ,      .            ,   ,     -   ,   ..     -         ,       ,               .

       geldonia  ,  ,  ,   ..              ,       ,    .      ,         .          ,        ,             .

       ,               .       .  ,   ,   ,          ,          .

,     ,        ,     Carlovingian Emperors ( )[101 -   (. LEmpire carolingien)  ,   IX .        ,   ,       .      . Empire dOccident, ,        .        (. imperator Romanorum)     (. imperator Romanum gubernans imperium),      .   .   25 800 ,           III    .],    (9-  ..)   ,           .      ,               .

         Capitulare Francicum,  779-  ..,           ,   ,      ,    .       ,    ,   , ,  ,      .

     ,     ,   ..    ,    ,      ,      - ,             .              ,  ,        .  ,   11-          ,      .   ,   ,  Amiti dAire,      1100    II








  II



     (Clemence).    ,    ,   ,  , ,   ,        .            .

            .    keuren       13-    .

    Veurnambacht, , ,  ,         ,       ,     ,   ceurherrs (),   .             Amiti dAire,                ,    ,          .

       , ,      .    (Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Nicolas of Furnes),   1241 ,         ,                  .

  13-       ,     chevins (    , )    ceurherrs (),       ,         ,    ,               .  ,      ,      .

                ,         le Statut du Mont ou Hoop dHazebrouck,  1340 .    ,       ,      -  ,           .

      ,   ,      ,    ,    ,          .

   13- ,  ,         ,   Hamelinghe. ,   24 ,   Nord  Zud Scho?te (5 1266 )             (Abbess of Messines), ,  ,         ,   . Hamelinghe  ,   ,    ,            .

.. : -        13  ..,   ,     ,        ,       ,    [102 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .3839.].           , ..    -   .

    -      ,   ,          (Ypres),  1227 .   , ,   ,     ,       ,  ,                 .   ,           .         .

        (Duke of Limbourg),  12 1248 ,     ,          ,        ,       ,       .

         1 1298 .

 .    (Chronyke van Vlaenderen)   ,       1310  ,    count Robert of Flanders)       ,        ,   ,    .  ,              ,      ,      ,    .

       Jaer-Boecken van Brugge  Brugschen Koophandel. ,          18- ,     ,      .    ,        .

    Ouden Wittenbouc (   12 1377 )  ,   1377 ,       Chartere van Zecggerscepe,     ,          .            -      ,      .   ,      ,           .

 15-       ,     ,       .      Chartere van Zecggerscepe,    policie dasseurance,       cdule      ,         (),          .          ,     .         ,     .

        , ,   (      )  ..    fraude de ribaudise ()    ,       .    ,    ,        .

     ,     ,  15 1441 ,       ,          ,        .

          ,         .     (schedule),      ,        ,  , ,      ,           ,      .    ,   .

  ,  , ,      .        .       ,       .

      ,   ,   ,   ,     .

 .   ,   1550 ,       , ,  ,        .    , ,   1571     ,    ,   ..     ,   1544           .  ,     asseurantien ( )  weddinghen (  ),  asseurantien     (wager insurances).

  (  ),   .        Corpus Juris Civilis           (..   1-   ..  5-  ..) 1)           ,  ; 2) ,      ; 3)          , ,  - ,   ; 4)      ; 5) ,      ; (6)  ()  , ()    , ()       ,     .

 ,   ,  ,     ,            ,   ,     , ,  300   ..  1000  ..     ,       ,   ,      ,        ,    .  , .  :          -       (weight of testimony)                      ,       ,   ,       ,           [103 - Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. . 126.].     .   (Cornelius van Bynkershoek)  :       []    ,        [104 - Bynkershoek Cornelius van (1995). Quaestiones Juris Publici (On Questions of Public Law). William S. Hein & Company, Lib. 1, cap. 21.].








.  



.     :   ,    ,    ,  ,    , ,    ;   ,     ,   ,         ,      , ,       .  ,             ,         ,           ,       .  de nautico f?nore ( )  de usuris (),     ,         ;   ,      ,   ,  ,    ,   -  ,  ,         .         ,  ,    ,    ,    ,    셻[105 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .78.].     .   ,        ,  wager policies   ( )    :      .      ,    -     ,    - [106 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 8.]. .      ,     .  ,         ,    ,     valued policy, ..       [107 - ,       ;                  - .], ,      .

      ,   c   ,       ,  ,      . Conditio vero efficax est qu? in constituenda obligatione inseritur, veluti centum dare spondes nisi navis ex Asia venisset?       ,       ,   ?[108 - .  . Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 8.].   ,  ,    . ,   ,    ,       .   ,     , ,  ,      ,   ,           (contracts of indemnity).  ,       .

    ,    . .   (Cornelius Franciscus de Pauw)   Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs (   ) ,        ,        ,      .   ,      [109 - Cornelis de Pauw, Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs, Georges Jacques Decker & Fils, Berlin, 1788, Vol. II, Sect. V, 1, p. 271.].     ,           , .     ,       ,      -    ,       .       ,     , ,     ,      ,   [110 - Park, James Allan, A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XIX, (b).].

,        ,     ,  ,   ,    ,   ,     ,      ,     , ..       ,         ,       .

   ,           ,  ,     .








 



,  ,     ,       ,    ,    ,                .       ,      ,          ,  ,      ,  [111 - . Titi Livi. Ab Vrbe Condita Libri, Lib. 23, cap. 49//www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html.].

 . .  :        , ,         ,    ,  ,          [112 - Park, James Allan, A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XVXVI.].

,  ,       ,           ,    .

          ,   ,         , quia publicum periculum erat a vi tempestatis in iis, qu? portarentur ad exercitis (.  .       ,      . ),    ,     ,        ,           ,         [113 - . Titi Livi. Ab Vrbe Condita Libri, lib. 25, cap. 3.].

      (46. .. 127. ..),  ,    ,     (Marcus Porcius Cato  Cato the Censor/Cato the Elder  234149  ..),           , ..  .   ,       .  ,  ,  ,    [] ,     ,     50      ,        ,     (Quintio),   ,        .  ,     ,   ,     [114 - . ParkJ.A., A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XVIXVII.].

   .         .    (contract of purchase)             ,              (positive law)[115 -     (. ius positivum)   ,  ,    (       ),     ,         ,          .],      ,       .     ,    ,  ,       :             . ,   ,        ,      ,      .      ,              

  ,                 (express condition)

 ,  ,         ,       (inevitable accident)[116 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .1617.]. , ,      [117 - ? (. praetor,  prae-ire   , )     .          .      (  )         .  367  ..,       (Leges Liciniae Sextiae)      ,         ,            .       .          40      .           .  242   ..        (praetor urbanus),      ,               ( ) (praetor peregrinus).],    ,  ,           ,   , ,     ,   ,       .           ,       ,    ,    [118 - .  Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 17.].

 ,   ,    ,          ,    ,                  . ,    ,     ,       .

       ,     .    ,     .             ,        ,   ,       ,           [119 - . Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 17.].

    ,   ,         ,          ,     .        .         ,         .    ,     ,    ,       ,   ,            .  ,        . ,        ,  ,    ,  , ,     .    , ,     , ,  ,    ,       ,        ,  ,     .   ,   ,     ,    ,        :    []             ,    , ,     ,    ,     ,      ,       .

       ,     , ,     ,        ,    -  ,    .    ,   ,   ,     ,   .

     ,      .    ,            ,       ,          ,   ,  ,         .  ,  ,     ,      ,            .

          ,         .            ,     ,          ,        .   ,    ,  ,     ,        ,   ,    .

     ,     ,             .         (Octavianus Augustus).








Octavianus Augustus



          ,    c 10 138   7 161 .








 



          ,           ,         ,       : Ego quidem mundi Dominus, lex autem maris: lege id Rhodia, qu? de rebus nauticis pr?scripta est, judicetur, quatenus nulla nostrarum legume adversatur. Hoc idem Divis quoque Augustus judicavit      ,       .         ,          ,      .        [120 - .  . Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .2425.].

  .  (Azuni)  ,      ,   9-  ,          ,    -  ,   [121 - . Azuni Domenico Alberto. The Maritime Law of Europe, New-York: G. Forman, 1806, vol. 1. .2712.].

      .    .            ,      ,  ,       .          ,   ,   . ,       .          , ,     -    ,        ,     .  ,     , ..      .         ,                  ,         ,        ,   .

     , ,  ,     ,         ,    ,     .

     salva fore (  ).  ,         ,        , ,   ,         ,       ,      .

  ,       ,        ,     Rem pupilli vel adulescentis salvam fore      ,   ,    Cum pupillo rem salvam fore satisdatum sit, agi ex ea tunc potest, cum et tutelae potest     ,   ,   ,  ,        ,      [122 - Digest. Liber XLVI, title vi.].      ,   .                 ,   ,    ,     .      , ,  ,   ,  (  )        .        .           - ,   ,    . ,      ,   ,  ,  ,   ,     ,         ,       - .  ,         ,           ,     ,  ,     -      ,      . ,           ; , ,        ,    -  .   ,     - (.. )     ,    , ,  ,         ,          . ,   ,           ,   ,               . ..     :        -,  , ,           ,              ( ,      ),   [  ]  ,        ,   ,       [123 - Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 127.].

     ,      ,  ,   ,     .      XLV     ,         ,    .  : Africanus 6 quaest.

Si ita quis stipuletur: sive navis ex asia venerit sive titius consul factus fuerit, utra prius condicio exstitisset, stipulatio committetur et amplius committi non potest. sed enim cum ex duabus disiunctivis condicionibus altera defecerit, necesse est, ut ea, quae exstiterit, stipulationem committat.  -  :      ,     ,  ,     ,   ,         . ,        ,   ,   ,    [124 - Digest. Liber XLV, title I  De verborum obligationibus (  ), sect. 63, Africanus.].  : Scaevola 12 quaest. Si quis ita stipulatus fuerit: decem aureos das, si navis venit et titius consul factus est? non alias dabitur, quam si utrumque factum sit. idem in contrarium: dare spondes, si nec navis venit nec titius consul factus sit? exigendum erit, ut neutrum factum sit. huic similis scriptura est: si neque navis venit neque titius consul factus est? at si sic: dabis, si navis venit aut titius consul factus sit? sufficit unum factum. et contra: dabis, si navis non venit aut titius consul factus non est? sufficit unum non factum.  -  :    [125 -  (aureus)    ,   25 ,    1-   ..  4-  ..,     (solidus).],       ?,   ,     .       ,   ,    ,      ,    ,         .     ,  ,    ,     . ,       :  ,   ,    ?, ,       .   ,       ,    ,      ,   ,     [  ]    [126 - Digest. Liber XLV, title I  De verborum obligationibus (  ), sect. 129, Sc?vola, 12.].

,      ,      , ,   ,                      ,   , , ,   ,        .

   true insurance.       ,                   , ..       .

            .     , ,    , ,   ,              ,    ,     .  ,   ,  215   ..                 .     ,    ,  ,     ,    .         . ,       - ,          ,   .   ,          ,        , ,  ,         .  ,  ,              ,      .  ,    , ,      ,      . .  :      ,   ,        .     ,  ,      [127 - Duer J. Lecture on the law of representations in marine insurance. New York, 1844. . 33, note 1.].

      ,  , ,              .  , , ,    ,   ,   , , ,   ,      .         ,    ,             ,   ,      .

   ,        ,   ,   ,     .       ,  , :

() 215   .. ,     .         ,    ;    ,    ;   .

() 49   ..      ,     ,     .

() 58  .. ,           .

()  .  ,    ,    ,   -   .

()  .   , , ,     (contingent insurance).




 II.        





 1.         


                   ,         .

       .

            587   ..,    ,   ,      .

         10-12-   , ,        ,      ( , , )    (  , , ,    ).

                 .          ,      ,           .

 , ,   ,  XIIXIII.,        ,     ,   ,  ,        :   .          .       .     XI,      .   ,   ,            ,       , ,         ,   .  ,     III    III ,  884.  ,    (        )  .

,   8--9-        , , , .

           :     10-  (    , 925940.,    ,  -   10-            [128 - ., ,  ..   . ., 1999. . 46.])  11-  (          );     10--11- ;       12-  (    ,      ).

 11-       .    11-               .  12-                 .    20  ,        ,     .        .

 ,   ,     ,       ,         .    ,      ,       :     .

             ,              [129 - ,  ,     /  .   . ... ., 1924. . 114.].

    ,          ,             ,       ,      . , ,       13-       ( )   (   ,     ..).

        .     1200  : To become a gildsman,  it was necessary to pay certain initiation fees,  (and to take) an oath of fealty to the fraternity, swearing to observe its laws, to uphold its privileges, not to divulge its counsels, to obey its officers, and not to aid any non-gildsman under cover of the newly-acquired freedom   ,    ,       ,  ( )   ,    ,   ,     ,   ,            [130 - Gross Charles. The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1890. Retrieved September4, 2007.].

         .    ,        ,      .

,             .  ,       ,  -  ,    ,   ,        .   ,  ,      .

              .         ,   ,     (,     )          .

,       ,    ,       , ,  ,       .           (, , ,  ),     (, , ) .       ,  ,       ,    ,    ,   .

      ,  ,   , , .     , -,   (       ,     ,    , ),  -,     .          .      ,     . , ,  ,   1284 ,     (Ludlow  .      Spropshire)     ,     .           10- .

  ,       ,         (       ,             3  928  ),     ,                   .

         ,     : , ,   ..    ,    ..       .                (,   ..),      ( ).             ,  ,    : ,  ,   ..[131 - ,  ,     /  .   . ... , 1924. . 124.].

  ,     ( ) ,  (   )                :      ,   ,    ,     ..          ,      ,   ..

                   (    1  962  ).    (,     ,          ..)     .       (    ..)        ,    .

  .  ,          ,     ,        ,              ,         .            ,     ,    ,  ,       ,        , ,          ,  . ,  10-  11-       ,  ,      , ,       ,      .        .             (social welfare), ,    .         .     ,     .         (..         ).             ,   ,       ,     ,    )      -  .    (..     ,         )         , ,  ,      ,  ,   .          ,         ,    [132 - Partha Dasgupta. Economics. Sterling. London, New York, 2010. .2324.].

           .        ,      .           . ,      - .

,        .  -     , , ,   ..         ,  :          .

       . -,      ,   ,        . -,        ,    . ,       ,    ,      ()    ().

    13-  14-          ()  .            .       ,    . ,      , , ,    .. ,     ,  ,    ,     ,   ,       .      ,     .

.     ,    ,   .   XI     (Law of Cora or Keure),   1240  ,   ( ,       . )     ,        ,   custom of Furnes (    . ): In quacunque villa combustio facta fuerit occulte, tota villa statim solvate damnum per illos quos eligent coratores; quod si malefactor sciri poterit, bannietur perpetuo, et solvetur damnum de bonis ejus; residuum vero cedat comiti. Qui vero de nachbrant acclamatus fuerit, per quinque coratores purgare se poterit; alioquin suspendetur, omnia bona sua erunt in gratia comitis, restituto prius damno illi qui damnum habuet; si prius tamen querimoniam fecit   ,  -   ,      . ,    ,    ,        ,      .    ,    ,        [133 - .  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. .78.].

    ,    ..  Rileys Memorials of London   1868      ,   1302 :



Agreement to indemnify the City against Fire, and to roof houses with tiles.

30.Edward I., AD 1302. Letter Book C, fol. lxv. (Latin).



Thomas Bat came before John le Blund, Mayor of London, and the Alderman, on the Friday next before the Feast of St. Hilary, 13 January, in the 30


year of the reign of King Edward, son of King Henry, and bound himself and all his rents, lands, and tenements, to keep the City of London indemnified from peril of fire and other Losses, which might arise from his houses covered with thatch, in the parish of St. Laurence, Candelwykstrete, and he agreed that he would have the said houses covered with tiles about the Feast of Pentecost then next ensuing. And in case he should not do the same he granted that the Mayor, Sheriffs, and Bailiffs of London should cause the said houses to be roofed with tiles out of the issues of his rents aforesaid.

           .

30.Ed. I., AD 1302.  (  ) , .65 (   )



     ,    ()   ,    . , 13,  30-    ,   ,          ,            ,      ,      .   -,          . .      ,   ,               [134 - Memorials of London and London Life, a series of Extracts from the City Archives, 12761419. (    ,     , 12761419.), ed. Henry Thomas Riley (London, 1868). . 46.].

.    ,            ,       ,    , .., ,    ()      .        :   -        ,            [135 - Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. .3637.].

        12-  14-   -,      .        :   , ,   -     .        ,       . ,      (   )   13, 14, 17   








  Livre des mtiers 1879  



   ,      ,        ,   .   ,      -   ( 14);         (. 5).    (1397.) ,       ,         , ,  .

           .

 15-  -   ,       .   ,        .          ,            .

  15-           .        ( 1446.),  ( 1442.),   .

             .          .          ,      ,              .              .  , ,   .

 ,    15-          .        ,               .

                   ,          (),     . ,               VIII    ,  ,   1545      .

     VIII     ,  ,       .          (Incorportion of Carters),   1555      (Leith),     ,     ,  1560 .   .    , ,  , ,     ,       [136 - .  . The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C. 1875 A.D., Memorial Publications of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, Prudential Press. Newark, New Jersey, 1915, p. 18. The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C. 1875 A.D., Memorial Publications of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, Prudential Press. Newark, New Jersey, 1915. . 18.].

            .

  (Friendly Societies).     ,        ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    burial clubs ( () ).   ,       ,     ,           .            ,        .

             ,  long-life loan companies (.   ),   ,  -      .

        ,        ,     , , ,     ,    .

     17-  18- .  ,       16-           I  ,    .

  I      ,      ( 24 1603 )    .       1628 ,         1634  1639 .     -  .         16-     17- ,   ,            (Borrowstounness)   .

 ,                 ,     1703    ,   176 .

       24 1705 ,   25 1706          (Sir Thomas Aelyn)         (    ),            ,          .      ,     ,      1866     Norwich Union Life Assurance Company.

   Lintot (  ,   , -      )    1708 ,              Levesque (),        .      18 ,      .              ,       ,       .    50 ,     ? 2 000.

 ,    ,   ,   1793        (Sir George Roses Act),          ,      .  ,         mutual ().         :                           ,            .

      ,    . ? -,      ,   ,     ,     -. -,             .   ,     ,    .       The Wealth of Nations ( ) 1776 ,








          .   ,             ,   ,     ,      .         .  ,        ,     -          . -,           .

         ,   ,    ,  ,       Grand Lodge ( ).       ,        ,   .    ,           ,      ,    ,            ,    ,     .

      .








 



          19- , ,  ,      .             .      ,         ,      ,  ,       .   1793           .      ,     -  .     1793              1662 ,               .  1795         ,  ,     ,         ,            ,      .         1796 ,    ,        workhouse test 1723 .  1723        (workhouses/poorhouses)              ,      .   1796              (poorhouse hospices)    .  -       , ,  ,      (Thomas Robert Malthus).    1798  An Essay on the Principle of Population .  ,        ,      ,      , ,   ,       .      Malthusian trap ( )  Malthusian spectre ( ). .     , ,   ,    ,      .      ,     ,   .   ,     .  ,    .  1803  ,        ,    Poor Returns       .

       .

.  Oddfellows     ,   17-           Fellows (,       )  .              Oddfellows.         ,             .  ,     ,  Odd Fellows   .

   ,  ,   (Free Masons  .      )    ,         .      ,     ( )   .      Oddfellows  1730      Loyal Aristarcus Oddfellow Lodge  .        The Oddfellows  Oddfellows Arms,  ,  -       .

       .        ,           , ,      .        .   (Friendly societies),  Oddfellows,              ,            ,       ,    .

 Oddfellows      ,    Travel Warrant,    ,   ,      Oddfellows Hall ( ,       ).      ,         .        1948         ,       ,  Oddfellows,           .

      18-     Order of Patriotic Oddfellows, ,        ,   Ancient Order of Oddfellows, ,          .

  ,      1789 ,








  



     Grand United Order of Oddfellows,








    The Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society (GUOOFS) (   Grand United Order of Oddfellows,     1843 ).  1810   ,   ,     Grand United Order        Manchester Unity.      The Independent Order of Oddfellows (Manchester Unity)   The Manchester Unity Order of Odd Fellows (MUOOF).








    Grand United   Manchester Unity      Odd Fellows. 26 1819    ()    American Odd Fellowship,        Manchester Unity.

 1834      Tolpuddle Martyrs,            .    Oddfellows    ,    .       ,        ,  ,     ,       .           Manchester Unity     Independent Order of Odd Fellows,       .         (. The Three Link Fraternity),         ,   F, L  T (Freindship, Love, Truth, .. ,   ).








         1850 ,   Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society        .      ,        ;     ,  Oddfellows,           ,   .

 1911 ,       (Herbert Henry Asquith)        (National Insurance Act),      ,            .     Oddfellows        .

  20-                  Welfare State  National Health Service,   1948    Oddfellows     ,         , ,     .

 Welfare State (.   ,       )          , ,     .   1942           Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services    Social Insurance and Allied Services,    Beveridge Report        (William Henry Beveridge),








   1879-1963



    ,     (Giant Evils)    : , , ,   .            .            ,   Welfare State,           National Health Service.      1946     5 1948 .  ,         ,  ,     (National Assistance Act 1948),     (National Insurance Act 1946)         [National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946].

   20-  Oddfellows     .    ,  ,       :    IV (18201830.),  , -    (19231937.)       ,   .

.  Foresters       .       14-     ,  .    ,   18-     Royal Foresters.             ,    , ,  , ,  1843   .  1834   Royal Foresters      Ancient Order of Foresters (AOF).








   3632  Ancient Order of Foresters



        Foresters            .    ,         -     .        ,           ,          .

   1870  1874           .   ,     13 .

       (orders),    The Manchester Unity Order of Odd Fellows (MUOOF), Ancient Order of Foresters (AOF),   Rechabites, Druids & Co..      ,   (lodges),  (courts),  (tents)   (divisions)     ,        .      (secrets), , ,    ,           .       ,    ,      ,     .

      general societies ( ),            10%  .

     county societies ( ),      ,      .

 ,  ,   local town societies (  ).       .            ,  ,            (ceremonial seclusion),   .

   local village and country societies (    ),    ,     .

   particular trade societies (  ),        ,      ,         ,      , ,  .

    dividing societies ( ), .. ,         ,          ,       .  1875      ,       .        20- ,      . -,    ,        , , -,              .                 ,   .

   deposit friendly societies (  )         .     ,              ,       ,      .       ,     ,      ,   ,      .

   collecting societies ( ),   ,   ,      ,     .

    ,      ,     .

    female societies ( ),           Female Foresters, Odd Sisters, Loyal Orangewomen, Comforting Sisters  ..        ,       ,    .     .        life boxes ( ), ,       .  , ,  ,  ,      .

      ,               1855 .       working mens clubs ( )     .         ,     ,      , , ,       ,  ,      ,       ..

,  ,  cattle insurance societies (    ).

         1974  1992 .

         .    ,                .

               ,          .

  , [137 -        (   ,    ,     )      .]              , ,  , ,  ,            16- .             ,           12-  16- . ,         Low Countries (   ,      ,   )     11-  15- ,   ,  ,                ,    .

          Low Countries      ,        .

       1   16  ..[138 - Trennery Charles Farley. The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 245.]













      .       ,            ,       ,       .  ,          .                  Carlovingian Emperors ( )        ,    ,       , ,       . ,           ,         ,     , ,     , , ,         .      ;        .                 ,     ,        .          ,    ,             .       ,       ,       ,      ,   ,      ,    .

            ,   - ,     ,   , ,   .. ,       ,      , , ,  ,    ,   ,       .        ,  ,          .       ,    ,         .

  ,       ,             .             . ,    ,    ,   ,           ,                      ,     .    ,      ,                   .

 (Geldonia)   .    ,       ,    ,          ,    ,   ,    .           .      ,            .       .  ,             ,      .           ,             ,  ,   ,            .            . ,     .        .  ,  ,        ,    ,      (funeraticia),   ,      .   ,           ,  ,      .                . ,     ,     ,    ,  ,    (Patrologi? Cursus Completus)[139 - Patrologia Graeca  Patrologi? Cursus Completus ( )    -         ,       () .   161 ,   18571866     .], ,    ,       








  



      ,   ,      ,      .     ,            ,   ,     .

      ,   8-  ..    ,     ,          .              ,     ,    .  ,    ,  779  ..: Charlemagne: Capitulare Francicum  16. De sacramentis per gildonia invicem coniurantibus, ut nemo facere praesumat. Alio vero modo de illorum elemosinis aut de incendia aut de naufragio, quamvis convenentias faciant, nema in hoc iurare praesumat    ,       ,      .   ,            ,       [140 - Patrologi? Cursus Completus, ed. by Jacques-Paul Migne, 1848: (a) Charlemagne: Capitulare Francicum, A.D. 779, 16.].     ,   ,      ,    ,        .       ,   794  898  ..,  ,       ,      .

     11- ,        ,          .              ,   , ,   ,    ,        .       ,    .     11-      ,        ,          (..    )           ,       .        ,      .

     Amiti dAire (  ---),      II      1100  ..    ,      ,    ,     ,    .             [141 - ., Wauters Alphonse Guillaume Ghislain. Les Liberts communales. A. N. Lebegue et C-ie: Augusth Ghio, Brussels, 1878. . 355.].

     ,  La Charte de la Confrrie de la Charit de Valenciennes (    ),  1070 ,   , ,            ,         .

           Amiti dAire.          .   ,    Amiti dAire.         ,      Minnemeersch  Minnewater (Minne     Amiti).

              .  13-       keuren.  keuren           .          .  ,  ,      ,      ce sont les usages ( ), lusage est tel ( ), dapr?s lusage ( )  ..        .

 ,    13-            .     Veurnambacht : In quacunque villa combustion facta fuerit occulte, tota villa statim solvate dampnum per illos quos eligent coratores, .. ,    ,        ,     ,     ceurherrs ( coratores = )[142 - ., Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes des pays et comt de Furnes. 1897, Brussels, Vol. III. . 30.].         (Bergues), ? (Bourbourg)   (Furnes),   1240 .

   ,   Amiti dAire,    .       ,    ,      .       ,     ,       .                    .    (Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Nicolas of Furnes),   () ,  1241 ,    ,    ( )   ,      ,     ,  ,         ,  ,  ()      ,  1241 ,   ,  ,     ,          ,      ,          .      ? (Guido)  1269   ,  Summa et confirmation Guidonis comitis de bonis et libertatibus monasterii nostril             .   ,   1241    .           ,   ,            . ,        .

     .  24   5 1266 ,    (Nord)    (Zud Scho?te)  ,    (Messines),    .     : Ki autrui beste afole par malisse kon claime hamelinghe, il est a soisante sols et si rent le beste,  ,  ,        , ,  ,        Hamelinghe,          .  Hamelinghe                [143 - Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes des pays et comt de Furnes. 1897, Brussels, Vol. III. . 58.].

       ,    :

(1)  ,  ,  1265 .        Hamelinghe  ,       ,       (par la prsente ordonnance).              .        .     ,   Hamelinghe   .      ,          .

(2)    .     1292   ,     Hamelinghe.           ,     . ,      ,       .

  ,          ,      . ,     ,       ,  ,          ,           ,  ,           .     ,    ,           .   ,  ,           ,   .

   13-      ,  ,              .        Statut du Mont dHazebrouck,  1340 .                ,    -   ,            [144 - Coussemaker Ignace de, Comit Flamand de France. Observations sur lacte de foundation de linsigne collgialae du Saint-Pierre de Cassel, suivies de notes biographiques sur les Prv?ts qui lont gouverne jusquen 1790, et. Annales du Comit Flamand de France. Dunkirk, 1891, Vol. XI. . 188.].          ,    ,    .           ,       ,     ,           ,        .           .

 ,     ,         , ,  ,           ,         .

   13- .   ,     -     ,   ,       ,                  tonlieu (    ),     ,    .   ,  1227 , ,         4 ,  dorpinghe  pertusage,      ,    2 . : Pendant toute la dure de la foire et jusqu? la f?te de Toussaint, les marchands, en gnral, ne payeront quun droit de quatre deniers, droit<quon appele dorpinghe  perlusage (droit dtal), except les marchands de Bruges, dYpres        , ,  ,     ,   dorpinghe  perlusage (  ),      [145 - Inventaire analytique et chronologique des chartes et documents appartenant aux archives de la ville dYpres, Ieper (Belgium) Archives, Vandecasteele-Werbrouck, 1853. . 123.].                 ,    ,               , ..            .

    ( ) IV (Duke Waleram)   (Limbourg),  12 1248 ,    ,     (Meuse)   ,  ,    , ,          ,        ,       ,       [146 - ., Eerstenwittenboeck, AA, fol. 46. See Warnkoenig, Vol. II. . 443.].

    1 1298       (Isabella),    (Lady de la Wastine)    ,   (Lord of Ghistelles)  .           2       (tonnel de vins rygnois),     tuitierent  ? tous jours plainement chascun en droit de lui       [147 - . , Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes de la ville de Bruges, Commission Royale, Vol. II. . 104].

    ,        , ,    , ,  ,  ,        .  ,            12- .

 .  Ouden Wittenbouc (  )           12 1377   ,    .                 ,   .        ,   .   ,      .    ,   1377            .      , ..          ,       ,        ,    .        ,          1310 .    (Chronyke van Vlaenderen),   1735 ,   :      1310   (   III  -Count Robert de Bethune)








 III (     ).



      ,        ,   ,   ,      .       ,       (.. ),   (.. ).

        . .         18- ,    1 ,            . -,      ,      ,     , ..      . -,         1310 , ,      ,   14-     .  -,           ,      ,        -      ,        .    4 . .  ,      . ,      14-     ,       : car ces documents supposent un tat des choses connu et existant (         ).

  ,         ,           .    ,                13- , ,    -   14- .         Jaer-Boecken van Brugge[148 - , Custis Charles-Francois. Jaer-Boecken der Stadt Brugge, behelsende der gedenckwurdigste Geschiedenissen, Brugge, 1765, Vol. I. . 301.]  Brugschen Koophandel[149 - Beaucourt Patrice Antione, Beschryving Van Den Opgank. Voortgank En Ondergank Der Brugschen Koophandel, Joseph De Busscher, Bruges, 1775. . 23.].  ,          ,    ,  .

     ,     14-  15- .   ,  ,  ,   , ,   ,      .

 ,             .  , ,      ,       ,         ,     , , ,         ,      .         ,  1435 ,           ,        .           ,  .    ,     1383 ,          1325 .

 ,  ,    ,          1310 ,    . .     .    ,                .  ,    ,      ,   14-     , , ,   .         ,            , ..             .

      14-  15-     .   ,    ,    .      ,           .  ,       , ,  ,                . ,             ,             . ,           ,       .

 15-       ,     ,      ,     ,    .  ,           ,    de asseurance ghevallen (   )  lassurance commise (  ), ..   ,    ,   14-   charter van zecggerscepe (   )    policie dassurance ( ),       ,    .       cdule   , ..   ,           (.. ). , ,        ,        .          begheerde thebbene den heesch jn ghescrifte,   ,     sommaire (. , ..  ),         -  .              .           .

,     ,                , ,    ,       ,       ,   (         ).      fraude de ribaudise (),   ,         . ,   ,    ,        ,   ,     .   ,                ,    ,      15 1441 ,     .

                ,             .       .

      ,     ,  ,           ,   .     ,    .

 ,    .     ,            .

   (1450  ..)     ,      ,             ,     .

       ,  7 1447 ,   ,   ,   ,   ,         .        , ,          , , ,      .      Pierre de Sorye  Gonsalve de la Groigne   Jehan Sanses de la Groigne,     : que les marchandises donnes en gage seront assures aux dpens dudit Sanche     ,   ,      Sanche[150 - .  Gilliodts van Severen, Cartulaire de lancien consulat dEspagne ? Bruges. Briges, 1901-2. Socit dEmulation de Bruges, Vol. I. . 31.].

 .       ,        . ,           ,      ,     .    ,   In Antiqius[151 - Records of the City of Antwerp-In Antiquis, Titel XXIX. Contracten van asseurantien. Long Guillaume Philmon de. Coutumes du pays et duch de Brabant: Quartier dAnvers. Bruxelles, Fr. Gobbaerts, 1870, Vol. I. . 598.], ,            ,      ,    ,  ,     .

       16-   ,          ,   .

 1571    ,   , ,   , ,   ,   ,     LIV,   ImpressC of Antwerp,  1581 .  ,               ,     , ..  1570 .  ,     ,       .

    , , ,        16-   ,    .                  Le Guidon, ,   . . , ,     1570- [152 - ., Pardessus J. M. Us et Coutumes de la Mer, 1847, Vol. II. .371373.].

       ,     ,    (Civil Statute) 1588 : Sine licentia  Senatus non possint fiery securitates  super vita Pontificis, neque super vita  aliorum dominorum, aut personarum ecclesiasticarum            ,         [153 - Genoa: Statut. Civil. Of December16, 1588. V, 17.].

         ,  ,            .  ,      ,     ,   .     ,    ,   1570           .

   ImpressC of Antwerp   3 ,     V,  4 1544 ,   weddinghen ( )    : Gelijck dat oock volghende der ordinantien vande Keyserlijcke Majesteyt Caroli quinti vanden Decembris des jaers MDXLIIII weddingen op knechtkens oft meyskens sijn verboden. ,           4 1544        [154 - Records of the City of Antwerp-Impress? of Antwerp, Titel LIV.].

 .     ,   ,         ,     ,   ,   12    13 .        .          ,    .        , ,    sensalis ()     censualis (.    ,   ),    ,         .    ,   ,    ,         .    -     ,       .          ,        .




 2.         


   .     ,    ,       .                .      5-  .. ,        .       ,      . ,      ,    .    ( 9-  11-  ..)          .    11-      ,     Tabula Amalfitana   Tavole amalfitane (.  ).      ,        16- ,         Capitula et ordinationes curiae maritim? nobilis civitatis Amalph? qu? in vulgari sermone dicuntur la Tabula de Amalfa nec non consuetudines civitatis Amalph? ( []     [?]   ,     ,      ).








 



     116 ,    .   : Incipiunt consuetudines civitatis Amalph?, compilat? et ordinat? anno Domini millesimo decimo, anno regiminis ipsius civitatis per ipsos Amalphitanos     ,      1010 ,      ).            339  1530 ,       1547 .           (Marco Foscarini),  30 1762    117-  .








  (16961763)



 1801          (Francis).

                .           . ,            polizza di carico (.  .      ).

      ,            .

 10-  11-       , , , ,        .          ,               .      1131             ,        .               (11351137).

..            :    ,    ,         ,     ,        ,   , ,   (Tavole Amalfitane),           - [155 -   .   . ., Wolters Kluwer Russia, 2008. . 34.].

            .

  12-       (Jugements  R?les dOleron, Lois dOleron, Charte dOleron).       ,     ( ),      (),     .     .      .           .

          ,       .             .         .      I     ,            ()  .        .       1364 .   14-         Judgments of Damme (  )  The Laws of Westcapelle ( ).    17- .

     ,         .  ,    ,    .    ,  ,              ,        ,    .

       ,   ,     .   ,             ,      .

.         ,   ,          ,   ,      .

 1155     IV,     1154  1159.,            ,  ,    ,           12    (      ).           , ,  ,    ,   ,    . ,  , ,     ,      .   ,         ,    ?

 .  (Savary)   ,      1183 .    Le parfait ngociant ou Instruction gnrale pour ce qui regarde le commerce des marchandises de France et des pays trangers (      ,          )  ,   , ,   ,          [156 - ., Savary Jacques. Le parfait ngociant ou Instruction gnrale pour ce qui regarde le commerce des marchandises de France et des pays trangers, 1675, Paris, chez Jean Guignard fils, reprint by Edouard Richard, 1721, Geneva, Droz, Vol. I. . 116.].








   



  ,    .             .

    ,  ,     ,           ,    ,     ,     .

 12-  13-        ,  ,    , .    (         ),     (           )          .

        .      [157 - ., , Wagner Rudolf. Handbuch des Seerechts, Vol. I, Leipzig, 1884;  ..   . ., - .   , 1925. . 145.].

      :

)    ( );

)    ( );

)    ( );

),     ( ).

         .      ,     ;         , ,     .

   ,  ,              . , ,      ,            ,       .  :           .      ,  ,   ,   . ,       ,      .

  ,     ,              .          .

       ,       .  :        ,              ,     .            .             ,   .            (. 942  ). ,     48    ,        . ..   ,           ,     ,    ,               ,       .

            .

,     ,       .  (  )      .         ,     .         ,              (   ).

 ,       ,         ,  ,     .  ,  ,      ,  ,  .    ,       ,   ,  ante factum,   post factum,    .      ,      ,    :     ,       .   ,     .         ,          ,         ,      ,              , ,    ,   ,  - .

            .         .        .   ,        ,   ,          . ,   Constitutum usus 12-     33%  35%  .    12-      % (de tribus guattuor)       (  ),   25% (de guattuor guingue), 20% (sex per guingue)  ..    .

            10%  50%.   ,       3?%  35%.

  ,    ,             :        . ,      .      () , ,        ,     .      ,      .                   .        ,     ,      ,       .

                   ,               ( ).   ,     ,     .        .

         .    (  )    .      ,           .  :           ,   . ,   ,      .

     ,                  .   ,     .      ( ,   , ),            .    ,   ,   , ,              ,      ,      , ..   ,    . ,       ,               .    ,       .

 1236     IX         .         ,        .                .        .

  . :         ,        .        :     ,      ,      [158 -  .   ,    19  17.05.2010. . 51.].

.  ,   ,           ,           [159 - ., Gerathewohl . Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V., Karlsruhe 1982.Vol. II. P. 655.].

.   ,                   ,   ,       :       ,    , ,           [160 - Goldschmidt Levin. Handbuch des Handelsrechts, Vol. I, Part 1: Universalgeschichte des Handelsrechts,1


 Issue, 3


 Edition, Stuttgart, 1891. . 363.].

,          ,         .

              ,     ,   ,    ,         ,   ,    .   ,    ,             .  ,  . ,    ,  ,          14 :   ( )   ,    ,  -  1230 ,        ,              ,      ,   ,   .                ,    [161 - Mahr Werner. Einf?hrung in die Versicherungswirtschaft, 3


 Edition, Berlin 1970. . 49.].

  ,       ,        ,    12-       inter absentes, ..  ,    .   ,         ,      .        ,  ,  -     ,    ,    [162 - Perdikas Panayotis. Die Palermo-Vertr?ge und ihre Bedeutung f?r die Entstehung der Versicherung, in ZVersWiss 1970. . 151.].

   ,     ,     ,     . ,  ,       (  , ),         .        ,           .    ,         ,       ,  ,              .

       ,     14-       ,          .

         ( ),            .   commenda.

    .

    -     .       IX, .   :

,          ,   ,     ,         .  ,          ,           ,        ,       [163 - Gerathewohl . Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V., Karlsruhe, 1982. Vol. II. . 656.].

  (   ).         (Wisby),         .  , ,       ,         .   ,       ,      ,          ,     .  , .  ,   ,     ,   ;     ,   (Valin)   1266 ,    (Selden)     1288 [164 - Weskett John. A complete digest of the theory, laws, and practice of insurance, London: Frys, Couchman &Collier, 1781. . 605.].

  ,    ,    (   . )          ,     [165 - Cleirac Estienne. Les Us, Et Coutumes de la Mer, Divisees En Trois Parties, Bourdeaux, Par Guillaume Mildangea Imprimeur Ordinaire du Roy, 1647. . 4.].

           (Olaus Magnus   Magni,  M?nsson, 14901557.   ,  , ,   )   ,  ,       I   12 , ..  ,        ,    [166 - Magnus Olaus. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, lib. 10, cap. 16, p. 344. Roma, 1555. www. http://runeberg.org/olmagnus/.].   .  ,       ,     . .      .   ,     1266      ,     .   ,      ,    [167 - ., Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. .142143.].  ,   . ,       ,       ,  ,   ,     ,         ,          , ,      ,  ,   ,        [168 - ParkJ.A. A System of the Law of Marine Insurances. 6


 Ed. London: A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, XXIX.].

  . :        [ ],        ,         13- .        ,    . ,     ,           ,           , ,     .        .     ,   ,       , ,               ,           ,     ,  ,      ,  ,  ,    ,    [169 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance: Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845. .4041.].

.      66 (     67)  . - , ,    ,     ,   ,        ,     ,            : Si le maistre est constraint de bailler caution au bourgeois pour le navire, le bourgeois sera parcellement t?nu bailler caution pour la vie du maistre         , ,   , [  ]        :      ,        [170 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance: Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845. . 41.].     ,    ,                 . ,   . ,    ,     ,    [171 - Parsons Theophilus. A Treatise on Maritime Law: Including the Law of Shipping; the Law of Marine Insurance; and the Law and Practice of Admiralty, 1859, Vol. I. . 34.].

        ,   ,           ,     ()[172 -          . ., ,  ..:    . --, 1999. www.bestreferat.ru/referat-47887.html.],       .      16-      (customary law).   ,  ,   ,      ,        ,        .

  ,    ,          ,   ,    .  , .    ,       ,                  :     ,  ,    ,    ,         ,   ;  , ,     ,     ,     [173 - ParkJ.A. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, chapter 7. . 171.].

C  ,       , ,    ,          ;          .    ,   ,              .    ,         ,   ,    ,   ,  ,     .

 .         ( 13- 17- )     (The Hanseatic League     Hansa   )     ,        ,     .    ,   .   ,           ,  ,      ,     .

       1158 (,   ,  1143)    .           .

.  (Wyndham Beawes)         ,  ,               1164 [174 - Beawes Wyndham. Lex mercatoria rediviva or, The Merchants Directory, being a Compleat Guide to all Men in Business. Dublin: Peter Wilson, 1754. . 8.].

 ,    -  , ..                .

       - .              .               .      ,             ,    .        .      ,          . ,     ,        ,     .

    ,  -  .            .   ,  ,     .      .  ,          ,           .              ,   .

  ,     ,            .                . ,       .   ,   ,          .

    ,        .  ,    ʸ      II    1157       ,                .              (King John of England, 24 1166. 18 1216.) . Magna Charta   15 1215  (       Great Charter of Liberties),








 () 



    :             ,    ,        ,            -  ,   , ,    ,       [175 - http://chestofbooks.com/reference/American-Cyclopaedia-7/Magn-Charta.html#ixzz366y4NMmO.].

,         ,       1227 ,           .

          .   ,    ,        .  ,  ,    ,      ʸ,     . ,       .    III   1226      .      .            ,  ,     ,       .        .   ,      ,     .       ,          ,   .        ,         .

      ʸ  ,    ,    1241           .

   1261     ʸ.  1266     III         .  1267        ,          .

         ,                 .        ,       ,       .         ʸ,    - ,      1282       ,       .  1293       24 .      1299  ,    ,    ,  , , , ,    ,        ,     .     ,        ,      .

  14-         .   -            .

       ( ,    ),   ()    ().     .  ,   1320 ,        Upper Thames Street.   ,          ,  , ,    ,      .      (. Steelyard, . der Stahlhof),        1422 .

       .        (, . Kontor)    (ø)   ()   .

     , ,  ()  ..  ,  ,      ,   ,         ,    .

 1356       (. Hansetag),           .

 1367   -     .

           ,    ,         .        :               (  ),      .

     .       .          170      ,         ()         .      ,  ,   ,        .

     ,         ,     ,           .       ,     ,  , ,  .  ,   ,      ,   ,   .     , ,  ,    .

                            .           .             ,         .        ,     ,  -       5%.     ,     ,    ,  , .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67848396)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  .     .  4- . . 1.  1, 3  .




2


Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Preface, vi.




3


  . .

   

41:14      .      .          .

41:15   :   ,   ,    ,     ,     .

41:16    , :   ;      .

41:17    :  : ,     ;

41:18  ,              ;

41:19  ,      , ,      :         ,  ;

41:20          ;

41:21   []   ,    ,      :      ,   .   .

41:22 []  : ,         ;

41:23  ,      ,     ;

41:24       .    ,     .

  ,          (       .  ,    . . 1.  . . 1.  XLI. . ., ., 1876. . 49).




4


      ,     ,        (  ).     7%  ,     12%   .




5


., www.globelifeinsurance.com/article/History-of-Life-Insurance.




6


   ,   ,      .      ,      ;    ,        .  (     )        .




7


www.podelise.ru/docs/index-26338859-11.html.




8


.    Afshar, Mohammad Sadegh Nazmi, Insurance in Ancient Iran, Gardeshgary, Quarterly Magazine 4, 12 (Spring 2002). . 15.




9


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .56.




10


 .   // , 19 (774), 17 2010 .




11


.  .   // , 19 (774), 17 2010 .




12


   ,  ,  www.bizkonsalt.ru  .




13


. Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .5359.




14


Niekerk Johan Petrus van. The Development of the Principles of Insurance Law in the Netherlands From 1500 to 1800. Juta Legal and Academic Publishers, 2009  Journal of the Washington Institute of China Studies, Spring 2011, Vol. 5, No. 3. . 28.




15


. Rodkinson Michael Levi. New Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Section Jurisprudence (Damages), Vol. III (XI) Tract Baba Kama, New York: New Talmud Publishing Company, 1900. . 267.




16


Maspero Gaston Camille Charles. Histoire ancienne des peoples de lOrient Classique. Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1876, Vol. 1. . 141.




17


.  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 9.




18


? (. ??????, ?gveda 


,  )    ,        .        ,   .   , ,  17001100.  ..               .      IIVII.           , ,    .        ,        .  2007        . ., ..,  .. : . ., 2009.




19


., Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Chapter I, p. 3.




20


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 64.




21


   ,  ,  www.advayta.org f_545.pdf.




22


    3    5,5.




23


Lesser Asia  Asia Minor         .




24


Park, James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, V.




25


Manilian Law  Lex Manilia (Law of Manilius)     ,   66   ..         De Imperio Cn. Pompei              .




26


Flower Harriet I. Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. . 175.




27


., , Houmanidis Lazaros Th. Economic History of Greece. d. Papazisis, 1990, Athens. . 235.




28


., , Scott, Samuel Parsons, The Civil Law: Opinions of Paulus, Vol. I, Book II, Title 7 On the lex Rhodia, Cincinnati, The Central Trust Co., 1932, reprinted in 1973 by AMS Press, p. 270.




29


.    Scott Samuel Parsons. The Civil Law: Opinions of Paulus, Vol. I, Book II, Title 7 On the lex Rhodia. Cincinnati, The Central Trust Co., 1932, reprinted in 1973 by AMS Press. . 268; Zimmerman Reinhard. The Law of Obligations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. . 407.




30


       ( 382322   ..).




31


. Boucher Pierre B. Histoire de lusure, chez les Egyptiens, les Juifs, les Grecs, les Romains, nos anc?tres et les Chinois, et considration sur les ravages quelle exerce actuellement en France dans laquelle lauteur prsent les moyens propres ? la rprimer; prouve que ldit de 1770, qui fixe lintr?t de largent ? 5 pour 100, est encore en pleine vigueur, et donne une explication des articles 1153 et 1907 du Code Napolon, relatifs au pr?t ? intr?t. 12. Paris, 1806.




32


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 7.




33


., , Gilbart James William. Lectures on the History and Principles of Ancient Commerce. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 31.12. 1847. . 158.




34


., , Bury John Bagnell. History of Greece for Beginners. London, MacMillan, 1900. .7690.




35


,  (Draco)  ,          ,    ,     ,   .          ,  ,  .  ,    621.  ..,       ,  , ,        .    ,  ,   ,      .




36


. Demosthenis Orationes / Ed. Samuel Henry Butcher et William Rennie. Vol. IIV. Oxford, 19031931; Demosthenes. Private orations / Ed. Augustos Taber Murray. Vol. IVL Cambridge (Mass.); London, 19541984.     :  1947. 3. .237238.




37


Demosthenes: contra Lacritus. .: http://simposium.ru/ru/node/768.




38


. www.simposium.ru/ru/node/782.




39


www.simposium.ru/ru/node/9330.




40


 (Latium)      ,     .




41


    . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 11.




42


Pardessus Jean-Marie. Us et Coutumes de la Mer; ou, Collection des usages maritimes des peoples de lantiquit et du moyen ?ge. Paris, 1847. . 135.




43


. Mommsen Teodor. The History of Rome. Translated by W.P.Dickson. Vol. I. London, 1894. . 258.




44


. Bury John Bagnell. History of Greece for Beginners. London, MacMillan, 1900. . 77.




45


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 81.




46


.  . Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 349.




47


.  /www.gumer.info       .




48


Isidore, Saint. Bishop of Seville. Etymologiae sive Origines. Etymologiarum libri XX. Leipzig, 1831. ,   (Etymologiae sive Origines, PL. 82, col. 73-729)   ,   615 .      620 ,     .     ,    .            632  633  (PL. 82, col. 67).     ,     .




49


Gibbon . The History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. IV. . 57.




50


Gibbon . The History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. IV. . 162.




51


. Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 90.




52


The Code of Justinian. Translated by Samuel P. Scott, Cincinnati, 1932, Book IV, Title XXXII, section 26.2. www.droitmain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr.




53


Justinians Novels, Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, Berlin (1954), Recognovit Rudolfus Schoell, Opus Schoellii morte interceptum absolvit Guilelmus Kroll, Novella 106.




54


Justinians Novels, Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, Berlin (1954), Recognovit Rudolfus Schoell, Opus Schoellii morte interceptum absolvit Guilelmus Kroll, Novella 110.




55


.  Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vol. II. . 136.




56


Finlay George. History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires, 716-1453 A.D.. London, 1854, Vol. I. . 250.




57


Hendricks, Frederick, Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vol. II. . 133.




58


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 98.




59


Bent James Teodore, Thomas Dallam and John Covel. Early voyages and travels in the Levant. Edited by J.T.Bent. Hakluyt Society. London, 1893. . 48.




60


Verwer Adriaen. Nederlants see-rechten, avaryen, en bodemeryen, Amsterdam, 1711, Jan Boom. . 177.




61


Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 46.




62


gio ( . Aggio)    , ..          .




63


Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 55.




64


     (235   ..,   183   .., , )     ,  205  194   ..     218   ..     .




65


?,  ? (. ???????, . Cilicia)   -   .




66


Ferguson Adam. The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic. London: printed for W. Strahan; T. Cadell, in the Strand; and W. Creech, in Edinburgh, 1783. Book IV, chapter 5, p. 271.




67


Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, III.




68


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .1617.




69


., Digest. Liber XLVII, title 22, 3, section 2.




70


. Cagnat Rene. LArme romaine dAfrique et loccupation militaire de lAfrique sous les empereurs. 4. Paris, 1892; Waltzing Jean Pierre, Etude historique sur les corporations proffesionelles chez les Romains depuis les origins jusgu? la chute de lEmpire dOccident. (Acadmie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Baeux Arts de Belgique. Vol. 50.), 4 vols. Brussels, 18951900.




71


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 24.




72


Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum: vol. XIV Inscriptiones Latii veteris Latina, edited by Hermann Dessau (Berlin, 1887) no. 2112.




73


  .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 134.




74


.,   .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 134.




75


  .    //   . 1972. 4 (122). х 135.




76


Mays Walter J. ASA. Ulpians Table, Actuarial Research Clearing House (Society of Actuaries), Vol. 2, 1979. . vi-x.




77


 (  , -)  ,   16  , .        II (  ),     - (.: ???????),       .




78


Kahun Papyri ( )  Petrie Papyri  Lahun Papyri, legal documents, Census of Household, No. 47, Plate IX.




79


Digest. Liber XLVII, title xi, section 2.




80


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 25.




81


.     Halkin Lon. Les Coll?ges de Vtrans dans lEmpire Romain, Revue de lInstruction Publique en Belgique. Nouvelle Srie. Mons, Bruges, and Ghent, 18951906.




82


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 26.




83


Cornicine     ( )    ( -)   .     ,     .    .         ()   (  ).       .




84


. Cagnat Rene. LArme romaine dAfrique et loccupation militaire de lAfrique sous les empereurs. Paris, 1892 and Waltzing, Jean Pierre, Etude historique sur les corporations proffesionelles chez les Romains depuis les origins jusgu? la chute de lEmpire dOccident. Acadmie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Baeux Arts de Belgique. Vol. 50. . 470.




85


. Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .212213.




86


.  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 30.




87


. Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .3233.




88


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .148149.




89


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .145146.




90


    (..  ).  ,  ,      ,          1-   ..       .            (Lex Manilia),   66   ..  ,    40   ..,       (Lex Falcidia de Legatis),     6-  ..,       




91


 ( . legatus, legare  , , )                  (),        .           .        ,         .        .




92


 , ,    3-  ..      lex Julia de vicesima hereditatium,       .




93


. Digest. Liber XXXV, title ii, para 68.




94


Digest. Liber XLV, title i, section 45 (Ulpian).




95


Institutiones of Justinian. Liber III, title xix, section 16




96


Code of Justinian. Liber VIII, title xxxviii, section 11.




97


Institutiones of Justinian, Liber III, title xix, 13, 1517.




98


Basilic?n, Liber XXIV, title VI, XIX.




99


.  . Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .236237.




100


   (wergild)     .




101


  (. LEmpire carolingien)  ,   IX .        ,   ,       .      . Empire dOccident, ,        .        (. imperator Romanorum)     (. imperator Romanum gubernans imperium),      .   .   25 800 ,           III    .




102


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. .3839.




103


Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. . 126.




104


Bynkershoek Cornelius van (1995). Quaestiones Juris Publici (On Questions of Public Law). William S. Hein & Company, Lib. 1, cap. 21.




105


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .78.




106


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 8.




107


,       ;                  - .




108


.  . Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 8.




109


Cornelis de Pauw, Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs, Georges Jacques Decker & Fils, Berlin, 1788, Vol. II, Sect. V, 1, p. 271.




110


Park, James Allan, A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XIX, (b).




111


. Titi Livi. Ab Vrbe Condita Libri, Lib. 23, cap. 49//www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html.




112


Park, James Allan, A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XVXVI.




113


. Titi Livi. Ab Vrbe Condita Libri, lib. 25, cap. 3.




114


. ParkJ.A., A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. I, Introduction, XVIXVII.




115


    (. ius positivum)   ,  ,    (       ),     ,         ,          .




116


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .1617.




117


? (. praetor,  prae-ire   , )     .          .      (  )         .  367  ..,       (Leges Liciniae Sextiae)      ,         ,            .       .          40      .           .  242   ..        (praetor urbanus),      ,               ( ) (praetor peregrinus).




118


.  Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 17.




119


. Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. . 17.




120


.  . Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, Vol. I. .2425.




121


. Azuni Domenico Alberto. The Maritime Law of Europe, New-York: G. Forman, 1806, vol. 1. .2712.




122


Digest. Liber XLVI, title vi.




123


Trennery C.F.The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 127.




124


Digest. Liber XLV, title I  De verborum obligationibus (  ), sect. 63, Africanus.




125


 (aureus)    ,   25 ,    1-   ..  4-  ..,     (solidus).




126


Digest. Liber XLV, title I  De verborum obligationibus (  ), sect. 129, Sc?vola, 12.




127


Duer J. Lecture on the law of representations in marine insurance. New York, 1844. . 33, note 1.




128


., ,  ..   . ., 1999. . 46.




129


,  ,     /  .   . ... ., 1924. . 114.




130


Gross Charles. The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1890. Retrieved September4, 2007.




131


,  ,     /  .   . ... , 1924. . 124.




132


Partha Dasgupta. Economics. Sterling. London, New York, 2010. .2324.




133


.  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the 17


 and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. .78.




134


Memorials of London and London Life, a series of Extracts from the City Archives, 12761419. (    ,     , 12761419.), ed. Henry Thomas Riley (London, 1868). . 46.




135


Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. .3637.




136


.  . The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C. 1875 A.D., Memorial Publications of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, Prudential Press. Newark, New Jersey, 1915, p. 18. The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C. 1875 A.D., Memorial Publications of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, Prudential Press. Newark, New Jersey, 1915. . 18.




137


       (   ,    ,     )      .




138


Trennery Charles Farley. The Origin and Early History of Insurance, including the Contract of Bottomry. London: P.S.King & Son, Ltd., Westminster, 1926. . 245.




139


Patrologia Graeca  Patrologi? Cursus Completus ( )    -         ,       () .   161 ,   18571866     .




140


Patrologi? Cursus Completus, ed. by Jacques-Paul Migne, 1848: (a) Charlemagne: Capitulare Francicum, A.D. 779, 16.




141


., Wauters Alphonse Guillaume Ghislain. Les Liberts communales. A. N. Lebegue et C-ie: Augusth Ghio, Brussels, 1878. . 355.




142


., Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes des pays et comt de Furnes. 1897, Brussels, Vol. III. . 30.




143


Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes des pays et comt de Furnes. 1897, Brussels, Vol. III. . 58.




144


Coussemaker Ignace de, Comit Flamand de France. Observations sur lacte de foundation de linsigne collgialae du Saint-Pierre de Cassel, suivies de notes biographiques sur les Prv?ts qui lont gouverne jusquen 1790, et. Annales du Comit Flamand de France. Dunkirk, 1891, Vol. XI. . 188.




145


Inventaire analytique et chronologique des chartes et documents appartenant aux archives de la ville dYpres, Ieper (Belgium) Archives, Vandecasteele-Werbrouck, 1853. . 123.




146


., Eerstenwittenboeck, AA, fol. 46. See Warnkoenig, Vol. II. . 443.




147


. , Gilliodts van Severen Louis. Coutumes de la ville de Bruges, Commission Royale, Vol. II. . 104




148


, Custis Charles-Francois. Jaer-Boecken der Stadt Brugge, behelsende der gedenckwurdigste Geschiedenissen, Brugge, 1765, Vol. I. . 301.




149


Beaucourt Patrice Antione, Beschryving Van Den Opgank. Voortgank En Ondergank Der Brugschen Koophandel, Joseph De Busscher, Bruges, 1775. . 23.




150


.  Gilliodts van Severen, Cartulaire de lancien consulat dEspagne ? Bruges. Briges, 1901-2. Socit dEmulation de Bruges, Vol. I. . 31.




151


Records of the City of Antwerp-In Antiquis, Titel XXIX. Contracten van asseurantien. Long Guillaume Philmon de. Coutumes du pays et duch de Brabant: Quartier dAnvers. Bruxelles, Fr. Gobbaerts, 1870, Vol. I. . 598.




152


., Pardessus J. M. Us et Coutumes de la Mer, 1847, Vol. II. .371373.




153


Genoa: Statut. Civil. Of December16, 1588. V, 17.




154


Records of the City of Antwerp-Impress? of Antwerp, Titel LIV.




155


  .   . ., Wolters Kluwer Russia, 2008. . 34.




156


., Savary Jacques. Le parfait ngociant ou Instruction gnrale pour ce qui regarde le commerce des marchandises de France et des pays trangers, 1675, Paris, chez Jean Guignard fils, reprint by Edouard Richard, 1721, Geneva, Droz, Vol. I. . 116.




157


., , Wagner Rudolf. Handbuch des Seerechts, Vol. I, Leipzig, 1884;  ..   . ., - .   , 1925. . 145.




158


 .   ,    19  17.05.2010. . 51.




159


., Gerathewohl . Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V., Karlsruhe 1982.

Vol. II. P. 655.




160


Goldschmidt Levin. Handbuch des Handelsrechts, Vol. I, Part 1: Universalgeschichte des Handelsrechts,1


 Issue, 3


 Edition, Stuttgart, 1891. . 363.




161


Mahr Werner. Einf?hrung in die Versicherungswirtschaft, 3


 Edition, Berlin 1970. . 49.




162


Perdikas Panayotis. Die Palermo-Vertr?ge und ihre Bedeutung f?r die Entstehung der Versicherung, in ZVersWiss 1970. . 151.




163


Gerathewohl . Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V., Karlsruhe, 1982. Vol. II. . 656.




164


Weskett John. A complete digest of the theory, laws, and practice of insurance, London: Frys, Couchman &Collier, 1781. . 605.




165


Cleirac Estienne. Les Us, Et Coutumes de la Mer, Divisees En Trois Parties, Bourdeaux, Par Guillaume Mildangea Imprimeur Ordinaire du Roy, 1647. . 4.




166


Magnus Olaus. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, lib. 10, cap. 16, p. 344. Roma, 1555. www. http://runeberg.org/olmagnus/.




167


., Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. .142143.




168


ParkJ.A. A System of the Law of Marine Insurances. 6


 Ed. London: A. Strahan, 1809, Vol. 1, Introduction, XXIX.




169


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance: Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845. .4041.




170


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance: Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations, New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845. . 41.




171


Parsons Theophilus. A Treatise on Maritime Law: Including the Law of Shipping; the Law of Marine Insurance; and the Law and Practice of Admiralty, 1859, Vol. I. . 34.




172


         . ., ,  ..:    . --, 1999. www.bestreferat.ru/referat-47887.html.




173


ParkJ.A. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809, chapter 7. . 171.




174


Beawes Wyndham. Lex mercatoria rediviva or, The Merchants Directory, being a Compleat Guide to all Men in Business. Dublin: Peter Wilson, 1754. . 8.




175


http://chestofbooks.com/reference/American-Cyclopaedia-7/Magn-Charta.html#ixzz366y4NMmO.


