     .  2.      18-      
 

 


       18-      .





 

 

     

 2

     18-      





 I. 





 1


      18-    ,      ,           .

 . .  : ,      (  . ),  ,     ,    ;         ,      -,     . ,   ,         18 .       ,         ,   ;      ,       ,   ,           .           黻[1 - Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 184.].

,           ,         common-law company, the lineal ancestor of the modern trading company     ,     .        ,     .         (transferable shares).        .   17-       18-       .

  ,         ,    .      .      ,         .  Jonathans  - (Change Alley)        (Stock-jobbers     ,        . )   .

 1773              ,               (London Stock Exchange)  -   - (Capel Court),    .

,          ,      . .  :          - .          ,         ,    ,    .           ,     ,         .           projector (),    ,       . ,          ,        Geneva,     [2 - Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 186.].

      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .   ,   1720    The Battle of the Bubbles (  ),      ,     ,  ,   fifty more whose names would blast the readers eyes to look upon them   ,         .

   .         ,          ,     .     .

        III      - ,               .     ,           40  50%.    (Chancellor of the Exchequer)   (John Aislabie)        6%             (South Sea Company).  , ,   ,       (debentures)      , , ,           , ,  ,      .

            ,         ,    .            5%.

    ,   ,    South Sea Company   ? 100   ? 128?   1720   ? 1   ,       ? 175.          ,  ,          [3 - ., Timbs John// https://susanaellisauthor.wordpress.com/tag/change-alley-during-the-south-sea-bubble/.].  ,  ,        ? 794 451.    ,    ,     .








  (1721).     



  ,        ,             .              .        ,        .                .         1720    Bubble Act,    ,  ,  (         ) All undertakings tending to the prejudice of trade, and all subscriptions, etc., thereto, or presuming to act as corporate bodies without lawful authority, and all acting under obsolete charters, etc., shall be deemed illegal and void, and all such undertakings deemed public nuisances   ,    , ,  ,     ,           ,   [],     ,     ,         ꒻.      ,   ,           24 1718 .        South Sea Company.         Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation  London Assurance Corpoartion,      .








Change Alley    



      ,      .   1720     ? 900.     ,    ,      ? 640.     ,       ,   ? 1 .

    .        ,         .      5-     ? 3,           .     ,     ,   .          .       ? 130-135.          ,      .     .       ,      .    :    ? 30   .  ,    ̻

  ,   ,            1800 .      : (   ,    )








      



   .       ,   , ,              ,  ,          ,    , , ,  ,  Sun Fire Office  -       .        ,  ,         ,      .           , ,  ,   .     ,  ,        ,        ? 250  ?1 .    ,    Fleet.

     ,    18-      .     ,      ,    .

        22 1720 :                         ,      .

             , ,        ,        ;            (,        );             [4 - Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18th Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Part I, Chapter VII. . 120.].

              ,   ..,     ,    (Sir Nicholas Lechmere).

  ,        ,           ,        .    (Crown tavern)       (Smithfield)          ,     ,     .    - (Fountain street)   -       ,      ,                   (  from Death by drinking Geneva).       - (Exchange Alley)      (William Helmes)        (Assurance of Female Chastity).        (Assurance from Lying),    ,   ,      ,   ,   .   ,          .

   , ,  -,     .

, ,       .  ,    ,      ,  ,  1710 ,          (Dorothy Petty).       .              ,    ? 500  ,   -    8 1711 .

,    ,      ,       . Ÿ         []     ,       .           ,  ,    ,   ,   ,    ,        .

  ,     ,    ,   ,         ,     ,  ,      ,    ;        .

           Amicable Society for Perpetual Assurance (      . ). ,    廅

   ,                   17- . ,     ,        . ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  ,   ,             . ,    ,       ,       .

    1720     ,     .             .    ,     ,     .      -   ,  ,                 .         ,    ,   ,         .

 ,     III   ,      30  100,           . , ,   ,       10   6    ,         .

 ,    1758    Goss v. Withers (the David and Rebeccah)  ,       ,    ,    ,      . , ,       ,  -          .

 ,      ,  ,   ,   ,  the insured had no interest, so there could be no indemnity; and the only question was, whether the event had happened; and to determine this, it was necessary to set up something as making a total loss between third persons, though the ship was safe, in order to determine the question upon the wager.     ,    ,    ,    ,        -        ,    ,     [5 - Cole Edward. (2013), Total Loss Claims on Piratical Capture, Durham theses, Durham University. . 32.  (1758) 96 ER 1198, (1758) 2 KENY 325, (1758) 2 BURR 683. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9378/].

.      :           1745 .   Goss ,             (.. ,    ,     ,     ,            . )       .       ,       ,     ,         .   ,       ,     ,         [6 - Cole Edward. (2013), Total Loss Claims on Piratical Capture, Durham theses, Durham University. . 32.  (1758) 96 ER 1198, (1758) 2 KENY 325, (1758) 2 BURR 683. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9378/. . 32].

  Public Advertiser 6 1771   :         ,     ,       ,        ,   ;             [7 - .  . Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 197.].

       1774    Gambling Act      An Act Regulating Insurance upon Lives, and for prohibiting all such Insurance except in cases where the person insuring shall have an interest in the Life or Death of the Person Insured  ,   ,      ,   ,          .          ,     ,                 .

   1720 .   18-                .            ,  .          ,       .            ,    .   ,  ,     Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation  London Assurance Corporation,       ,   , ..  .

.     ,             .    Reasons humbly offered in behalf of the Hudson-Bay Company, that they may be Exempted in the Clause that will be offered for Suppressing the Insurance Offices  ,      Hudson-Bay Company,  ,       ,       .

,         ,     :           ,         ? 1 800  ,         .    ,    []        ,  , ,          Hudson-Bay Company.

     .  Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation Act 1719 (          1719 ,     1720 ,           1719,      1720  . )    I      , ,  ,      .

             .

    Royal Exchange  1720 ,      ,     ,      London Assurance Corporation.

 1564   Mines Royal Company     Letters Patent   .

25 1568           Governors, Assistants, and Commonalty of the Mines Royal  Governors, Assistants and Society of the Mineral and Battery Works.          (working licenses),        .  1604  1605         I,   1714 ,      Mines Royal, Mineral and Battery Works,     ,      - .

  1716    (Mr. Case Billingsley),      Messrs. Bradley and Billingsley,     Public Assurance Office (  )         .     Mercers Hall Marine Company.         ? 1       ,      1716 ,  , 12 1717 ,   16 1718 .      Royal Exchange.         Royal Exchange Assurance.

         ,  25 1718            ()   .   286 .

      Knights, Citizens and Merchants,     (John Williams)           .   ,      ,      ,      Royal Exchange.    1718 .        ,         The Court of Assistants of the Mines Royal, Mineral and Battery Works                ? 2.

          1 , ,  ,          .    ,      ,          ,       [8 - ., Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain, London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 90.].

,       ,       ,   375 ,       ,     .  ,       ,     ,             .       (Sir Gilbert Heathcote),








 



 ,    ,       ,     , :

        ;

  ,       ,     ;

        ;

        - ;

          ,  ,   .

  ,  ,        ,   ,   111         (John Day).      ,     .

2 1718           -      (Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations),        ,       (Attorney General)   (Edward Northey)      (Solicitor General)   (William Thompson). -    ,     ,        .          .

     ,         ,     ;      ,            ;                , ,  ,              .

      ,   ,  ,       ,       ,     ,     .      ,        ,       ,       .

               (Attorney Generals Chambers)      ,     ,   .

          .

 ,      .

 ,      , ,  ,            ( )     (Lord Onslow  Thomas Onslow)    (Lord Chetwynd).








       Surrey County Hall



      ,     .

                  ,       ,        .     ,   ,   ,         ,     (William Smith),    United Company of Insurers (    ),  :  - ,    ,        -,     [9 - .  . Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. . 47.].

      Mercers Hall Marine Company,       .  Mercers Hall  ,          ,      .

27 1718         ,  22 1718            Mines Royal, Mineral and Battery Works.     ,     Onslows Insurance.

3 1719   Daily Courant     ,  ,          ,     9       .     ,           .

  1719  Mercers Hall Marine Company   ,  ,   ,       ? 1, 152,          Governors and Court of Assistants and Societies of the Mines Royal Mineral and Battery Works     .   1719    ,     ,           ,    .

        ,     , ,        ,     .      183 .

         ,  .          .

          Mines Royal   1720             .

 , 22 1719      (Marine Coffee House)         .    ? 2.    512 ,    1720          .

   ,        ,          ,           ,      ,        .              ,            , , ,   .   ,        ,        ,      .   ,                   .

 ,            (Chetwynds Bubble)   ,       Mercers Hall Marine Company.   ,       ,     .         (. society of merchants incorporated),    .     Mines Royal    .   ,    ,      ,  ,            .

  1720           (Philip Helbut)  73  ,     Shales Insurance,  ,         ,       ,    ,            .       .

  , ,     ,      .     163 ,    ,   Mines Royal ,                .   ,       ,  ,    ? 100,       ? 20 ,   ,        ? 500.     ,    ,       ,            ,               ? 20    .       ,        ,    ,       ,          ,         .

  ,       ?         ? 2 -  .

      .

 ,  1720 ,        1718 ,             Mercers Hall Marine Company  1717 .           ,        .

   ,        ,  Mines Royal       1719 . ,             ? 1 259 604       ? 4 300,    500 ,     , ,   ,  .       (   ),     ,    Mines Royal    (      . )      .      ,            ,       ,   ,  .    ,                       Mines Royal,       ,       ,         [10 - Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. . 53.].

 ,       .      ,       1719    Reasons Humbly offerd By the Societies of the Mines Royal, etc., who Insure Ships and Merchandize with the Security of a Deposited Joint-Stock (,    Mines Royal,         ),               ,          18- ,    ,        .

    :        ,      ;          ,         ,            [11 - Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. Reference 1, p. 55.].  , ,      ,        .

    ,   ,    ,       ,   .        ,    73 ,      ,         ,  ,   ,        (  taking the wind out of their enimies sails),    .     , , ,    ,      ,    ,     ,     ,     ? 500    ,       -  .

  ,   ,    ,      ,        .       ,   ,    ,         ,  22 1720 ,     ,              , ,        ,          ,           .

    ,  ,     ,  .         , ,   , -       .

          ,             Mines Royal,     ,      Shales Insurance.        ,  3 1719/20 ,   Mines Royal.

        ,              .   ,    Mines Royal,   Mineral and Battery Works   ; ,     ,    ;       ,         ,   .

     ,          ,              .  ,           ,    .

  ,   5  9 1720 ,    .

,       ,  15   ,             .     ,       ,    , ,    .     ,        ,      ,     .     ,   1718            .

  ,  ,    ,          .        ,           ,        ,        .

   ,                      ,      .         .

,        ,   ,      .      ,          (civil list  ,           ),        .          I ? 600       . .  ,     ? 90 [12 - .,  .   // , 17 2010 , 19 (774).].

 ,       ? 156   .      , ,     ,      .

 ,    ,   :            ,     ,               ;             ,       ;  , ,     ,             ,      ,           ,                 .      [ ]       ,                     -    [13 - House of Commons Journal, Vol. XIX. . 355-6, 357-8.].

   . 6          ,             . 12        ,   ,  31         123     22 .      ,  10    (Royal Assent).

  ,            .   ,  ,       ,           10%, ,  ,     4%.








 ,             ? 1   ,            ,   ,          ( stock of ready money)       ,        ,    .   4   :          ,           ,     ;                   (court of record)    ,     ,              .

     ,    , , ,           ,         .      ,   ,      ,          ,    ,      .

   12 :                         -    -           ,        ; ,  -   ,     (    ,    ),  -           ..,         ,      ,              (  shall be forfeited)    ,     ,   ,           .   -   ,    ,          ,     ,       :   ,              ,           ,   .         .

    ,     ,   ,  ,   ,    .  ,    , ,        ,      ,    ,    ,    ,                          24 1720         ,      ipso facto (   )  ,        ,          .   ,    ,               -     -   ,     ,     ,               ,      .

,  Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation  London Assurance Corporation,   , , ,        . ,      ,         .  ,  13 :  -       (  common seal),    -   ,   ,      -       ..,          ,   ,     ,      -  ,  ,  ,              .  ,         ,    .

  14:        ,  ,              ..  ; ,  -       ,  -      ,          -     ,     ,      ,    .

           ,   ,    3-    ,   ,   ,    .

  16 ,     31    ,         ,      ,       (Great seal),    ;       - , scire facias (..       ,      )  ...    17:  ,       31    31     ,    -       ..      .

         18:  ,   24 1718                        ,         ,        ,             ,    ;  ,                 ,                           ,        , ,   ,    ,               ,           .    ,          24 1718   ,       ,   ,           -       ,     ;      24 1718        ,  ,     ,         ,                             ,      ;     24 1718           ,         ,      ;             ( ,      )  ,        ,       .

  ,   24 1720   ,      ..              ,     ,            .

  22     -   ,        24 1718 ,    .

  7 Geo I c. 27 s. 26 (Pension Duties Act 1720) (51)  ? 300          .      , ,      ,      1721     ? 111 250      ,   ,       -        ,    .   , , ,   ,                         .

           1720 ,      22 1720 .              .            ,          ? 150 .     ,   , -   .

  1720    Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation      ,   Saddlers Hall.  London Assurance Corporation        ,   ,         ,    1721             .








 London Assurance Corporation   Mercatorum. Salus (.  )



    ,      .       London Assurance          12 ,       1720 ,     .     ,   . ,   London Assurance,      10%,     160%   16       ,     [ 1720 ]  60%,        15%,    12%;                      [14 - .  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. . 156].

  .         ,         ,   ,   ,          . ,         ,   Royal Exchange,  ,        .               .

        .

 1810         ,                  ,   ,      , ,  ,    .

    ,          ,   ,      ,   150,      .

 Bubble Act 1720      1824 ,      .

 ,   20-  18-      ,         ,       ,      ,     ,   ,         .        ,      ,         ,          ,                ( wild cat schemes).

 1793       Royal Exchange Assurance Act 1793,             ,  Royal Exchange Assurance   Royal Exchange Assurance Annuity Company.

 1796     Royal Exchange Assurance Act 1796  London Assurance Act 1796,        ,           ,   ,  , ,          .

 1801     Bank Notes Forgery Act 1801  Stamp (Ireland) Act 1801, ,   ,     ,   ..,     , ,     .

   London Assurance,      1806  1811 ,         ,  ,       ,    ,        ,         .        (,   20-       ,    ,   )      .        18-  -   ,          .  1744  1746          (  )  Commission for the Distribution of Reprisals, ,     ,         .

      ,  ,   . Ÿ        .              ,      Sun Fire Office,    10   . ,  1721      ,      .          .    Sun Fire Office      .

  ,  1810          ,       .     , ,   1825 ,           .

 1830    Bribery, East Redford Act  London Assurance    .

10 1838       ,             Royal Exchange Assurance.

  ,   ,        ,      .   London Assurance    London Assurance for Ships,         ,   London Assurance for Houses,       .  1852  (69)          London Assurance Corporation.      London Assurance Loan Company.

  Sun Fire Office       ,  ,         .       1853   - ,        .         ,   .            1872 ,         .

 1881     -      .         .  (J.C.Powell)  1822  1846 . .         1830- .      (Alexander Aubert),     1787  1805 .,    .








 



     ,    ,        - 25 1748 .       ,     18-     .      19-      1906   -,           ? 966 750.

  ,  1824   Alliance Assurance Company     1720 ,         London Assurance Corporation  Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation.         London Assurance.            ,   Commercial & General Life Assurance Company  1853       Asylum Life Assurance Company.  1853      ,        .

           19- ,   ,             Pelican Life Assurance.

                .  ,    1945         ? 1.

          ,         .

       ,              .      1938 ,     ,                ,             .            ,      1942 ,   ? 2,5.,           .

 1891    ,               London Assurance Corporation.

     , ,       ,    1891 ,       ,           1897         (Workmens Compensation Act).








  London Assurance Corporation 1906 



      20- .  , London Assurance Corporation  1965     Sun Alliance Insurance,  Sun Alliance and London Insurance plc,   1996      Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Group.    Royal Exchange Assurance,   1968     Guardian Assurance Company     Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance.     .

   ,   ,     .   1694     (Hugh Chamberlen),    ,      ,        - ,    19-    .








      



         ,     1840         Guarantee Society.

        (Henry Rodgers),   ,    ,     ,       .     (George Palmer)          ,  ,   27 1839         Palmer, Hope and Son.         ,            (fidelity insurance).      ,             . 24 1840      .

 1891          ,     (deed of settlement)     ,              . 2 1914      Yorkshire Insurance Company Ltd., ,   ,  1967     General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Ltd..              ,   1932         ,     .  1976      ? 1.  1991    ,  ,     (. pecuniary loss insurance  . ). 31 2005          CGU Insurance Limited,     ,    ,    Insurance Australia Group (IAG). 1 2007    .

  Post Magazine Almanack  1849            General Insurance Company,     1843     , Agriculturist Cattle Insurance Company,     1845 ,  United Kingdom Cattle Insurance Company,   1847 .     ,      . ,     ,       Agriculturist Cattle     ,     1861 .

    (accident insurance), ,          (steam power),        1840-             .

      .        special accident risks (  , ..      ),    1845     ,       ()     (personal accident insurance).     ,  ,        ,  Railway Passengers Assurance Company (http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/railway-passengers-assurance-company/).

        (H.F.Holt)     (E. Hudson)         ,       .     ,    24 1848 .      John Dean Paul, George Berkeley Harrison  Samuel Whitfield Daukes,        .       ,            .   15 1848       Universal Casualty Compensation Company     ,     ,      ,     ,     ,    .

    Universal Casualty     Railway Passengers Assurance  17 1849    .  .  ,    22 1849 [15 - Walford Cornelius. The Insurance Guide and Hand Book, The Insurance Guide and Handbook. Being a Guide to the Principles and Practice of Life Assurance; And a Hand-Book of the Best Authorities on the Science. London, Charles and Edwin Layton, 1900. . 245.].      ,  ,           1849 .

      ,              ,           ,    .

      ,          ,            .   1849    The Times        .          .          ,        ,   .  ,  Railway Passengers   ,       ,           .








   1875 



10 1849     ,          . ,    ,     ? 7  6 .  1850     32  .

26 1852     ,              ,             18 1855 .

6 1862             Railway Passengers Assurance Company.













  



   1881       .  1885      .  (W.A.Sandys)           (Insurance Railway Guide).         .     ,    8            .

 1892     ,      .   1897       ,    (fidelity guarantee),              ,     .   1897           ,   1899              ,             .

 1900         ,  1905    ,   1910     . 26 1910       North British & Mercantile Insurance Company,   1959      Commercial Union Assurance Company Ltd..    North British & Mercantile            ,           (  contingency insurance)   1911     Railway Passengers.








    14 1911 



 1912      ,   1914   .  1920             .

 1962       Commercial Union Assurance Company of Australia Ltd.,   1963        ,   ,    .  1964        Mercantile Insurance Company of America,  ,   North British & Mercantile.  1965         Commercial Union Assurance Company of South Africa Ltd.,          .  1966       Hibernian Insurance Company Ltd..

 1968      Commercial Union,   1971                    Commercial Union. 23 1981        11 2002      Railway Passengers Assurance Company Ltd.,  23 2005     .

 1849     Accidental Death Insurance Company (http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/accidental-death-insurance-company-1/),             ,  ,         .      Accidental Death Indemnity Association,   1850        .

      (George Sands Sidney),         ,      3-    .        (Edward Ryley)       ,       .  ,        .

   :   ,    ,           ,               ;  ,        .  ,       ,         ,   ,       ,    ,    [16 - www.aviva.com.].

       .      1852 ,                  .

 1854 ,    ,        .     ,     ,      .

  1850-                     .           Travellers and Marine Insurance Company,      Accidental Death Insurance Company.  1906       Commercial Union Assurance Company Ltd..

  ,                    ,     .             ,  Annuities in the event of Blindness, Insanity, Paralysis, Accidents, or any other bodily or mental affliction totally disabling the Assured     , , ,    -     ,     .

 1851            ,      ,   double benefits if death resulted from a railway accident   ,       .    (1854 )     World-wide General Accident Policy, ..         .  1867          .

 1880       ,          ,      1897       ().

.. ,   1888   -      .   1888   Scottish Accident Insurance Company,    Scottish Insurance Corporation,    Scottish Life Assurance Company 50%        ,     ? 1          (Arthur George Wilson).       ,  16 1888 [17 - Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 57.].

 Scottish Insurance Corporation   12 1877   Scottish Accident Insurance Company Ltd..                :








  1914 



             ,      ,   ,       ,     ,    ,      .

    ? 7  10    1 1877     (Henry Whittington)   . 27 1878                  .  1885               1 480 .  1896          .     27 1896      Scottish Accident Life and Fidelity Insurance Company.  17 1906      Scottish Accident Life and General Insurance Company Ltd..  1906        ,     , ,  ,  ,  ,   , ,       1907        .

29 1911         Scottish Insurance Corporation Ltd.,   1919     Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society.  1934        .   1963       .         Yorkshire Insurance Company Ltd.,   1967     General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corporation Ltd.. 28 2005          Ocean Marine Insurance Company Ltd.,  25 2007     .

,                     .    ..        Scottish Insurance Corporation Ltd.   Scottish Metropolitan Assurance Company,    1890 ,      ,            ,     1887       [18 - GoldingC.E. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 57.].

    .            1865       Burglary Insurance Company.  1875            National Burglary Insurance Company,   United States Theft and Burglary Insurance Company of New York  1876 ,   1879  Burglary and Theft Insurance Company of New York.  ,      .    1889    ,          , Mercantile Accident and Guarantee Insurance Company of Glasgow.  1892       Guardian Assurance Company,   ,                   , ..        .

 ,       ,       surplus basis     .    ,     . .     ,                .  (1)    ;  (2)    .       , ,  ,         ,    ,        [19 - Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 43.].      ,     , .    : (1)     ; (2)   ; (3)  ;  (4)     [20 - ., Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 44.].

   .   19- , ..  ,       ,   ,      ,     ,     -       ,  ,           [21 - Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 19.]. (4)        2 1927    Insurance Record.     ,           chom?ge (..         ),       1860 ,  ,          .  1797    Minerva Universal      ,  1821     Beacon, ,   ,    1853   General Indemnity.

  ,      -  ,    19-            .  Acme Insurance Company,     1896 ,       1899 ,    .   1901     Profits and Income Insurance Company,     Acme,   1907      Legal Insurance Company,          ,          .




 2


 .  1825             ,   .  1793      ,         .         ,       ,        (tables of contributions)   .         (mortality tables).  ,        (Northampton Mortality Table)  1783 .       ,          .  ,   ,   ,     .

 1827      (John Finlaison)      .








 



        ,         ,  ,   ,        .

    ,         Equitable Life Assurance Company,     (Griffith Davies).         Tables of Life Contingencies,   1825 .

         ,  Aberdeen,  Scottish Provincial Assurance Company, ?gis (     ), Alliance ( ,     ,    ), Crown Life, Standard, University    .

     ,   1826           (Charles Babbage)








Charles Babbage



  Comparative View of the various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives (      ).

    Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (   ),    1864 ,       :   ,  ,      ,         ,          .                          Gotha[22 - Babbage. Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, New Brunswick, N. J. : Rutgers University Press; Piscataway, N. J. : IEEE Press, 1994. . 27.].

   (Comparitive View)     ,     Equitable Life,     ,    .           assurance (   )  insurance (   ).

 1826        : Promoter, Scottish Amicable (  )  Sheffield (   ).

  1827    Edinburgh Review :             .      ,  ,         44   .    49,  5    [23 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 307.].

          1827 ,       ,         .          (Mortality table of Carlile).

       1843       ,                .

 1829     Clergy Mutual Assurance Society,








  



  1830      National Life Assurance Society.








       



 1829  ,   ,      Friendly Societies Act 1829, ,  ,         .

            Table of the Mortality of Government Annuitants (    ),    ,      ,      ,   .

          .

 1831      (William Fraser)   Remarks on the Principles and Defects of the present Associations for Life Assurance, with a view of the Preliminary Arrangements for instituting the Scottish Economic Life Assurance Society,                .

 1834     ,      ,  Friendly Societies Act 1834,           ,  , ,       , , ,   -      ,   ,   -  ,    .          nominee policies (  ),          ,   ,          -   ,      (probate),       (letters of administration)  ..           .

         .      .      ,   , ..   ,    ,         .

 1835        (Charles James Ansell)








  



    A Treatise on Friendly Societies in which the Doctrine of the Interest of Money and the Doctrine of Probability are applied to the Affairs of such Societies (   ,             )       (Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge),








     



  ,         .

1836          ,       ,       Act for Registering Births, Deaths and Marriages in England.      ,        (Parochial Registration system),         VIII (1530 ),  ,      (Bills of Mortality)   ,        .       .            ,    (Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages).

.    :              ,        .   proof of age ( )   cause of death ( )          ,        [24 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 311.].

  1836         ,       .       Independent West Middlesex Life and Fire Assurance Company .   ,         ,            .   1696       ,         1836 ,      ? 1.    :  ,       ,     (William Hole),     ,      ,    30% ,    .      , ,   .           ,  Bank of England,         . ,  , ,    .   ,      ,       ? 250 .     , ,  ,  ,      ,  ,  ,      .    ,     .

  ,       (Peter Mackenzie),   Scottish Reformers Gazette,   ,   .

     ,      ,   ,  , ..  ,      .  1840           Post Magazine,          .








    25 1840 



              , , ,           -   ,      .

   (John Hooper Hartnoll), ,      ,     .     West Middlesex     ,              ,           [25 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 311.].          . ,   1853       (E. Cardwell).

,  West Middlesex Swindle, ,   .     1844     Actions for Gaming Act 1844,    1844         ,           .

         West Middlesex Swindle.  1836       : Legal and General, Licensed Victuallers (. ,      , -Monarch), Liverpool and London (    )  Minerva.          : Britannia, Dissenters and General, National Loan Fund (-International Life), National Mercantile Life, Royal Naval Benevolent  Scottish Provident.

 1838        (Augustus De Morgan)








  



    Essay on Probabilities, and on their application to Life Contingencies and Insurance Offices,








         ,      .  ,  ,       ,             .

 .   1839    80     .           ? 500,          ? 40. , ,    ,      Equitable  7 481      ? 14 [26 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 312.].

 1840       .           ? 200. ,   ,         Savings Banks ( )         (Commissioners of the National Debt).         Nominee policies.

   1840      (Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge  SDUK    1826  1848 )        (David Jones) On the Value of Annuities and Reversionary Payments (     [ ] ),      ,        .

 1841          ,   .          ;            .         .  ,   , ,                  .

       1844 .  , ..  1843 ,   ,  :

1.   5-    ,    (Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages)       English Life Table,      ,    (Dr. William Farr),








  



2.    (Committee of Actuaries)   ,   ,   Insured Life           .      Seventeen Offices Experience Table.

 1843     100           ? 1 000,     ? 100.       ? 50.

   1844 ,  , ,     ,   ,     ,  ,   ,  ,              .

 1845       48    ,    .    21 , ..  ,   ,   1900      Royal Naval Benevolent Society.

 1851    Assurance Magazine,         ,     ,            .

 1852      .      Insurance Controversy ( ).    (Robert Christie)           (Edward Cardwell),    ,                ,            .       25  ,  ,                ? 745 010,     ? 287 339,        ? 87 989,  ? 369 700      .  ,    50%  .        ,   ,     .

 25      ,    . .    :   , ,      ,      ,        ,  ,      ,    , [27 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 443-444.].

   1844  1853    311  ,   140     .     ,        1852 ,  174,  , 42     132  .

    ,        Nomination policies (,         ).               ,    ? 500,     .

     ,  Post Magazine, . ,   ,        ,              .          ,  ,  ,     ,   .       .

8 1853       to take into consideration the subject of Assurance Associations        .   ,      ,        ,            .

     1853            (Select Parliamentary Committee)      .

       (Institute of Actuaries),   1848 ,          ,        .      ,    ,   1844      ,   1844 ,  ,    ,       .

 ,       1844   ,    ,             .    1856    (James Wilson),   ,     ,           , ,         -   ,       .  , -, - - ,        .   ,    ,    .

 1858              days of grace ( ), .. ,   ,       ,  ,    .       (     )  Pritchard v. Merchant and Tradesmens Mutual Life.      30-  .      13,   days of grace  12, ..  ,      . 14         .       for the premium for renewal of the policy to 13 October1856, inclusive        13 1856           ,       .  ,         .       ,     ,        ,    ,    days of grace.

 .   .   ,              .    1779               [28 - Morgan William. Doctrine of annuities and assurances on lives and survivorships, stated and explained, London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1779. P. 27.].           1858 .

  19-   ,     ,           , , ,   .           1846   Hyperlink,   1840 .

    17 1841 ,   1846        Magniac, Jardine & Company            .  1848     Provident Clerks Mutual Life Assurance Association.

 1859          ,   1860     ,    Great Western Railways.

28 1995         General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Ltd.,            General Accident Linked Life Assurance Ltd. 1 1996      Provident Mutual Life Assurance Ltd. Provident Mutual,  , 13 2003     .

1862-1870 .           .        The Companies Act, 1862.                (Government Scheme of Life Assurance and Annuities).

 1867        ,             (notices of assignment).

 1869     ,   .       Albert Life Assurance Company,   European Life Assurance Company.

 1862     ,       ,       .               ,     (Letters Patent).            ,   ,         ,   .      ,            .

       Memorandum of Association,    ,    .  ,          ,   ultra vires (  ),       .

   1862   ,      .   4     .    6 ,     ,   ,  ,              ,        .     209    ,     1844 ,      2 1862 ,           ,         .

     ,     1864 , ,   , , ,  ,       ,    ,      . ,          ? 5  ? 100    14  65 ,       8  14        ? 5.  ,       ,  ? 100.      ? 25    .

      1867       ()    .          (absolute assignment).

  1869     ,        ,         (monetary tables),         .  ,  ,            .     monetary table   .      -Disability Compensation Rates Table, Disability Benefit Table  ..

  Albert Life Assurance Company   1867        ,       .  ,   1838 ,        26   .                .           1866 .

       ,  ,               ,     .               .

   European Life Assurance Company, ,       ,     Albert,          .           .

 1870      , ,       ,        .    9   ,         .           .          (Court of Chancery    1873 )    ? 20 ,       ,      ,    ,   ? 40 .      ,     .  ,       ,     .        ,      .      ,   ,       .   ,      1870       Ladies Life Assurance Company,                 .   ,        .     ,      ? 20 .  ,         .

         .     ,          .     :            (Revenue Account and Balance Sheet),   ,    ,        ,              .

      ,      .  ,  14 ,                   ,         ,     ,  1/10    ,      .          22,         .

   1870        (George King):     [  ]          ,                 ;    ,              ,   ,            [29 - Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vide, xxix., p. 491.].

1870           .         ,        ,           ,     .       Married Womens Property Act 1870,        1882 ,               .

              .             19- ,    1850-1860-        .   ,   ,    ,   ,     .    ,     ,          . ,   1870            Equitable  New York Life. ,         1870 .    ,                  .

1870           .    ,   1873 ,         ,           .  ,     ,      .  1875        ,      21 659 ,    1 787 291 ,     ? 8 630 525[30 - ., 38 & 39 Vict. . 60  Friendly Societies Act 1875.].   . ,     ,      4       ? 11 [31 - Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 463.].

 ,   1870  1900      .  ,          ,     1856 ,           .    ,                        .           ,   ,    ,       (lapsed policies),            (..       ).

    1745 .      1601 ,         ,            ,  ,                  ,    .

 1745    ,         19 Geo. II, cap. 37   An Act to regulate insurance on ships belonging to the subjects of Great Britain and on merchandises or effects laden thereon (       ,   ,     ,    ).    ,        :      (.. ),     ,  ,      ,     ;     ,  ,         ,     ,          [32 - .  . Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, 3


 ed. David Maclachlan, Vol. II, London: Stevens & Sons, H. Sweet, and W. Maxwell, 1866; http://books.google.com (http://books.google.com/), pp. 1093-1094.].

   1745        ,         .    ,   17-     ,     -          .  , ,        - ,         .        ,        ,        .  18-        ,            .

   1745         .               ,      .

,       ,   :

   ,      ,                 (  without further proof of interest than the policy)    (..  ),             ,  ,      ;               ,      ,       ,      ,     ;              ,         ,  ,       ,         [33 -    .  . Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 349-351.].

       ,     ,        .

       .

  :   , ,           ,    ,  -   ,     -  ,       ,                        ,    ,   ,          ;              .

         (  privateers)        :   ,       ,  -           ,               ,              ,  ,         .

       :   ,       -       ,       ,      ,      .

 4  .     ,     ,               ,  -    ,       - (..   ..),           ,          ,          ;  ,              ,  ,         ,   ;        ,   ,       ,           ,     ,   ;   ,                   ,   ,            ,         ,                            ,      .

    ,          .   ,                -,          -        ,      .

    .     ,     ,       .

   ,        ,   .    ,  ,   ,         ,     , ,       ,        .        , ,  , ,        ,       .

     Thellusson v. Fletcher,     .       ,      ,    [34 -          1625   1804 .]  .      :                  Le Soigneux, La Pucelle, Le Vainquer.    ) 25     (. clayed sugar)  12  (   228  )    (  muscovados):          (  the policy to be deemed sufficient proof of interest, in case of loss).      ,     ,   ,     Le Soigneux (),  .   ,        ,           ,       ,   .

          ,                 ,            -      - ,         .         (      . )   ,         .  ,              ,              ,   ;          , ,    ,       .  ,      ,              ,  .     ,      , ,       ,       .               [35 - ., Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 351-352.].

    Lucena v. Craufurd    .            ,      ,   ,        ,     ,      -  ,      -   .     ,       (Lord Lloyd Kenyon)  :       19 Geo II, c. 37[36 -     1745 .], ,   ,  ,       ,   - ,         ,      ,           ,     ( ),      ,   ,         .    ,    ,     ,   .       ,     -  ,      .    ,     ,     ,     ,             [37 - .  . Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 352-353.].

  ,   1745      ,   ,    ,     (valued policies),    .      ,  valued policies  ,     ,    Lewis v. Rucker     ,   .    ,   ,             .     ,         19 Geo. II. cap. 37.        ,        ;             ,      ,        .    ,       surplus (..    ).   ,    , ,  ,        ,   19 Geo. II,     .        ,    ,        . ,      ,             19 Geo. II,     ,    ,     . ,  ,     ? 2 000,            ,    ,  ,    ,        .   valued policies    ;        ,      .            .    ,    ,     ,    [38 - .  . Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 141-142.].

    . ..      :      ,       ,  , ,   1745       ,         ,    . ,  ,        ,       .  ,          ,         [39 - Golding Cecil Edward. The Law and Practice of Reinsurance. London, Buckley Press Limited, 1965. . 2-3.].

     ,    -    .    :

 :    [],    ,      ,         ,           ;   , ,                  , , ( 4)     养[40 - Marshall Samuel. A Treatise on the Law of Insurance in Four Books, Second American from the second London edition, U. S. cases collected by J.W.Condy, Philadelphia: William P. Farrand and Co., 1810. . 144.].

.  :   ,       .           ,          ,             [41 - Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 27.].

       . [42 - Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe 1982. . 677.]

   1745             ,      .   (Barry Supple)          ,    80-  18-   ,             ,      50%    -[43 - ., Supple Barry. A History of British Insurance, 1720-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiry Press, 1970. . 106.].

     , ..      ,      ,  .    19-        ,          , ,    .

  ..:       ,            ,   , ..,  ,    ,    . ,        ,    ,          [44 - Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931, p. 30.].

       ,     ,        .         (Hansard reports),      .








 ,    



..     :     1745 ,  ,        ;      ,         ,     .    ,   , ,       ,      ,          . ,          , ,    , ,   ,     (a man of substance)     ,    [45 - Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 31.].

    ,       ,       .        ,       , ,   ,       ,       .

      118  , 25 1864   27 & 28 Vict., cap. 56, sec. 1  Revenue (No. 2) Act 1864. ,      1867 ,     4  1745 .         ,   100    .         ,       The Times  8 1828 :   ,    ()     Alliance Marine Assurance Company,        . ,        Alliance        ? 110 000    40% (        . )  .        Almeira,       Princess Charlotte of Wales.         ,         ,                ? 25 000   .          ,           ,   ,   ,     40%   ,         31/6%[46 - .  . Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 33.].

  ,     ,   1824         ,          Imperial Fire (),     La Nationale ().      .

     1864     .  ,      Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Company,  ,          1827  1876      ,  ,     ,        - ,   1854     ,  1/6     [47 - .  . Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 33.].

    .   18-          ,    ,      ,       (chambers of insurance),       .   , ,   ,     ,      1601  (43rd Eliz. cap. 12) for the hearinge and determynyge of causes arisinge from pollicies of assurance (.       ,    ),   .          ,     -    ,   . ,     ,          ,      ,  ,      [48 - Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. Vol. II. London, A. Strahan, 1809. Chapter 20, . 532.].

 ,      ,      ,          ,     .   : ,   [ ]       18- . ,         1720 ,    ,          ,      .    ,    ,        ,       ,       .    , ,  ,      ,     , ,      .   ,        ,  , ,   ,      [49 - .  . Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 143-144.].

  1745    1788 [50 - 28 Geo 3, c. 56  Marine Insurance Act 1788.],       .

  19-  , ,      -  (Lord Eldons Rules),      .     ,      ,      .        ,    . ,  ,  Routh v. Thompson  Seagrave v. Union Marine Insurance Co.[51 - Routh v. Thompson (1809), 11 East 428  Seagrave v. Union Marine Insurance Co. (1866), LR 1 CP 305.].           ,          .

  (Joseph Arnould)        ,    :    (courts of equity),  ,    :          ,        ,    []      [52 - Arnould Joseph. A Treatise on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average: With References to the American Cases, and the Later Continental Authorites. Vol. II. 


 Ed. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850. . 1260.].    ,         ,     ,   ,           (Court of Chancery),  ,              -    [53 - ., Arnould Joseph. A Treatise on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average: With References to the American Cases, and the Later Continental Authorites. Vol. II. 


 Ed. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850. . 1261.].

  1745       :  1788 [54 - 19 Geo. 2, c. 37  Marine Insurance Act 1745.],  ,         ,   1795 [55 - 35 Geo. 3, c. 80  Shipping Act 1795.] ,             .

    1906 .     1745  1788     1906 [56 - 6 Edw. 7, c. 41  Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK).],         ,  ,             .

 1906        (Mackenzie Dalzell Edwin Stewar Chalmers).








  



 1894    Marine Insurance Codification Bill         (Sir Farrer Herschell),    - ,            1906    An Act to Codify the Law Relating to Marine Insurance (   ,   ).








 



   1906    .      -.          ,    ,  ,       .

               ,  ,   ,    1906 .    ,  ,      ,     ,  .   ,   ,     ,      ,       ,  .  ,           .

       ,   1906   ( 30)    Lloyds S. G. (Ship and Goods) Form of Policy,     1779 .  ,  ,     (Institute of London Underwriters)  ,   ,  ,     S.G.Policy.  1982  1983    ,          ,     (Cover sheet)     .    .

  19-  20-   increasing difficulty in passing any measure of law reform      -     ( , -    ,     )[57 - Chalmers Mackenzie Dalzell. Codification of Mercantile Law, 1903, 19 Law Quarterly Review 10 at 14.  Chalmers, Digest of the Law of Marine Insurance, 1


 Ed. William Clowes and Sons Limited, 1901.].   ,   ,    (Lord Loreburn).








 



          .  ,  ,   ,          .          ,       . -,    ,            . -,         .

           (Digest of Marine Insurance  1901 ),      ,   ,      .   ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  .     1901     2  ,     .

     1 1907 .       ,                   .

 ,    ,  ,     ,             , , -,        .

 , ,     .                .             .       ,   ,      ,  ,    .              ,         .   ,       (    1882       1893 )     ,        ,     ,        ,  ,        ,         [58 - Chalmers. An Experiment in Codification. 1886, 2 LQR 125 at 126.].    ,     :         ,      .     ,    .    ,         .   ,    ,         .          ,      ,  , ,  [59 - Chalmers. An Experiment in Codification, 1886, 2 LQR 128-129.].

     ,    ,           . ,        ,  , ,   ,      (P&I clubs).

    1906  :

  4 Insurable Interest  Avoidance of wagering or gaming contracts           :

  4 (1): Every contract of marine insurance by way of gaming or wagering is void     ,   ,  .

  4 (2): A contract of marine insurance is deemed to be a gaming or wagering contract

a. Where the assured has not an insurable interest as defined by this Act, and the contract is

entered into with no expectation of acquiring such an interest; or

b. Where the policy is made interest or no interest, or without further proof of interest

than the policy itself, or without benefit of salvage to the insurer, or subject to any

other like term       , :

)     ,   ,      ;

)             ,       .

  4     1909   Marine Insurance (Gambling Policies) Act 1909 [    (  ) 1909 ],          ,           .

      5,  :

  5 Insurable interest defined    :

  5 (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person has an insurable interest who is interested in a marine adventure        ,    ,    ;

  5 (2) In particular a person is interested in a marine adventure where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the adventure or to any insurable property at risk therein, in consequence of which he may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property, or may be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage thereto, or by the detention thereof, or may incur liability in respect thereof   , ,      ,    -        -    ,                        ,     ,      .

     : ,  ,    ,    ,        ,  :            ,       ,   ,               [60 - Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


 ed. Vol. I. 1866. . 330.].

    6 When interest must attach     ,     ,               .    : (1) The assured must be interested in the subject-matter at the time of the loss though he need not be interested when the insurance is effected:

Provided that where the subject-matter is insured lost or not lost, the assured may recover although he may not have acquired his interest until after the loss, unless at the time of effecting the contract of insurance the assured was aware of the loss and the insurer was not.

Where the assured has no interest at the time of the loss, he cannot acquire interest by any act or election after he is aware of the loss.

(1)           ,            :      lost or not lost    ,     ,    ,          ,           ,    .

        ,             ,      .

     Anderson v. Morice,     ,        ,              .     : Bought the cargo of rice, per Sunbeam Payment by sellers draft on purchaser at six months sight, with documents attached(  ,   ,          ,   ).       .         , ,          ,        .     (Exchequer Chamber) ,         ,    Sunbeam,       (      )      ,      ,             .      ,         ,       [61 - .Anderson v. Morice (1874), L. R. 10 C. P. 58; in the Ex. Ch. (1875), ibid. 609; (1876) 1 App. Cas. 713.].

-     ,  ,       ,         ,   ,     ,     .

.  ,      during the risk (  ),      ,       , ,   ,   ,   ,        .  , ,    1  6.         ,              , , ,          [62 - ., Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


 ed. Vol. I. 1866. . 331.].

   :   ,   ,    ,  ,          ,         . ,   ,    , ,              , ,          [63 - Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


 ed. Vol. I. 1866. . 331.]. : ,  ,   ,     ,           [64 - Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


 ed. Vol. I. 1866. . 331.].

  .   9   :

(1)               .

    ,          .

      .

 17        uberrimae fides   caveat emptor, ..               A contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith, and, if the utmost good faith be not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party      ,     , ,         ,     . ,  ,           ,            5 ( 14)   12 2015 -Insurance Act 2015, c. 4[65 - Insurance Act 2015, c. 4. .: http://www.worldbiz.ru/system/new/detail.php? ID=4363.].

  18 (Disclosure by assured),      ,        .                  .        20  (Representations pending negotiation of contract).

C 33(3)      ,  ,     ,        ,      ,   .

 34(2)     ,       ,      .

 50     ; ,           .

  60  63     .

 79   , ..          .

 1906    1909 [66 - 9 Edw. 7, c. 12  Marine Insurance (Gambling Policies) Act 1909.],     PPI   p.p.i. policies[67 -          (Payment protection insurance  PPI),      (credit insurance  credit protection insurance),     (loan repayment insurance),    ,         ,            ,        .            (Income Protection Insurance-IPI),       ,      -      .  IPI  Permanent Health Insurance (PHI)    .],      (bona fide interest), ,       ,      .

    1906     .

          . ,      ,      .                 (general law of contract)     ,             .    91(2)  :  ,   ,    ,   ,       ,      .  ,  ,     ,  ,          ,   ,   ,   .    ,    ,              .

            1906   .         ,       ,          1906        .

      ,  ,  .      ,   ,      ,    (default rules)       .

          .  :  ,  ,  :        ,     ,    ,      ,       .      ,  , ,     ,       . ,     ,   [68 - Chalmers. Codification of Mercantile Law, 1903, 19 Law Quarterly Review 10 at 14.].

, ,     1906 ,   ,     .           . ,       ,      .        ,      (J. Willes)   Lockyer v. Offley  31 1776   :         ,        ,     ,     ,  ,       .  ,        ,           ,   ,          ,         [69 - .  . Bennett Howard. The Marine Insurance Act 1906: Reflections on a Centenary. 2006, 18 SAcLJ (Singapure Academy of Law Journal). . 673// https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/ (https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/).].

 , ,    1906  1909        ,        ,    . ,  ,    :     Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012  CIDRA    Insurance Act 2015     .      




 3


             .                   .

Guardian Royal Exchange Plc.Guardian Royal Exchange plc      ,     ,   ,    ,    .      , , ,   ,    ,  50  .        .

Guardian Royal Exchange    1968       Royal Exchange Assurance  Guardian Assurance Company.       .   Guardian Assurance,     1821         .      1893 ,           .

 1902      Guardian Fire & Life  Guardian Assurance             ,        .   Royal Exchange  Guardian    ,         .  ,   ,    1890  1912  Royal Exchange     , ,  ,  , ,    ,        .

Guardian Assurance  Royal Exchange,    19- ,      ,                .  20-         ,  .            .   ,  ,     ,           ,     ,   .

          ,      1968      .        .   ,                         .

  Guardian Royal Exchange      . Ÿ     :  ,  ,   ,   .   ,     ,  ,     ,    ,   43%    .

   20-  Guardian Royal          .  1993             Orion Insurance,      Orion Healthcare Ltd.  Orion Personal Insurances Ltd..      ,    . Guardian           ,        .   1993   Guardian Direct,     .             ,  Guardian           .

        .  ,      [70 -   (.: Nordalbingien)          (Duchy of Saxony (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony)),    (Angria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angria)),  (Eastphalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastphalia)),   (Westphalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia)).       Alba      ,  ,      .       (Holstein).     ] (3),        ,  , -      ,     ,    . Guardian       ,        ,            , ,           1990- .

      ,  Guardian    .  1993      American Ambassador Casualty Company,       Globe American.         ,         .   ,  Guardian       , American Ambassador             ,          .

Guardian        ,   ,  ,  (      ),  , , ,     .

        .  ,   ,        .     ,  ,    , ,    ,        1990- .

              .          Guardian, , ,   ,   .

  1990-      ,         ,      . 1990        .      ,        ,      ,        .          (     ,     ),       . Guardian    , ..       .

  ,     ,   ,        ,   ,      ,       .   Guardian                 .         .

   ,     1992    ? 3      ? 210  1991 .        ,          ,    . Guardian       ,   Financial Times.

 1993         ,          ,     .

,    ,  Guardian     .  1987        ,    ,   (Charles Robertson),      ,      .  ,             Guardian                (Inland Revenue).         (    )    .  ,        ? 91 .

Guardian             (Vinodchandra Manubhai Patel),     1980- ,            ( ? 80 ),   .    1991         Guardian,    ,    .

        ,    tied agents (..   ,      Guardian)  1990  1991         Guardian,        Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organisation (      )        .  , Guardian       1993 ,    ,      ,     ,    1980- .   ,  ,    ,    .

  Guardian        .   1968   Guardian Royal Exchange,          .   ,        ,      1993 .   Guardian Royal Exchange,       Guardian,      ,  ,    .

 



 



,   ,    ,     ,     .       ,          .    1992           .      ,  ,    1980-      .   Guardian  ,   ? 68.

  ,        1990     , ,             1990- .

  1999      AXA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXA)  $ 5,7         Sun Life & Provincial Holdings (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Life_%26_Provincial_Holdings).   ,      Royal Exchange Building (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London).     2000     Aegon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegon).

Prudential Corporation PLC.



  



 1848          ,       .

,   ,      1848 ,      .   ,      ,      ? 100    Prudential Investment, Loan, and Assurance Association, ,   ,    Prudential Mutual Assurance, Investment, and Loan Association (   ,   ).      Prudential Assurance Company Limited.

       .    1844  1883    1 186  ; 612  ,   93   1883 .          100   .     ,  Prudential,    .          ,    ,        .        ,             .             .           .

     , Prudential    .   18       ? 1,5  .  1851       ? 2 .    1852     .

      1850-        .   1845        .    25     100     .           ,      .       (H. A.L.Cockerell)         The British Insurance Business,        [71 - Cockerell Hugh Anthony Lewis and Green Edwin. The British Insurance Business, 1547-1970: An Introduction and Guide to Historical Records in the United Kingdom. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1976. . 302.].

  1852   Prudential   .           .     ,        .      Prudential       .      ,   ,     .             .   .         1854 ,      .

  (Henry Harben),








 



         (Henry Charles Barfoot),      .   A Century of Service      ,       ,   ,     [72 - Clapp John Bouv. A Century of Service, 1815-1915. Boston, S. Peirce & Company Limited, 1915. . 27.].         .      (William Ewart Gladstone),       ,    ,  Prudential.   .    ,    ,      ,       .     Prudential        .         .       .    .  1860       British Industry,     British Prudential Assurance Company.     .  1860-  Prudential    .

 1880         .           .

      Prudential.  1905    25      43  .     (Barry Supple)    The Royal Exchange Assurance,   , Prudential    [73 - Supple Barry. The Royal Exchange Assurance: a History of British Insurance 1720-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. . 185.].      20- ,     -.

  (Edgar Horne), ,    1877  1905 ,      .    ,    84 ,     ,    (Henry Andrade Harben).   -  1910    53-   (Thomas Dewey),   1929  1941       (William Edgar Horne),   .

Prudential         .   20-     ,    ,      Prudential.     A Century of Service     ,  Pru   ,       .         .             .        .          .            .        .  1948       .   Pru             .

  Prudential    ,         .        ,           .   ,              .      1914          -  . Prudential    ,     ,  ,       .       1915 .     .         ,  ? 8,75.

     Prudential  ? 242,  50%   ,        .      ? 5,5.       ,         .        .

     .        Prudential       ,         ,      .  1970-      ,        ,          .    ,     (Brian Corby),   Prudential,     1982 ,  Pru     .



    : , ,     ,        



                .

  ,         ,    .  1978     .      Prudential Corporation. Prudential Assurance   .  1984         : U. K. individual, U. K. group pensions, international, Mercantile and General Reinsurance, Prudential Portfolio Managers, Prudential Property Services  Prudential Holborn.       .  1986      .     Financial Times  4 1986 :  (       . ), -,   ,                   .

          .   Pru      ,        ,    .

         .  1921  Pru               .     ,    .        .     .    1968  1973  Prudential      Mercantile and General Reinsurance Company.     Prudential   .        LEscaut  1972  (  1990 ),   Constellation  1978    1985  Insurance Corporation of Ireland (Life),  Prudential Life of Ireland.       Jackson National Life Company,   1986 .           2  . Jackson National Life  18-    , 60-     91-  .         ,       , ..  $ 608       . Jackson National Life          (universal life insurance        . )  .       ,   . Jackson National Life        Prudential.

          .        ,           . Prudential      ,      ,    .

 1985          East Anglian Real Estate Agency.           .          , Prudential Property Services       .  1989     800  .    ,  ,            Prudential.

          .    ,       .   ,  -  ,   .  1984        -life assurance premium relief,  ,   .

        .        Financial Times  4 1984 ,   ,            .        Prudential Corporation   1985    -  Prudential Holborn.   .             .      ,          .         .  1988  Prudential Holborn  ? 105,   1989      ? 1,7.   , Prudential Corporation    ,         .

            Prudential:     .    ,        .  1986    ,   20% ,   Pru ,       .            .   1988          ,         . 10       . ,     ,  ,        . Prudential  ? 7  .      220        ? 110.     Prudential Corporation       .    12  ,            .      ,    1988   ? 1,3.

 Prudential Corporation     .  ,    ,   .  ,   (Michael Newmarch),      1990 ,     .     ,   .  1989       (Hugh Jenkins),       .   ,    ? 35.      ,   ,  the investment function has come to the top     .  , ,    [74 - http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/96/PRUDENTIAL-CORPORATION-PLC.html#ixzz31gSwRKz0 (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/96/PRUDENTIAL-CORPORATION-PLC.html#ixzz31gSwRKz0).].

Commercial Union (CU).      ,            ,   .                ,   .          , , ,         .     Commerial Union    .   ,  ,     ,   .

         - (Tooley Street).          1666 .       -     22 1861           Cottons Wharf (.  ),       ,  , , , , ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   .        ,     ,      -.    ,       .    ,                .           ,       , ,     ,     ,          .       ,         Commercial Union Fire Insurance Company.  ,  ,        1861 ,  Commercial Union ( CU)      .         .        (Henry William Peek),   ,               .








    1825 - 1898



        (Jeremiah James Colman),








    1830-1898



       ,       Colman (http://www.answers.com/topic/colman-1)s mustard.








       ,              .             ,    CU.

1860-       ,           .       ,            ,        .     CU         .          1862 ,          1863 .               .   ,         .     ,       ,    . CU,     ,        .        ,                   .           ,    1860-         ,    .

     . CU    -  -,          1871-1872 ,    ,      .          ,    .  1880-             .

    CU      ,   .  1890-        -         .   19-       - ,          ,       Royal Insurance,   1845 .   40     .

    ,  1900  1914 ,             .      1900      Palatine Insurance Company ( 2016    Swiss Re),








 



      ,           .    CU    ,        , ,   .

   CU     ,         (Evan Roger Owen),        1885 .



    1885 



 1900 ,   ,       Phoenix Fire Office,   CU ,        .     .        1900  1920 ,         CU   .

             ,  CU      .        :  1910                Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation Ltd. (  1876 ),



   1909       



    Union Assurance          Hand-in-Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society (  1696 )     1905 .

        American of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,  California Insurance Company.         - 1906 ; CU        ,    ,  Union Assurance  American of Philadelphia    .








    1912 



 1914  CU          ? 7,5, ..         1901 .             ,   , ,           1919      Royal Insurance  Liverpool & London & Globe.








      ,     . ,  CU      ,       ,        .  1921           1908 .   1920-    ,   1929         .   ,    ,     .  ,               ,    CU        ,    .

 1920-     .   1926       British General.    1930-       .     ,                 ,       CU.      .     ,   1930-     .     ,             .

                   .        .    1950- ,      ,    . ,          1950   ,          .

CU    ,       ,  ,     .     1950- ,            .       ,              .         CU.

  North British and Mercantile Insurance Company,








  1870 








  1910 



,    ? 127     CU   ? 192,        .  1957        ,      , - ,        .   1959       CU.

  North British and Mercantile    .  1809       North British Insurance Company.            , ,      ,    ,  1862      Mercantile Fire Insurance,       ,   CU,        .            , ,     .      ,   1901           .             1959 .

      CU,                 .         (Sir Francis Edwin Prescott Sandilands),








  1913-1995



   1960-           .

        ,        North British and Mercantile.       11 500   8 000    ,  ,               .

 North British  1959           30 .        ,            . CU       ,   1968     .      Northern and Employers Assurance,         .   Northern   ,   ,  ,     .








  1908 



     Employers Liability Assurance (Employers), ,   1880-         .








  



Employers            ,    1960    .   Northern and Employers  CU      ,   .  ,  ,    ,    -         .

    , CU ,         .   1970-      :   Runies Les Provinces    Delta Lloyd Verzekeringen.



 



         ,  ,     ,        .

 1980- ,       1984-85 ,             .  1990       Commercial Union plc.  1998     Commercial Union plc  General Union    CGU plc.

 2000    CGU plc  Norwich Union   CGNU plc,  2009    Aviva plc.

Phoenix Assurance Company.      18- .        Fire Office ( 1705   Phoenix Fire Office),    .    1680 .

,  Sun Insurance Office   London Assurance Corporation  Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation          18- ,   ,    (Nathaniel Jarman),   20 1781     - (Fenchurch Street)  .               ,   ,        18   ? 100  .    ,               .

        17 1782 ,      -    -.

 1813   ,  New Fire Office,   Phoenix Assurance Company.

 New Fire Office        -.  ,   Sun Insurance Office,      ,        Phoenix Assurance Company,     ,        ,      ,           .

    Phoenix,  ,       .         (George Griffin Stonestreet),








  








       Phoenix House



     1786   1802 ,      (Jenkin Jones),      1802   1837 .            18-     19- .

      Phoenix      1796 ,        ? 3  ( ? 300      . )       - (Tavistock Street)  .      ,       ,        ,    .

,  Worsley against the assignees of Lockyer and Bream  7 1796      (Court of Kings Bench).          ,  ,   -,    14 1792 ,     New Fire Office   ? 7 , ..   .          (Chief Justice Eyre)    (Court of Common Pleas      1873 )   ,       , ,     ? 3 .








  



      ,         , ..          (  printed proposals)       ,    ,   ,      .

         :  ,  -      ,   []              ,    ,   ,              ,      ,  ,   ,   ,            ,       ,    ,   ;            ,     .

       ,         .    (Thomas Worsley),   ,  writ of error (  , ..                ,    )              .

,      ,   ,                 (a condition precedent),    -        Phoenix.    ,       ,         ,          (a condition subsequent)  , , ,       .

    ,  ,    ,      (extensive contracts),             ,           .         ()   .     ,      ,                        .      ,    .     : hoc non in foedera veni      .      , ,  ,     ,      .                [75 - .    Gentlemans Magazine, 1796, vol. 79. . 518-519; The Times, 8 June1796; Law Report, Court of Kings Bench, June7.].

 1815  Phoenix  Sun Fire Office   .

   1786-1787      ,   .

 1797  Phoenix   Pelican Fire Assurance,      , ,  ,          .         -  1804 .             1808-1809   .   1812-1815 [76 - -  1812-1815 .         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90),       .           (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B).]           ,        .           ,    20-          .

     . ,    1807   -,        ,         ? 250 .

 19-      .    1842         ? 250 ,   ,    Sun.

 1879       -,   ,           .   - 1906       ,            , ,      Sun,      .

  1895   Phoenix Assurance Company              ,  ,   ,      1907 .           .  1901       .

 1907  Phoenix Assurance       ,     ,       .         Pelican Life Assurance,      1903   Pelican and British Empire Life Office (  1955 ),   ,       composite insurer, ..  ,    ,   ..        ,     1909     Law Life Assurance Society.








   Law Life Assurance Society



 1910       ,   Union Marine Insurance Company.      , ,  ,     .








   1894 








    1902 



      1905          ,   1922 ,   London Guarantee and Accident Company    ,        .








  



        .     1919          ,     .     7%    .        , ..   ,          ,      . ,    Phoenix Assurance          (  1299  1922 .)  ,  -  1922 .








     



        1931 ,  -       ,           1950- ,     .

              ,    19- . ,    1939  1957 ,   ,            ,   , , ,  ( )  .  1965       ,        ,  -      . ,       ,     , ,  .

        Phoenix Assurance         ,        ,          .   ,       ,    ,              ,  ,       multiperil ()   .

 1959       ,       ? 5.              Continental Insurance Company of New York,         .    Phoenix        .   Continental       Phoenix      ,     .  15         Phoenix.   1980-         Continental,   1984     6,25%.   Continental   24,3%  Phoenix  Sun Alliance.

Sun Alliance Group.        Sun Alliance Insurance Ltd  London Insurance Company, ,  ,            .  Alliance  ,    1959    Sun Insurance Office.   ,  Sun Alliance Insurance,      .         London Insurance Company        Sun Alliance and London Insurance.   1959       Sun Alliance Group.

        ,         ,         1970- ,      1974     1976 . 1980-  Sun Alliance Group    ,      125%  1984           .

            , ,   ,   ,         -   ,            , , ,         .

      ? 155,      1987        ,  Sun Alliance         ,               ,          .       First Health,     ,    Bradford Pennine,   .

  1989   Sun Alliance      Commercial Union  14,5%    ? 256.                  Allianz          .    ,          Phoenix  1984 ,                 ,      .

   1989   ,            ,       ,         .

   Phoenix,      21- .

 1996     Royal Insurance  Sun Alliance   Royal & Sun Alliance Group plc.     2004     Resolution Life Group Ltd.   ,    2008   ? 5  Pearl Group Ltd..  2010       Phoenix Group Holdings           .




 II. 





 1


       .    .

                      18- .  ,     500 ,       ,     .         .

,        ,       .

 () .      17-              .               ,      1677    Wandsbeker Kranken und Totenlade (         c).    .    Lade (, )     .

 ,    17-  ,  ,    18-          Sterbe-, Begr?bnis-, Witwen und Waisenkassen sowie Heirats und Aussteuerkassen, wobei h?ufig keine Trennung nach Leistungsarten  ,  ,    ,      ,       [77 - Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft, Karlsruhe, 2012. S. 19.].                     .     ,         .         .

        .

                .    ,  , Pfarr-Witwen-Kasten (    ) 1636   -,      .              .   1645    I  (Ernst I. der Fromme)      ,    1662       .








  I 



,  1775 ,           .              ,   ,     ,   1713    abgedankte, alte und gebrechlich gewordene Postilions  ,     (   . ).

           (Au)        .

16 1606    V (Wilhelm V. Von Bayern  1548-1626)        [Neudeck      (. Swierklaniec)     ]             (  ).








  V



       .       ,          ,      .    ,          (Joseph Gei?reiter)           .     ,         ,        .                  100   (   1 .).       ,     .    1492        Schifferbr?derschaft (  Schiffer     , , ..  ,     . ),      ( ), ,   ,       (Seelenheil)  ,   .        Schiffergesellschaft ( ),   ,  ,       .

                 .        Sklavenkassen (.  ),          .

,   17- ,       .  ,        1629    Sklavenkasse   ,    Assekuranz f?r T?rkengefahr (    ).

   18-     ,     ,       ,       . 28 1775    II    (Friedrich der Gro?e)   ,   , K?niglich-Preu?ische Allgemeine Witwen-Verpflegungs-Anstalt (-    ),       ,       .








  II



 ,  ,  ,     .                      [. ].             Hauptbank  Kurm?rkische Landschaft (      ,     ).        14 ,   ,        ,       (Johann Peter S??milch),    ,  .








  



          .

 .        13 1781    (Verordnung)  Aussteuer-, Begr?bnis und andere Gesellschaften, zu welchen Geldsammlungen geschehen ( ,     ,     ),       .      1833 .

  .   16-   -   60     .    ,      18- ,        .           .

  ,   ,       (. Romanic root of the occidental insurance business),       ,           .   ,  ,      ,      ,             .   ,    ,        .       ,     .            ,        ,   , ,     .  ,        ,              ,    .

       .

    Brandkassen (       ),      .  ,  ,     ,        (  . ),   ,         .    ,              , ,   ,    ,           .    ,  ,   , ,    ,   .     , ,   ,  .           Brandbrief ( )  ,   ,  ,     .  ,   ,         .

 - . -      ,            . ,              -,       .

         1591   .   , 3 1591    Brandgilden  ,   Feuer Contracts for Mutual Insurance (   ).  Feuerkontrakt,   ,    ,         .        -    .

 Feuerkontrakte,      Feuerordnungen ( ),         ,    , Brandgilden     .








     1678 



 1626         Feuer und Wachordnung (   ). ,       ,         1666     21 1676                 General-Feuer-Cassa,           .  30 1676        ,       .      Puncta der GeneralFeuer-Ordnungs Cassa,      ,     -         .   Hamburger Feuerkasse-Versicherungs-AG,        . (15)








 Puncta der GeneralFeuer-Ordnungs Cassa



     I (Friedrich Wilhelm I)  29 1718    Berliner Societ?t f?r Geb?udeversicherungen (   ).








  I



       (1719 ),  (1722     )     (1723 ).

  18-              .        ,     , ,        ,          ,        (    1842 ).

 1609             (Count Anthon G?nther von Oldenburg),








Count Anthon G?nther von Oldenburg



   .  :     ,        ,           ;   , ,  ,   ,                ,  ,    [       . ],    ,         ,     ,         ,   ,    ;    ,  ,   ,        ,      .

    , ,      ,         ,    ,  ,     .   ,    ,         ,  ,      30 ,   ,   , ,      . ,   ,        ,       ;            [78 - .  . Beckmann Johann. A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins. Vol. I. Bohns Edition, 1846. . 241-242.].

      ,   ,         ;      ,    ,    ;        -   .  , ,           ,   ,     ,   ,                          .

 ,    ,     ,          ,    ,    ,    ;     , ,    ,      ,          -  ,     ,       .

            ;                 .

  []    ,         [79 - .  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes. London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Chapter I, p. 10.].

.. ,         Berliner [   Berlinische] Feuer-Versicherungsanstalt    11 1812 , , ,          [80 - .,  ..  :  . .: , 1998. . 51.].








    



        (Georg Friedrich Averdieck).








   (1774-1839)



,              1807-1814           (Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein)








      



  ()    ? (Karl August von Hardenberg,  Carl August von Hardenberg)








   ?



  Berliner Feuer-Versicherungsanstalt,      1819  1839      ,  (  ), ,   .

   19-         :  ,      .

   ..,  1819            Leipziger Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt,    .   1821              (Gothaer Feuerversicherungsbank).       .

  ,   ,        ,         .            ,          . ,  1817     Rheinschifffahrts-Assecuranz K?ln-Mainz Aktiengesellschaft,   1844    Agrippina Versicherung Aktiengesellschaft.      .  1865         Moguntia (   ),   7 ,  1872   Frankfurter Providentia.

14 1822   Vaterl?ndische Feuer-Versicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft zu Elberfeld,    ,            ;    .          .  . ,              1820 .      .

   ,    , Aachener Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft,     Aachener und M?nchener Versicherung AG,   13 1824 .    ,  ,    ,       (David Hansemann).








 



 1834          ,       .      M?nchener und Aachener Mobiliar-Feuer-Versicherungsgesellschaft in Bavaria      I,           Aachener und M?nchener Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft.            (Ernst Albert Masius)








  



  : Unter allen deutschen Anstalten ist dies die gr??te und wichtigste          [81 - Masius Ernst Albert. Lehre der Versicherung und statistische Nachweisung aller Versicherungsanstalten in Deutschland nebst Hinweisung auf den hohen Einflu? dieser Institute auf Nationalwohlstand und die Gesetze dar?ber in den deutschen Staaten. Leipzig 1846. S. 116.].

 1836                ,      .

 1839      K?lnische Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft,    Colonia Versicherung AG,      AXA Konzern AG   2006 .

    1842 .            .

   4  5 1842 ,    ,     ,          79 .    :    310 ,  102 , 94 , 60 , 7 ,  ,    , ..       ,  4219  ,    20  .    51   120 .

     40 .       $ 35.         (City Fire Fund),      1667  (      ).    ,            .)

           Deutschland. Ein Winterm?rchen. Caput XXI (.  ).

 1842           ,     ,      , K?lnische R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft  Aachener R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft.          , ,    1666                 .

  1727 Anmerckungen ?ber das Hamburgische Schiff und See-Recht,








 



        ,       (Hermann Langenbeck  1668-1729).             10 1731  Der Stadt Hamburg Assecuranz und Haverey-Ordnung (      ),








   1731 



    1 1732 .                     .            sich den Costumen der Beurse von Antwerpen zu submittieren       .    ,          ,          .

    .   1720       (Marcus Russe)      ,      .

     (Johannes Schuback)








Johannes Schuback 1732-1817



     (Nicolaus Gottlieb L?tkens)








Nicolaus Gottlieb L?tkens 1716-1788



      1765              Assekuranz-Compagnie f?r See-Risiko und Feuers-Gefahr.     500   (   700  ).

   1765            ,            .           30 .         :   ,                    ,          ,   [82 - .  . B?ch Robert. Zweihundert Jahre Deutsche Versicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft. ZfV, 1965. S. 29.].

                  ,     ,   .            .

               18- .       (Wilhelm Benecke),   ,   1805  1810         System des assekuranz und bodmereiwesens aus den gesetzen und gebr?uchen Hamburgs und der vorz?glichsten handelnden nationen Europens, so wie aus der natur des gegenstandes entwickelt. F?r versicherer, kaufleute und rechtsgelehrte (    ,      ,      ,      ,     ,   ).








   1810 



         .   ,   . :         ,        ,         .       ,      ,        ,         ,     . ,    ,       ,   ,     [83 - Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations. New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, . 49, reference a.].             1824        A Treatise on the Principles of Indemnity in Marine Insurance, Bottomry and Respondentia, and on Their Practical Application in Effecting Those Contracts, and in the Adjustment of All Claims Arising Out of Them  For the Use of Underwriters, Merchants, and Lawyers,








   1824 



 , ,  ,       ,   ,      .

 19-      .  1847    ()        ,    1867 ,            (Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch) 1897 .      , ,   1919 ,      .        1867            1919 ,     .

     (Allgemeine Seeversicherungs-Bedingungen),       (1785, 1800, 1847, 1852, 1867 .),             ,  ,     ,        ,     .

          ,    : 1)     (ADHB  Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch), 1861 ,   1871     ,  2)     (HGB  Handelsgesetzbuch) 1897 .

 , ,            1893            .  ,           .           ,  .               .

  ,         ,     1 1902         ,      (VAG-Versicherungsaufsichtgesetz).

 1903           ,       30 1908    (     -VVG-Versicherungsvertragsgesetz).  ,     ,           ,        .      1908         ,        .          ,          ,      . ,        ,      .

 ,      1908 [84 - 23 2007                (VVG-Reform 2008),     1 2008 ,      30 1908 .]    ,    , ,   ,     1897 ,    1908 ,      1919 .

     ,   (1860 ),    (1897 ) ,      .   ,      1908      .  ,  ,         ,   ,   ,   ,        .      ,    ,  VVG            .          1 1910 .

       1992    .

 .        ,         (Patriotischen Gesellschaft)      ,            .       1778     Hamburgische Allgemeine Versorgungs-Anstalt.

               (Georg Christian von Oeder)








   



,  ,       ,            (Johann Georg B?sch).








  



     ,   1945   Hansa Lebensversicherung a. G.,    1957      Hamburg-Mannheimer Versicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft.

     ,            .

  . ,             .               [85 - Koch eter. Pioniere das Versicherungsgedankens  300 Jahre Versicherungsgeschichte in Lebensbildern 1550-1850. Wiesbaden 1968. . 177ff.].

           .    ,     :     ,          (Allgemeine Landrecht  ALR),    1 1794 . (61)

        Braunschweigische Lebensversicherung AG,     1806        .

             -  (Ernst Wilhelm Arnoldi),








-  1778-1841 .



       ,       .  ,  1820   Feuerversicherungsbank des Deutschen Handelsstandes (  Gothaer Versicherungsbank VVaG),





  Gothaer Group



  1827     Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank auf Gegenseitigkeit.








    



, .     ,  ,      (Handelsakademie)     .      ,      ,          ,         [86 - Arnoldi Ernst Wilhelm. Autobiographie, in: Gothaer Pers?nlichkeiten, 1991. S. 5 (23).].          Kr?mermeister (.  )          (Vorstand der Kr?mer-Innung der Gothaer Kaufmannschaft).

     (Charles Babbage),   A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives      1827 ,             19-            Gothaer Lebensversicherung auf Gegenseitigkeit.   ,   1 1829 ,      Oberen Markt      Lebensversicherungsbank f?r Deutschland.      1841     ,       10 000 .

   Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank auf Gegenseitigkeit  1829           (August Ludwig Bruns)     ,     IV (  George Augustus Frederick)   Allgemeine Lebens-Versicherungs-Anstalt f?r das K?nigreich Hannover. 1910       1867   Bremer Lebensversicherungsbank,   1923    Freia Bremen-Hannoversche Lebensversicherungsbank AG   Allianz-Konzern.

                (Carl Wilhelm Vermehren),








   1785-1842 .



  1826       ?ber eine in L?beck zu errichtende deutsche Levensversicherungsgesellschaft ( ,       ),              Nationalinstitut dieser Art f?r Deutschland       .        1828      Deutsche Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft.          ,      Stuttgart-L?becker-Lebensversicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft in Stuttgart, ,   ,  1927       Allianz-Konzern.

             1830    ,     Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a. G.         (Johann Friedrich August Olearius).








    .     



     ,            .            , ,   .             (Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Beck),    1828  Corpus Juris Civilis (   ),       (Christian Gottlob Frege),        (Gustav Harkort),      (Johannes Christian D?rbig),          H.J.Merck & Co..

   Alte Leipziger    ,   -   ̸ (August Ferdinand M?bius).





  ̸ 1790-1868 .



              Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank,         , , ,      Hand-in-Hand.  ,  Alte Leipziger       ,   ,       .

           111     .








  1888 



        20- .

 1906      Alte Leipziger R?ckversicherung AG.

 1932        (Johannes Tiedke)       Leipziger Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt (  1819 )  Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft.

 1946     Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft.       - (    ),  1952   -- , ,  1974   .    Leipziger Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt ( Alte Leipziger Versicherung AG)   1946     --   1974        .

15 1934     Kaufm?nnische Krankenkasse (KKH)    Hallesche Krankenkasse Versicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit         , 





 





 



   .         .     20 570         . 1 1936     195    .  1948             .

  Hallesche Krankenkasse c Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft   1972 .  1975  Hallesche Krankenkasse   Nationaler Krankenversicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit       (Ludwig Grosse),








  1907-1992 .



     Hallesche-Nationale Krankenversicherungsverein a. G.

   1975  Alte Leipziger Versicherung AG    Zenith Versicherung AG,   1957   .

   1990   Alte Leipziger Holding    Alte Leipziger  Hallesche,     1994   .

 Hallesche        (Pflegeversicherung)    1990-        .  ,     ,  , Vorsorge-Gutscheinen (     )    Betrieblichen Krankenversicherung (bKV          ):    bKV     ,          .         , ,         .

  Alte Leipziger        ø (Hinrich Gaede).  1921      Gaedesche Versicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft,               .  1928     Hamburger Ph?nix Gaedesche Versicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft.      ,   ø.  1986     Alte Leipziger Versicherungsgruppe,   1995         .

 ,             , (Heinz Gehrhardt),  Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft       (Verband der Lebensversicherungsunternehmen).

       21 1964    14 1965      -   .

C    Alte Leipziger  Hallesche Konzern  :






 2


                    .        .         ,          .

                    .           .

ʸ  .       K?lnische R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft (ʸ  ).                  1842 . 22 1842       ʸ,  ,   ,       (Ludolf Camphausen),








  1803-1890 .



    (Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann),








   1798-1876



     (Karl Joseph Daniel DuMont),








    1811-1861



      (Peter Heinrich Merkens),    1818   Rheinschiffahrts-Assecuranzgesellschaft,          ,








   1777-1854



    (Simon Oppenheim   1867    ),








  1803-1880



         ʸ.     -  (Paul-Friedrich Kalle),   ()     K?lnische Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, Colonia. ,     ʸ   .  .   ,  , 27 1853    Concordia-Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft.

         ,         .

      28 1842 ,  -   3 1843            (Gustav von Mevissen).








   1815-1899



     .  ,       ,  13 1899 ,                 1898[87 - ., Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 85.].

 , .. ,        3,  5 1843 [88 - ., Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London, Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 101.].

.     ,          ,      ,            [89 - ., Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London, Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 101.]. ,         , ʸ,        .        .

     ,   8 1846      .               (Gesetz ?ber die Aktiengesellschaften f?r die K?niglich Preu?ischen Staaten (Gesellschaftsrecht),    9 1843 .         1807  (Code de Commerce de France)     1838  (Wetbock van Koophandel).  ,     ,    ,     ,      ,            .

            ,       IV (Frederick William IV)   8 1846 :



,  ,

     ..

  ,                 ʸ            09 1843    ,  ,      12 1844   13, 17, 18  21  9 1845 ,     ,          ,             17 . 

 13.   ,  ,     Allgemeine Preussische Zeitung,   ,    K?lnische Zeitung,   ʸ--

 17.              ,   ,     ,      廅

 37.      :   ,    ,        ,     ,    2

                      ʸ.

   8 1846 .

()  [90 - Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London, Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931.  102-103. Annex X.].



          (Abraham Oppenheim),          .

     (         ,       )    1848-1849  (   -     . )       1 1852 .

        .           , , , ,           ,             ,          .

 ,         3  3:      -  .

      29 1852    Vaterl?ndische Feuer-Versicherungs Gesellschaft    (Elberfeld        . ).  ,   , -    ,          .

..     ,  13 1853   ʸ     K?lnische Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft.    ,  ,     ,   1996             AXA.

        K?lnische Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft Colonia  ʸ  ,     ,   ..:








      .   ,         .

 1        ,         ʸ  ,  ,   ,      .  ,        - .   4             24 ,    5        ,     .

 ,       K?lnische Feuerversicherungs-Gesellschaft,             , ..         .     1      :  to offer by way of reinsurance any amounts which exceed the maxima of their present fixed reinsurers and the sums which they at any time retain for own account      ,        ,         .

   ,      ,      ,     ,       .

         ,    ,         .   2        ,       ( 3).     6          .

 K?lnische Feuerversicherungs-Gesellschaft    ,     .   7       ,          25%- .           ( 8),              ( 9).     10          ,          ,   ( 11).           ( 12),  ,     ,          ( 13).

                  ( 14).

   ,   [91 -      ,            ,                          ,               (      ).                .    .  ..,  .. .  2- . . II. ., 2014. . 231-245.],   [92 -               ,   () .  ,         ,   .    .  ..,  .. .  2- . . II. ., 2014. . 277-294.].

.. :   ,        ,  ,  ,   ,         [93 - Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London, Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 73.].  ,  ʸ       1903 , ,              Leipziger Feuer, Berlinesche Feuer, Deutsche Ph?nix  Agrippina Versicherung AG.

            , , , ,   .  1855             .     ,        ,     ,       .    ,    ,       .

    ,             - 1906 . ʸ            .

   ,  ,   1992    10%   -,              (-        1996 ),   1994         1921     General Reinsurance Corporation.  1998   General Re Corporation     Berkshire Hathaway Inc.,   2003  General Reinsurance Corporation  ʸ          Gen Re.  2009  General Reinsurance Corporation   ʸ  ,   2010   General Reinsurance AG.          Gen Re.

  .  1880      (Carl von Thieme),    1871       Thuringia Verischerungs-Aktiengesellschaft








 (,  )  Thuringia



      1873     ,            ,         .          .     1871  1872   ,   -   13   .     .   , .    ,      .

 ,           30   ʸ  .








   1844-1924



     , ,     - (Theodor von Cramer-Klett),           ,     ,      .








  - 1817-1884



      ,         Thuringia Verischerungs-Aktiengesellschaft.     ,    ,    .             ,          ,     .   ,    ,   .  1879                    ,       .            , ,           .        : , ʸ       1860       ,   1879    .  ,     , ʸ         ,  , ,        .              1876  1880 .

 ,  ,   ,          ,    .        ,       ,             ,                .

       1870-           -     :       (Wilhelm Peter von Finck),      - (Philipp Nicolaus Schmidt-Polex),      (Friedrich von Schauss)      (Hermann Ritter von Pemsel)    .

15 1880       (K?niglich Bayerische Staatsministerium des Innern)        .








    1880 



3 1880        ,  19 1880      M?nchener R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft    .

     3     3  ,       Bank f?r Handel und Indistrie, Berlin und Darmstadt (         Dresdner Bank),   1         - (Freiherr von Cramer-Klett)   Klett & Co. 500     Bankhaus Merck, Finck & Co.,      .             ,           .








   



-         .     ,         Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-N?rnberg AG.       1870   Merck, Christian & Co.  .             1924 .

  1880  .        .         , ,   ,  1893      Allianz Versicherungs-AG,         .        ,       .

  ,    ,   1880  1913    Maffeistrasse 1,     stock exchange bazaar (.   ).



Maffeistrasse 1



                   , ..  .       ,         ,    .

            , ,   ,        .  ,           ,     ,            .              ,     .    ,  ,      ,     ,     ,    .        ,  ,           .

      1880       Thuringia,      1886 ,      Gladbacher Feuerversicherungsgesellschaft.          33         1 . (43)     ,  :         .

 ,             .

 1880           Almedige Brand-Assurance-Compani,   .  .  :            ,    .                 .                   .   ,        (.. )    [94 - Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 32.].

       ,             :   ,       33 ,     (Allgemeine Versicherungsgesellshaft Ph?nix),   ,   ,       .            1880     ,     ,    ,  -.

      :



    1880 / 81-1890 / 91  [95 - Herzog M. Was Dokumente erz?hlen k?nnen  Zur Geschichte der M?nchener R?ck, typoscript in the archives of the M?nchener R?ck, M?nchen, 1978. . 46.]








 1881           Lancashire Fire Insurance Co.,       -   Assecurazioni Generali   ,   1886        , -,   .           , 24 1887          ,     ,       ,   .          (-),  ( )   ().       .

   1887         Feuer-Assecuranz-Compagnie       Hamburg-Munich United.

 1888         ,      .               ,        400 ,     1895 ,     .

21   1888             (flotation price)    700    2 1890      990 ,      2 345 . 3 1888          ,       -.

           :



     1888 [96 - Assekuranz-Jahrbuch 11 (1890): 272.]








    ,  ,       ,       .  1890      .    ,   ,            .          Securitas R?ck  , Allgemeen Brand en Waarborg-Maatschaapij  Providentia     Swiss National.  1891            ( ).








     



        .   1892     ,      .         .   1897        ,            - Munich Re-Insurance Company,      $ 500 .

       .  1885       .         .  1891      .  1897      .  1898         .   1905        .

    ,         .    ,     ,     ,               .  1881         ,    1888/89 .   .

 1898             ,          ,  Allianz, Stuttgartter-Verein  K?lnischen Unfall-Versicherungs-AG,    .  1903        ,             .

        ,   1899        K?lnische Unfallversicherungs AG     .      50%    .

 10-         .    10,5 ,   6,47     , 3,28      0,58        [97 - Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe, 1982. P. 697.].

       ,  ,   ,   ,   .

 1902     Germanic Lloyd Berlin, Assecuranz Compagnie Mercur,      Arminia  Runion Fran?aise, ..  ,       .

  ,     (7  8 1904 )    - ( 18  21 1906 )        ,             .  ,       4 .         11 ,     ,  ,   1906      100 [98 - Meuschel Walther. Geschichte der M?nchener R?ck, typoscript in the archives of the Munich Re; lecture presented in Munich in three parts on May21, 1963, October30, 1963 and February26, 1964. PartI.P. 29.]. (54)      ,         (. baptism by fire).     -,       -  time is money    .   Thieme is money[99 - ., Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 145.].

  1905         (Max Engel von Cserkut)         .








   



-       .           .   1907       .  : ,       (Reiseversicherung),        .  ,    ,  9      Europ?ische G?ter und Reisegep?ck-Versicherungs AG      50        300  .

           .

  1974       Europ?ische Reiseversicherung AG    ERGO Reiseversicherung,   .



 



   1907      Allgemeiner Deutscher Versicherungsverein   (  1874 )













      



   (Carl Gottlob Molt 1842-1910 .)    .     ,            Urania.

 1910           .    ,     ,     .       1910 .  1913               .  1918            .    1919         ,  ,           .

 1910        421 .   Maffeistrasse 1      ,         ,     .        ,      900 000        Kaulbachstra?e  K?niginstra?e.       Kaulbachstra?e,      English Garden,    .    Kaulbachstra?e (  ,  Kaulbach     . )   ,     180,     K?niginstra?e, ..  . 20 1913       .



K?niginstra?e 107 ( )



 1912          Nippon Fire Insurance Company.

        ,   1914     450. 20 1913   33           .

       41  .      .  1913    36%    .

    1914       .       ,        ,        1917        .   ,           .

 1916     ,     substandard risks ( )   . ,     ,        (risk assessment system).            .

 15  17   1916        .    5  ,           - 1906 .

  1917       ,   ,  ,  .  ,           First Reinsurance Company of Hartford,   1912 .

18 1917       Globus Versicherungs-AG        Hermes Kreditversicherungsbank AG ( 1937 : Hermes Kreditversicherungs-AG)          .    -          ,              .

    1918            .  1923    ,      .

  1920          ,  ,   .        .         .

        ,  ,      (Wilhelm Kisskalt),         1922 , ,   ,    .








 



  1923      ,     1917 . .       ,    ,  ,    ,          1922-23 . 2,     4, 1923 ,     ,       Union R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft ( 11 2001 ),           .

 1924   .    .  .     44- ,  16 1924 ,        :        ,   ,     ,    ,       .     ,              ,    [100 - .  . Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe, 1982. P. 696, ff 193.].

 1924-1925          127 , ..  ?    1914    .   1920-           .

 1927              .     ,            .

         - 29 1929              1931 .    ,    .

          1930  1932     342     1920 ,     600 .          ,   ,    .

 1933              .   ,  1937       .  ,        ,       ,    .

 1938          (Kurt Schmitt),     1914      Allianz,  1921   ,   1933-1934     .   1930-       . .     1945 .








         .        ,    -        .   1939 ,     .        Union Z?rich.  1943                (Schliersee).

 9 1945     ,        .          ,   ,     ,     .

 1945    1950               (Dr. Eberhard von Reininghaus).





  



     1938 ,   ,   1939   1945          .    ,         Anschluss (         11-12 1938 ),  ,    ,       Mischling zweiten Grades ( ).       1 1946 .

         1946 ,      .          ,         .      4 ,    ,   (Gustav Mattfeld),   (Georg Paul)    (Hans Oldenburg),     18   .               .    (Dr. Franz Buchetmann)    (Willy Reichert)    2     .   ,    (Dr. Alois Alzheimer)          ,          .

10 1947     (        )   47 (Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 47: Einstellung der deutschen Versicherungst?tigkeit im Ausland vom 10. M?rz 1947),   -     .

21 1948      .         20   21    .          40    26  .

           ,             .     ,    ,      .         BASF   28 1948 ,    Brohntal AG,     (Holzminden)   (Adana   )        .

 ,  3  4 1949 ,      (Rhineland), - (Schleswig-Holstein)    .     ,      ,  ,        1900 .

 1950        .   1948            ,       1929        .

     1950             1968 .

  1949             ,    .        1950 ,       ,           .            , , , , , , , , ,      .

  -               ,         .      ,   .      .  1951                   .

     1950/1951       1 .  1953       ?  ,  , 274 .

 1954         (Horst Kurt Jannott),





   1928-1993



  , ,   ,      .  1969    40              1993 ,      ,       .

    1950- .   1957      Schadenspiegel (.  ),           .








   1   1957 



           ,   1959          Munich American Reassurance Company,        -,   1960      Munich Reinsurance Company of Canada.

       1962     , -    .    :           19  .

       .    -    .   ,                .

           ,     .       16 1962 .    ,  ,     ,       ,     .

 ,        ,       ,      .

-  ,   ,       ,    ,     ,     .           .



    1962 



              , ,  .   ,        ,        ,   .     - ,     - .       .        ,     ?  ,          .

     ,     .    ,     17         .  ,            .      ,           5,7 .    .

    ,         ,     . , ,      ,      .             .   ,    ,   ,             ,            .     .

                 ,   .         .        .     .             ,        .

         ,     .      140      .     , , .     70    25   .

     .     :  337 , 75    ,       3  [101 - .,  www.itishistory.ru/1i/10_katasrofi_32.php.].

 1963       ,  ,     .  1967      ,   1968     :  (),  (),  (),  ( ),  (    ), - (  ),  ( )   ( ).

 1970      ()   ().

 1971    70-          .

1 1973        , ,      .



     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   .

       1974   Joint Office for Natural Hazards.   Geo Risks Research       , ,      .        World Map of Natural Hazards (     )  NATHAN (NATural Hazards Assessment Network (   ).                 (Edith Lukas)



 



 1976      .

 2-5            ,    ,  .      Capella storm,       Capella,    11 .        Ruisbroek flood.    3  ,   1,2  .      175 .

1979 .    .           .

12 1984     ,                    .      3   ( $ 1.),     1,5  .     .   , ,  70  , 28       250  .    400 .       166  [102 - http://www.toytowngermany.com/lofi/index.php/t20955.html.].

    . 19 1985       .       8,1.   10  ,  30  ,  100  ,   6  .     $ 4      $ 275.

 1989        ,          65.

                .     $ 10.    7,5  ,     250  .

 1989           .

 1990            MedNet,    1997 .       10%    Mercur Assistance Deutschland GmbH,     ArztPartner almeda AG    almeda AG assistance and healthcare services   .

19 1991       ,       ,     GenRe/K?lnische R?ck.   2006                /  (Munich Re LifeE.E.C. A),           ,    ,    2011 ,        SCOR.

 1992       Munich Re Italia S.p. A..                    NATURE,      .

1 1993       -  (Hans-J?rgen Schinzler),        ,    2004        .








- 



  1994           registered shares   .

 1995           Directors & Officers (D & O),            .

14 1996       American Reinsurance Corporation,   American Reinsurance Company 15 1917      ,         Kohlberg Kravis Robert & Co.



 



             $ 3,3.         .

        DKV Deutsche Krankenversicherung AG,



 



 ,       .

 1996          DAX 30   30       .

3 1997    Victoria/D. A.S.  Deutscher Automobil Schutz Allgemeine Rechtsschutz-Versicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft  Hamburg-Mannheimer/DKV         ERGO Versicherungsgruppe AG.          1999     MEAG-MUNICH ERGO AssetManagement GmbH.



 



       .               .

 1999            ,            ,    ,     .    1999      Torino Riassicurazioni S.p. A. (ex Reale Riassicurazioni S.p. A. del gruppo Reale Mutua)  Munich Re Italia S.p. A.    .

 1999     ,    .   ,       ,     500.  ,      ,     ,         ,   .      1,1.

 11 2001        $ 60,   $ 2,6   .      , ,    - 

   ,             .




 3


  . 1911         Bayerischen R?ck.   . :         -          (Bayerischen Hypotheken und Wechselbank),   1835 ,    1906        (Bayerische Versicherungs-Bank AG)     .         .            (Karl Ritter von Rasp) (1848-1927 ),               [103 - Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 150.].








   



       ,     - 1906 .              1911              (Bayerische R?ckversicherungsbank AG) (: Bayerische R?ckversicherung AG    ).

  1923           Rentenmark ( ).








  



    ,         (   1923       130  , , ,   ),   ,            ,     1923 .        .

 1923  Bayerische Versicherungsbank    Allianz    ,            ,      [104 - ., Bayerische R?ck. Das Unternehmen  Geschichte, Haus, Service, Management, Erscheinungsbild. M?nchen, 1977. . 9.].         .  ,             (Hofrat Ernst Drumm),      .








       



 ,           ,            .  1924         ,    .       :                   [105 - Swiss Re. Geschichte der Versicherung in Deutschland. www.ub.unibas.ch/digi/a125/ (http://www.ub.unibas.ch/digi/a125/)schdok/2014/ BAU_1_6285869.pdf. . 23.].

          .  1928     7     .   ,            ,          .       ,     .      (Schweizer Club),                .

 1930-           .         30  .

                    45 .             ,             .

  ,      ,         (M?nchsdorf),         (Familie von Aretin).    :    -, 4  ,    .

       ,     ,       .                    . 1950        .

         ,       ,   ,      ,   ,     -  .

       (Wirtschaftswunderjahre).    (Erich Robert Pr?lss),    1937         ,   1955    .   -      . -     -,    .    ,      .       ,          .








  



             .  1955   1965      100 .       .   (   J?rgen Sasse),  ,   ,      . 1974      -  654       ,     9-    .

     -  .       (Sederanger).      (Peter Frey).

90-      .           ,         .  1993        (Stefan Lippe),      .         .

2001      ,   .        Swiss Re Germany AG.     Swiss Re Europe S.A.Niederlassung Deutschland.

  .      ,      , -      Hannover R?ck  Hannover R?ckversicherung AG.     6 1966 ,          (. ATR  Aktiengesellschaft f?r Transport und R?ckversicherung).     Feuerschadenverband Rheinisch-Westf?lischer Zechen (FSV)    (Bochum     -    -).      SPE  special purpose entity, ..,     ,        Feuerschadenverband Rheinisch-Westf?lischer Zechen.   Haftpflichtverband der Deutschen Industrie Versicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit (HDI) (.         ), FSV     ,      .       1920          ,         , ..  .  1923  HDI      Gerling    Eisen und Stahl GmbH,       HDI.

 ATR      5  , 30%  ( 1,5 )   .      :






[106 - : Hannover Re, 50 years of Hannover Re. S. 7.]



     Westfalen Bank AG     1000   Schadenschutzverband GmbH.   , FSV   SSV    87%       .

   ,    Hannover R?ck,    (Hans Faber),       Bergrat ( ),     FSV, c    ,  ,  ,  Bergassessoren (  ),  ,        .

   FSV   1928     Eisen und Stahl GmbH,       19    ,       Gerling Group.

         ,   1938 FSV         .        ,                .      ,     ,        .    :    16 1942     .        Jauch & H?bener  16  .  1943      FSV  -  ,         ,  ,   (Wilhelm Kesten)          .    .

         Jauch & H?bener  FSV      .       .   ,   ,  FSV,    1966  120           20,6 . ,  ,   ,      ,        .       ,     , ..  .

      ,      1943  1948 ,  . -             .  ,  ,    ,   .   FSV    .   ,     ,   1942  FSV   ,      ,       .     ,        .

         ,           .

 1970   FSV    Haftpflichtverband der Deutschen Industrie V.a. G. (HDI)   (       1969 ),      ATR   .

     :  1969  HDI     159 ,   95   ,  23    .   , FSV  47 ,   30          8  .

          ,    Versicherungsverein der deutschen Industrie (   ).    FSV    ,   .      ,        Haftpflichtverband der deutschen Industrie und Feuerschadenverband V.a. G. (         ).  1976         Haftpflichtverband der Deutschen Industrie V.a. G. (HDI).

         ,     ,    ,      Jauch & H?bener    ATR   .          ,  ,       .           Hannover R?ck.

 1971   HDI         Chemische Werke H?ls    (  -).    52 ; HDI   ,  95%     ATR, ,   ,        .               .

    ,   ATR      ,   ,   . ,     ,       .      ,  ATR   , ,     ,           .     -  1971         ATR            [107 - 50 Jahre Hannover R?ck 1966-2016//https://www.hannover-rueck.de/956399/50-years-of hannover-re-1966-2016.pdf. S. 8.].

     ATR.   (Claus Bingemer),     -,     ,     .         .   ,           ATR   .  ,         ,        HDI   . ,  ,         .        , ,  ,   ATR    HDI  ,        .

   ATR         ,            .   ,   ,      , .

  ,       1971   ATR   ,       ,        .

  ,     ,   .          .     ,  ATR,    HDI ,                .

,            ATR  ,      .            .       ,        . ,             ATR.  ,   ,  ,       -    .   , ATR      .   ,          .                  ,     ,     ,  50%          .    ,  ATR            .     , ,  ,   .

       1971  ATR        HDI    .   , ,  -  Guy Carpenter.       (Alex Vucailovic)          ,        .         (Ed Bennet),   ,      -.       ATR    Guy Carpenter.       .        .       ,      ATR       .

             .  1970-  ATR/Hannover R?ck          equity ratio (      )    10%   -.      .    ,  ,     ,         ,  ATR,        .

  ,    Guy Carpenter    1971 ,    1984 ,   13  ,      .     , ATR/Hannover R?ck     Guy Carpenter.  ,        .  , Hannover R?ck    .   ,         , ,   .

  Hannover R?ck           ,    ,  ,           ,         .   ,             .       ,       (flat-rate Federal Excise Tax),           1  4%,  Hannover R?ck   ,           HDI,         -.   ,      ,          .

        ,         ,      always-on immediacy ( )   .       .

         (Theo Dielmann),   1986     Hannover R?ck/Eisen and Stahl R?ck.








 



    ,      .   1970-   ,  run-off              .        .    Hannover R?ck         .             .   ,    ?  Hannover R?ck      . .            .        ,      .     ,      .   .              .

   HDI  FSV  1970   ATR     .   ,    , ,     ,   HUK-Coburg. HDI,     Eisen and Stahl R?ck,        HDI Group.    ,   ,     Eisen and Stahl R?ck,     .   HDI  FSV  ,            .

             .     ,      -   ,    ,       .  ,          .

 Eisen and Stahl R?ck        .  ,     HDI           .      .  1973       Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG,    23 1923   ʸ.  1976          HDI  ATR    Hannover R?ckversicherung AG.

 1977        Hannover R?ckversicherung AG  Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG.  Hannover R?ckversicherung AG      ,   ,    Aktiengesellschaft f?r Transport und R?ckversicherung in Bochum,             .

           Royal House of Hanover,       1714      IV.

 1917       Hanover.  ,     ,  50         Hanover.  ,        .      Hannover R?ckversicherung AG            .

         1979    Insurance Corporation of Hannover (ICH)  -  International Insurance Company of Hannover Ltd. (IICH)  .

        ,          .    Hannover R?ck    .       HDI,                  ?  ,   .      Hannover R?ck    .    ,            .

          1981 ,  Hannover R?ck     Hollandia Group  , ,      Hannover Re Group Africa.

 1984  Hannover R?ck      Karl-Wiechert-Allee 50 (     ,        ),    .

 1988    Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG    Zeichnungsgemeinschaft (   ).

 1990          Hannover R?ck            .         Reassurance Company of Hannover (RCH),   . ,  ,     Hamburger Internationale R?ckversicherung (HIR).   .      Volksf?rsorge.       .          . Hannover R?ck           :   (       ),         run-off company, ..       ,         ,         ,  ,       HIR    Hannover R?ck.

  HIR     .       .        HIR,    Hannover R?ck    .  ,       , ,   .

 1980-            .           .  ,         .

  ,    1970-     Hannover R?ck  Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG        .   ,          Hannover R?ck, ,   ,    .  ,                 .     ,        ,  ,  Standard & Poors (S&P).  , Hannover R?ck     ,        .

           ,  ,  .          ,     .  Standard & Poors           .    1984  Hannover R?ck     (extremely strong     ).  ,           (   ).         A.M.Best,     Standard & Poors.    Hannover R?ck  Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG   1994   + (Superior  ).

       ,    : Hannover R?ck        .       .                  .

 1992       -   (Dr. Michael Reischel),       .        Hannover Reinsurance (Irland) Ltd.   ,          (International Financial Services Centre-IFSC).








 



 1 1995  Hannover R?ck    Eisen und Stahl R?ck.

      1995       ,            .

1 1996         (Wilhelm Zeller).          ʸ  .        Hannover R?ck.

  .      ,   Hannover R?ck  Eisen und Stahl R?ck    .    1996   Eisen und Stahl R?ckversicherung-AG   Hannover R?ckversicherungsgruppe,      :  Hannover R?ck    ,  Eisen und Stahl R?ck       .








 



              . , Hannover R?ck   70%  ,    Eisen und Stahl R?ck  ,          .   , Eisen und Stahl R?ck  20%     Hannover R?ck  .

.     ,      Eisen und Stahl R?ck:           .    .        E + S R?ck      R + V: Raiffeisen und Volksbanken-Versicherungsgesellschaften.

   HDI    .           HDI .    E + S R?ck      . ,              .        Hannover R?ck         .

  .  Hannover R?ck         .      25     .    ,       ,     .  ,              Hannover R?ck,         ,         .        stealth reinsurer (Tarnkappen R?ckversicherer  -),  , ,    stealth bomber (- ).    ,    , ,   ,         ,   ,         Hannover R?ck.

,   IPO-Initial Public Offering (  )   :         .     Hannover R?ck        .         .       ,       .

         .   ,      ,           , Hannover R?ck   .

  .     :             .               Hannover R?ck.   .         ,  , , Financial Times        rough diamond (Rohdiamant     )  ,        .

,         Hannover R?ck,   1995         .  .             ,    ,     : Volume is Vanity, Profit is Sanity    ,    . , Hannover R?ck       .

 [108 -      ,      20- .     ,     26,5  34     1992 .] 1992         :           ,     .            ,       . Hannover R?ck     ,           alternative risk transfer[109 -        ,      .              ( ,   ),      ,    .   ,                 .].  1994      Citibank    ,  -     [110 -          ,    ;   ,    (),       .].  ,   Kover (K)[111 - K-Cover    ,  ,  ,   ,                ,              .       Kover Ltd.           .         (capped Quota Share reinsurance treaty)       .              ,         .     RoE          .]  $ 85.    Hannover R?ck      ,         .

          Hannover R?ck:     ,    ,    ,    ,   ,      . ,   1990- ,     .          ,           .

 Hannover R?ck        .          ,     ()   [112 -              ,   ,     (  ).       ,         .      , ..     ,         .         .             ,      .].          .

   1990    Hamburger Internationale R?ckversicherung (HIR)  Hannover R?ck           .                   ,     .  1990        180          1,7  , ..  10%.

  -   (Dr. Wolf Becke),       HIR,    , ,      ,     .








 



                  .    ,  , unit-linked life reinsurance (      ), ,       .          (endowment)   unit-linked life reinsurance     (Schmuddelkind  .    )   ,       .

    Hannover R?ck     .           .       :   1989                  .      unit-linked policies  Fondspolicen[113 -  ,    [  ]   ,        ; ,      ,      .    ,    .],   ,   ,     ,      .  ,          .

         .          ,       .  ,      ,      .  1991/1992   Hannover R?ck          ,         unit-linked policies.  1995       .

             ,      ,          .   Hannover R?ck      ,        ,   .           .

             ,   :         .        , ,   ,  ,    .      Hannover R?ck   ,       ,     .

                HDI (Haftpflichtverband der Deutschen Industrie VVaG),   1993     -  (Wolf-Dieter Baumgartl).








- 



 1992    HDI Lebensversicherung AG,   1996     Transatlantische Lebensversicherung AG ( Aspecta Leben)   Lloyds Bank.  1996      KKB  Kunden Kredit Bank-Lebensversicherung AG  Citibank,     HDI        bankassurance().

    Hannover R?ck     -     . ,  1991/1992          ,   Home Income Plan,             ,  , immediate lifetime annuity (   ).  1995       ,         (impaired annuities)    (PAFS  Pension Annuity Friendly Society, London),     Winterthur Life Re,  ,     . ,      Stalwart Assurance  Hannover R?ck  1996        smokers annuities [   ( )].

                   .  1991      1981    Holland Life Re,             .  1993     NRG Group      NRG Victoria Life.

         RCH Reinsurance Company of Hannover,   .   ,   1990 ,      .    BAT  block assumption transactions          :      (EV  embedded value)[114 - Embedded value (EV)  ,             ,        ;          .]       .  ,       .             :       (cash value)  ,          (solvency relief)[115 -  solvency relief   ,            .         (solvency ratio) .           (freed-up capital), ,     .]  ,    .  ,       ,                    ,        . ,   2001   block assumption transactions      ,          1997 ,  ,     ,         .

           .   1990-        ,  ,  1992      - ()  .

 1997  Hannover R?ck      Scandia International Insurance Company (SIIC),   ,  ,     ,        .        Hannover R?ckversicherungsgruppe,  ,    Scandia International Insurance Company, International Insurance Company of Hannover (Inter Hannover),      ,    ().      .        ,   ,  ,    .

  Scandia International Insurance Company     Hannover R?ck       .    ,      .  Skandia Reassurance London   Hannover Life Re UK.   Skandia         Hannover R?ck        ,    .

 1999          .    :  -     (  - ),      ,  , .

      ()   Hannover Life Re Ireland,           .           (     ),             US GAAP/Irish GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).     ()    75.

           :  1999   -   2,2.    HIR  1990  Hannover R?ck      .  ,   ,         (, ,  ,  ).

 Hannover R?ck        :   1990-     ,   -  /,    .      FinRe  financial reinsurance               , ,       (equity substitute)      . ,  Hannover R?ck    Hannover Re Ireland,          .

          ,  ,          ,   1999            .

  1999   ,   -, Clarendon Insurance Group       Hannover R?ck.      $ 1,3  Clarendon        program business, ..     ,  ,   ,   ,     ( )   .  90%     Clarendon,         ,         .          ,      ,    .   Clarendon                Hannover R?ck,  ,  45%.

,      (   ),   1990-      .  1990  91%       -,  9%     .  2000     :       41%, 20%        , 21%         15%    .

     ,         Hannover Life Re,     Hannover Re Advanced Solutions.  2000          Hannover R?ckversicherungsgruppe    (bearer shares)    (registered shares).              MDAX[116 - MDAX  Mid Cap Dax   ,     .       (Deutsche B?rse),   .          (order book volume)   .   ,     ,      Xetra (Exchange Electronic Trading).]   Capital Investor Relations Award (       ).

    ,   ,    ,        .   ,      ,      -   2001 ,     ,          .  ,          . ,          . ,   2001   Clarendon         ,   2005  Hannover R?ck       .

   20- ,        :          (. Talanx AG).   Hannover R?ck   -    19             3000 .

  .       ,     .

   (Schweizerische R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, . Swiss Reinsurance Company  Swiss Re)    1863 , ..        .

      19-     ,        .             ,     ,     .

 1861                       .       ,      .            ,       .    ,   1861 ,   ,   Allgemeinen Versicherungsgesellschaft Helvetia       Helvetia Schweizerische Feuerversicherungsgesellschaft  -?,         .

    ,                  .           (Moritz Ignaz Grossmann),     Helvetia,   ,          Helvetia      ,  ,      20%      .     ,             ,   ,         .








Moritz Ignaz Grossmann



ʸ     ,   .  ,            ,          .

      ,    .      ,    1863       ,    Schweizerische Kreditanstalt,   1857             (Alfred Escher),         Allgemeine Versicherungsgesellschaft Helvetia.








 



      ,         .

 ,  50-   ,      ,     ,    .          ʸ.  ,         ,          ,        ,             .   ,        ,      ,      ,  ,     ,   .  ,    ,       ,  ,    , -,   []                   ,    ,       , -,   ,  ,           ,          ,      [117 - Schweizer R?ck, R?ckblick 1863-1963. Z?rich, 1964. . 3.].

         .   ,                 ,          ,  ,         [118 - Schweizer R?ck, R?ckblick 1863-1963. Z?rich, 1964. . 3.].

      ,           Schweizerische Kreditanstalt,          . ,        ,    . 10 1863     Helvetia         Kreditanstalt,     .           18 1863         .

           Schweizerische Kreditanstalt     Basler Handelsbank.   1863     .      6        15% .     ,           ,          .           ,              .








      1863 



,  19 1863 ,     (Gottfried Keller),          .








   








Gottfried Keller



      26 1863    .              ,      . 1 1864        (Georg Schmidt),       Aachener und Munchener Feuerversicherungs Gesellschaft.  1859      Dresdner Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft         ?sterreichischer Ph?nix.

         ,        .               .

       1 1864 ,  ,       Allgemeine Versicherungsgesellschaft Helvetia,     .           ,   Helvetia,           (      ).     :

(1)  ,        ;

(2)       ;

(3)  .

      ,        1/3      1  2,        3.       ,       ,       », ѻ  Ļ. ,           .     ,          Helvetia,   ,       [119 - ., Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 88.].

..         ,   ,      .  ,      1 : The Company designated as A, by which the Schweizerische R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft is understood, receives one-third of all excesses, that designated by B one-fourth, that by C one-forth and that by D one-sixth.

If the amount specified in the column Limit is reached, and consequently the limit of one or more of the Companies designated by A, B,C and D exhausted, the excess shall be allocated equally among the remaining Companies. If, as a consequence of this, the limit of a Reinsurer is again exhausted, the other Reinsurers still remaining shall again participate equally in the excess, the allocation taking place according to this principle until all limits are exhausted  ,   ,      ,    1/3   , ,   », ?,   ѻ, ?    Ļ  1/6 .

  ,    ,        ,   , ,   ,         .     ,    ,          ,             .

,    .       ,   .     60 000 :








     , ..  1 1869 .           48         ,      ,           .     (1)     10%,        15%.  ,        ,      .   10%- ,     ,     20%  .         ,      ,           .

               16         (   Helvetia Feuer   1864       )     , , , , ,   .

           .         . ,        ,        , ,       ,                ,     (. better no deal at all than a bad one).








  Swiss Re      1864 .



    ,        ,            .   1864 ,     , ,    ,      ,  ,     .

     1865    ()  (Josef  Giuseppe Besso),       ,              Assecurazioni Generali.








 () 



            .       . ,  ,    ,   ,        .   ,  14 1869 ,             6   4,5 .   ,       . ,       ,          .

 1869          Basler R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft.  1875              Prudentia Aktien-Gesellschaft f?r R?ck und Mitversicherungen.

  1870- ,       ,     .      1890- .  1895        , ,   ,    ,       .   1899                   ,  ,   .       .

    1906   -        ,   .           .

       1906 .             .  47%      ()        . -   4,3  ,           1906    9,9  .                .     ,    ,   ,     50%       , ,   .                      .

      1906        .        ,        1907 .            .

      ,   .       -         ,        .  ,                  ,    .     1906    ( 1900 )      (Charles Simon)     , ʸ








 



  ( Gen Re)  Badische R?ckversicherung  ,     Earthquake Commission (  ),                .    ,          ,          .        ,   .     Earthquake Commission         43 .     (  )   ,       ,        .   1907      ,          ,                      .       ,         .             -,        .

  1909                     .     20 1910     -  Swiss Reinsurance Company of Zurich United States Branch.  1913      4       ,      Phoenix Assurance Company ()  Preussische National ().

  1911      ,         European Accident Insurance Company   , ,     . ,              ,      .    ,     1911  European Accident    -.    1911     Union of Cantonal Fire Insurance Institutions,       .

  1907       ,        .          4000 ,      .     .    ,      ,           9 .  1911         .     White Star Line,   1845   








  



    ,      -         Olympic, Titanic  Gigantic (      Britannic),      .

    ,     ,  ,  , ..          -   .           ,       ,  .     .       ,      Olympic       2%      .       ,              .








          (1912 )



   ,    20-     ,        .           ,       .   (  - ),      1895 ,      1919     .    ( 1942 )     .     ,      ,                 .

     (Erwin H?rlimann),








 



  1904    ,  1919   ,  1930  1966     ,   1942  1958     .      40 ,  ,    .

          .         1881 ,  1901              1904     .        ,             - 1906 .      8,4      -  4,3  .

25 1913         Mythenquai  ,      - .  ,              50-,      .  1914      350 .

  (Paul Guggenb?hl) :    25-,  1889  1913 , Swiss Re Insurance Company  ,          .         ,    ,      .              1906   -   .             .        25     : ,    ,           .        :    ,    ,    ,   ..      ,        [120 - Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 1, 1863-1938, SRCA 10.108 184; SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 281.].

 1916          Mercantile & General Insurance Company-M & G,   1907           .  , ,  1915 ,       (Richard Guinness),       .           ,               ,       .       M & G   .  1917          ,    ,   1918      .  , ,    ,          ,           .

       20%       .          ,        .  1923     -  North American Reassurance Company,     ,   .     ,  ,  ,     11   31  ,       .     ,   ,        ,   .

 1924              Bayerische R?ckversicherung AG,   1911 ,     ,     Bayerische Versicherungsbank    Allianz SE. ,         1937 .

 ,     ,    ,                 .               (Erich Robert Pr?lss),      Bayerische R?ckversicherung Holding AG, ,   ,  2001     Swiss Re    Swiss Re Germany.

 1939       75- .       297  .    426 ,      546  .         :      25- , ,      ,       ,  25   1914  1938       .                .        .          ,    15    ,        .    ,     ,        .             25 :        ,    1931 .       50-      25      ,              [121 - Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 1, 1863-1938, SRCA 10.108 184; SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 293.].

 1940             North American Reinsurance Corporation,             .

    ,     ,           ,         ,        , ,   .

 1958        (Max E. Eisenring), ,  ,     1944     .  1964           ,          .       1979 ,    ,    .      ,       .    ,  ,    ,     .            .     Swiss Insurance Training Centre (SITC)        ,        ,  ,     .  1967  1980        Credit Suisse.








 



  1963 , ..  100-   ,  ,      11  .       :      75-       . , 25  ,     ,         25-    ,      ,     .  ,        , ,      ,  -.     25-     ,     .      , ,       .    ,            :   ,      ,    ,      .            ,     25- [122 - Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 2, 1939-1963, SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 32.].

 1968         Mercantile & General Reinsurance,   1969      Swiss Reinsurance Company (UK).

          .         ,  ,  ,         .  1938      Neue Holding AG,   1970     Schweizer R?ck Holding AG.  1974          SR Beteiligungen Aktiengesellschaft  . 1 1975               Magdeburger Versicherungsgruppe       Vereinte Versicherungen,  Vereinigte Versicherungsgruppe,   1974          1987 .             .            ,            .

           .  1977         Schweiz Allgemeine Versicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft,    1869          , , ,    ,   1988        Lloyd Adriatico S.p. A.  .             Union R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft,   .

          .  90%      ,         .        ,  ,    ,   .

            ; ,     ,         .     Sigma,     1968 ,   ,        ,     .    Experiodica,   1973 ,        .  ,     ,     ,    .

  1990-      ,  ,   ,  .  1991         ELIVA Swiss Insurance Company, ,   ,         Schweiz Allgemeine Versicherungs AG.        ,    ()  Swiss-Baltic Reinsurance Advisors.

 1994    ,        .          .  1995    53%-       , , ,   .

         ,            .  1995     Alhermij Group,   1996    Mercantile & General Re Group.            .        Swiss Re Life & Health.

1995         .        . ,         ,     .     1864 ,          ,     .   20-     .








   



 1960      100-    ,   ,   .     S  R     .  1981         ,  .     1990- .    ,      ,     .      ,    SR .








   1990- 



       -   .              ,       .








   1995 



  1997    100%    Unione Italiana de Reassicurazione     Swiss Re Italia.   1998     $ 1,8     Connecticut Life Re Corporation,          .          Reaseguros AlianzaS.A.      NCM Holding.  ,   ,       Union R?ckversicherungs-Gesellschaft.  1999           Swiss Re.   1990-  -            1999     Fox-Pitt, Kelton Group.     ,          ,    .    (Walter Bruno Kielholz)








  



    ,   1999    Business Insurance,       (     )     ,    ..,         [123 - Zolkos Rodd. Swiss Re Purchase to Expand Services, Business Insurance, January4 1999. . 2.].

 2000      Underwriters Re Group,           .           -:    Swiss Re Life & Health;     ,   ,   ;      ,    ,   .

        ,   ,      .




 4


   .              (Sowjetische Milit?radministration in Deutschland  SMAD),  9 1945 ,       ,   .    SMAD   50     ,    1948 ,       ,      15 .

 SMAD   ,        ,        .           (  )   (   ),         ,      ,              .

       -,    1947 ,    - ,  ,               .         .           .       -,      .        -   .   ,        ,    ,      .       ,   (Ernst Busse),   (Robert Siewert)    (Johannes Warnke),        .   SMAD                  (Deutsche Zentralfinanzverwaltung).       ,        . ,       ,        (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission)  1948 ,    .

      ,  SMAD    1945 .       ,       .  1945            (Henry Meyer),   ,   .   ,            .       .  ,   1948         ,     .  ,        (Willy Rumpf)             (DWK).

 DWK,   1947 ,         .   DWK  ,        (J?rgen Kuczynski)    (Klaus Gysi),     (Heinrich Rau),       [124 - ., Kuczynski J?rgen. Dialog mit meinem Urenkel. Neunzehn Briefe und ein Tagebuch, 7. Aufl., Berlin, Weimar 1986. S. 50.].        ,      DWK   (Bruno Leuschner).               .       DWK,         ,    (Erwin Brillke)[125 - ., Zank Wolfgang. Wirtschaftliche Zentralverwaltung und Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission (DWK), in: SBZ-Handbuch, S. 287-288.].

,   SMAD,    1950 ,                (Deutsche Aufsichtsamt f?r das Versicherungswesen-DAV).  1952            (Deutsche Versicherungs-Anstalt-DVA).  ,       .

  1945    8          .      ,     ,      ,     .  1       23          .   ,   :        ,       .   ,    :         .       [126 - Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen 1/1 (6. Oktober 1945). S. 17.].

    ,           ?      ,           ?

   -  ,    ,        ,           .     SMAD        .

.  (Siegfried Schulze),          ,        1945 ,       ,        [127 - Schulze Siegfried. Die Entwicklung des Versicherungswesens und des Versicherungsrechts in der Sowjetischen Besatzungzone und in der DDR, Hamburg 1992. S. 12-18].

          ,      .     .         -          .     ,        -       ,       ,       .

    -           .         1 1945 :        1 1945 [128 - Durchf?hrungsverordnung zum Gesetz ?ber den Neuaufbau des privaten und ?ffentlich-rechtlichen Versicherungswesens in Th?ringen vom 22. September1945; Reinhard Renger. Die Organisation des Versicherungswesens in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone und in der DDR 1945 bis 1989, Karlsruhe 1990. S. 201.].   , ,   ,    .  ,        -   [129 - Verwaltungsbericht der Sach und Lebensversicherungsanstalt der Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt (1.10.1945-31.12.1946), LHSA, MD, K 5, Nr. 2209, Bl. 12.],   :         ()[130 - Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, 1/7 (15. Dezember 1945). S. 13.].

        ,   ,           .             SMAD.    1945              .   ,        DWK,   ,   .        :      .   ,    ,      (  ).      ,       ;         .     :      .     ,   [131 - Protokoll ?ber die Tagung der Landes und Provinzial-Verwaltungen und der Provinzial und Landesversicherungsanstalten am Mittwoch, dem 12. Dezember 1945, in der Deutschen Zentralfinanzverwaltung in der SBZ, FHA B 35.2.1/1202. S. 1.].

  ,       .  ,    ,            .    ,                              -    [132 - Protokoll ?ber die Tagung der Landes und Provinzial-Verwaltungen und der Provinzial und Landesversicherungsanstalten am Mittwoch, dem 12. Dezember 1945, in der Deutschen Zentralfinanzverwaltung in der SBZ, FHA B 35.2.1/1202, S. 5.].

  ,       ,       ,        ,     .        .         : Neue Magdeburger Versicherungsanstalt,        ,      Wilhelma Versicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit-VVaG.      Wilhelma in Magdeburg Allgemeine Versichrungs-AG,   1871 ,     Allianz  1923  -     .

  1945-1946  Wilhelma VVaG      .    ,         ,             ,     .  Wilhelma VVaG    Allianz     (Erich Gr?sser)      (Karl Fischer).    180            Wilhelma   .  Allianz   .     Allianz,    Wilhelma    ,      ,   Th?ringia, Agrippina  Karlsruher Leben.       ,   Allianz         .         Wilhelma     .

26 1946        ,    Wilhelma   ,           Allianz.           Wilhelma,     -    .   :       ,      ,      ,       -   .       ,                  . 6 1946  SMAD      Wilhelma   .                  .

   SMAD       ,          .  ,  :           ()     -[133 - Bericht ?ber die Gr?ndung und Aufl?sung der Wilhelma, Magdeburger Versicherungsverein AG. In Magdeburg erstattet von der Wirtschaftspr?fer-Gemeinschaft  durch Prof. Dr. H. Gro?mann, Leipzig, LHSA, MD, K 5, Nr. 2219, Bl. 35.].    Wilhelma       .        .

 ,            1945 ,  ,         .         1946    ,   ,  ,    .

SMAD       .      ,          .            .       SMAD[134 - ., Staritz Dietrich. Die Gr?ndungder DDR. Von der sowjetischen Besatzungsherrschaft zum sozialistischen Staat, 3.Aufl., M?nchen 1995. S. 133.].

   ,     ,     .

            ,   ,  .

3 1945   ,             (Landesversicherungsanstalt-LVA),       .         22 1945 ,        SMAD  01,  .          (Reinhard Lettau),      ,    ,    .     ,   - ,    1947   ,   -  Gothaer Lebensversicherungbank.

  Versicherungswesen auf neuer Grundlage (   )  Th?ringer Volkszeitung 26 1945.           .          (Rudolf Paul):   ,   ,  ,    .            , ,    .     : ,  , ,       ,  [135 - ThStAW, Ministerium der Finanzen, 5891, Bl. 17.]. ,      .   , , ,     ,      15 ,      ,  Allianz, Gothaer Feuer, Helvetia, Magdeburger Feuer  Nordstern Versicherung.  ,     ,          .   1947         41    .       , ,      ,                 ,      .      (LVA)   137  .   ,          1946 .   ,   ,    LVA,       .

  28 1945      Provinzial-Versicherungsanstalt Mark Brandenburg,   1947 ,     ,   Versicherungsanstalt des Landes Brandenburg.      15 1945    Sach und Lebensversicherungsanstalt der Provinz Sachsen (       )  ,      ,    Versicherungsanstalt des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt (VASA) (   -).       ,  ,      Versicherungsanstalt des Landes Th?ringen (VAT),  22.       Mecklenburg-Vorpommersche Sach und Personenversicherungsanstalt (       - ),       11 1945 ,    Versicherunganstalt des Bundeslandes Sachsen (VAS) (    )[136 - ., Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 37.]. 10 1947      Sach und Personenversicherungsanstalt Mecklenburg (VAM) (       ).

      ,                 ,        1 1950 ,      Vereigniten Gro?berliner Verscherungsanstalt (    ).     Berolina, Allgemeine Versicherungsanstalt von Gro?-Berlin, Berliner Eigenhilfe  -   , Berliner Volksf?rsorge, Feuersozieten Gro?-Berlin      Lebensversicherungsanstalt Gro?-Berlin.

           .  ,          ,     LVA.  , LVA       .   ,   ,      ,      ,   .

,      .           ,     ,     . ,   ,         :        ,        .           .    ,      .    ,             .    ,     ,      [137 - Durchf?hrungsverordnung zur Verordnung ?ber die Neuregelung des Versicherungswesens, in: Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 1, Heft 7. S. 13.].

  ,  SMAD          .    247  14 1946   ,               .         500         ;          50   ,    2  .                        10  .      ,   ,             .

 1948           ,                           247  1946 [138 - Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 2, Heft 34, S. 364; f?r Th?ringen: Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte, S. 69-70; ebd, S. 16-17 eine ausf?hrliche Darstellung der Details. Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 38.].

 ,  -  -,      1945 ,        1947          1950 .       (Walter Kammler),   1964      Deutsche Versicherungsanstalt-DVA.

      :

       ,

     ,           SMA,

            ,

        ,

           , 

    .

              .  ,   ,           1946 ,        ,     ,     -,     .          (1945-1950)     1945   SMA            (G?strow).

   1946        - .    :     ,    ,        ,   ,   , , ,        .   SMA           ,       ,   ,  15 1946 . ,     ,            .  ,      ,            ,             [139 - Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 2, Heft 34. S. 364; f?r Th?ringen: Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte, S. 69-70; ebd, S. 16-17 eine ausf?hrliche Darstellung der Details. Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 38.].

,      ,         -.           . ,    -    ,   ,    ,    ,         .            ,      ,   ,  ,       .   1947          (Sach und Personenversicherungsanstalt Mecklenburg)   530         37 ,  45       ,   33       170    ,         19,5 .         [140 - Verwaltungsbericht 1945/47 (der Versicherungsanstat Mecklenburg), 1948, Anlagen 1a + 1b; FHA, B 35.2.1/28.].

  - (Versicherungsanstalt Sachsen-Anhalt-VASA)           1948    .     - , -,      . 68-    (Ernst Weber)       1945   ,  -      (Heinrich Schultz tho J?hrden)      .  1952     .

         , ,   ,   VASA    (Girobank) .        ,      ,        .   1947     - VASA  1 050 ,   484 .     1450  32  ,   ,        , 45%    .  ,    VASA  3 650  .      1 150   5 300       ,     ,   4       .  ,   5    .

  1947   VASA       1,9     ,          154 ,           .              ,     8 1945 .    480       ,      70  .            ,       .

             ,        .               ,          .     31 1948    .   , ,       800  ,    110    .   ,    ,       .    ,         70          40              .

          :       ,   ,      .           .              100   .

               ,   ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,          - .        ,   ,        ,    .       .      , ,   ,   SMAD.

     ,    , ,   .        ,       .

       , ..              .

,  VAS       :  ,      ,  ,        .   ,       20 1946 ,      ,      (Karl Meisner).

        5 300    ,        .    VAS ,          178 .                  57   , ,    ,       [141 - Bericht der VAS an die Landesregierung Sachsen, Freital, 11.April1947, FHA, B 35.2.1/1201. S. 2.].           ,        .

          ,              .      ,    ,     750 .   52 -    .    44    ,        .         . ,   1948 ,       ,   .

      .    Erl?uterungen zur Struktur der volkseigenen Versicherungsanstalten der DDR (      л)  1 1951 .            ,     , 74-  VASA,    -  ().  26  ,        ,     ,     21   [142 - Erl?uterungen zur Struktur der volkseigenen Versicherungsanstalten der DDR, 1. April1951, FHA, B 35.2.1/32.].

7 1949    .         .  -,     SMAD,   ?? 1950 ,            (Deutsche Aufsichtsamt f?r das Versicherungswesen-DAV).        .                    .  1952 ,              14    .               ,           .       , ,      ,  .

       1952       :      ,           :         л[143 - Matthias Judt (Hg.), DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten. Beschl?sse, Berichte, interne Materialien und Alltagszeugnisse, 2. Aufl., Berlin 1998. S. 52-53.].

1952-1989 :    (Deutsche Versicherungs-Anstalt-DVA)    .   1949     (DWK)     SMAD      .    SMAD      DWK   1949.   ,        25 .          ,     1945     , ,   1948        .  1950         (Kurt Plitt)         .

  (1909-1994 .)          Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG Victoria  .   1945 ,      ,    (Ruhrkessel),        ,       1947     1948 .     1948   Revisions und Treuhand-Anstalt f?r die Sowjetische Besatzungszone Deutschlands (RTA  - ),    1 1948    DWK.         Volkseigenen Betriebe  VEB) ( )    .  ,      (Abteilung Verrsicherungsberatung),     VEB    .  ,      6 1948             (LVA) . RTA    31 1949 ;          .                  DWK.     RTA,        .         ,        . 27 1950    (Willy Rumpf),     ,     , ,        .           .

           .        ,       .   ,         .    ,         .   ,     ,         . ,  ,             .         ,  ,     .

9 1950     :                (Deutsche Aufsichtsamt f?r das Versicherungswesen).   , 15 1950.,          .

          .  ,       ,       1917   1920 ,           .

      . ,  RTA     1949/50 ,        (Fritz Pedersen)      (Fritz Schmitz),      RTA  1950 . ,     10  25 1950 ,     LVA Sachsen-Anhalt.     ,        .    ,       ,     -    ,   -  .

     ,      .              .  ,       .

   .       (Hans Loch),             ,        1950     LVA      .     ,    ,  RTA          .             .               ,              .

,            .       ,        .  ,     ,     ,  ,        .      ,      LVA   ,            .    LVA Th?ringen,   ,   ,     ,  .      LVA Th?ringen    (Walter Kammler),    1964  1968     

-        . ,          ,   SMAD   ,       ,        Allianz         [144 - Niederschrift ?ber die am 9. Juni 1950 in der Finanzverwaltung der Sowjetischen Kontrollkommission gef?hrten Besprechungen, FHA, B 35.2.1/36.].        .         20 ,  ,        .    (Karl Meisner)      (Otto Bandowski   )   1 1950 ,    ,     (August Schotte)    (Herbert Bahr)  30 1950 .     , ,     .  ,       LVA Sachsen, , ,        . , ,        -   .

       ,         .    ,         ,      ,           ,      .        1951   - ,         ,           .

 Deustchen Versicherungs-Anstalt-DVA.         31-   (Rolf Wetzel)  ,          LVA Sachsen,    1950     . ,      ,        ,            .               .                ,         .

          ,      -      .

                    ,    23 1952 .    .

  ,        ,   ,     .       ,       ,     .    ,         .    ,      ,     .       ,            15 1952 .

          .       ,        .  DVA           ,      6 1952 .           11 1952.  ,   , 16 1952.,     (),        ,       14  [145 - Protokoll der ersten erweiterten Bezirksdirektoren-Dienstbesprechung der Deutschen Versicherungs-Anstalt am 11.11.1952, FHA, B 35.2.1/40.].

     .   DVA    -    .        : Deutsche Versicherungs-Anstalt, Hauptverwaltung.    : Kurstrasse 36-51 ( ).

         :        .            (Hans Jonscher).








 DVA,  :        



          57  91. 54       64  ,            194   24   .  ,    ,       500 .          1  ,      , ,   , 300     .

 1952  DVA   10   ,       .        (freiwillige Hausratversicherung),  2,9 ,       (Feuerpflichtvesicherung) (2 )     (Allgemeinen Haftpflichtversicherung) (1,6 ).  ,           0,8      .             ,      500  .         / ,   , ,  ,  ,  ,      ,   ,    .      .      .   ,   ,    ,       ,    50     1964       (DM)                51  .       30   ,                  26,5  .         24,7  ,     24,6  ,     23,7  .        16  ,     14   389,5   ,          .  , DVA         319  .       DVA,         .      Allianz Versicherungs-AG   1952     288 ()  , ,  ,  90%     DVA.    Allianz Lebensversicherung-AG         DVA,  Allianz  : 124,       157     Allianz Leben.       1952        1050 ()  , , ,        ,      .

DVA                 ,    .        ,   1952  DVA         456  [146 - Jahresberichte der DVA 1952 bis 1955, FHA, B 35.2.1/675; Gesch?ftsbericht der Allianz Versicherungs-AG 1948-1952, S. 78; Gesch?ftsbericht der Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG 1952, S. 6f;    . Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte. S. 64.].

  ,      DVA   ,                 ,    1957 ,      .  1962  1964            ,    Deutsche Auslands und R?ckversicherungs-AG (DARAG) (       ).      DVA          ,   ,    40- -  (Karl-Friedrich Ro?).

,  9 1912 ,        LVA      .  1952       (Neubrandenburg)   DVA.         ,     Betriebsparteiorganisation  BPO (),         DVA.         .

   1952       ,           .

                .     ,       ,     .

                 . ,       ,            DVA    .

   DVA    .         ,        ,      :          ,   1954   .           (Sparrenten-Versicherung).

DVA           .                 .  1956 , , DVA    1,2   [147 - Jahresabschlussunterlagen 1956, FHA, B 35.2.1/675.].

  (Melanie B?ck)   -   DVA.      LVA Sachsen-Anhalt,      DVA      .  1956    ,   (Renate Schroth),       .           (Gerda Bosse)   (Oschersleben)    (Ursula Schulze)   (Dippoldiswalde)    .  1969   -     .

 1956  DVA        .          Schwarzmeer und Ostsee Allgemeine VersicherungsA.G. (SOVAG)         .        ,           SOVAG.     SMAD     ,          ,     SMAD        .  ,   1953         ,       SOVAG. DVA          .                  (Filial-Direktion Auslands und Transportversicherung).

         (Schadenregulierungsabkommen)      .   ,         ,         DVA.

       . -  Deutsche Lufthansa,   1955 ,     DVA  1957 ,       Erste B?hmischen R?ckversicherung, , , ,    K?nig & Reeker, ʸ.








  K?nig & Reeker



       1956      ,      HUK-Verband (Verband der Haftpflicht-, Unfall und Kraftfahrtversicherer).

 SOVAG     DVA.    1958  Schwarzmeer und Ostsee    Deutsche Auslands und Ruckversicherung-AG (DARAG)  ,   ,     -  DVA.








 Filial-Direktion Auslands und Transportversicherung      .          ,     1960       ,   DARAG.  1958  DVA  DARAG       ,      DARAG        .

DARAG          DVA   .         DARAG.

 1955    DVA         .      .     ,          ,       ,        .     ,    DVA,   ,   .

  DVA :  1950-       ,   1956         ,    200 ,        .

    1961 .   1950-       .            DVA.          ,    .    ,       DVA     . 2 1956     ,    DVA      :   , ,   ,   .        ,     .

 DVA          .  , DVA        ,      .

 1959       DVA     1,6  .    19 1959 ,               DVA.

           DVA.       ,    .

        (Kurt Kath).           (Stendal),  (Auerbach)   (Vogtland)   (Neustrelitz).         .    ,  ,  16 1960      ??   42 E.  1 1961           . -             .          (Rudolf M?ller).         ,      LVA Th?ringen.        .

 ,     1961       ,      1990 .     ,     ,    ,    -.        : 1) , 2) , 3)    , 4)   ,   5)     .  , , ,       ,       ,       ,            .      (Kundengruppen)     .       . ,    1961          700 . DVA          ,     ,    .

    1961        .   ,   .  ,   ,       1960- ,       .        , ,        DVA,            . 7 1962    DVA     .     DVA,    3000 ,   1963     .

,  ,          .   1956  DVA     Sttni poji?tovna        .  1955               ,       .     ,             ,    ,   .                ,         .    1956         DVA,         ,  ,   ..          ,        .        ,                .  1962     ,               .       DVA,     ,     , ,    ,   ,   .    1962          500  -  ,      850   .    DVA    ,     , ,   .   ,     ,     ,     80 .       :     ,        .

            .    , ,    ,    ,       .    3 100 .   ,  ,    ,    10 700  1961   24 000  1964 .      ,       1990 .

  .   1960-       : DVA, DARAG  Vereignite Grossberliner Versicherungsanstalt (.     ).           ,      . Vereignite        ,   DVA  1952 ,       ,       - (, ,   ).       .   -     ,   DVA.         1953 ,  c 1961       .

          .

 1969  DVA  Vereinigte Gro?berliner Versicherungsanstalt     л (Staatliche Versicherung der DDR  SV).

 SV        ,    V    .








       KASKO  bevor es zu sp?t ist (      )   SV



Vereinigte    15-  ,      (Erich Noack)      1 1969 .   , DARAG      .    л,    1968   . .     (Heinz Weihmann),   1969          (G?nter Hein). ,      ,       ,             1990 .

  1946      Allianz, Magdeburger Feuer, Th?ringia, Gothaer      , -   1945    , ,            .           .        ,      . ,  1957   ,   9   ,    1945       ,  2,6        [148 - Die Auswirkungen der separaten westdeutschen W?hrungsreform von 1948, gez. Lahn, FHA, B 35.2.1/1.].

 1964            ,      (Beschluss ?ber die Erfassung und Auswertung der in der DDR befindlichen Dokumente ?ber die Zeit der Hitlerdiktatur).    DVA   ,     .           ,   , DVA   ,   , ,    , ..  ,       .  , ,   ,         1960- .

 1969   DVA       .            .          .

       .           (Amt f?r den Rechtsschutz des Verm?gens der DDR).      ,   1966  ,  ,        .    1970      .  , ,    .   ,        ,   -        1945 ,    824 .  ,      ,     -   ,   287      , -       1945 ,   1,25 ,      2,4 [149 - Anlage zum Schreiben Heins an das Amt f?r den Rechtsschutz des Verm?gens der DDR, Berlin, 15.6.1971, FHA, B 35.2.1/2270.].

            (FHA  Firmenhistorische Archiv der Allianz)  .

  .

1 1973       (Herbert Schreiber),          .              ,   ,          1,4 .       .      ,       .      IX   ( -Ministerium f?r Staatssicherheit  Stasi),          (Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter-IM).



 



     ,       ,         .    Bericht ?ber das Ergebnis der Durchsetzung von Ordnung und Sicherhait in den Dienststellen der Staatlichen Versicherung der DDR (           л)       .   ,          .         ,    .                   .

        .

            .

  .   1977-          ,     (       30     ),         .         ;     .     ,      .           .             .      ,      ,   KD Berlin-Wei?ensee  1977   KD Berlin-Hellersdorf  1987 .

         ,    .     1977 ,     14  .  ,   1978          ,    .   ,     ,  -   ,       ;   ,           .  1989      6 390,   1806  [150 - Gesch?ftsbericht f?r das Jahr 1989 der Staatlichen Versicherung der DDR, Berlin, 10.4.1990, FHA, B 35.2.1/4.].    ,     1989       . ,      ,  -        (Kfz-Schlangen),    .

1989/1990:         Deutsche Versicherung-AG.     9 1989  ,       ,        .    ,     (Staatsvertrag ?ber die W?hrungs-, Wirtschafts und Sozialunion)  18 1990.,    1   ,             Deutsche Versicherungs-AG          Allianz.          1 1990              ,      .     3 1990         .

           128  , 15        .  1989.   12 500  ,    3 200     ??35      .      12-15  , ,   ,   ,         .

         ,         .   ,      ,       ,        50%    .        : ,   ,     .             . ,      .

  ,    ,      500    ,  ,   ,    ,   ,      ,    .      .   4         800  .          .

 1989        30      . 75%       ,           ,  25%    .            (    ),       ,         (  Krankentagegeldversicherung).

              ,     50%    .     ,      ,             .   ,             .













    



      3,4     67%  .       ,    3 500 .                ,          .              ,   6 .      ,    ,  ,   ,          ,           .     1989    60  . 95%   .

                    ,           .           1988/89   11   68%  .     3,3      .  1989       [151 - Staatliche Versicherung der DDR, Hauptverwaltung, Vorlage Nr. 28/89, Dienstbesprechung des Hauptdirektors, 12.10.1989, Einreicher Direktorat B?rger, Entwicklung der Lebensversicherung , FHA, B 35.2.1/1058.].       1989.  17,8 [152 - Chronik, Deutsche Versicherungs-AG, S. 6, FHA, B 35.2.1/28.].      4 500 ,   12       300        , ,         .   ,            .           .

         ,        .   1970-       5 .         4,6  1950   15,9  1980 [153 - Autorenkollektiv, Leitung G?nter Ullrich, Meine Versicherung, 4. Aufl., Berlin, 1982. S.25.].

    ,    ,       ,      -        ,   ,    .        ,       ,       .

        ,    .            ,    ,    .               ,       .              ,         .   ,    ,                 .  ,                  ,             .  50%            30%   .    ,   ,       ,      ,    .

     Geldsammelstelle (  )  ,               6,8%    1979  1989 .        л  1989.   7,5 .               1978        50  70%,   ,     .       . ,  1989.        1,7 [154 - GdV, Einigung, 1991, S. 18f.].

     1980-  ,       .  ,          ,  ,    .    1987.     .     ,      ,          .           .         .

   л     .  1986           ,   1987      Erweiterte Haushaltversicherung (   ).     ,   ,    .  1986     л                   ,           30  .            ,     ,           1       , ,                .

   9 1989   1 1990 ,     ,    ,       .     л     ,        .   9 1989   ,             .       :     л   ,   .  ,          ,           .

    1989       ,             .   1989      -         .                .

   ,  ,      л    ,                 ,    .            .

   1989    1990   .

    ,         (Walter Lippmann)  23 1989 , ,  ,     .     ,            ,       .

         ,          л.           ,      1989 .        .      л        .           ,         .

      1989               1987  (230 660 ),  243    1988    231    30 1989 .      320  ,      32%    1988 .

            ,     л    ,       .

     , ,    .        .

      DVA        :     ,  ,  Schutzbriefversicherung[155 - Schutzbriefversicherung           .             - ,      ,          .]   ,       .          ,    ,  ,   -    .    ,        .     -      л    -    .    , , ,      .     ,   8 1990     ,           .

                ,         ,    ,       .

 1989         .

           ,          .

             л,                .  ,     17 1989      18 1990 ,              .              .  -       (Regierung de Maizi?re)     18 1990    ,                    - .

            1990    .      ,                 .

  1990     л      .

   Allianz,    Albingia Versicherungs-AG (    Albingia      . )       (Kasko-Hilfeleistung     )   ,  ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-lub)  Schutzbrief-AG   Auto-Schutzbrief,    Frankona-R?ckversicherungs-AG,          Deutsche Beamten-Versicherungs-AG (DBV) ()








 DBV



 Europ?ische Reiseversicherung,



  c Hanse-Merkur         . (109)



 .  Allianz              .    .     GDV (  ):          . Allianz,     16%     14%     ,          .

       .

 ,      ,         1 1990 .                  .       (Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz-VAG)       .    ,  Deutsche Versicherungs-AG      1 1990 ,             .    ,       ,  ,       ,       .

 ,    ,    26 1990.     ,  Vertrag zur Ausf?hrung des Vorvertrags vom 14.3.1990 (      14 1990.),                   Deutsche Versicherungs AG.

           ,      Deutsche Versicherungs AG,    : DVA           ,          1 1990 .     Altlastsch?den ( )       26 1990    ,   Treuhandanstalt, Deutsche Versicherungs-AG  Allianz.       Staatliche Versicherung der DDR in Abwicklung (SinA) (    ).

  ,      DVA           Treuhandanstalt.        ,   ,   ,  ,    ,      Deutsche Lebensversicherungs-AG.          520,2 ,         541,5 .  ,         .     ,    ,      1990      .   40%   DARAG    Colonia Versicherung.

    (BAV)         1 1990 .     3 1990                      , ,     .               .

 , :

       (  );

     ,              ,     ;

   ,           ,      ;

        ,       .

             .

 , ,         .  ,    Deutsche Versicherungs-AG  Deutsche Lebensversicherungs-AG     Allianz-Versicherungs AG    1998 .       31 2007       .




 III. 





 1


     18- .   18-           .  ,    1720-             ,          ,      ,           .   ,       1720   ,         1774    .

                1793 .          , ,         ?  ,      ,     ,     ,         ,   ,  ,   ,    ,      .

     ,           , ,  ,    .             ,    ,  .

        ,       ,   .      ,    ,   ,  ,        ,        ,   ,        .  ,  -,     ,       .       3%  4%   ,             .

     18-        60%     ;        ,    ,       .       1744       .

    (1756-1763 .)      (Bayonne)   1757    - (           , ):    ,           (Louisbourg     -)[156 - Public Record Office, London, H. C.A. 30 264: B. Duvergier, Bayonne, to Chevalier de Drucourt, 10 March1757.].

  , 19 1759    (Magon)  -[157 - -   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)  -  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F),    - (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88)     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)).]    (Gradis)  ,        :           60%,   55%,   [158 - Archives dpartementales de l?le-et-Vilaine, Rennes, I F 1897: Magon to Benjamin Gradis, 19 Jan. 1759.].

  ,        ,   .     ,          .            - ,    ,      ,         .  - .

 ,    ,        ,                 ,       ,     ,     .

 , ,   ,    , ,      ,    18- .   ,   ,           ,  10 1747 ,            ,     .      ,      (Verdier et Heraud de Courcy)    , -  (Charles-Denis Perthuis),    ,   [159 - Archives nationales, Paris, minutier central des notaires, henceforth M. C., tude XCIII 17, 6 Feb. 1750, inventaire apr?s dc?s for Charles-Denis Perthuis who held a share of 6 sous in this company.].

            (Claude Hilaire Maisonneuve),     .        ,                   1749     .       La Chambre dAssurance et Grosse Aventure,       La Compagnie dAssurances. 29 1750         ,   21 ,                 .   5  10      ,          2%       ,       ,     ,        1,5%.   ,  ,     (. ngociants   armateurs   . ),     1750  1751 .   .      ,      ,   ,   [160 - M.C.Paris, tude CXVIII 460, 6 Feb. 1750 passim.].

 1751      ,        .         -  (Pierre-Fran?ois Goossens),      ,     ,     - ,    .   16 1751       [161 - Memoire ? consulter pour le sieur Maisonneuve. Biblioth?que nationale. Paris, mss. Joly de Fleury 303. . 8.].        ,   .    ,   (Alexis Regny)  -    (Jean-Henry Bousquet or Bouquet)               93- ,         3 1751 [162 - M.C.Paris, tude CXVII 459, 460.].  ,     ,  ,  ,    (.. ,      ).

          ,  7 1752            ,      .      1756 ,         .       ,    ,  : 18 1751     (Laurent Woulfe)  -  (Nicolas-Robert Darcy)   - (    ,      1688-89 .);           8   ,        1753 .   1755           ,                  ,   [163 - ., Bosher John Francis. Le Ravitaillement de Qubec en 1758. Histoire sociale-Social History. V, 9,. April1972. . 81.].

 ,        ,              ,        ,        [164 - Biblioth?que nationale, Paris, mss. Joly de Fleury 303. Programme de la Compagnie sous le titre dAssurances gnrales, tablie ? Paris par acte dassociation homologu ? lamiraut gnrale de France, au si?ge de la Table de Marbre, par sentence du 15 Dc. 1753. . 1.].    La Compagnie dAssurances Gnrales Maritimes et Incendiaires,       ,      (Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon),    (Duc de Penthi?vre).

  19  ,        :   , , ,    ..








    



       27 1753 ,      .     ,      ,         .       .

     1753    , ,     ,    ,    .   ,     22 1754 ,      ,    conseiller du Roy commissaire ? la conduite des gendarmes ? la Martinique (.        ),   ,      .  , 5 1755 ,              ,  ,    ,    ,    Almanach royal    .      ,            1756 .

          1755 ,      ,      .       ,      ,   ,   .   ,              .      1755  1756 ,      .           ,   .

        ,               ,    1750     92  .   17      1762 .  ,   1750   4,6       1,4 ,       883 126   ,  ,  117 682   ,       .

  1753     4 ,    1,2      ,      500  .  ,       ;      ,     ,       .        ,        .        Memoire pour les Sieurs Beaupied Dumesnil, Thourons fr?res, Gasan & autres contre les Directeurs & Syndics des Chambres dAssurances de Paris[165 - Arch. dp. de la Charente maritime, La Rochelle, 4 J 2269.].

    ,             , ,   ,   ,    .           ,          , ..                     .      ?

 ,      .        ,      ,   ,    ,    ,   ,     18- , ..  ,     ,      .         ,      ,  ,     . ,  ,  -     (Gabriel Prvost)        60     1753 ,     3   [166 - A. N., Z?? 915, printed form of the notary Armet (Paris), 19 June1758.].         ,       1753    ,       .

       ,      .  -  , -   (Jean-Joseph de Laborde), ,                ,     - ,             ,    ,        .








-  



  ,      ,       ,    .      ,   ,        [167 - Laborde Jean Joseph de. Memoires, admirably edited by Yves Durand in the Annuaire-Bulletin de la Socit de lHistoire de France, 1968-69 (1971). . 116, 119.].

   18- ,    , ,  ,  ,   .      ,      ,       . ,   ,    ,            ?       .  (Montesquieu)       1750 :      ,   .           ;  ,       ,   ,    ,              ,         ,    ,       ;   ,         .      ,   ,    ,           ,     [168 - Montesquieu Charles Secondat de. Mes Penses, no. 341, in Oeuvres compltes, (Paris, Macmillan, Editions du Seuil, 1964). . 889.].



     



 ,     1750  1753     .  ,            .         ,    , , , -  (Pierre-Guillaume Merlin)        ,            . ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,      ,           [169 - .    Bosher J.F.The Paris Business World and the Seaports Under Louis XV. Speculators in Marine Insurance, Naval Finances and Trade, Vol. XII, 24, November1979. . 289.].

.      ,  15 1751     (Sieurs Emanuel Weis)     23[170 - Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 92].

  -  (Valin),        ,           Nouveau Commentaire sur lOrdonnance de la Marine du Mois dAo?t 1681 (      1681 ),       ,            [171 - ., Valin Ren-Josu. Nouveau Commentaire sur lOrdonnance de la Marine du Mois dAo?t 1681. . 152.].








   1681 



        Mercure de France   1752 ,      (Arthur Montaudoin)        .        :             ;     ,      ,         [172 - Valin Ren-Josu. Nouveau Commentaire sur lOrdonnance de la Marine du Mois dAo?t 1681. . 152.].

    -           1755     .    La Compagnie dAssurance   ,  ,   10 .          7 1755 ,  28 ;     18 , 9        ,    .    banquiers pours les traites et remises de place en place, ..          .

    ,      ,        ,      .     ,         :   (Louis Valmalette),   1753 ,   ,       1750 .            ,             ,        ,          ,    .

       ,         .         20-     30    . 5 1755 ,       ,  - Chabbert et Banquet      , Gradis et Compagnie,       .    ,  Gradis,  ,    -,  ,   Gradis . ,   .   ,          ,     21  ,      1  , , ,        1759 .        ,          ,           .   ,    ,   1758  Dumas, Ricateau et Compagnie,    1759         .

    ,    ,   ,       .   .           1750 :       ;    ,      .     ,    The Spirit of Laws,  :       ,   .     ,     , ,         .   ,       [173 - Montesquieu Charles Secondat de. Mes Penses, no. 341, in Oeuvres compltes, (Paris, Macmillan, Editions du Seuil, 1964). . 889.].

      ,  ,    . ,      ,      ,            ,           .      ,        ,          ,             ,   , ,      ,            ,   pr?te-nom.   18- ,     ,    ,       .           -      ,       .

.  ,    1871         ,        .                    ,      .

     ,      ,        .  , ,   Caisse Generale des Rassurances et de Co-assurances contre Risques dIncendie,   1863 ,      ,  ,   .  1874          La Caisse Internationale de Rassurance  Caisse Gnrale des Rassurances et de Co-assurances contre Risques dIncendie.   1873            Le Monde Compagnie dAssurances.       ,  ,     ;           . , Caisse Generale des Rassurances et de Co-assurances contre Risques dIncendie    1883 .

 1869       Compagnie Special dAssurances et de Rassurance Maritimes,  1871     Caisse Internationale de Reassurance,   1874     Union Compagnie dAssurances contre dIncendie.

      1870       : (1)        ; (2)             ; (3)          3  6 ; (4) ,   2 000  3 000 ,  ,         ; (5)             ; (6)             ,     .       ,        (carnet           carnet TIR  . ),          . ,   ,   25%.

 1884       La Socit Anonyme de Rassurances contre dIncendie.  ,    ,     Fire Reassurance Company,   -     .  1911          ,         1 1920 .  1957       La Socit Anonyme Fran?aise de Rassurances.     1890    Atlantide Socit Anonyme de Rassurance,  1899  La Salamandre Compagnie Anonyme dAssurances et de Rassurances,  1904   La Rassurances Nouvelles,   1905   Compagnie Havraise de Rassurance.  1928     17 ,  ,         .  6     1914  (..     ).

 1945       , ,         .      ,     ,    ,     9 ,   34   ,      4-      ,  25 1946 .

    Mutuelle Gnrale Fran?aise (MGF).      .








      ,      : (     )   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   , ,        ,       ...   ,         ,        . ( ,    ,     )!!!!

    4 1973 ,         ,   25%           .    .    25 1946     Caisse Centrale de Rassurance (CCR),  ,     .








   ,    ,     ,    ,            10%- CCR.           ,    ,     .        ,   ,           .   ,        4%  1956 ,   1967   2%  , ,   ,  1,5%   .

 1970     ,     64/225/  25 1964                 (On Abolition of Restriction on Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services in Respect of Reinsurance and Retrocession).        ,   CCR              .

       CCR. (38)    Nationale, Compagnie de Rassurances de toute Nature, S. A.  CCR  1970      Socit Commerciale de Rassurance (SCOR) S. A.,       .  SCOR      Compagnie Havraise de Rassurance S. A..



 



          ,        .   ,        ,              ,            .  SCOR    ,       24 1966 .        ,         .

           Socit Anonyme Fran?ais de Rassurances (SAFR),     1884 .   ,    1959    1884-1959 Soixante-quinzi?me anniversaire (. 175 ),   .  SAFR          1957    Compagnie Fran?ais de Rassurances Gnrales,     SAFR  1916 .  1911   SAFR     ,  ,   1930        Metropolitan Fire Assurance Company of New York.  26 2000     SAFR Partner Re.

        .    Abeille-Paix Rassurances S. A. (Groupe Victoire).

 LAbeille   19 1856      LAbeille Bourguignonne, Socit Anonyme dAssurances contre la Gr?le,    (    -   . )      .        .








LAbeille Compagnies dAssurances








Abeille Compagnies dAssurances bee logo



        .      5 1857     LAbeille contre lIncendie,           LAbeille Socit Anonyme dAssurances contre la Gr?le.  1859       LAbeille Maritime.

27 1877       LAbeille Vie,   1881   LAbeille contre lAccidents     ,     .  1891     LAbeille contre lIncendie    ,    ,  ,          .

 1898   LAbeille contre lAccidents      ,      ,     .

 1906   LAbeille Socit Anonyme dAssurances contre la Gr?le  ,             .  1952   LAbeille contre lAccidents  LAbeille contre lIncendie     LAbeille Incendie, Accidents et Risques Diverse,      LAbeille IARD.  1958     Abeille Socit Anonyme.  1967   LAbeille IARD    LAbeille Gr?le   LAbeille IGARD.     Abeille Socit Anonyme      .

    , 

 1970      La Paix      La Compagnie dAssurance Abeille et Paix, ,   ,    Assurances-Abeille-Paix,  1972     Groupe Victoire.  1976     Compagnie Financi?re du Groupe Victoire (CFGU)    ,    Abeille-Paix IGARD, Abeille-Paix Vie, Abeille-Paix Rassurances    .  1987   Abeille-Paix IGARD    Abeille Assurances,  Abeille-Paix Vie  Abeille Rassurances.  1994   CFGU     Commercial Union Assurance Company Ltd..    Abeille Assurances  LAbeille Vie    Commercial Union France Group,   LAbeille Vie ,   ,   LEpargne de France.  2002   LAbeille group, Groupe Victoire  Norwich Union France      Aviva France Ltd..

 ,     : AGF Rassurances (AGF Re), Compagnie Transcontinentale de Rassurance S. A., Les Rassurances COREFI (Compagnie de Rassurance Fran?ais et Internationale) S. A., Mutuelle Centrale de Rassurance, Socit de Rassurance des Assurances Mutuelles Agricoles (SOREMA)  Caisse Centrale des Mutuelles Agricoles.

       20- .    ,         .           .          :   ,  ,     .

            sui generis (), ..      .              ()   .

                   1957 ,     (. 52)      (. 59),               .   1964        ,   1973         .    :

   73/239/   24.07. 1973.      ,      ,    (   )     L 228/3  16.08. 1973.

  73/240/   24.07. 1973.                 L 228/20  16.08. 1973.

  64/225/   25.02. 1964.                     04.04. 1964.,.878.

   73/239/     .      -        ,   ,     ,      ,   .

                .     10-12              . ,          .    ,    - ,     ,   ,   ,     .                 ,     .

        18%    ,     10 ,  16%    ,      .    2002/13/      05.03. 2002.     73/239/        ,     (   L 77/17  20.03. 2002.)       ,          .   , ,     2  (. 1(4)).

                  .    ,               .

      ,  1973   ,         .      ,       .         ,              .

             ,           ,          ,   .          .

          .   ,   1970-        ,  .   1973                .    16 1976        (Loi du 16 juillet 1976 concernant le code des assurances  No. 76-667),              .     ,   ,    .  ,            . ,  LI 13-12   ,          2    .           -      .     ,     .     1964       ,      ,        .   ,   ,       .  ,  ,  ,     (   18        ).             .

   ,   ,     .       1973  (   )   1979 ,     79/267/   05.03. 1979       ,              ( )     L 63/1  13.03. 1979             .               .           .     ,      - ,       .

                       .        :

   88/357/   22.06. 1988       ,    (   )         ,      73/239/     172/1  04.07. 1988 ;

   90/619/   08.11. 1990            ( )        ,      79/267/     L 330/50  29.11. 1990 .

         .       ,    - ,      ,       .

        ,             ,       ,       .

   31 1989       1976       .                   Commission de Controle des Assurances  CCA.

               ,      .              .

 ,  92/49/  18.06. 1992       ,       ,      73/239/  88/257/ (          L 228/1  11.08. 1992 ),     1994 ,        .      (       )    - ,              ,       - .     ,    .          ,    .     ,        .

                 .  ,             .  ,              .

             ,           ,            .      5 2002   2002/83/      (   L 345/1  19.02. 2002 ),             ,     .

       .      -,       .     ,       .  ,      ,        . ,           7 2004  ,   -,          .

           .                    .           ,         . ,                    .

      .  2003        .      1 2003  (Loi de securite financiere n2003-706)        .    , ,      ,        .

 ,         ,  , ,                  (Autorite des marches financiers  AMF).

               ,       (Commission de Contr?le des Assurances, des Mutuelles et des Institutions de Prvoyance  CCAMIP).                 ,    .  ,    ,     , ,   ,    institutions de retraite supplementaire relevant du Code de la securite sociale, ..   ()       .  CCAMIP     ,           .           .

 ,         (Comit Consultatif du Secteur Financier  CCSF),             .

            (Comit Consultative de la Lgislation et de la Rglementation Financi?re  CCLRF),        ,   , .. ,    .

,         (Comit des Entreprises dAssurance  CEA),            .        ,   ,      ,     .

    2003          . ,           (cash surrender values), .. ,           .     (  unit-linked policies),         ,      .  ,         (guaranteed returns),       (average rate of return on assets          ),    .

        .     .   2003-1236  22 2003          (Solvency I),         ,  :

  2002/12/    05.03.2002      79/267/        ,          L 77/17  20.03.2002 ;

  2002/13/     05.03.2002      73/239/        ,         L 77/17  20.03.2002 .

      ,       3  (2    ),    ,      200    1,4 .

 ,  2003          (   1951 )     .            .          ,    . ,    ,      .       ,      ,   .       18%    10  50  .     50     16%.        7  35    26%,   23%     35 , ,    .

    ,                    . ,  ,           ,      .         .

    ,  ,        (,    ),     50%.                     .

 CCAMIP ,      ,         .             ,     .  2004     .

            .           , ,       .

 1967         (    ).        33% (18%     + 15%      ).         30%  .        ,          1986   Loi du 9 septembre 1986 and Loi du 23 Janvier 1990,  2004    3,3    .

     ,    . , 8%             ,     10  (taxe sur les contributions patronales de prvoyance complmentaire).   ,   1983 ,       .      ,        .   0,75%   9%  .    ,          .   ,       ,              . ,      ,     :

   19,6%     (taxe sur les plus-values  long terme sur titres de participation);

             (taxe professionelle); 

       (taxe dapprentissage).

 ,         34,3%,          24%.  2005   FFSA     .  ,      ,          .

   2004     300        (Fonds de Garantie des Assurances Obligatoires  FGAO)      ,                      .   ,  ,  .




 2


Assurances Gnrales de France  AGF.  1815           ,      .                  .        ,    .

            ,          .    ,   1815 ,      ,          .

            ,      .        .

      ,           .         ,   ,    (Martin dAndr),           .          1818    Socit Anonyme des Assurances Gnrales,   Assurances Gnrales de France  AGF.     : Compagnie dAssurances Gnrales Maritimes, la Compagnie dAssurances Gnrales contre lIncendie  la Compagnie dAssurances Gnrales sur la Vie,         1819 .

 AGF           XVIII          .        ,   1819 , la Compagnie Fran?aise du Phnix.








  



     AGF         20- ,      .

,   ,          (Alfred de Courcy)      19- .








  



        , , ,        ,     1844 ,             .

AGF      .        ,   , AGF    ,   ,          .    ,         ,                   ,    -     .

             .  AGF         ,       La Phnix,    ,    ,  GAN  UAP,    .               .         .

20-        . ,    19- ,           ,     .         ,          .               ,   1910             .

  , AGF    ,  La Phnix,      .  ,    20 ,        ,          .   ,          1920-       1930- .    AGF  ,   ,       .       ,     .

       ,              .   1946         ,      ,   25  .   AGF     .       ,        ,   ?     .

     AGF   1968 ,            .       UAP, GAN  MMA-La Mutuelles du Mans ( MGF-Mutuelle Gnrale Fran?aise,   1987 ).



 MMA



    Assurances Gnrales   La Phnix    AGF.

  25   AGF       .   1970- ,           .   ,        ,     , , ,             ,  ,   .       ,    , , ,   .

 1980-    1990-    ,       ,     Coface,       ,    SCOR.         AGF   .    1980-       -         .       1987 ,        .

  ,   1990-        AGF  51%.  ,          .  ,          AMB Aachener und M?nchener Beteiligungs-Aktiengesellschaft,         35%  .

     1996 ,            .            . ,  1996       SFAC (Socit Fran?aise dAssurance-Crdit),   1927 .       Euler Hermes.

 1997  AGF        Generali.

          Generali.   1997      Worms et Cie,        Athena,  12-    .  Athena    1989     PFA (Prservatrice Fonci?re Assurances),   Worms et Cie,   GPA (Groupe des Populaires dAssurances  GPA Assurances).      AGF   Athena.         ,     Generali.              Allianz,    ,     ,  ,        -     AXA  UAP.      ,           AGF,  ,         .     AGF       , ..       ,          ,   , , ,    ,      .

               ,   ,   ,    ,    Coface,     .      .    Coface  ,     AMB Aachen Munchen   Generali.          Athena     : AGF   PFA   ,   Generali   GPA.  Generali       AGF.

 AGF           .      Athena      Allianz        .

   AGF    .           ,     , ,           .       ,          Banque AGF.

         . ,  2001  AGF     Hartford Group   Zwolsche Algemeene Europe     The Hartford Luxembourg (THL).          Euler Hermes,            .

    2000-      2002    .  2003  AGF  ,        ,          .      2004 ,                 EntenialS.A..    AGF    .   200        ,    .

Union des Assurances de Paris (UAP).         1968       lUnion-Incendie, lUrbaine-Incendie  la Squanaise,       19- .     lUnion-Incendie,      .  ,   lUrbaine-Incendie,      ,          1815 .   ,         ,  ,  lUnion-Incendie,        19- .           , ,    20-       .

 1889                  .

         ,            ,    ,        .        lUnion-Incendie   10 .     2  ,     5  . .  , ,      .

   , ,  ,     .       (Myrtil Maas),   ,          1819   Compagnie dAssurances Gnrales (   Compagnie Gnrale des Assurances sur la Vie et contre lIncendie).          .      lUnion-Incendie, ..  1829 ,   lUnion-Vie,     .

   lUrbaine-Incendie  1838       , ,   ,     ,  ,   ,     -        .         ,       . ,  1843        le Dragon,   1848          lIndemnit ()  la Bienfaisance ().

               20- .      .  lUrbaine-Incendie       50       .     lUrbaine-Vie,    lUrbaine-Incendie,     :   1844 ,   1851     ,    1865 .       lUrbaine-Accidents     lUrbaine  1880 .        la Seine,    ,   1838 ,    lUrbaine et la Seine.



 








  



   UAP, la Squanaise,      (Besan?on)     1889      .   la Squanaise          (personal-savings market).  ,   ,       .   ,     ,     Titre A.      5 .           (maturity value)   100 .    99 .






   



   ,        ,       100 . .      la Squanaise        .    99-  Titre A        ,     ,       .    ,     ,      la Squanaise Vie  1906 ,         la Squanaise IARD (Incendies, Automobiles et Risques Divers)   1924 .

 20-       ,          ,            .              ,          .              .        ,             .

      1898                     UAP.  1899   lUnion-Incendie      (Place Vend?me)  ,   - lUnion   UAP.








 



          .

 1909     lUnion-Vol,    ,   1912    lUnion-Capitalisation,     .  1914   lUnion      .        ,   ,    lUnion-Vie ,                 ,     .

      .   ,       ,           .

            1946 ,      34 , ..      ,      lUnion, lUrbaine  la Squanaise.          .      ,      ,                   .       , ,  lUrbaine et la Seine     .

  ,  1947  1967           ,     ,        .              (with-profits contracts).

       ,    :  1958         .     ,  -       ,     1962 .       -.

     .  lUnion         SEMICLE      Soc Economie Mixte Constr Logem Economiq (          . ),   1954         ,   Renault  Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP),              .

     lUnion     ,         ,  ,   les Reassurances.

              ,       , ,     .  1968                   ,       UAP.     lUrbaine        (,   ,   ..)         ,          .  La Squanaise                1949 .   lUnion,      ,            .     UAP  1967   11%    ,    , 20%     70%    .        7,5 .             Allianz.

   UAP        (Dominique Leca),   lUnion,   ,          .








        La Rupture de 1940 ( 1940 )



   :  .    ,      .      ,          .

    1969       UAP   ,     .           .     UAP      ,    ,     1969  1975          900  2 700.     .      ,    lUnion    1950- .             IT   .

 1970   UAP            la Vigilance-Vie  lAvenir.

       UAP.  1973       Socit Centrale          168 . ,   1,68 .   95% ,  5%       UAP.

    .   1974       (Ren Piet-Berton de Lestrade),                .      UAP,  ,  :            , ,        ,   -  ,  UAP ,      ,        .    ,     UAP     ,  ,  ;                      .  ,       ,        ,   UAP      .        .        .   1970-          , , ,     ,         1975    33,4%   New Ireland Insurance




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67848402)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 184.




2


Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 186.




3


., Timbs John// https://susanaellisauthor.wordpress.com/tag/change-alley-during-the-south-sea-bubble/.




4


Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18th Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. Part I, Chapter VII. . 120.




5


Cole Edward. (2013), Total Loss Claims on Piratical Capture, Durham theses, Durham University. . 32.  (1758) 96 ER 1198, (1758) 2 KENY 325, (1758) 2 BURR 683. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9378/




6


Cole Edward. (2013), Total Loss Claims on Piratical Capture, Durham theses, Durham University. . 32.  (1758) 96 ER 1198, (1758) 2 KENY 325, (1758) 2 BURR 683. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9378/. . 32




7


.  . Haines Frederick Henry. Chapters of Insurance History: The Origin and Development of Insurance in England. London: Post Magazine & Insurance Monitor, 1926. . 197.




8


., Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain, London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 90.




9


.  . Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. . 47.




10


Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. . 53.




11


Wright Charles & Fayle Charles Ernest. A History of Lloyds from the Founding of Lloyds Coffee House to the Present Day. MacMillan and Co., London, UK, 1928. Reference 1, p. 55.




12


.,  .   // , 17 2010 , 19 (774).




13


House of Commons Journal, Vol. XIX. . 355-6, 357-8.




14


.  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18


 Centuries, including the Sun Fire Office: Also of Charles Povey, The Projector of this Office, His Writings and Schemes, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1893. . 156




15


Walford Cornelius. The Insurance Guide and Hand Book, The Insurance Guide and Handbook. Being a Guide to the Principles and Practice of Life Assurance; And a Hand-Book of the Best Authorities on the Science. London, Charles and Edwin Layton, 1900. . 245.




16


www.aviva.com.




17


Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 57.




18


GoldingC.E. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 57.




19


Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 43.




20


., Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 44.




21


Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 19.




22


Babbage. Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, New Brunswick, N. J. : Rutgers University Press; Piscataway, N. J. : IEEE Press, 1994. . 27.




23


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 307.




24


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 311.




25


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 311.




26


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 312.




27


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom. Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 443-444.




28


Morgan William. Doctrine of annuities and assurances on lives and survivorships, stated and explained, London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1779. P. 27.




29


Hendricks Frederick. Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Witts Treatise on Life Annuities // Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (The Assurance Magazine). 1852. Vide, xxix., p. 491.




30


., 38 & 39 Vict. . 60  Friendly Societies Act 1875.




31


Walford Cornelius. History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom, Cambridge, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, 1885/04, Vol. 25. P. 463.




32


.  . Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, 3


 ed. David Maclachlan, Vol. II, London: Stevens & Sons, H. Sweet, and W. Maxwell, 1866; http://books.google.com (http://books.google.com/), pp. 1093-1094.




33


   .  . Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 349-351.




34


         1625   1804 .




35


., Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 351-352.




36


    1745 .




37


.  . Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


 Ed. London, A. Strahan, 1809. . 352-353.




38


.  . Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 141-142.




39


Golding Cecil Edward. The Law and Practice of Reinsurance. London, Buckley Press Limited, 1965. . 2-3.




40


Marshall Samuel. A Treatise on the Law of Insurance in Four Books, Second American from the second London edition, U. S. cases collected by J.W.Condy, Philadelphia: William P. Farrand and Co., 1810. . 144.




41


Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 27.




42


Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe 1982. . 677.




43


., Supple Barry. A History of British Insurance, 1720-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiry Press, 1970. . 106.




44


Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931, p. 30.




45


Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed. London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 31.




46


.  . Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 33.




47


.  . Golding Cecil Edward. A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


 Ed., London: Waterlow & Sons Ltd. for Sterling Offices Limited, 1931. . 33.




48


Park James Allan. A System of Law of Marine Insurances, 6


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49


.  . Martin Frederick. The History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. London: Macmillan and Co., 1876. . 143-144.




50


28 Geo 3, c. 56  Marine Insurance Act 1788.




51


Routh v. Thompson (1809), 11 East 428  Seagrave v. Union Marine Insurance Co. (1866), LR 1 CP 305.




52


Arnould Joseph. A Treatise on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average: With References to the American Cases, and the Later Continental Authorites. Vol. II. 


 Ed. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850. . 1260.




53


., Arnould Joseph. A Treatise on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average: With References to the American Cases, and the Later Continental Authorites. Vol. II. 


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54


19 Geo. 2, c. 37  Marine Insurance Act 1745.




55


35 Geo. 3, c. 80  Shipping Act 1795.




56


6 Edw. 7, c. 41  Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK).




57


Chalmers Mackenzie Dalzell. Codification of Mercantile Law, 1903, 19 Law Quarterly Review 10 at 14.  Chalmers, Digest of the Law of Marine Insurance, 1


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58


Chalmers. An Experiment in Codification. 1886, 2 LQR 125 at 126.




59


Chalmers. An Experiment in Codification, 1886, 2 LQR 128-129.




60


Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


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61


.Anderson v. Morice (1874), L. R. 10 C. P. 58; in the Ex. Ch. (1875), ibid. 609; (1876) 1 App. Cas. 713.




62


., Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


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63


Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


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64


Arnould Joseph. Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, London: Stevens and Sons, 8


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65


Insurance Act 2015, c. 4. .: http://www.worldbiz.ru/system/new/detail.php? ID=4363.




66


9 Edw. 7, c. 12  Marine Insurance (Gambling Policies) Act 1909.




67


         (Payment protection insurance  PPI),      (credit insurance  credit protection insurance),     (loan repayment insurance),    ,         ,            ,        .            (Income Protection Insurance-IPI),       ,      -      .  IPI  Permanent Health Insurance (PHI)    .




68


Chalmers. Codification of Mercantile Law, 1903, 19 Law Quarterly Review 10 at 14.




69


.  . Bennett Howard. The Marine Insurance Act 1906: Reflections on a Centenary. 2006, 18 SAcLJ (Singapure Academy of Law Journal). . 673// https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/ (https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/).




70


  (.: Nordalbingien)          (Duchy of Saxony (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony)),    (Angria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angria)),  (Eastphalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastphalia)),   (Westphalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia)).       Alba      ,  ,      .       (Holstein).     




71


Cockerell Hugh Anthony Lewis and Green Edwin. The British Insurance Business, 1547-1970: An Introduction and Guide to Historical Records in the United Kingdom. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1976. . 302.




72


Clapp John Bouv. A Century of Service, 1815-1915. Boston, S. Peirce & Company Limited, 1915. . 27.




73


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74


http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/96/PRUDENTIAL-CORPORATION-PLC.html#ixzz31gSwRKz0 (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/96/PRUDENTIAL-CORPORATION-PLC.html#ixzz31gSwRKz0).




75


.    Gentlemans Magazine, 1796, vol. 79. . 518-519; The Times, 8 June1796; Law Report, Court of Kings Bench, June7.




76


-  1812-1815 .         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90),       .           (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B).




77


Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft, Karlsruhe, 2012. S. 19.




78


.  . Beckmann Johann. A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins. Vol. I. Bohns Edition, 1846. . 241-242.




79


.  . Relton Francis Boyer. An Account of the Fire Insurance Companies, Associations, Institutions, Projects and Schemes, established and projected in Great Britain and Ireland during the17th and 18


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80


.,  ..  :  . .: , 1998. . 51.




81


Masius Ernst Albert. Lehre der Versicherung und statistische Nachweisung aller Versicherungsanstalten in Deutschland nebst Hinweisung auf den hohen Einflu? dieser Institute auf Nationalwohlstand und die Gesetze dar?ber in den deutschen Staaten. Leipzig 1846. S. 116.




82


.  . B?ch Robert. Zweihundert Jahre Deutsche Versicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft. ZfV, 1965. S. 29.




83


Duer John. The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, Deduced from a Critical Examination of the Adjudged Cases, The Nature and Analogues of the Subject, and the General Usage of Commercial Nations. New-York: John S. Voorhies, 1845, . 49, reference a.




84


23 2007                (VVG-Reform 2008),     1 2008 ,      30 1908 .




85


Koch eter. Pioniere das Versicherungsgedankens  300 Jahre Versicherungsgeschichte in Lebensbildern 1550-1850. Wiesbaden 1968. . 177ff.




86


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87


., Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 85.




88


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89


., Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


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90


Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


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91


     ,            ,                          ,               (      ).                .    .  ..,  .. .  2- . . II. ., 2014. . 231-245.




92


              ,   () .  ,         ,   .    .  ..,  .. .  2- . . II. ., 2014. . 277-294.




93


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94


Kopf Edwin William. FCAS, The Notes on Origin and Development of Reinsurance, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XVI (1929). . 32.




95


Herzog M. Was Dokumente erz?hlen k?nnen  Zur Geschichte der M?nchener R?ck, typoscript in the archives of the M?nchener R?ck, M?nchen, 1978. . 46.




96


Assekuranz-Jahrbuch 11 (1890): 272.




97


Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe, 1982. P. 697.




98


Meuschel Walther. Geschichte der M?nchener R?ck, typoscript in the archives of the Munich Re; lecture presented in Munich in three parts on May21, 1963, October30, 1963 and February26, 1964. PartI.P. 29.




99


., Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 145.




100


.  . Gerathewohl Klaus. Reinsurance Principles and Practice, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. Vol. II. Karlsruhe, 1982. P. 696, ff 193.




101


.,  www.itishistory.ru/1i/10_katasrofi_32.php.




102


http://www.toytowngermany.com/lofi/index.php/t20955.html.




103


Koch Peter. Geschichte der Versicherungswirtschaft in Deutschland. 2012. S. 150.




104


., Bayerische R?ck. Das Unternehmen  Geschichte, Haus, Service, Management, Erscheinungsbild. M?nchen, 1977. . 9.




105


Swiss Re. Geschichte der Versicherung in Deutschland. www.ub.unibas.ch/digi/a125/ (http://www.ub.unibas.ch/digi/a125/)schdok/2014/ BAU_1_6285869.pdf. . 23.




106


: Hannover Re, 50 years of Hannover Re. S. 7.




107


50 Jahre Hannover R?ck 1966-2016//https://www.hannover-rueck.de/956399/50-years-of hannover-re-1966-2016.pdf. S. 8.




108


     ,      20- .     ,     26,5  34     1992 .




109


       ,      .              ( ,   ),      ,    .   ,                 .




110


         ,    ;   ,    (),       .




111


K-Cover    ,  ,  ,   ,                ,              .       Kover Ltd.           .         (capped Quota Share reinsurance treaty)       .              ,         .     RoE          .




112


             ,   ,     (  ).       ,         .      , ..     ,         .         .             ,      .




113


 ,    [  ]   ,        ; ,      ,      .    ,    .




114


Embedded value (EV)  ,             ,        ;          .




115


 solvency relief   ,            .         (solvency ratio) .           (freed-up capital), ,     .




116


MDAX  Mid Cap Dax   ,     .       (Deutsche B?rse),   .          (order book volume)   .   ,     ,      Xetra (Exchange Electronic Trading).




117


Schweizer R?ck, R?ckblick 1863-1963. Z?rich, 1964. . 3.




118


Schweizer R?ck, R?ckblick 1863-1963. Z?rich, 1964. . 3.




119


., Golding . . A History of Reinsurance with Sidelights on Insurance, 2


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120


Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 1, 1863-1938, SRCA 10.108 184; SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 281.




121


Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 1, 1863-1938, SRCA 10.108 184; SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 293.




122


Guggenb?hl Paul. Hausstatistik. Vol 2, 1939-1963, SRC Archive Inventory (Electronic Source). . 32.




123


Zolkos Rodd. Swiss Re Purchase to Expand Services, Business Insurance, January4 1999. . 2.




124


., Kuczynski J?rgen. Dialog mit meinem Urenkel. Neunzehn Briefe und ein Tagebuch, 7. Aufl., Berlin, Weimar 1986. S. 50.




125


., Zank Wolfgang. Wirtschaftliche Zentralverwaltung und Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission (DWK), in: SBZ-Handbuch, S. 287-288.




126


Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen 1/1 (6. Oktober 1945). S. 17.




127


Schulze Siegfried. Die Entwicklung des Versicherungswesens und des Versicherungsrechts in der Sowjetischen Besatzungzone und in der DDR, Hamburg 1992. S. 12-18




128


Durchf?hrungsverordnung zum Gesetz ?ber den Neuaufbau des privaten und ?ffentlich-rechtlichen Versicherungswesens in Th?ringen vom 22. September1945; Reinhard Renger. Die Organisation des Versicherungswesens in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone und in der DDR 1945 bis 1989, Karlsruhe 1990. S. 201.




129


Verwaltungsbericht der Sach und Lebensversicherungsanstalt der Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt (1.10.1945-31.12.1946), LHSA, MD, K 5, Nr. 2209, Bl. 12.




130


Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, 1/7 (15. Dezember 1945). S. 13.




131


Protokoll ?ber die Tagung der Landes und Provinzial-Verwaltungen und der Provinzial und Landesversicherungsanstalten am Mittwoch, dem 12. Dezember 1945, in der Deutschen Zentralfinanzverwaltung in der SBZ, FHA B 35.2.1/1202. S. 1.




132


Protokoll ?ber die Tagung der Landes und Provinzial-Verwaltungen und der Provinzial und Landesversicherungsanstalten am Mittwoch, dem 12. Dezember 1945, in der Deutschen Zentralfinanzverwaltung in der SBZ, FHA B 35.2.1/1202, S. 5.




133


Bericht ?ber die Gr?ndung und Aufl?sung der Wilhelma, Magdeburger Versicherungsverein AG. In Magdeburg erstattet von der Wirtschaftspr?fer-Gemeinschaft  durch Prof. Dr. H. Gro?mann, Leipzig, LHSA, MD, K 5, Nr. 2219, Bl. 35.




134


., Staritz Dietrich. Die Gr?ndungder DDR. Von der sowjetischen Besatzungsherrschaft zum sozialistischen Staat, 3.Aufl., M?nchen 1995. S. 133.




135


ThStAW, Ministerium der Finanzen, 5891, Bl. 17.




136


., Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 37.




137


Durchf?hrungsverordnung zur Verordnung ?ber die Neuregelung des Versicherungswesens, in: Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 1, Heft 7. S. 13.




138


Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 2, Heft 34, S. 364; f?r Th?ringen: Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte, S. 69-70; ebd, S. 16-17 eine ausf?hrliche Darstellung der Details. Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 38.




139


Verordnungsblatt f?r die Provinz Sachsen, Bd. 2, Heft 34. S. 364; f?r Th?ringen: Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte, S. 69-70; ebd, S. 16-17 eine ausf?hrliche Darstellung der Details. Barbara Eggenk?mper, Gerd Modert und Stefan Pretzlik, Die Staatliche Versicherung der DDR von der Gr?ndung bis zur Integration in die Allianz, Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, M?nchen 2010. S. 38.




140


Verwaltungsbericht 1945/47 (der Versicherungsanstat Mecklenburg), 1948, Anlagen 1a + 1b; FHA, B 35.2.1/28.




141


Bericht der VAS an die Landesregierung Sachsen, Freital, 11.April1947, FHA, B 35.2.1/1201. S. 2.




142


Erl?uterungen zur Struktur der volkseigenen Versicherungsanstalten der DDR, 1. April1951, FHA, B 35.2.1/32.




143


Matthias Judt (Hg.), DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten. Beschl?sse, Berichte, interne Materialien und Alltagszeugnisse, 2. Aufl., Berlin 1998. S. 52-53.




144


Niederschrift ?ber die am 9. Juni 1950 in der Finanzverwaltung der Sowjetischen Kontrollkommission gef?hrten Besprechungen, FHA, B 35.2.1/36.




145


Protokoll der ersten erweiterten Bezirksdirektoren-Dienstbesprechung der Deutschen Versicherungs-Anstalt am 11.11.1952, FHA, B 35.2.1/40.




146


Jahresberichte der DVA 1952 bis 1955, FHA, B 35.2.1/675; Gesch?ftsbericht der Allianz Versicherungs-AG 1948-1952, S. 78; Gesch?ftsbericht der Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG 1952, S. 6f;    . Autorenkollektiv, Betriebsgeschichte. S. 64.




147


Jahresabschlussunterlagen 1956, FHA, B 35.2.1/675.




148


Die Auswirkungen der separaten westdeutschen W?hrungsreform von 1948, gez. Lahn, FHA, B 35.2.1/1.




149


Anlage zum Schreiben Heins an das Amt f?r den Rechtsschutz des Verm?gens der DDR, Berlin, 15.6.1971, FHA, B 35.2.1/2270.




150


Gesch?ftsbericht f?r das Jahr 1989 der Staatlichen Versicherung der DDR, Berlin, 10.4.1990, FHA, B 35.2.1/4.




151


Staatliche Versicherung der DDR, Hauptverwaltung, Vorlage Nr. 28/89, Dienstbesprechung des Hauptdirektors, 12.10.1989, Einreicher Direktorat B?rger, Entwicklung der Lebensversicherung , FHA, B 35.2.1/1058.




152


Chronik, Deutsche Versicherungs-AG, S. 6, FHA, B 35.2.1/28.




153


Autorenkollektiv, Leitung G?nter Ullrich, Meine Versicherung, 4. Aufl., Berlin, 1982. S.25.




154


GdV, Einigung, 1991, S. 18f.




155


Schutzbriefversicherung           .             - ,      ,          .




156


Public Record Office, London, H. C.A. 30 264: B. Duvergier, Bayonne, to Chevalier de Drucourt, 10 March1757.




157


-   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)  -  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F),    - (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88)     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)).




158


Archives dpartementales de l?le-et-Vilaine, Rennes, I F 1897: Magon to Benjamin Gradis, 19 Jan. 1759.




159


Archives nationales, Paris, minutier central des notaires, henceforth M. C., tude XCIII 17, 6 Feb. 1750, inventaire apr?s dc?s for Charles-Denis Perthuis who held a share of 6 sous in this company.




160


M.C.Paris, tude CXVIII 460, 6 Feb. 1750 passim.




161


Memoire ? consulter pour le sieur Maisonneuve. Biblioth?que nationale. Paris, mss. Joly de Fleury 303. . 8.




162


M.C.Paris, tude CXVII 459, 460.




163


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164


Biblioth?que nationale, Paris, mss. Joly de Fleury 303. Programme de la Compagnie sous le titre dAssurances gnrales, tablie ? Paris par acte dassociation homologu ? lamiraut gnrale de France, au si?ge de la Table de Marbre, par sentence du 15 Dc. 1753. . 1.




165


Arch. dp. de la Charente maritime, La Rochelle, 4 J 2269.




166


A. N., Z?? 915, printed form of the notary Armet (Paris), 19 June1758.




167


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168


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169


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170


Weskett John. A Complete Digest of the Theory, Laws and Practice of Insurance. Frys, Couchman and Collier, London, 1781. . 92




171


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172


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173


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