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 1.1

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        ,      [29 -             .        XVIIXVIII.,  ,         ,   XVIIXVIII.,    (Mokyr J. Editors Introduction: the New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution // Mokyr J. (ed.). The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993. P. 131, 119, 120; Vries J. de, Woude A. van der. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 15001815. P. 693; Wrigley E. A. Poverty, Progress and Population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 5863).].       .        [30 -           ,          ,      ,       (25 ). ,  1870.      3263 .      1881.  (  )   1870.    ,  .        1890.,    1885.,     1880.    XIX.    ,      .      ,          ,  .          ,        ,   :  , ,    ..]        ,        ,       .

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 1.3

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   . :

1.Mitchell . R. International Historical Statistics. Europe 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LTD, 1998.

2.Mitchell B. R. International Historical Statistics. Africa, Asia & Oceania 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LTD, 1998.

3.UNPD Database (www.un.org/Depts/unsd/).



 1.4

    


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: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 242.



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: Maddison A. Teh World Economy: A Millennial Perspective.

Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 32.



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: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective.

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: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995. P. 39; World Development Indicators 2003, World Bank; United Nations Common Database (www.un.org/Depts/unsd/);   . 2003:   . .:  , 2003.



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1.Bairoch . Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988.

2.United Nations Common Database (www.un.org/Depts/unsd/).

3. Engerman S. L., Gallman R. E. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.



 1.9

  ,  




: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995; World Bank Database (http://devdata.worldbank.org/ edstats); UNESCO database (www.unes-co.org); Maddison A. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Paris: OECD, 1998.



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: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001 (c 1870 o 1998.); World Development Indicators 2003, World Bank ( 1999, 2000.).



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: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millenial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001 ( 1820  1913.);     : Maddison A. The World Economy ( 2001.).        1950.       .             1820? . XIX., 1913.     , 2001. ,     .

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 1.11

               




: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995 ( c 1820 o 1950.); United Nations Common Database (www.un.org/Depts/ unsd/) (  19902001.);           -    (. , . 9)    .    1980.       37%    (.:  .  :       /  . . . . .: , 2003. . 72).



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 1.12

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: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995;  [42 -       ,    . . ; . .     . . .]    : World Development Report, World Bank, 2003.



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: Bairoch . Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Chicago: Teh University of Chicago Press, 1988 (18001900.); UNPD Database. http://esa.un.org/unpp (19502000.).



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: Mitchell . R. International Historical Statistics. Europe 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LTD, 1998.




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Mitchell B. R. International Historical Statistics. Europe 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LTD, 1998.




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.     ,          [48 - Easterly E. V. The Elusive Ouest for Growth. Economists Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge; Massachusetts; London: The MIT Press, 2000.].   , ,   ,   :     ,   ,    ..    ,    ,    . .        ,            [49 - Ibid. P. 278, 279.].        ,  :  -         .

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 ,    -,             .   ,       , -,       -,            .

                    -       ,  , ,         .  ,   2050    - ,  ,     , ,    ..       2000.     .         25 ,   .     .                 .       .     .        ,    ,    ,  .   ,          ,  ,     .

 :      - ,           ,     ,              XX.,    .         ,     ,  ,      .

 XX.        .             .    ,   XXI.      .

     -         .    XIX  XX.          .    ,     .      II .             ,  ,  ,     - [50 - .:  . .    II // -. 1935. 23. . 131139.]. .   ,       ,                 [51 -                     .:  . .    . .: -     , 1922. . 4253.]. . -            ,       [52 - .: - . .       . ., 1917.]. . ,    ,   ,            ,      , ,    ,    [53 - .:  .        . .:  . . , 1894. . 288.].   ,      ,                 ,  ,         .

 XX. ,        ,      ,   ,  ,        .    50?  XX.             ,    -    . , . , .  [54 - Berlin I. Historical Inevitability. London: Oxford University Press, 1959; Hayek F. A. von. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967; Hayek F. A. von. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945; Hayek F. A. von. The Counter-revolution of Science: Studies of the Abuse of Reason. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1952; Popper K. R. The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961; Popper K. R. Conjectures and Refutations: The growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963; Popper K. R. The Open Society and Its Enemies. Vol. 12. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.].

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 2.1

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: Cipolla Carlo Maria. Before the Industrial Revolution. Methuen, 1981. P. 15.



   ,       .            , . -   , . , . , . ,    .

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            .   ,      .       ,      .     ,     .                2,5  3. .[58 - Tranter N. The Labour Supply 17801860 // McCloskey D. (ed.) The Economic History of England Since 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 220, 221; Crafts N. F. R. British Economic Growth, 17001850; Some Dififculties of Interpretation // Explorations in Economic History. Vol. 24 (3). 1987. P. 245268.     .   ,    ,    ,    ,         .                 (Williamson J. G. Debating the Industrial Revolution // Ibidem. P. 280).]

    .    ,   ,     ,  .    ,   .         .     ,        ,        .       .             ,     .     ,       ,     [59 -     ,          .: Emsley . Crime and Society in England 17501900. Chapter 2. London; New York: Longman, 1987; Zehr H. The Modernization and Crime in Germany and France, 18301913 // Journal of Social History. Vol. 8 (4). 1975. P. 117141.].

    ,           XIX. -    , ,   .        ,           ,      [60 -          , ,  ,    ,   ,         XIX.    (Riley J. . Rising Life Expectancy. A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 141).].

   ,     ,          [61 -    :   ,      ,         .    , ,   ,    ,      ,                  (.:  . .  ,    .   .   . . . .:  , 1999. . 157).].    XVIII.,           . ,             .              .                .  ,         ,     . .

.   -    ,            .         ,    :      , -        [62 -    .   ,      ,     ;         (Ladurie . L. R. The Peasants of Languedoc. Urbana; Chicago; London: University of Illinois Press, 1976. P. 311).].  1798   ,               [63 -                  ;         ,  ,    ,         .       ,        . ,    ,          ,     .             ;          ,         ,          ( .    . : , 1993. . 110).].    . - :           [64 - McCulloch J. R. Treatises and Essay on Money, Exchange, Interest, the Letting of Land, Absenteeism, the History of Commerce, Manufactures, etc. Edinburgh, 1859. P. 454, 455.].

      . :    :  ,      ,   ,      1780  1840 ?     ,             [65 - Hicks J. A Theory of Economic History. London; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. P. 148, 149.].

 ,                 ,         .  [66 - Hayek F. A. (ed.) Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1954. P. 14.].       ,   3040?  XIX.        .       ,          [67 -                :   ,    . ,    ,   . ,  - ,  .        .        (Tocqueville A. de. Democracy in America. Vol. I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945).    . ,       ,         .    ,   ()   (.: Huntington S. . Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1968. P. 40, 41).].    ,    ,            ,     .

 40?  XIX. .                 .   ,  ,            .    :     ,  ,   ,  ,  .

  XIX.       .       . .     - .      .        .             .

         . ,             .            . ,   1860? .            .       .        ,  ,     .   .  [68 -       ,     .    .      ,    18441845., .    ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1959. . 13. . 8).].           (,      )    ( )    ,        ( ).

     ,      ?  : , ,             ,      .    ,   .

     ,       ,    ,  ,     .    :        [69 -       XIX.    .  .: Field . The Future of Economic History. Boston; Pordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 301,  : Rostow W. W. The Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. P. 157.].




2.2.     


          ,   ,     ,      ,  , ,    . .       ,    .  ,           ,       . ,   ,   :              ,  .

   .   .            .            .           .   ,   ,  . :    [70 -  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 21. . 350, 351.].       :      ,        ,   ,   ,  .     ,                   ,            , ,         ;         (         )    ,     ,    ;              ,                     ,             , ,      [71 -  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 21. . 367.].

         ,   ,   :         .         ,      . .           [72 - ,         , ,      1844.,        .      ,                       ,       1844.       . ,              ,            ,   ,       ,         .              ,     ,        ;              , ,         ( .,  . . 2? . . 21. . 263).].

, -    ,           ,  .  ,                [73 -  .,  . . 2? . . 9. . 250, 251.].       [74 -  .     . , 1905.].

 ,       ,   ,       ,   .        ,      .

  ,        - .      ,        XIX. . :  ,          ,    .      ,     , sciences morales et politiques (   ),    sciences,      ,       .   ,             [75 -  . .        . .: ; , 1938. . 92.].

 1969  .         ,       -       100     .  [76 - Hicks J. A Theory of Economic History. P. 3.]. . ,   , ,  ,    , ,    ,    - ,  - [77 - Bell D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1973. P. 55, 56.].

   ,            -     .               .       .         1860? ,       (1867).

.      ,       :         .   ,     ,     ,        ,  ,    ,           .   ,     ,         ,     ,         [78 -  -             ,        ,        ;       ,       ,           (Schumpeter J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1987. P. 5).]. . ,    ,         ,      :    ,         ,         [79 -   .      .: Popper . Unended Ouest: An Intellectual Autobiography. London: Routledge, 1992. P. 34.].

  XIX.        ,  ,          ,    ,      ,     [80 - .  :   ,   ,    (. ..)    30       , , ,     , , , ,   ..                   .      30       ,          -       -   ( .      :   . . ., 1889. . 17, 22).].

    ,      ,      .      , .   1905    II:    .        ,        ,   ,   , ,  ,   , ,    [81 -  .    ,    II 9  1905  //  . 1925. 45. . 5161.].

  ,        ,    ,     ,    ,     .  ,      ,      .        .     ,          -. . ,   ,       ,              [82 -  .      . .; .: , 1929. . 294304.]. .          XVIII   XIX.     ,     .   ,              .

       :           .    XX. ,         ,     :       .

  ,      ,        ,     ,      ,  .  ,       ,       ,   ,    ,            .




2.3.   


                   .  60?  XIX.    ,        ,        [83 -  1860.      3.   ,    3,5.  20     10%       3,5.  (Heclo . Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. From Relief to Income Maintenance. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1974. P. 27, 28).          XIX.        .  18511855.        166,6,  19111920.    172,7;      168,6  1850.  170,7  1905.;   165,4  18521856.  169,1  19041905.;   164,1  1863.  167  19021904. ( .   . .: , 1981. . 29).].         ,      ,  ,   ,   .

       , .      ,       .      ,               [84 -     ,            .       :     ,      - .     ,   ,      .            ,  ,      ,     ,      .         ( .,  . . 2? . . 21. . 204, 205).].   XIX.           .       .

               .   XIX.     : ,   ,     ,      [85 -  .    . -: , 1923. . 60.].        ,                .

      -    .    ,      ,      ,    [86 -  XVIII.   ,        ,         (Field A. J. The Future of Economic History. Boston; Pordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 272).],    ,      ;     ,        .  18601870?     ,   -  .    ,      ,    ;               3.   2. .        ,       [87 - Maddison A. Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. P. 63.].

 ,    ,    ,        .    ,        . ,   ,     .       ,   ,   ,      .  7080?  XIX. .   .         [88 -   ,   1848 ,                 ,       , ..    ,  ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1964. T. 34. . 249).].        .

   .   ,          .          ,                   . .      [89 -  1883.,    ,  ,   ,    , ..     ,   ,     1873.    .       ,       ( .  . : . . . -, 1993. . 269;  . .  ?      //  . 2004. 89).].           ,     (.   ,  . 8).

 - ,    ,     .  ,   ,                .      ,         ,    ,    .    ,    (  )      .  ,        .   18481851          (       ),   18701871   (   )      .

   ,         -,      ,    .     .        [90 -          :             60?                .          ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 19. . 304).].

,    ,    ,     ,    .     .            .  .   .           .   ,   ,     ,    :             [91 - ., ,  .   1886.         蓻 ( .,  . . 2? . T. 21. . 263, 264).],   (  )     ,          .   ,    ,        ,     1840? ,              ,      [92 -  . . 351.].

          :    ,  . ?         ,              ? ,       :        ,         ?

    ,         .     ,     ,       ,     ,  .            (    3040 ),      (  50? ).

  ,           ,      - .       ,      ,   .        ,        ,  .             . ,    1015   .     ,    ,     .        . ,           .      ,        . ,           . .             -    ,        ,      ,    .                     [93 -  .,  . . 2? . T. 19. . 120, 121.].

     .      ,    .                ,        [94 -  . . 401.].     :       ,  ,          [95 -  . . 415.           :               ( . . 305).] ( . . .).

    .             .     ()      ,    ,       ,  .  .   .         :  ()  ,    ,       ;  ,    ,  ,     ,  ,          [96 -  . . 419.].        :

      ,   ,   .  ,        ,      (  , , );

              (     ),         ;

     ,        .




2.4.      


    .      , ,   [97 -  . . 23, 24.].      ,  ,   ,       ,    .

 .         ,   .     .         ,  ,   .      ,          ,    .           ,     .

 .    .   :        ,   . .     ,          .           , ,    , ,  ,   . .      ,  ,       .       , ,       (  ) .       ,   .         ,          [98 -              . .  :               .      ,       ,     ( .    ? /. . . . : , 1906. . 24).].

   . ,  ,            ,   ,     ,   .          .         ,   ,      ,     .       (   ,         [99 -  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1959. T. 13. . 8.]),     ,     [100 -               ,             ( .,  . . 2? . T. 19. . 116121, 250, 251, 400421).        ,        .].

        ,         XX.  ,      ( ),      ,          .




2.5.  ,   


      ,          , . ,   ,     ,     ,          .

 .      -     ,             ,    XX.       - .   ,     ,       19141945 .   ,    ,    ,  ,    .  [101 - .:  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 20. . 286, 287, 296298.],  ,         ,       ,   ,               , ,    ,  .        ,   ,      ,   ,      .   .

                 ,              .      ,       ,     ,     19291933  [102 - Lipset S. M. Teh Tih rd Century. America as a Post-Industrial Society. California: Stanford University, Hoover Institution Press, 1979. P. 4.].

             XX.    .    ,     (    )   .   , ,     , ,   .  .     ,     (    ,   -),     .      ,          ,        [103 - Barkai A. Nazi Economics: Ideology, Theory and Policy. Oxford; New York; Munich: Berg, 1990. P. 98.        (   )   ,       (Ekirch A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought. Chicago: Quadrangle books, 1969. P. 66, 179).].       ,   , ,    ,    [104 - .     : ,  -   :   1936  ,   ,  ,   .     ( .   . .: ACT  , 2003. . 16).].

 1940?  .    ,    ,      ,    . ,   , ,     , ,    . .    ,     .         :  ,  , ,   ,    .           .

.    :    ,         .        ,   ,   , .          .    1940?        . ,     , .

  XX.       .         XIX   XX.        ,           - .    -           . . , .  , . , .   ,       [105 - ,          .    XX. .  : ,        ,      ,        ,       ,           ,       ,   ,          ,  , contradictio in adjecto,                  .  ,              ,               ( .     : - . .:  . . , 1904. . 30).].

      1957   .   ,                [106 - Popper . R. The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957. P. 135.].           1954   .    [107 - Berlin I. Historical Inevitability. London: Oxford University Press, 1954. P. 150.    ,         - : Aron R. Introduction to the Philosophy of History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961.].         -      .        .    ,      - .         [108 - Popper K. R. The Logic of Scientific, 6th Impression. London: Hutchinson, 1972. P. 136.].

       ,    . .  ,                 [109 - Popper . R. Unended Ouest: An Intellectual Autobiography. London: Routledge, 1982. P. 135.].

           ,     . .  :                     .   ,   ,        ,          .       ,      , ,     ,     [110 - Hayek F. A. Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1954. P. 22.].   ,   :       .

 .   .     ,     ,      ,       [111 - Snooks G. D. The Laws of History. London; New York: Routledge, 1998; Lazonick W. Teh ory and History in Marxian Economics // Field A. J. (ed.) The Future of Economic History. Boston; Dordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 255312.].    1960?  ,     , .           [112 - Rostow W. W. The Stages of Economic Growth: aNon-communist Manifesto. Cambridge: University Press, 1960.].

             .               .  ,                  ,     .  ,         .

  1950?      -    :      (19141950 )      180 .     ,   .     19201930?    .  -     .   ,        ,      ,    .     .

      ,     XX.:

    ,      ,     (  ,    ).     XX .

        .           -   ;

     , .        .      .  ,       ,   .     ,    ,   ,      .       (     )           ;

    ,     .   ( )        .     :       .     ,    :  ,  .



        ,      ,         . ,  ,       ,   ,        .    ,    , .

    ,        ,        ( ,   ),      ,     ,   ,     (  ) [113 -        ,       .      -    ,   .  ,                    ( . .  ?         .  .     . . 20).].

 ,   ,   ,  ,   ,    ,    .    .   :     ,     , ,     .      ,    , ,    ?    -                [114 - Kornai J. The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. C. 10.].

                   .  ,      , :         ,   ,   ,    .        ,   ,   .         [115 - Robinson J. Further Contributions to Modern Economics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980. P. 202.].           ,   .              -  .

    -   .   .   ,   ,        .          ,  ,      :     ,     (     )    ( ) [116 -  ,          ,        ,    ,     .   , ,   ,     , ,        (Field A. J. The Future of Economic History. Boston; Dordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 258).     ,      ,             .: Hall J. A. Powers & Liberties: The Causes and Consequences of the Rise of the West. London: Penguin Books, 1985. P. 1213.].

     .      XX.      . .  ,          ,    - ;      .   XVI.    - .    ,      ,     , .    ,    ,  .           ,     .       .           .         ,     ,      .            ,        ,   .  XIX  XX.          [117 - Wallerstein I. The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press: Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1974. Vol. 16. N 4. P. 390.].   . ,       ,   ,         ,         .     ,  :   ,            ,  ,       ,      (   ),     (),     .         ,      [118 - Wallerstein I. World System Versus World-Systems // Frank A. G., Gills B. K. (eds) The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? http://abuss.narod.ru/Biblio/ws/ ws?5ooo intro.htm.] ( . . .).

      ,       .        ,   (           [119 -  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 23. . 9.]).   .     , .           -        .      ,    .   , ..     ,       [120 -      ,  , ,       .       , ,      -  . ,   ,    ,  ,      ,        . ,      ,        ,        ( .     . T. 2:  : ,     / . .;  . . H. . .: ,    , 1992. . 386).],   .         .

,   3?        ,    XIX. . ,  ,     [121 -          ,         ,           .       .        .            ,               ,    (  .  . .:  -, 2001. . 215216).].    ,           ,   , .   ,     .

  ,        ,                 ,  :    ,     , .




2.6.   .  


     ,    (  )    ,     ().    ,    .          .   (  - ,   , ),         ,              .

 : ,         ?   ,         .

 ,    ,  .      ,  ,            [122 -          ,  .      (Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995).   ,      ,     ,     (.   ,  . 9).].           .  ,    ,          ().         ,  ,  ,        .

                  .

   ,      (  ),  . :



                        ,  -    ,  .  XIXXX.  ;

  ,            ,    ,   ,         .      .



               ,  ,     ,    ,    ,       ,  , ,   ,   -.

   . . ,                  [123 - DeLong J. B. The Shape of Twentieth Century Economic History // NBER. Working Paper 7569. 2000. P. 1.]. .  , ,    .   . ,   ,       XIX    .,  .

,    ,    ,         ,        .    . ,                  [124 - Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth. Rate, Structure and Spread. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1966.].

 . , . , . , . ,    -   ,     ,       (     . )       .     ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    [125 - Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth. Rate, Structure and Spread; Maddison A. Teh World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001; Idem. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OESD, 1995; Abramovitz M. Thinking About Growth and Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991; Barro R.f. Determinants of Economic Growth. A Cross-Country Empirical Study // NBER. Working Paper 5698.].    ,            [126 - Lipset S. M. Political Man. The Social Basis of Politics. New York: Doubleday, 1960; Huntington S. The Third Wave. Democratization in the Twentieth Century. Norman; London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993; Diamond L. Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered // Marks G., Diamond L. (eds) Reexamining Democracy. London: Sage Publications, 1992; Vanhonen T. Prospects for Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.].

.      ,          . X.   .     ,     ,   19501970?     .    ,              [127 - Chenery H., Robinson S., Syrquin M. Industrialization and Growth. A Comparative Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; Chenery H., Syrquin M. Patterns of Development 19501970. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.].

             .     .   ,  ,        ,       ,         ,     -   ,       .  ,        .

 .     -           .      :          ?           , , , ,  ,  .

 ,            ,      .    .      ,   [128 -       ,  ,    ,     (North D. . Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. P. 3).] (      )       ,     ,       ,   .   , .    :  ,    ,     .     :        ,  ,     . .  :                ,         .    . ,        .  ,      (       )    (             ),        ,      [129 - North D. . Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. P. 132.].    . :          ,     ,     : ,  , , .                     ,   ,         [130 - North D. C. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981. P. 61.].          . ,          [131 -     P.  (.:  .         . .: , 2001. . 23, 24).].

  . ,  ,       ,    ,    ,    .        .            ,                       [132 - Braudel F. History and the Social Sciences. Economy Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972. P. 38, 39.].

   ,  ,      XIX. ,         ,     [133 -            ,            ,  ,              (Hayek F. A. Capitalism and the Historians. The University of Chicago Press, 1954. P. 91).].    ,         ,          . .  ,      ,   [134 - Schumpeter J. Economic Doctrine and Method. London: George & Unwin LT D, 1954. P. 57.].

           軠           .      .  ,    ,           .          .

  ,           - .   ,       ,            -.       ,     ,  ,       ,   ,   [135 - Kuznets S. Economic Growth and Structure. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Ink, 1965; Idem. Modern Economic Growth. Rate, Structure and Spread; Maddison A. Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development; Idem. Phases of Capitalist Development. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1982; Idem. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001.].        .

  .                            .                 ,      .   ,      ,   :  XX.          . ,        XX.,     .   .   ,           , ,      .




 3

      



  ,     ,    .   ,    ,  .

.   [136 -    . 1924.  ,    .           ,      ,    ,    . . .]

    .     ,     .

.   [137 -     (18991992)    ,    ,     .      (1974). . .]

    .      :      ,    .   , .   .      .      ,           .      ,    .    -  ,      ,     [138 - .    ,     ,     -: Morris ., Adelman I. Nineteenth-Century Development Experience and Lessons for Today // World Development. Vol. 17 (9). 1989. P. 1417, 1432.].   ,         .

       ,   .

1. .          ,        ?

2. .          ?

3.  .   ,       ?

4. .  -   ,     ,         ?

          [139 - Chenery H., Robinson S., Syrquin M. Industrialization and Growth. A Comparative Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; Chenery H., Syrquin M. Patterns of Development 19501970. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.],             , , , ,  ,              .




3.1.  


    ,     , -   -           .   ,            ,    ,   ,      .

               .        - .  ,   ,        ,    ,  ,       .            ,    ,    , ,  1900, 1950  2000 ,  .

            .

     1820?   1914 .   ,  1870? ,           ,   .   ,     ,    .     ,    .    ,            .     ,    .

              ,    .           . , , ,      .     :    1879    [140 -      ,        ,      1879.    -  1860.       ,               (Bairoch . Economics & World History. Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago, 1995. P. 24).]       18811892 .          .    XIX.     4045% [141 - Ibid. P. 35, 40.].

     ,          ,   -,     . ,   ,       ,    ,      , , , , .  ,     ,       5%.



 3.1

 ,          (18681930.)




: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. C. 87.



        ,         . ,          ,   -.

,      ,                ,       ,    ,  ,   ,    . ,      ,    ,   ,  ,       . ,      ,         ,       ,   ,       ,      (. 3.1) [142 - Rawlinson . G. The British Achievement in India. London; Edinburgh; Glasgow: William Hodge & Company, Limited, 1948; Gopal R. British Rule in India: An Assessment. London: Asia Publishing House, 1963.].

         XX.,   ,   XVIIIXIX.        ,      .            ,    ,    ,                  ,     ,      ()        ,       .

 ,   ,          ,        ,              ,     ,      ,        . :       ;           ?       ,             ,           ,     ,     ,     [143 -  . ,   : . . T. 1. ., 1885. . 17, 28.].

.   ,              .         XIX   XX.         ,           19141945 .

  ,      .       , -,    ,     ,        .   XIX.    ,      ,        ,     .      .       [144 -             XIX   XX.  ,        .     ,             ,      19141945.,   .].

      .  ,      XVII.,      .   ,       ,         ,       ,      .              .

          .   XIX.                 ,     .     ,            ,       -     ,   .       ,          ,   ,    .            ,             .

        :           ,    ,               .             .   70?  XIX.                 [145 - Friedman ., Schwartz A. J. A Monetary History of the United States 18671960. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.].

             ,          :            ,     [146 - Eichengreen . Globalizing Capital a History of the International Monetary System. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.].     .                        .

            19141950 .    :   ,    20?   30? ,   ,       .          ,  ,     .      ,    ,      ,      .

         . .             19271928 .       1930           .   1931  25             [147 - Bairoch P. Economics & World History. Myths and Paradoxes. P. 315.].         4550%     18911894   510%.  3  (19291932)       70%,      25%[148 - Dornbusch R. A Century of Unrivalled Prosperity // MIT Working Paper. April 1999. P. 6.].

  ,  ,   ,    -,       .   ,                  ,     .  -    ,        .    :   ,  ,   .                     [149 -      ,     ,  ,    1930? .,      .: Davies R. W., Harrison ., Wheatcroft S. G. (eds) The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 19131945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 212214.].             .

  40?   50?        .                .        ,      2/3   ?   .        .          0,40,6%  19001938   2,62,8%  19502001 .     ,  ,    XIX. -[150 - .:  . .   ()           ,   .  :    .    ,    , 1214  2004. .: , 2004.].

  23  (19501973)         : 4,91  1,85%  19131950  (     2,93  0,91%).       - .

-       .                 ,   ,    ,         ;                 .          11%  1950   6%   XX.             (. 3.2).

  ,      , .           ,      .

         ,      .      ,        [151 - Lucas R. Why Doesnt Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? // The American Economic Review. Vol. 80 (2). May 1990. P. 20.].       XX.      :       .     1971 ,        ,     .             [152 -           .].



 3.2

      (2002.   )   , %




:

1    : Mitchell B. R. International Historical Statistics 17501993, Macmillan Reference LTD, 1998 (     ).

2    : United Nations Common Database, UN (      ).

3      , %.  World Trade Organization, Annual Report by the Director-General, 15 November 2002 (http://www. wto.ru).



 3.3

      , %




: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 265, 362 (   1870  1998.); World Development Indicators 2003. World Bank.



 3.4

         19612000., %




:      World Development Indicators 2003. World Bank.



      ,          .   XX.          ,   .      ,     ,   ,  .     ,     .    ,       ,  ,     -.        ,    ,    .        ,          ,            [153 - Diaz-Alejandro . Goodbye Financial Repression, Hello Financial Crash // Journal of Development Economics. 1995. Vol. 19. P. 21; Bhagwati J. The Wind of the Hundred Days. How Washington Mismanaged Globalization. Cambridge; Massachusetts; London: The MIT Press, 2000. P. 45, 143, 348; Idem. A Model for Going Backwards // Times Literary Supplement. August 8. 1997. P. 11, 12.].

-               ,    ,      - ,   .    . ,     ,    ,    ,     ,    .        [154 - Keynes J. M. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan and Co, 1936. P. 383.].




3.2.  


         ,    ,  ,        ,    [155 - Jones E. L. The European Miracle. Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia. Cambridge; London; New York; New Rochelle; Melbourne; Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 5.].

         ,   ,   -   ,     ,       .

            ,           ,       [156 - .:  .,  . . 2? . T. 19. . 250, 251.].    XVXVII.             : ,      ;         .       ,     ,       [157 -  I        (    ;   , -,   . )          ,             .        (Sommerville J. P. Politics and Ideology in England 16031640. London; New York: Longman, 1995. P. 46, 47).      : ,       ,      .   ,   , ,     ,       .         ,      XVII.        1611.    ,   :   ,   ,     ,     ,    .         ⅻ ( . .,  . . (.)    XVII . 4.1. .: -  , 1954. . 84).       ,       . :  . .     . .: +, 2000. . 10, 19.    ,    ,   , ,      I                 ,           ,   ,   (Young G. M. Charles I and Cromwell. An Essay. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1950).         ,    ,           (Huntington S. P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1968. P. 123).    ,     ,        ,        XVII. . : Hatton R. Louis XIV and Europe. London; Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976.].

    ,   ,                .    ,       .      XVII.  , ,   ,     ,  ,  ,           ,         .        ,   XVIII.[158 -       ,     ,  ,      , , .     . ,    ,        .  ,   : ,     ,   , ,    .     ,    ,      ( . . .   ,    // -     : . .:    , 2001. . 82). ,   ,   ,      1766.,   (  ),     .  (   )  .         .  ,          ,         . . .     ,    ,      Si populus deves, Rex deves,   (.:  . .     II //  . 1879. 10. . 1. . 349400; 11. . 1. . 201260).]   .   .         [159 -   .         XVIII    XIX.       .: Bairoch . Economics & World History. Myths and Paradoxes. P. 1724.].  ,   ,    :  ,  ,  ,    ,       [160 -           ., : MacFarlane A. David Hume and the Political Economy of Agrarian Civilization // Burrow J. W. (ed.) History of European Ideas. Pergamon. 27 (2001). P. 79.].           ,      ,    XIX. [161 -          18301860? . . , , , ,    .  ,      ,    .]         ,        XVIII  XIX.   ,         ,       II,            [162 - .:  .     . 4.1: , ,    . .:  . . , 1904. . 84, 85.].     .

  XIX.  .           ,     ,      .    :     .       ,    .        ,    ,    ,          [163 - .: - .        . .: , 1914.].

       .            .    .     ,  .       ,          [164 -                   XIX. (List F. Das Nationale System der Politischen Oekonomie. Erster Band. Der Internationale Handel, die Handelspolitik und der Deutsche Zollverein. Stuttgart, 1941).].

              .       .             ,     .       ,     ,            - ,         .      ,   ,     ,       .   .  [165 -   XIX.         ,        , ,  ,  1910    ,      (   ),    .     XIX.   (18041881)         ,            ꅻ ( .  .     :  /  . . . . .: Academia, 1999. . 84).].       ,   ,             [166 -                    .  1891.   XIII    ,      , ,                    (.: 100    . .:  , 1991. . 624).].    1917          [167 -     ,           ,        ,        XX. .:  .   . 19141929. .: , 1993.].

      ,         ,      ,    ,  ;       [168 -             - , ..     ,       ,  ,  ,     , .. ,       ,        ( . . DE PROFUNDIS //  : .    . Paris: Ymca-Press, 1967. . 320321).].

         [169 - .:  . .,  . .  :    . .: , 2001.].     .   ,           ,          .        ,  19171922 ,         ,  c [170 -  , ,       XIX.  , ,        . (Hayek F. A. The Counter Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason. Glencoe, Ill: The Free Press, 1952. P. 206).].

 ,    ,        ,               ,                  XX.                    [171 -                    XX. .: Tanzi V., Schuknecht L. Public Spending in the 20th Century. A Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. P. 1, 2.].

     -.    1945                  [172 - Yergin D., Stanislaw J. The Commanding Heights. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998. P. 31.              ,       .  ,        ,       ,       (Hayek F. A. Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1954. P. 23).].   1940?         ,  ,          ,                [173 -  1947.          ,       ( X.  :        / . . . . . .: - , 2003. . 27, 28).].

  70?   80?  XX.    .          .  ,               .    ,   .           .

      ,       .                           .     :    ,      ,       .   ,            90?  XX.      ,       .

         ,       [174 -     -   ,          .        1%            12% (Easterly W. The Elusive Ouest for Growth. Economists Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge; Massachusetts; London: The MIT Press, 2000. P. 211).],               ,  .      ,            ,       ,         .

       ,      . ,        , .    ,       -.   ,    ,      ,         ,     ,   ,      ,    .




3.3.   


          .      XIX.,  ,       ,        23.      ,          [175 - .   1986.       (Abramovitz . Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind // Journal of Economic History. Vol. 46 (2). June 1986. P. 385406).].

              ,          ,  13 .      ,        .        ,           ,       ,     .  ,    ,       23 ,   ,    :    ,      ,   ,    .

                      .      .  [176 - Solow R. M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth // Quarterly Journal of Economics. February 1956. Vol. 70. P. 6594.]   ,    ,     ,   ,     ,  ,   .     XX.,                   (. 3.5).    [177 - Baumol W. J. Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show // American Economic Review. 76 (5). December 1986. P. 10721085; De Long J. B. Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: Comment // American Economic Review. 76 (5). December 1988. P. 11381154.]   ,         ,        ( ),  -    ,         XIXXX.,  [178 - De Long f. B. Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: Comment // American Economic Review. 76 (5). December 1988. P. 11381154.].

.     ,   18701979                         [179 - Abramovitz M. Thinking about Growth, and other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. P. 220228.](. 3.6).

    ,     ,          ,        , .      ,     XIX.,   ,      .  1870      52%   , 60%   , 62%   .  1910    :    63, 81  75%.

    ,   ,     ,       ,   .          XIX.       [180 -              .: Sandberg L. G. The Case of the Impoverished Sophisticate: Human Capital and Swedish Economic Growth before World War 1 // Journal of Economic History. 1979. 39 (1). P. 225241; Idem. G. Ignorance Poverty and Economic Backwardness in the Early Stage of European Industrialization // Journal of European Economic History. 11 (3). 1982. P. 675697.].  1850       .   XIX.        ,      .    ,      ,     ,        ,         ,        [181 -         .: ORourke ., Williamson J. G. Open Economy Forces and Late 19th Century Scandinavian Catch-up. Discussion Paper N 1709. Cambridge; Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1995. P. 1, 31, 32.].             .



 3.5

       , %




: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995. P. 202206.



 3.6

        18701979. (  -  = 100)[182 -    ,     ( 100).]







   : , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   .




    .

: Abramovitz . Thinking about Growth, and other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. P. 226.



      ,  ,        ,      XIXXX.          ,    .  VVI.          .       ,        .            [183 -    ,         ,          .:  . .  . . .: , 1974. . 75161; Curtin . D. The World & the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. P. 156192.].         ,       ,         XIX.[184 - Morishima M. Why Has Japan Succeeded? Cambridge; London; New York; New Rochelle; Melbourne; Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1982. P. 1620, 24.]    ,          ,      ,  .         ,            XIX  XX.,   60?  XX.        - [185 - Latham Kawakatsu . Asia Pacific Dynamism: 15502000. London; New York: Rout ledge, 2000. P. 7085.].   ,     -     XX.               [186 - .:  . .    :  ,   . .: .        . . . , 1998. . 5.].

                   ,  -.         67% ,   1011,   10,511,5,   11,512,5,   13,514,5,    1516%[187 - .:  . .         : . . - . . ., 1995. . 212.].

.      ,           .    -   ,      ,       ,    [188 - Gerschenkron A. Continuity in History and Other Essays. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968.],             .   , ,  ,     ,           [189 -             ,    ,   ,      ,        - ,     .. .: Gerschenkron A. Europe in the Russian Mirror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. P. 98, 99.             . : Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth. Rate, Structure and Spread. P. 291, 292. .    II:                ,       , ,                (  :      / . . . . . ., 1996. . 416).]. (  . ,  . 11.)   ,   ,    ,     .      XX. ,     ,      [190 -  ,     ,        .                 .     XX.  ,  ,   (Latham Kawakatsu . Asia Pasiflc Dynamism: 15502000. London; New York: Routledge, 2000. P. 86103).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/egor-gaydar/dolgoe-vremya-rossiya-v-mire-ocherki-ekonomicheskoy-istorii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,        (.:     / . . . , . . . .:  , 2001;  . .    . .: , 2003).




2


Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OESD, 1995; Idem. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001; Mitchell B. R. International Historical Statistics. The Americas 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LT D, 1998; Idem. International Historical Statistics. Europe 17501993. London: Macmillan Reference LT D, 1998; Bairoch P. How and Not Why; Economic Inequalities Between 1800 and 1913: Some Background Figures. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1991; Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth. Rate, Structure and Spread. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1966; Abramovitz M. Thinking about Growth and other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991; Goldsmith R. W. An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire. New Hawen: Income and Wealth, Series 30. N 3. September 1984; Goldstone J. A. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley; Los Angeles; Oxford: University of California Press, 1991.




3


 ,   ,    .  ,     ,   ,    ,         ,  -   ,  -  ,       .       ,        .              (.: Landes D. S. The Wealth and the Poverty of Nations. Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999. P. 236).




4


 . . .: , 1965. . 87.




5


   (19811919)  , , ,   , ; ,   1914.     ,     . .  1918.      ,   ,     ,       ,        ,    . . .




6


,  .      ,   206.  ..  220. ..       .         .    .        .      . . .




7


       ,   .    317  293.  .. . .




8


           ,      ,  340440  300400 . (   1980.);    810  68   ;   (    5. )  1112  910%,     2428  2226  (.:  .      : ,   . .: - , 1996. . 56).      1990.,      ,    510660  450600 .   . ,            ,      XIX.,   ,    1688.     1820. (.: Goldsmith R. W. An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the Nation al Product of the Early Roman Empire // Income and Wealth. Series 30. N 3. September 1984. P. 280).




9


        Geary-Khamis (    ),               (   1990.) (Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995).




10


,             ,    .




11


.  ,  ,           18   ,     ,        (Waddington . . The Ethical Animal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. P. 15).




12


.:  H. .    . .:   , 1999. . 194.         . Ѹ   1603.  ,        , .. ,    (   ).    ,   1868. . .




13


      960  1279.    .            907.,            .       . . .




14


Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 5152.               XI.         .           1015%   (,  XVIII.).  ,  15001800.          1,52 .




15


.     ,   1800.      ,            5% (Bairoch . New Estimates on Agricultural Productivity and Yields of Developed Countries, 18001990 // Bhaduri A., Skarstein R. (eds). Economic Development and Agricultural Productivity. Cheltenham, 1997. P. 4564).




16


Phillis D. The First Industrial Revolution. Second ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967. P. 11.




17


Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1966.




18


Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections // The American Economic Review. Vol. 63. Issue 3. June 1973. P. 248, 249.




19


: Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread. P. 38.




20


Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections // The American Economic Review. Vol. 63. Issue 3. June 1973. P. 10.




21


.  : ߅         ,       (    ). ,    ,   ,       1820.,    1760.   (1983  1992.)                XVIII.    (    . . .) ,    XVIII.    ,    .        ,      ,    ,               (Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 45).     : .  ,        ,   . ,    XVIII. (Fogel R. W. Simon S. Kuznets. April 30, 1901  July 9, 1985. NBER Working Paper 7787. P. 23).

.     ,       .         :           -.  1800. 99%      ,   .                  (Bairoch . How and Not Why; Economic Inequalities Between 1800 and 1913: Some Background Figures // Baton F. (ed.) Between Development and Underdevelopment. Teh Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 18001870. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1991).        . : Crafts N. F. R. Patterns of Development in Nineteenth Century Europe // Oxford Economic Papers. Vol. 36. P. 438458; Ashton T. S. The Industrial Revolution 17601830. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948; Idem. An Economic History of England: the 18th Century. London: Methuen & Co. LTD, 1955; Deane P., Cole W. A. British Economic Growth 16881959: Trends and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962; Wrigley E. A. Poverty, Progress and Population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.




22


      .

: Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001. P. 262.




23


Reynolds L. G. Economic Growth in the Third World, 18501980. London: Yale University Press, 1985. P. 31.




24


Adelman I. The Genesis of the Current Global Economic System. http://are.berkeley. edu/~adelman/KEYNOTE.html. P. 1, 2.




25


   ,   XV  XVIII.,    .   , ,             .  ,       ,  .              .            .     ,      ,     ,   ,     ,      ,    , ,            1902         (Der moderne Kapitalismus) (.:  .  . : , 1993. . 50, 51). . , ,   ,            ,       .    ,          .   . : . 8. . 120; . 13. . 7, 8; . 19. . 386, 413, 419; . 23. . 10, 91, 18, 229, 372, 611, 727, 759; . 24. . 43, 44, 65; . 25. . 142, 380382, 385; . 29. . 258.




26


    ,    - ,   XVIXVIII.,         ,       ,  ,   ,   ,       ,   .  ,     , ., : Sanderson S. K. Social Transformations: aGeneral Theory of Historical Development. Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. P. 134.  ,           - ,     ,              ,    , .:  . .  ?      //  . 2004. 78.




27


           () : 1.      . 2.      ,    -     . 3. ,      ,   ,          . 4.   ,        (Vries J. de, Woude A. van der. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 15001815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 693).




28


.        1000  1820.  (Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. P. 45).




29


            .        XVIIXVIII.,  ,         ,   XVIIXVIII.,    (Mokyr J. Editors Introduction: the New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution // Mokyr J. (ed.). The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993. P. 131, 119, 120; Vries J. de, Woude A. van der. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 15001815. P. 693; Wrigley E. A. Poverty, Progress and Population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 5863).




30


          ,          ,      ,       (25 ). ,  1870.      3263 .      1881.  (  )   1870.    ,  .        1890.,    1885.,     1880.    XIX.    ,      .      ,          ,  .          ,        ,   :  , ,    ..




31


Rostow W. W. Teh Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. P. 8.




32


          .: Crafts N. F. R. British Industrialization in an International Context // The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Vol. XIX. N 3. Winter 1989,  : Williamson f. G. Debating the British Industrial Revolution // Explorations in Economic History. Vol. 24. 1987. P. 269292.




33


    ,            ,  ,       ;         ,   ,                   ,         ,    (Bell D. Notes on the Post-Industrial Society // The Public Interest. Vol. 7. 1967. P. 102).




34


     .   ,  ,   ,     ,     (.:  . .    . .: , 2003. . 148171).  ,   ,       (Berry . J. L. The Counter Urbanization Process: Urban America Since 1970 // Berry B. J. L. (ed.) Urbanization and Counter Urbanization. London: Sage, 1976; Population Growth, Structure and Distribution. New York: United Nations, 1999. P. 28, 29).




35


   1990 .




36


   . https://publications.worldbank.org/subscriptions/WDl/.




37


,            .




38


Gerschenkron A. The Rate of Growth of Industrial Production in Russia Since 1885 // Journal of Economic History. Vol. 7 (Supplement). 1947.     .  (Rostow W. W. (ed.) The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth. New York: St. Martins Press, 1963. P. 152154).




39


          ,     -, .:  .     ( XIX  XX.):     / . . . , . . . .: , 2003. . 24; Bairoch . Niveaux de dveloppement conomique de 1810 ? 1910 // Annales: conomies, Socits, Civilisations, 2oe anne. 1965. N. 6. P. 10911118;  .     50     19001913 . ., 1918.    18881913.      ,   ,         (Goldsmith R. The Economic Growth of Tsarist Russia, 18601913 // Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol. 9 (3). April 1961. P. 441475). .   .   ,           ,  ,              (Gregory . R. Russian National Income, 18851913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983; Falkus . . Teh Industrialization of Russia 17001914. London: Macmillan, 1972; Idem. Russias National Income, 1913: A Revaluation // Economica. Vol. 35. February 1968. P. 5273). ,   -   XIX  XX.   -       .    ,             ,     -.




40


   ,       ,    .     ,               70? . XX.     .




41


.        -    50? . XX.       (Rostov W. W. Teh Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. P. 67).




42


      ,    . . ; . .     . . .




43


      :  1913.      ;  1950.  ;  2001.   . : Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 18201992. Paris: OECD, 1995;      : World Development Report, World Bank, 2003.




44


 . .     . T. 2. .: -  , 2000. . 384.




45


        .      .




46


 . .      : ,   . .: - , 1996. . 15.




47


  , ,    H. ,            ,         (.:  .    . ., 2003. . 126).




48


Easterly E. V. The Elusive Ouest for Growth. Economists Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge; Massachusetts; London: The MIT Press, 2000.




49


Ibid. P. 278, 279.




50


.:  . .    II // -. 1935. 23. . 131139.




51


                    .:  . .    . .: -     , 1922. . 4253.




52


.: - . .       . ., 1917.




53


.:  .        . .:  . . , 1894. . 288.




54


Berlin I. Historical Inevitability. London: Oxford University Press, 1959; Hayek F. A. von. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967; Hayek F. A. von. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945; Hayek F. A. von. The Counter-revolution of Science: Studies of the Abuse of Reason. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1952; Popper K. R. The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961; Popper K. R. Conjectures and Refutations: The growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963; Popper K. R. The Open Society and Its Enemies. Vol. 12. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.




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   (19091997)  ,        .    (. ).     ,      .  1957.    .  1974  1978.    . . .




56


            . .       :  .,  . :       //  . 2004. 56.




57


       ,   ,   ,       ( .        . .:  . . , 1894. . 4344).




58


Tranter N. The Labour Supply 17801860 // McCloskey D. (ed.) The Economic History of England Since 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 220, 221; Crafts N. F. R. British Economic Growth, 17001850; Some Dififculties of Interpretation // Explorations in Economic History. Vol. 24 (3). 1987. P. 245268.     .   ,    ,    ,    ,         .                 (Williamson J. G. Debating the Industrial Revolution // Ibidem. P. 280).




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    ,          .: Emsley . Crime and Society in England 17501900. Chapter 2. London; New York: Longman, 1987; Zehr H. The Modernization and Crime in Germany and France, 18301913 // Journal of Social History. Vol. 8 (4). 1975. P. 117141.




60


         , ,  ,    ,   ,         XIX.    (Riley J. . Rising Life Expectancy. A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 141).




61


   :   ,      ,         .    , ,   ,    ,      ,                  (.:  . .  ,    .   .   . . . .:  , 1999. . 157).




62


   .   ,      ,     ;         (Ladurie . L. R. The Peasants of Languedoc. Urbana; Chicago; London: University of Illinois Press, 1976. P. 311).




63


                 ;         ,  ,    ,         .       ,        . ,    ,          ,     .             ;          ,         ,          ( .    . : , 1993. . 110).




64


McCulloch J. R. Treatises and Essay on Money, Exchange, Interest, the Letting of Land, Absenteeism, the History of Commerce, Manufactures, etc. Edinburgh, 1859. P. 454, 455.




65


Hicks J. A Theory of Economic History. London; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. P. 148, 149.




66


Hayek F. A. (ed.) Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1954. P. 14.




67


               :   ,    . ,    ,   . ,  - ,  .        .        (Tocqueville A. de. Democracy in America. Vol. I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945).    . ,       ,         .    ,   ()   (.: Huntington S. . Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1968. P. 40, 41).




68


      ,     .    .      ,    18441845., .    ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1959. . 13. . 8).




69


      XIX.    .  .: Field . The Future of Economic History. Boston; Pordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 301,  : Rostow W. W. The Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. P. 157.




70


 .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 21. . 350, 351.




71


 .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 21. . 367.




72


,         , ,      1844.,        .      ,                       ,       1844.       . ,              ,            ,   ,       ,         .              ,     ,        ;              , ,         ( .,  . . 2? . . 21. . 263).




73


 .,  . . 2? . . 9. . 250, 251.




74


 .     . , 1905.




75


 . .        . .: ; , 1938. . 92.




76


Hicks J. A Theory of Economic History. P. 3.




77


Bell D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1973. P. 55, 56.




78


 -             ,        ,        ;       ,       ,           (Schumpeter J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1987. P. 5).




79


  .      .: Popper . Unended Ouest: An Intellectual Autobiography. London: Routledge, 1992. P. 34.




80


.  :   ,   ,    (. ..)    30       , , ,     , , , ,   ..                   .      30       ,          -       -   ( .      :   . . ., 1889. . 17, 22).




81


 .    ,    II 9  1905  //  . 1925. 45. . 5161.




82


 .      . .; .: , 1929. . 294304.




83


 1860.      3.   ,    3,5.  20     10%       3,5.  (Heclo . Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. From Relief to Income Maintenance. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1974. P. 27, 28).          XIX.        .  18511855.        166,6,  19111920.    172,7;      168,6  1850.  170,7  1905.;   165,4  18521856.  169,1  19041905.;   164,1  1863.  167  19021904. ( .   . .: , 1981. . 29).




84


    ,            .       :     ,      - .     ,   ,      .            ,  ,      ,     ,      .         ( .,  . . 2? . . 21. . 204, 205).




85


 .    . -: , 1923. . 60.




86


 XVIII.   ,        ,         (Field A. J. The Future of Economic History. Boston; Pordrecht; Lancaster: Kluver, Nijhoff Publishing, 1987. P. 272).




87


Maddison A. Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. P. 63.




88


  ,   1848 ,                 ,       , ..    ,  ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1964. T. 34. . 249).




89


 1883.,    ,  ,   ,    , ..     ,   ,     1873.    .       ,       ( .  . : . . . -, 1993. . 269;  . .  ?      //  . 2004. 89).




90


         :             60?                .          ( .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 19. . 304).




91


., ,  .   1886.         蓻 ( .,  . . 2? . T. 21. . 263, 264).




92


 . . 351.




93


 .,  . . 2? . T. 19. . 120, 121.




94


 . . 401.




95


 . . 415.           :               ( . . 305).




96


 . . 419.




97


 . . 23, 24.




98


             . .  :               .      ,       ,     ( .    ? /. . . . : , 1906. . 24).




99


 .,  . . 2? . .: , 1959. T. 13. . 8.




100


              ,             ( .,  . . 2? . T. 19. . 116121, 250, 251, 400421).        ,        .




101


.:  .,  . . 2? . .: , 1961. T. 20. . 286, 287, 296298.




102


Lipset S. M. Teh Tih rd Century. America as a Post-Industrial Society. California: Stanford University, Hoover Institution Press, 1979. P. 4.




103


Barkai A. Nazi Economics: Ideology, Theory and Policy. Oxford; New York; Munich: Berg, 1990. P. 98.        (   )   ,       (Ekirch A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought. Chicago: Quadrangle books, 1969. P. 66, 179).




104


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