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     ,      .     ,         .       ,         .          ,          . ,    ,         (    )   ,    .     PwC,  2030       $15,7,    ,         ,   [9 - Anand S. Rao and Gerard Verweij, Sizing the prize: Whats the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise? PwC, October 2018, www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf (http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf).]. , ,  堖      ,         ,       ,   ,     ,    .

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   ,    ,    ,          ,       . Google, Facebook  Baidu          ,     ,   .      TensorFlow  Google,   2015. TensorFlow       ,   ,   ,   ,       ,    ,   .  ,  TensorFlow  PyTorch,    Facebook,         ,   ,           .

       NVIDIA           ,      . Intel, IBM, Apple  Tesla    ,   ,    .         ,  ,    ,    .       ,     .  2016 Google     ,    .         ,    TensorFlow.  Google      -,   2018        .   ,    Google,        , , ,         .

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         . IBM  Intel       . ,   Loihi  Intel  130000  ,        [10 - Neuromorphic computing, Intel Corporation, accessed May 3, 2020, www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html).].         頖  .  ,       ,    20  ,    .    ,           , ,      5,     ,  , .  ,        ,   . Intel ,       Loihi  10000  ,   .      ,  ,        ,    .           , ,       . ,     Gartner,             2025[11 - Sara Castellanos, Intel to release neuromorphic-computing system, Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/intel-to-release-neuromorphic-computing-system-11584540000 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/intel-to-release-neuromorphic-computing-system-11584540000).].




     


      2006      Amazon Web Services,  AWS. Amazon,         -    ,          .  2018 AWS   100 -    [12 - Linda Hardesty, WikiLeaks publishes the location of Amazons data centers, SDXCentral, October 12, 2018, www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/wikileaks-publishes-the-location-of-amazons-data-centers/2018/10/ (http://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/wikileaks-publishes-the-location-of-amazons-data-centers/2018/10/).].    Amazon     .   ,  94% ,        ,   [13 - RightScale 2019 State of the Cloud Report from Flexera, Flexera, 2019, resources.flexera.com/web/media/documents/rightscale-2019-state-of-the-cloud-report-from-flexera.pdf (http://resources.flexera.com/web/media/documents/rightscale-2019-state-of-the-cloud-report-from-flexera.pdf), p. 2.].  2016 AWS   ,    ,  Amazon     ,         2005[14 - Pierr Johnson, With the public clouds of Amazon, Microsoft and Google, big data is the proverbial big deal, Forbes, June 15, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/johnsonpierr/2017/06/15/with-the-public-clouds-of-amazon-microsoft-and-google-big-data-is-the-proverbial-big-deal/ (http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnsonpierr/2017/06/15/with-the-public-clouds-of-amazon-microsoft-and-google-big-data-is-the-proverbial-big-deal/).].

                         .            ,  Amazon,      .            ,    .        ,     ,     ,  ,      .

         ,    ,      .  ,    ,   ,     .   蠖       ,    ,     .        DeepMind       ,       - Google. DeepMind ,    ,       ,     - Google,    40%     [15 - Richard Evans and Jim Gao, DeepMind AI reduces Google data centre cooling bill by 40%, DeepMind Research Blog, July 20, 2016, deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-40 (http://deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-40).].     .   ,        2020,   ,  -,   2010  2018   550%,           6%[16 - Urs H?lzle, Data centers are more energy efficient than ever, Google Blog, February 27, 2020, www.blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/data-centers-energy-efficient/ (http://www.blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/data-centers-energy-efficient/).]. ,      .                , -      , ,           ,    1990- .

-      ,       . AWS     Amazon:      ,      .  2019   AWS   37%,  $8,2,         13%  [17 - Ron Miller, AWS revenue growth slips a bit, but remains Amazons golden goose, TechCrunch, July 25, 2019, techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/aws-revenue-growth-slips-a-bit-but-remains-amazons-golden-goose/ (http://techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/aws-revenue-growth-slips-a-bit-but-remains-amazons-golden-goose/).].  AWS   ,       . Azure,  Microsoft,   2008,  Google Cloud Platform,     2010,      . IBM,   - Alibaba  Oracle    .

          ,   .  2019    ,    ,      -     JEDI. JEDI,       (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure),     $10               .     Google,   ,    ,        ,         . -        蠖 Google               JEDI[18 - John Bonazzo, Google exits Pentagon JEDI project after employee protests, Observer, October 10, 2018, observer.com/2018/10/google-pentagon-jedi (http://observer.com/2018/10/google-pentagon-jedi/).].

      Microsoft Azure,  Amazon,            ,  ,     .   2019 Amazon  ,                  Amazon  .    The Washington Post,     .   2020     ,     Microsoft[19 - Annie Palmer, Judge temporarily blocks Microsoft Pentagon cloud contract after Amazon suit, CNBC, February 13, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/02/13/amazon-gets-restraining-order-to-block-microsoft-work-on-pentagon-jedi.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/13/amazon-gets-restraining-order-to-block-microsoft-work-on-pentagon-jedi.html).].     ,     [20 - Lauren Feiner, DoD asks judge to let it reconsider decision to give Microsoft $10 billion contract over Amazon, CNBC, March 13, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/03/13/pentagon-asks-judge-to-let-it-reconsider-its-jedi-cloud-contract-award.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/13/pentagon-asks-judge-to-let-it-reconsider-its-jedi-cloud-contract-award.html).].

   ,              .       ,      ,     .        ,        . ,  ,        -,    ,  Alexa  Amazon, Siri  Apple  Google- Assistant  Translate.              ,             . , Google    TensorFlow               . Amazon     ,           ,    TensorFlow     . Amazon  ,  85%  -,    TensorFlow,       AWS[21 - TensorFlow on AWS, Amazon Web Services, accessed May 4, 2020, aws.amazon.com/tensorflow/ (http://aws.amazon.com/tensorflow/).].

 ,   ,              ,  .     .   2020 Intel     ,       .  ,   768 Loihi,  Intel    ,  100  ⠖   ,    [22 - Kyle Wiggers, Intel debuts Pohoiki Springs, a powerful neuromorphic research system for AI workloads, VentureBeat, March 18, 2020, venture beat.com/2020/03/18/intel-debuts-pohoiki-springs-a-powerful-neuromorphic-research-system-for-ai-workloads/ (http://beat.com/2020/03/18/intel-debuts-pohoiki-springs-a-powerful-neuromorphic-research-system-for-ai-workloads/).].     ,  , ,          .             ,   ,    ,         .

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       .        ,       ,  ,     ,   ,       .  , ,      ,      ,   . - ,    ImageNet  ,       ,       ,     Google Cloud  2016  2018.     :     ,  ,         ,          ,  ,     .   Google Cloud         [24 - Martin Ford, Interview with Fei-Fei Li, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, p. 150.].




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       ,    ,      ,        . , , deeplearning.ai,     Coursera,  fast.ai,       ,      [27 - New schemes teach the masses to build AI, The Economist, October 27, 2018, www.economist.com/business/2018/10/27/new-schemes-teach-the-masses-to-build-ai (http://www.economist.com/business/2018/10/27/new-schemes-teach-the-masses-to-build-ai).].   ,              ,       ,             ,       ,   . ,              ,           .

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notes








1


Ewen Callaway, It will change everything: DeepMinds AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures, Nature, November 30, 2020, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03348-4 (http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03348-4).




2


Andrew Senior, Demis Hassabis, John Jumper and Pushmeet Kohli, AlphaFold: Using AI for scientific discovery, DeepMind Research Blog, January 15, 2020, deepmind.com/blog/article/AlphaFold-Using-AI-for-scientific-discovery (http://deepmind.com/blog/article/AlphaFold-Using-AI-for-scientific-discovery).




3


Ian Sample, Googles DeepMind predicts 3D shapes of proteins, The Guardian, December 2, 2018, www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/02/google-deepminds-ai-program-alphafold-predicts-3d-shapes-of-proteins (http://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/02/google-deepminds-ai-program-alphafold-predicts-3d-shapes-of-proteins).




4


 .  :      . .:  -, 2019.




5


Lyxor Robotics  AI UCITS ETF,  ROAI.




6


 .  :        . .: , 2020.




7


., : Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Working Paper, September 17, 2013, www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/future-of-employment.pdf (http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/future-of-employment.pdf), p. 38.




8


Matt McFarland, Elon Musk: With artificial intelligence we are summoning the demon, Washington Post, October 24, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2014/10/24/elon-musk-with-artificial-intelligence-we-are-summoning-the-demon/ (http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2014/10/24/elon-musk-with-artificial-intelligence-we-are-summoning-the-demon/).




9


Anand S. Rao and Gerard Verweij, Sizing the prize: Whats the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise? PwC, October 2018, www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf (http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf).




10


Neuromorphic computing, Intel Corporation, accessed May 3, 2020, www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html).




11


Sara Castellanos, Intel to release neuromorphic-computing system, Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/intel-to-release-neuromorphic-computing-system-11584540000 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/intel-to-release-neuromorphic-computing-system-11584540000).




12


Linda Hardesty, WikiLeaks publishes the location of Amazons data centers, SDXCentral, October 12, 2018, www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/wikileaks-publishes-the-location-of-amazons-data-centers/2018/10/ (http://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/wikileaks-publishes-the-location-of-amazons-data-centers/2018/10/).




13


RightScale 2019 State of the Cloud Report from Flexera, Flexera, 2019, resources.flexera.com/web/media/documents/rightscale-2019-state-of-the-cloud-report-from-flexera.pdf (http://resources.flexera.com/web/media/documents/rightscale-2019-state-of-the-cloud-report-from-flexera.pdf), p. 2.




14


Pierr Johnson, With the public clouds of Amazon, Microsoft and Google, big data is the proverbial big deal, Forbes, June 15, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/johnsonpierr/2017/06/15/with-the-public-clouds-of-amazon-microsoft-and-google-big-data-is-the-proverbial-big-deal/ (http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnsonpierr/2017/06/15/with-the-public-clouds-of-amazon-microsoft-and-google-big-data-is-the-proverbial-big-deal/).




15


Richard Evans and Jim Gao, DeepMind AI reduces Google data centre cooling bill by 40%, DeepMind Research Blog, July 20, 2016, deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-40 (http://deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-40).




16


Urs H?lzle, Data centers are more energy efficient than ever, Google Blog, February 27, 2020, www.blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/data-centers-energy-efficient/ (http://www.blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/data-centers-energy-efficient/).




17


Ron Miller, AWS revenue growth slips a bit, but remains Amazons golden goose, TechCrunch, July 25, 2019, techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/aws-revenue-growth-slips-a-bit-but-remains-amazons-golden-goose/ (http://techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/aws-revenue-growth-slips-a-bit-but-remains-amazons-golden-goose/).




18


John Bonazzo, Google exits Pentagon JEDI project after employee protests, Observer, October 10, 2018, observer.com/2018/10/google-pentagon-jedi (http://observer.com/2018/10/google-pentagon-jedi/).




19


Annie Palmer, Judge temporarily blocks Microsoft Pentagon cloud contract after Amazon suit, CNBC, February 13, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/02/13/amazon-gets-restraining-order-to-block-microsoft-work-on-pentagon-jedi.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/13/amazon-gets-restraining-order-to-block-microsoft-work-on-pentagon-jedi.html).




20


Lauren Feiner, DoD asks judge to let it reconsider decision to give Microsoft $10 billion contract over Amazon, CNBC, March 13, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/03/13/pentagon-asks-judge-to-let-it-reconsider-its-jedi-cloud-contract-award.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/13/pentagon-asks-judge-to-let-it-reconsider-its-jedi-cloud-contract-award.html).




21


TensorFlow on AWS, Amazon Web Services, accessed May 4, 2020, aws.amazon.com/tensorflow/ (http://aws.amazon.com/tensorflow/).




22


Kyle Wiggers, Intel debuts Pohoiki Springs, a powerful neuromorphic research system for AI workloads, VentureBeat, March 18, 2020, venture beat.com/2020/03/18/intel-debuts-pohoiki-springs-a-powerful-neuromorphic-research-system-for-ai-workloads/ (http://beat.com/2020/03/18/intel-debuts-pohoiki-springs-a-powerful-neuromorphic-research-system-for-ai-workloads/).




23


Jeremy Kahn, Inside big techs quest for human-level A.I., Fortune, January 20, 2020, fortune.com/longform/ai-artificial-intelligence-big-tech-microsoft-alphabet-openai/ (http://fortune.com/longform/ai-artificial-intelligence-big-tech-microsoft-alphabet-openai/).




24


Martin Ford, Interview with Fei-Fei Li, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, p. 150.




25


Deep Learning on AWS, Amazon Web Services, accessed May 4, 2020, aws.amazon.com/deep-learning/ (http://aws.amazon.com/deep-learning/).




26


Kyle Wiggers, MIT researchers: Amazons Rekognition shows gender and ethnic bias, VentureBeat, January 24, 2019, venturebeat.com/2019/01/24/amazon-rekognition-bias-mit/ (http://venturebeat.com/2019/01/24/amazon-rekognition-bias-mit/).




27


New schemes teach the masses to build AI, The Economist, October 27, 2018, www.economist.com/business/2018/10/27/new-schemes-teach-the-masses-to-build-ai (http://www.economist.com/business/2018/10/27/new-schemes-teach-the-masses-to-build-ai).




28


Chris Hoffman, What is 5G, and how fast will it be? How-to Geek, January 3, 2020, www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/ (http://www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/).


