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Karen Armstrong

The Lost Art of Scripture: Rescuing the Sacred Texts

Copyright  Karen Armstrong 2019

    



  ..,    , 2022

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         ,       .     .       :             .   ,     ,                . ,       Homo sapiens,   , , ,     ;     ,   ,  .  , ,      ,    :  ,     ,      ,   .        ,      ,   .    ,            . ,      ,       :  Homo sapiens   ,   ,       . ,     ,  -      ,  [1 - Sartre.].          ,   ,   ,   ;         .

       ,        .        ;    ,  .   ,           ,   .       ,      ;       ,           ,     .     ,   ,  ,    ;     ,      .    ,   ,   ,    , [2 - Trimble, 204205; Spilka et al., 150, 209.].  ,  :  ,   .        .     ,      .      ,      (19061993), ,  ,   ,  [3 - Griffiths, 31 ( .).].   ,      ໠   .

 , ,     ,      ,     .    ,      ,   ,    .           ,    黠  ,   .               ,      ; ,    - ( )      , ,    ,   .       ,  ;            ,        .   ,      ,          ,  ,    :    ,   .

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      ,    , ,    .       ,    ,     ,  ,  -,       .                  ,     .      :   ,               .  ,    ,     ,   .     :       ,          .

           ,         .           , ,    ,        ;  ,  ,    .     ,     ,   ,   ;            ,    .            .       ,            ,    ,        .  ,      ,    ,     .    ,     .      ,     [5 - McGilchrist, 7893.].

   ,  ,   ,    ;     ,       ,  . ,          :      ,  .      ,          .   ,         ,     (18421910) ,           .     ,       ,   ,    ,     .   :    ,    ,  ,   (,     )  [6 - James.].  ,          ,                 .    ,        ;      .      ,  .           , ,    ,    .

        :     ,      , -          Homo sapiens.                 :       ,     ,        [7 - Steiner, 217.].         ,     ,     ,     -.    ,  ,           ,     .      . ,            -       ,       .       ,     ,    -. ,     ,  - ,     ,               .   :   ,    , ,         ,   ,   ;  ,      , ,  .       , , 軠 ,      ,         .   , ,  ,         ,     .   : ,   ,   , ,      ,      . ,       ,           .

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, ,          ,              ,        [9 -  , 3.].       ,  ,          ,         .

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, ,       :          ,       .         IV   ..                  .   ,                        ,       .           . ,   ,       , ,       ;      ,       ,   [12 - Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires.].

        ,        .        ,     .  ,               ,        .   ,   ,     ,                . ,          ;        .        ,             .     ,       ,  ,          ,       .

,      .    :  ,   ,          ,    .      ;        .            .   ,       ,    ,             . ,   ,   򻠖 ,   .   ,    ,  ,   ,         ,      ,     . ,           :            .

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             ,   .                  ,    . ,   ,      .          ,            ,     .  , , , () ,    .      :  ,      ,     .  , ,                       ,    ,  ,       .   ,   .     ,           [13 - Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason (Chicago, 1987).].

         , ,     ,     , ,  ;    ,     .         ,      ,          .   ,  ,   -  .         ;           ,      [14 - Sloek, 5396.].

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1.: ,  


           . ,  ,     ,      ,       ,     ,      [15 -  2:9. (      ,    ,    . . .)].      :       ,   ,   ,      ,  [16 -  2:17.].  :    ,        ,     ,     .

      ,   ,  ,   ,       ,     [17 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 6061.].     ,    ,  3500.  ..       ,         ,     .  3000.  ..     ,    ,   .       , , ,           ,   [18 - Lenski, 227228; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), 8889.].         :   ,  ,  -  [19 - Kramer, 118.].        ,           ,        [20 - Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, 118119.].

          ,                   .     ,      ,        , ,    .    :        ?    .  ,          .     ,      ,     ,       : ,  ;   ,   ,     ,   ,     ,    . ,  :         .    ,   ,     ,   .  ,    ,   [21 -  3:17.]  ,       :



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    ![22 - . : Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 17.]


     - :       , ,  . ,    ,      ,  ,              [23 -  3:21.]        ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    .

     -,  ,   ;          ,           ,    ,      ,    .       ,         ;         .        ,     ;    ,  ,         [24 -  3:1.]. ,              -  ?            ,       ,    ?       ;   ,           -.

         . ,           [25 - Weinfeld, 59157.].        ,     ,   ,         ,     ,  III   ..        , ,   .    ,        ,     ,   ,       ,   -   .          ,            [26 - Fensham, 176182.].     ,    ,       ,     ,        .      (17281686.  ..),     ,     ,        ,         ;       ,   ,  ,   [27 - Lambert, 134135.].      ,    , , ,      ,   . ,       .          , ,        ,     :          .

       ;             .    .    ,    ,     ,     II   ..[28 - Assmann, Cultural Memory and Early Civilization, 208212, 231.]      ,       ,         .     ,   , , .     ,         ,     :    ,  ,     , , ,  ,    ,   .

      .         :  ,      ,     .    ,      ,  ,      [29 - Jan Assmann, Remembering in Order to Belong: Writing, Memory, and Identity, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 8695.].                 ,   ,   ,      .      ,    :    ,     .  ,    ,    [30 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 1112.].  ,       ,          ,    ,   , ,        .

   ,   ,     ,      ,    .      ,            ,  .        ,    ; ,            [31 -  , 46; Thomas, 9192.].         ,      .     ,    ໠ ,  -     ,   ,   .   ,  ,       ,    .                [32 - William A. Graham, Beyond the Written Word, 60.].    ,    ;  ,  , ,        ,        .

           :   ,   , ,      .           ,       : , ,      ,      ,        [33 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 8, 611.].     , .      , ,         ,     .      ,   ,          ,    ,  .      .     ,     :



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    [34 -  , 31.].


,    ,     ,    .   ,       .     ,       ,   ,      ,   .      :      ,     ,            .          ,     .

,        .       ,    .        .        ,    ,    ,   .        ,       .   ,    ,     [35 - Harris, 1220.].          ,     [36 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 11.].  ,    ,         , , ,               ,        [37 -  , 32.].

         .  -              .            .      :  .          ,       ;       ,     . ,      .           ;                 . ,  ,     ,    ,      .        ,    ,  .         ,     ,          ,   .       ,    .  ,  ,      ;  ,     ,          ,    [38 -  , 3236.].

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     [39 -  22:1719, 2224.].


 XVI.  ..  ,     (   ),         .     ;     ,      ,   .              ,        ,   ,  .  -     , ,  ,       . ,   II   ..      .         (. 16001155.  ..);        (1420.  ..);   1500.  ..    , ,           ,  ,   ,         .  , ,     ,                   .

 ,  1200.  ..,        ,        ,    .    ,    ,       , ,     ,   ,        ,     -   .          ;   ,    ,      [40 - Finkelstein and Silberman, 8992.].      -,        ,     ,     ,       .

  ,           .         ,             .    ,     ;        ,    ,      ,     ,    [41 - D.H. Hopkins.].     ,      ,   ,              ,       [42 - Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, 275.]. ,                  ,    .   ,   1201.  ..,     -       ,        ;               ,   .   ,       ,   [43 -  9:15; 1 27:10; 30:23; 2 21;  1:16; 4:11.]. ,      ,      ;         [44 - Cross, Canaanite Myth, 52.].   ,   -       ,     ,    .

    ,         -.         ,      ,       [45 -  4.].         -,     II.  ..            1750.  .., ,   ,   ,  ,  -       ,   ,       (  )      .  ,  -       ;      ,    , -      ,   . ,  1250.  ..,        .       ; ,     ,         ,   ,     , .      ,           ,     .  ,     ,         :     -    .

      .        ,     ,       [46 - Finkelstein and Silberman, 103107; Dever, 110118.]. ,          .   ,       .       ;        ,   ,   ,    . ,  ,          -,      .

  ,       ,     .     :     ,           ,   ,     .         ,             ,      :



        ,        ;     ,    [47 -  32:89.].


          ,        , , ,   ,    ,           .   ,     ,   ,       .              ,  ⻠ ,            [48 - Mark S. Smith, Origins of Biblical Monotheism, 9396.].       ,   ,    ,    ,        .     ,    81       .      :     ,      ,      ,     :



    ;

   :

    

   ?

    ;

    ;

   ;

    [49 -  81:14 ( . .).].


         ,      .

   ,   ,     , ,        ,      .       ,   ,     .           ;        ;        ,   ,         , , [50 -  23:2328, 3353;  24:1922; Gottwald, Hebrew Bible, 162.].

   - ( ), -,  ,  .        ,        ,              ,     : ,  ,   , , ; ,  ,   ; -,   ,    [51 -  88:1013; 92:14;  7:12; 9:8; 26:12; 40:1524.]. ,    ,        .     ,            ,      :



   ,    ,         ;    [52 -  33:2; .  15:18,  3:315.].


 ,    -, ,          ,      ,       , -- [53 - Cross, From Epic to Canon, 2440.].

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              ,      .            ,    , ,        ,       [57 - Cross, From Epic to Canon, 47.].     -,     ,           ,   . ,  ,            ,        .         ,      .      ,                ,                .         .

 ,   ,       ,      ,  ,          . , -,    ,        -.        . ,          ,    ; , ,  :      ![58 -  28:1019.].            .            ,    ,   -     (-).        - (  ),       [59 -  32:2332.].         ,     .  ,    ,  - ,    ,  ,       .       ;  ,   ,    ,   .

    XI.  ..              , ,    ,            1175.  ..        -  , , ,         .               .    ,            ,     ,   -  -         ,        [60 - Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, 177179.].   ,  ,    :     ,             - ,         .      ,          ;           [61 - 3  7:1526.].

,   , , -  ,   ,      ,   .   ,      ,       ;      ,   1000.  ..             ,        [62 - Dever, 267269.].    ,    ,         ,          . -,             ,     .

            ,                 ,         .       [63 - 2  8:17; 20:25; 3 4:3.]. -,    :       [64 - 3  4:3.].     ,      ;   ,    :



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    ,   [65 -  22:1719; .  Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 126.].


          ,      ,      leb  (    ,  )   .    ,       ,    ;              ,     ,    , .      ,     ,   ,         [66 -  2:2;  77:1; 3 3:9;  3:3, . 6:21.].            ,   .    ,   ,     [67 -  13:24; 22:15; 26:3; 29:17.].         :



   ,

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          ![68 -  5:1214.]


        ,          .       ,        :   ,        [69 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 127131.].

           .           ;        ,              . ,           .      ,        ,              :



   :

  ,

       [70 -  109:1.].


       ,        :   ,    [71 -  2:7.]. ,       ,       ,     ,       ,     - .  ,     ,   廠 ,      ,    ()      [72 -  31:1922; 32:1.].

           ;    ,          .      ,  ,         ,     ,  ,      ,    ,          [73 -  31:18; 32:16.].       ,         [74 - Niditch, 7980.]. ,    , ,  ,    ; ,   ,        () , , ,   --             [75 -  4:3;  12:1;  32:32;  68:2829; 139:6.].

    .     ,      .          ,      ,     .       -               .       :        ,     .    -  ,     ,    .

     928.  ..             .      ,     ,         .      ,        .     :     (. 786746.  ..)    ,     .   ,   ,      ,       , ,         ,  ,   . ,      ,          .

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      ,  ,   ,        ,     ,        ,  ,   ,       , ;       .    ,     [76 - 2  7:1011.].


       ,             .        ,   -,            .     ,       [77 - Clifford, 5768; .  47.].       ,   [78 -  , 68.].    ,   ,         ,   .    ,    ,      ,      ,         .          :        [79 - Clifford, passim; R. E. Clements, God and Temple (Oxford, 1965), 47; Kraus, 201204.]  ,      ,    ,   ,   [80 -  71:7.].    ,     ,  ,      ;       , ,   [81 -  45:611; 47:1314.].       , - ?

            .     (. 722705.  ..):



   ,     ,      ,   , ,  ,      ,    .            [82 -   -,  . Schniedewind, 65.].


      .          ,   ,        , ,  ,      ,   .            [83 -  , 6566.].     ,      ,          .  ,           ,        , ,        ,    .    -        [84 - Niditch, 339377.].          ,  [85 -  17:912; 31:213;  5:23;  4:6.].          , -,    ,   [86 - 1  25:26; 2 5:12.].      ,    ,       ,      [.   ]    ,  ,   ,        [87 -  1:2; Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 152153.].

          .  IX.  ..                    [88 - 4  2:118; 4:38.].        .             ;  ,         .    VIII.  ..      ,       ,        . , , ,            [89 -  29:1314.].   :      ,          [90 -  8:16; 30:8;  36:13;  2:23.]. -,       ,            ,      .      : ,     ,      .      ,     [91 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 143144.].

  ,     ,      .       ,  [92 -  7:14.].        ;  780              ,    II,    ,    , ,      .               ,   ,     ;       [93 - Finkelstein and Silberman, 206212.].    ,            .                .     ,       ,         :



  :          ,            . ,       ,    [94 -  2:67.]


  ;   ,           .      ,      :       .  ,   ,        ![95 -  5:2124.]. ,   ,         ,       ,       . ,  ,  -  ,    .    , , ,                         . ,        ,      [96 -  1:3; 2:3; 6:14; 2:416.]. ,      ,  ,   ,        [97 -  7:17.].

   ,         ,       ,     ,                .

    ,  ,     .        .    ,      ,       ,     ,    ,      .    ,        .       ,           [98 - A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rule of Conquered Territory in Ancient Western Asia, in Jack Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Near East (New York, 1995), 959968.].           ,         .   ,     ,     ,    ,      .    ,              .

        .  ,    ;    ,   ,   :  :   ?  .  :   ?[99 -  3:8.].    ,    ,      ,     [100 -  7:15.].  ,    ,   ;       ,   [101 -  9:1.].       :          ,    ,    ,   ,   .      ,  ,     VI   ..,   , ,  ,     .  :       ,       [102 -  1:9.].       ,   ,   ,     :



  :              ;     ,    ,    ,   ,  ,   [103 -  20:9.].


  ,   , , -,   ,  :    : ,       ;     ,   [104 -  1:2; Abraham Heschel, The Prophets, 2 vols. (New York, 1962), I, 5257.].      ,       .    ,         .    ;   ,       ,    ?    ,       ,          .             ,  ,  ,     ?    ,              ,        .       ,   ,  ,     ,    :   ,    ,  ,       .               [105 -  3:15.]. ,  ,  ,          ,    .

   ,               . ,     ,  :  ,  , ,          .      , ,   ,     :



  ,      ;    ;    ,     [106 -  14:1.].


 :     , ,               .

     .         ;          ,  ,     ,  .         ;           ,         .    ,  ,  ,   ,   ()  .     ,      .          ,             [107 - Carr, Holy Resilience, 25.].      722.  ..,     .   ,                  ,   .     , ,      ,        ,    ,        :  []  ,   [108 -  6:6 (  . . .).]. ,          ;      ,      ,   ,         [109 - Carr, Holy Resilience, 25, 3536.].

  ,        -.      ,        .         .      ,  ,      ,   ,      .           , ,    , ,  ,          :



       ,      .       ;    ;         .     ;    [110 -  12:35.].


      ,           -        [111 -  12:13.].          ,   ,              :



    ,  ,           ,     [112 -  11:4.].


       , ,       :     ,       [113 -  11:5.].

 745.  ..  III            .                    .        [114 -  6.].     , , .  ,  ,   ,   ,      :      ,  .   ,           ,   .      ,              ,   [115 -  2:23.].

        ;      ,     (. 736716.  ..)        ,       ,   . ,  ,  , ,     .      .             :  []      ,     - [  ][116 -  7:14; ,    ,     ().].        ,      ,          . ,   ,     ,                .  733.  ..  -     -  -  .                  .

         .  :      ,     ,   .   ,     -뻠  ,      .       : ,   ,   ;        ![117 -  9:2.]   ,          :



       ;    [118 -  9:6.].


          ,     : , ,  ,  ,  [119 -  9:6.].  ,   ,  716.  ..    ,      .  722.  .. ,       ,            III.                .   ,     ,   ,  ,    .  ,   ,     ;     ,  ,      .

         , ,      ,   ,   705.  ..   ,     .  ,   ,  ,    .  - ,        .  :   ,             ,          ,     -.   ,     698.  ..,    :    ,     ,     - ,        [120 - 4  21:118; 2 33:110.].      ,        ,       642.  ..       .        ;    ,             [121 - Ahlstr?m, 734.].               ; ,  , ,      ,  .

    ,        722.  ..,           .   ,   VIII.  ..,       ,    :       (      ),       ,      ;  VII.  ..           [122 - Richard Eliot Friedman, 8788.].        , ,    ,      .   , ,         ,      ,       ,   .          .

      ,     .  633.  ..       ;    ,    .    , ,  ,  .  622.  ..     ,    ,        ,     ( ),      [123 - 4  22.].   ,     . ,    , ,         ; ,  ,    , ,         ,      [124 -  27.].      ,     . -   , ,   (    ) , , ,    ?[125 -  17:1420.]

, ,   ,        .     , ,       :  ,   ,    ,       ,      ,   [126 - 4  22:17.].          .               :    ,      ,      .     ,     ,   ,        ,             [127 - 4  23:420.].

  ,        , ,      .    ,     VII.  ..,   ,    . ,    , ,           ,    .         ,       -  ,     ,     ,        , , ,        [128 - Jan Assmann, What is Cultural Memory?, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 3.].    ,  ,    .         ,     ()    (),           [129 - Bernard M. Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1997), 148149.].       :          ,     [130 -  11:21; 12:5.].     ,   .        :           ,     ,   ,       ,      [131 -  17:1820.].

    ,     ,      .                  .      .               컠    ,    ,   () ;         .          ,       [132 -  44:1519;  8.].

     ,            ,       ,     , ,   .   ,       .  ,             ,   .             :    ,     ,       ,    [133 -  7:2226.].

           ,       [134 - Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 134146.].                        ,      [135 -  4:49, 44.].  -   ,    ()    ,        仠  , ,  ,    [136 - Niditch, 100.]:



, : ,  ,   ;  ,  ,   ,    ,    .     ,     ,   ;    ,    ,       ,  ,  ;       ,        ,           [137 -  6:49.].


          :                ,     ,     .        [138 -  1:8.],     ,      [139 - Jan Assmann, What is Cultural Memory?, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 1920.].

                .       ,       ,  .       ,     ,      [140 -  8:3.].        ;      ,   ,      :



    ,  ,   ,     , ,   ,       ,    ,   ,   ,    ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,     ,  ,     ,      ,   [141 -  6:1012.].


 ,     ,   ,     [142 - Assmann, Cultural Memory, 191193.].           ,      .

          609.  ..,          .              ,  .    ,    ,         .         ,    :     ,     [143 -  36:29.].      .  ,  ,     .     ,        [144 - Niditch, 104105.].  597.  ..  II,  ,    ,     ,    .  586.  ..,     ,      .          ,     .           ,         ,     .  ,    ,    ,      .




2.:   


 1500.  ..   ,   ,              .       ,     , ,   ,      [145 - Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford, 2001); S. C. Kak, On the Chronology of Ancient India, Indian Journal of History and Science, 22, 3 (1987); Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987).].         ,     , ,            .         ,   ,     ,     ,         .          ,  ,        .

             ,    (  )            ()   .             ()              .         ,   ,      [146 - Holdrege, 229230.].    ,      ,    ,      ,       ,         [147 - Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68.].           ,       ,     ,      .

,           ,       軠 ,   ,    .       ,      700.  ..,       .      :       ,   ,   ,      [148 -   5.5.3,  . J. G. Staal, The Concept of Scripture in Indian Tradition, in Juergensmeyer and Barrier, eds., 122123; Coburn, 104.].     ,         .        -        .  XVIIIXIX ,     ,  ,  , , ,      .    -  :    ;    [149 - Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 139.].

           , ,    , ,   . ,    ,        .    ,      :               . , ,    .  ,    ,          ;      -  ,     ,      ; ,     ,      ,      [150 - Carpenter, 20.].    .            [151 - Brian K. Smith, 2026.].

  ,         ;          ,   .            ,     ().       :   ,         .          ,     [152 - Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires.].  ,   ,  ,  - .      :    -,   ,          [153 - Doniger, The Hindus, 114.].

   .      ,        ,  ,    :     л,  ,   , , .     ,          ,     ,     .       ,    ,       .        .   ,        ,      ,    ,  ,   ,   .        ,     .   ,    ()     :     ,            .     (),  ,   anxiety   Angst, ,  , , ,     .       ,     ;        .

        :  ,      [154 - Whitaker, 2428.].     - ,       [155 -  () 4.22.9; 8.100.1.],  ,        ,     ,    , ,    ,   ,   [156 -  4.1.15.].    ,  ,  ,       [157 -  1.166.7; 6.66.10.];      ,        [158 -  9.111.3; 8.66.9; 2.25.24.].  ,       ,  ,       .         (),      ,    ,     .

  -  ,         ,                ,    . ,          ,          ,    .          ,   ;        ,  ,    .       ,   . ,            .  ,      .           ,    ,    .

    [159 - Renou, Religions of Ancient India, 6566.].         (, ),  (, )    ,   ,      [160 -  , 19.].    ,        , ,   ,  , ,       ,  ,   .      ,     [161 -  10.4.35.].         [162 -  3.7.2; 8.18.10; 8.91.56.].       ,            ,      ,    [163 - Mahony, 1113.].      ,    ; ,       ; ,           ,       [164 -  10.90; 1.164.41.].

,      ,      .       , ,    ,    .   ,    ,        . ,    ,   ,          .      ,    ,  ,   .     ,   ,  ,     ,              .      ,      ,   ,   .

  .   .  .. ,    ,           ,    ( ).  ,    ,     ,       ,        .     ,   [165 - Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age, 403.].         ,  ,       ,   .       ;         .          ,     -,  ,   (),    [166 - Heesterman, Broken World, 126.].

          .      黠 ,      : , , ,      ,      [167 - Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 130.].        :    ,         ,    , ,    , , ,        -   .         ;   ,    ,           [168 - Griffiths, 5859.].

,     ,     : ,  , ,  ,         . ,           ,    ,    ,    ,   .  ,     ,          .      ,     ;  ,   ,             [169 - Elizarenkova, 19.].               :



  ;   ;    ;   .        ,  ?..

   ;    .      .   ,     [170 -  8.48.3, 11; . Doniger.].


  ,         , ,        .    ,      . ,  ,    ;     [171 -  3.59.1.].    ,    ,  ,          ,     [172 -  8.48.9; 3.5.3; 1.26.24; . Doniger.].

      ,   ,  ,        , ,  .   , , , ,   .   -   ,  [173 -  1.164.46; . Doniger.].        ,       ,      ,       .     - , ,  ;     ,      ,  . ,           .

    ,        .       :  ,       ?     :           ?         ?      :       ,    .   ,  ,  -          .      ,   -. ,       ,       .  ,   , ,             ,     ,  .  ,   , ,   - ,    .     ,        ,        ,   [174 -  1.11.9; 5.41.17; 6.74.2; Mahony, 102104.].

     ,     ,          .        ()     ,     ,   :



		   ,  ,     .     ,   ,   
		      .      ,     .      .
		 ,  ,  ,   .        [175 -  10.125.1, 78; . Doniger.    ,   .].


  ,        :     [176 -  1:12.].          .      .        񻠖      ;     ,     [177 - Sloek, 6367.].        ,   ,     .

 ,     ,      [178 - Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 234.].    , ,      ,   .   ,   ,     ,  ,    .        .    ,     ,  , ,    ,    .     (12931381)       :



     ,  ? .   ,   ,   ;            .     ,  ,  ,  :     [179 - Johannes Ruysbroek, De Spiegel dar Ensige Sulichpichest, .  Dupr, 454 ( ).].


   ,      .  ,     ,    ;   ,      .    ,    ,         ,       [180 - Johnston, 33, 5557.].         ,       .     ,  ,    ,     ,   ,        .

  ,    ,  ,     ,  ,       ( , ).     ,  -    (),                 [181 -  6.9.6; . Doniger.].    ? -,   ,     ,          .      ,        ,      : ,     []        ,   ,    [182 -  1.139.2; . Gonda, Vision, 69; . 1.18.5; 1.139.2; 1.22.].  廠         .        ,  . :            ,     ,   . ,   ,           , ,      [183 - Elizarenkova, 1617.].         ,       ,        [184 - Gonda, The Indian Mantra.].     ,        ,     ,  ,  .

      :      .   ,       .  ,                ,      .  ,        .   -     (),      .        -  [185 - Michael Witzel, Vedas and Upanisads, in Flood, ed., Blackwell, Companion to Hinduism, 69, 71; Holdrege, 278; Gonda, Vision, 39, 4250.].     ,    .  ,  ,         .    ,     ,    ,        [186 -  5.29.15; . Griffith.],             [187 - Mahony, 216218.].

         ,  -     [188 - Elizarenkova, 1516.]:   ,        [189 - Gonda, Vision, 2734, 5657.].           :     -   .        ,     .        :  ,     ,       .   ,  , -,  ,         ; ,    ,   -     ,   .     ,            , -      [190 - Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 138.].

      ,   ,   ,  ,    .      - .        ,    ,       ()    .         [191 -  4.13.23.],      ,      [192 -  6.70.1.].    ,       ,     ,     ,         [193 - Elizarenkova, 1718.].              ,     .         ,       ,     .    ,   , ,     ,       [194 -  10.54.2.].

 ,         .          ,           , ,  ,       [195 - Renou, Religions of Ancient India, 5, 11.].        ,         :  ,   ,   ,      [196 - Elizarenkova, 2628.].       ,   ,      -,      ,           [197 -  7.23.].            ;     ,   ,  ,  ,        [198 - Findly, 3244.].

   ,  ,       , ,   .     :  ,    ,       , ,  ,    [199 -  6.9.1; . Findly.].        ,    ?    ,     . ,      ,   :  ,       ,         :



		 ,      ,
		    .
		   [],   :
		  ,    [200 -  6.9.3; . Findly (   . . .).].


    ,      ;     ,       ,       .   ?  .  ?[201 -  .]

     .   ,   ,     , ,        :   ()    ,     [202 -  3.53.1516.].     :    ,   .       :



        ,  ,          .

    ,  ,    ,     .       [203 -  10.71.12; . Doniger.].


      ,   .          ;     ,     ,     .   ()   ,          [204 -  , . 4.].      .   ,       ,      [205 -  , . 5.]: ,   ,    ,       [206 -  , . 6.].

   .  ..         ,    . ,   ,      ,      ,  :        ,   ,     [207 - Gonda, Change and Continuity, 200.].   ,    :   , ,  [208 - Renou, Sur la notion de brahman.].     ,   :       ,    .       .       ,   ,   -     ()    . ,   ,   ,             .  ,        ,    .          ,    ,   ,        . ,    ,  , -       ,     .   ,  ,      .       ,                  ,      . ,    ,              [209 - Heesterman, Inner Conflict, 7072, 73.].

       .   ,         ,  .   ,    ,         ?



  ?   ?    ?   ?   ,    .  ,   ?  ,   ,  , .   ,           ,   ,    [210 -  10.129.67; . Doniger.].


    ,   .        .          .            :                 ,     .


* * *

 IX.  ..                :        ,    .         .        ,      .      ,   ,     ,    ,  , .        ,   .         ,   , ,   .       .   , ,  ;    (,     ),     (),   ,    ().

          ;    ,    ,    .         ,    VI.  ..,   ,         [211 - Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, 39; Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68; Jan Gonda, Samhitas and Brahmanas (Wiesbaden, 1974).].     :        [212 - Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68.].       .   ,   ,   ()   ,      ;      ,    ;       .    :                    [213 - Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, 37.].  ,   ,   ;   ,     ;  ,   ,   .  , ,        ,      .     , ,    ,   -        [214 - Mahony, 121.].    :   [215 -   () 6.11; Heesterman, Broken World, 150.].      ,          ,   [216 - Padoux, 297298.].

      .   ,   ,     ,      




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Sartre.




2


Trimble, 204205; Spilka et al., 150, 209.




3


Griffiths, 31 ( .).




4


Van Lancker; McGilchrist, 4054; Ornstein.




5


McGilchrist, 7893.




6


James.




7


Steiner, 217.




8


Streng, 2 ( .).




9


 , 3.




10


 . ,                (  . . . .).




11


 .




12


Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires.




13


Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason (Chicago, 1987).




14


Sloek, 5396.




15


 2:9. (      ,    ,    . . .)




16


 2:17.




17


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 6061.




18


Lenski, 227228; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), 8889.




19


Kramer, 118.




20


Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, 118119.




21


 3:17.




22


. : Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 17.




23


 3:21.




24


 3:1.




25


Weinfeld, 59157.




26


Fensham, 176182.




27


Lambert, 134135.




28


Assmann, Cultural Memory and Early Civilization, 208212, 231.




29


Jan Assmann, Remembering in Order to Belong: Writing, Memory, and Identity, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 8695.




30


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 1112.




31


 , 46; Thomas, 9192.




32


William A. Graham, Beyond the Written Word, 60.




33


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 8, 611.




34


 , 31.




35


Harris, 1220.




36


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 11.




37


 , 32.




38


 , 3236.




39


 22:1719, 2224.




40


Finkelstein and Silberman, 8992.




41


D.H. Hopkins.




42


Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, 275.




43


 9:15; 1 27:10; 30:23; 2 21;  1:16; 4:11.




44


Cross, Canaanite Myth, 52.




45


 4.




46


Finkelstein and Silberman, 103107; Dever, 110118.




47


 32:89.




48


Mark S. Smith, Origins of Biblical Monotheism, 9396.




49


 81:14 ( . .).




50


 23:2328, 3353;  24:1922; Gottwald, Hebrew Bible, 162.




51


 88:1013; 92:14;  7:12; 9:8; 26:12; 40:1524.




52


 33:2; .  15:18,  3:315.




53


Cross, From Epic to Canon, 2440.




54


 15:8, 10.




55


 15:1618.




56


 15:1415.




57


Cross, From Epic to Canon, 47.




58


 28:1019.




59


 32:2332.




60


Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, 177179.




61


3  7:1526.




62


Dever, 267269.




63


2  8:17; 20:25; 3 4:3.




64


3  4:3.




65


 22:1719; .  Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 126.




66


 2:2;  77:1; 3 3:9;  3:3, . 6:21.




67


 13:24; 22:15; 26:3; 29:17.




68


 5:1214.




69


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 127131.




70


 109:1.




71


 2:7.




72


 31:1922; 32:1.




73


 31:18; 32:16.




74


Niditch, 7980.




75


 4:3;  12:1;  32:32;  68:2829; 139:6.




76


2  7:1011.




77


Clifford, 5768; .  47.




78


 , 68.




79


Clifford, passim; R. E. Clements, God and Temple (Oxford, 1965), 47; Kraus, 201204.




80


 71:7.




81


 45:611; 47:1314.




82


  -,  . Schniedewind, 65.




83


 , 6566.




84


Niditch, 339377.




85


 17:912; 31:213;  5:23;  4:6.




86


1  25:26; 2 5:12.




87


 1:2; Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 152153.




88


4  2:118; 4:38.




89


 29:1314.




90


 8:16; 30:8;  36:13;  2:23.




91


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 143144.




92


 7:14.




93


Finkelstein and Silberman, 206212.




94


 2:67.




95


 5:2124.




96


 1:3; 2:3; 6:14; 2:416.




97


 7:17.




98


A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rule of Conquered Territory in Ancient Western Asia, in Jack Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Near East (New York, 1995), 959968.




99


 3:8.




100


 7:15.




101


 9:1.




102


 1:9.




103


 20:9.




104


 1:2; Abraham Heschel, The Prophets, 2 vols. (New York, 1962), I, 5257.




105


 3:15.




106


 14:1.




107


Carr, Holy Resilience, 25.




108


 6:6 (  . . .).




109


Carr, Holy Resilience, 25, 3536.




110


 12:35.




111


 12:13.




112


 11:4.




113


 11:5.




114


 6.




115


 2:23.




116


 7:14; ,    ,     ().




117


 9:2.




118


 9:6.




119


 9:6.




120


4  21:118; 2 33:110.




121


Ahlstr?m, 734.




122


Richard Eliot Friedman, 8788.




123


4  22.




124


 27.




125


 17:1420.




126


4  22:17.




127


4  23:420.




128


Jan Assmann, What is Cultural Memory?, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 3.




129


Bernard M. Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1997), 148149.




130


 11:21; 12:5.




131


 17:1820.




132


 44:1519;  8.




133


 7:2226.




134


Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 134146.




135


 4:49, 44.




136


Niditch, 100.




137


 6:49.




138


 1:8.




139


Jan Assmann, What is Cultural Memory?, in Assmann, Religion and Cultural Memory, 1920.




140


 8:3.




141


 6:1012.




142


Assmann, Cultural Memory, 191193.




143


 36:29.




144


Niditch, 104105.




145


Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford, 2001); S. C. Kak, On the Chronology of Ancient India, Indian Journal of History and Science, 22, 3 (1987); Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987).




146


Holdrege, 229230.




147


Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68.




148


  5.5.3,  . J. G. Staal, The Concept of Scripture in Indian Tradition, in Juergensmeyer and Barrier, eds., 122123; Coburn, 104.




149


Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 139.




150


Carpenter, 20.




151


Brian K. Smith, 2026.




152


Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires.




153


Doniger, The Hindus, 114.




154


Whitaker, 2428.




155


 () 4.22.9; 8.100.1.




156


 4.1.15.




157


 1.166.7; 6.66.10.




158


 9.111.3; 8.66.9; 2.25.24.




159


Renou, Religions of Ancient India, 6566.




160


 , 19.




161


 10.4.35.




162


 3.7.2; 8.18.10; 8.91.56.




163


Mahony, 1113.




164


 10.90; 1.164.41.




165


Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age, 403.




166


Heesterman, Broken World, 126.




167


Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 130.




168


Griffiths, 5859.




169


Elizarenkova, 19.




170


 8.48.3, 11; . Doniger.




171


 3.59.1.




172


 8.48.9; 3.5.3; 1.26.24; . Doniger.




173


 1.164.46; . Doniger.




174


 1.11.9; 5.41.17; 6.74.2; Mahony, 102104.




175


 10.125.1, 78; . Doniger.    ,   .




176


 1:12.




177


Sloek, 6367.




178


Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 234.




179


Johannes Ruysbroek, De Spiegel dar Ensige Sulichpichest, .  Dupr, 454 ( ).




180


Johnston, 33, 5557.




181


 6.9.6; . Doniger.




182


 1.139.2; . Gonda, Vision, 69; . 1.18.5; 1.139.2; 1.22.




183


Elizarenkova, 1617.




184


Gonda, The Indian Mantra.




185


Michael Witzel, Vedas and Upanisads, in Flood, ed., Blackwell, Companion to Hinduism, 69, 71; Holdrege, 278; Gonda, Vision, 39, 4250.




186


 5.29.15; . Griffith.




187


Mahony, 216218.




188


Elizarenkova, 1516.




189


Gonda, Vision, 2734, 5657.




190


Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What Is Scripture?, 138.




191


 4.13.23.




192


 6.70.1.




193


Elizarenkova, 1718.




194


 10.54.2.




195


Renou, Religions of Ancient India, 5, 11.




196


Elizarenkova, 2628.




197


 7.23.




198


Findly, 3244.




199


 6.9.1; . Findly.




200


 6.9.3; . Findly (   . . .).




201


 .




202


 3.53.1516.




203


 10.71.12; . Doniger.




204


 , . 4.




205


 , . 5.




206


 , . 6.




207


Gonda, Change and Continuity, 200.




208


Renou, Sur la notion de brahman.




209


Heesterman, Inner Conflict, 7072, 73.




210


 10.129.67; . Doniger.




211


Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, 39; Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68; Jan Gonda, Samhitas and Brahmanas (Wiesbaden, 1974).




212


Klostermaier, Survey of Hinduism, 68.




213


Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, 37.




214


Mahony, 121.




215


  () 6.11; Heesterman, Broken World, 150.




216


Padoux, 297298.


