  :       
 


Historia Rossica
                 .             ,         ,       .      ,              .    ,     ,                       .       , ,         XVIII     .       ,   Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.





 

  

      



Paolo Sartori

Visions of Justice. Sharia and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia


* * *

 . , 2017, 2022

 . ,   , 2022

 . ,  , 2022

    , 2022







   ,          .               .     ,  ,    (FWF),    (DFG),      (IFEAC  ),  CARTI (           )    (),            ,    .

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      ,     Brill.          .      Brill   ,     ,  , ,   .                .                       :   (Constructing Colonial Legality in Russian Central Asia: On Guardianship // CSSH. 2014. Vol. 56. 2. . 419447).     Brill      2     :         18811893. (Authorized Lies: Colonial Agencies and Legal Hybrids in Tashkent, c. 18811893 // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 688717).

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AHR  American Historical Review

AHSS  Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales

AS  Asiatische Studien

BSOAS  Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

CAS  Central Asian Survey

CACCahiers dAsie centrale

CMR  Cahiers du Monde Russe

CSSH  Comparative Studies in Society and History

DI  Der Islam

EIr  Encyclop?dia Iranica. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985

EI2  Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 19602004

HLJ  Hastings Law Journal

GAL  Brockelmann C. Geschichte der arabischen Literatur. Leiden: Brill, 1996 [1- .: 1943]. 5. (. G.III  S.IIII)

GLR  Griffith Law Review

IESHR  The Indian Economic and Social History Review

IJMES  International Journal of Middle East Studies

ILS  Islamic Law and Society

IS  Iranian Studies

JAS  The Journal of Asian Studies

JESHO  Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

JFGO  Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas

JIS  Journal of Islamic Studies

JLP  Journal of Legal Pluralism

JMMA  Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs

JOAS  Journal of the American Oriental Society

JPS  Journal of Persianate Studies

JRAI  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

JRAS  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Kritika  Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

LHR  Law and History Review

LSILaw and Social Inquiry

LSR  Law and Society Review

MAS  Modern Asian Studies

MSR  Mamluk Studies Review

PP  Past and Present

SLR  Sidney Law Review

WDI  Die Welt des Islams

ZDMG  Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl?ndischen Gesellschaft

      

     

        . : , 19521987. 11.

   

   .              / . . . . .: . , 18681917. 594.








 1936      (19071968)      ()     [1 -  .   .    / .  . .:  , 1987. . 315318.].    ,            .       ,                     .   . ,     ,     ,   .     , .    ,        .    .           ,  (),      .           .      ,           ,  ,   ,       .          ,    [2 -          (  )     .]:



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          [4 -         .: Northrop D. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.].          .    ( : y) ,   ,    ,      ,      . ,         ,             .     ,    ,      ; ,        ,    .  ,  ,          :



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,         ,  ,     .          .           ,    . -,       ,    . ,                ,      ,      ,   ,        .   ,       ,    ,     .     :           (. . 1).

-,     ,        ,    . ,         ,      . ,       ,     .                     .        ,     ,       .              ,    .    ,       , ,       ,       .  ,     ,         .

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         XIX   XX         ,   .                        1865 .               .           .

 ,     XIX ,           ,    .           .                     .          ,  ,     ,     .          .     ,       ,     (   ).         ,         .      ,            .

        ()      1865 .         ,         ,        .       ,   1868  1873  .  ,    XIX         .  1867     -. -  - ,   ,            .    ,            .      ,   ,     .  ,       ,     ,         [6 -          .: Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910: A Comparison with British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.]    .

      ,         ,              .       ,         . -,        - ,       ,       .      1,               ,  ,        .    ,        ,       ,           .           ,           - .       .         ,      ,        .      ,           ()   .  ,         .  ,      ,     .      ,    , ,  -            .            ,           ,      .    ,   ,        .    :  ,    ,    ,         ,  .  ,    ,   ,      ,      .

                  .             .       ,      :      .      ,      .         ,      .              .




1.  


   .          :  ,   ,    . ,         .        .    ,  ,     .                  .         ,            ,        .         [7 -     : Kolsky E. Introduction // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. . 973.].

                    [8 - Buskens L. Sharia and the Colonial State // The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law / Eds R. Peters, P. Bearman. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. . 209221; Layish A. The Transformation of the Sharia from Jurists Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World // WDI. 2004. Vol. 44. 1. . 85113.].        [9 -   .: Sartori P., Shahar I. Legal Pluralism in Muslim-Majority Colonies: Mapping the Terrain // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 637663.].  ,  ,       ,          ,        .  ,       ,        ,             .       .       ,         .    ,                .  , ,          [10 -       (entexting). .: Hallaq W. Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. . 547548; Strawson J. Revisiting Islamic Law: Marginal Notes from Colonial History // GLR. 2003. Vol. 12. 3. . 362383; Giunchi E. The Reinvention of Sharia under the British Raj: In Search of Authenticity and Certainty // JAS. 2010. Vol. 69. 4. . 11191142; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. . 25, 192.].  ,      .       :       ,           .        ,   [11 - Gazzini C. When Jurisprudence Becomes Law: How Italian Colonial Judges in Libya Turned Islamic Law and Customary Practice into Binding Legal Precedent // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 746770.] (  ).       ,         [12 - Martin V. Kazakh Oath-Taking in Colonial Courtrooms: Legal Culture and Russian Empire-Bulding // Kritika. 2004. Vol. 5. 3. . 483514.]. ,        ,                .                  ()    ()[13 - Layish A. The Transformation of the Sharia from Jurists Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World. . 85113; Brown N. J. Sharia and State in the Modern Muslim Middle East // IJMES. 1997. Vol. 29. 3. . 359376.].  ,  ,       ,   ,        ,         .          :              .     ,        -,         [14 - Christelow A. Islamic Law and Judicial Practice in Nigeria: An Historical Perspective // JMMA. 2010. Vol. 22. 1. . 185204.].         ,         .   ,      ,             [15 - Messick B. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. . 5866.].       ,          .  ,  ,    ,       ,          [16 - Hallaq W. Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations.].  ,         ,            ,     .

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  , , ,     ,        -  .   ,      ,      (   ).  ,       . ,  ,        ,     ,    .    ,        ,   ,            .         ,  , ,           ,              [25 - Merry S. E. Comments on Comments // LSR. 2004. Vol. 38. 4. . 861866.].

,     ,               ,      ?                 ,     ,      ,  ,       ,          ?           ,   ,    ,     .   ,      ,   ,       .

       ,     ,     .   1970- ,         ,      ,     () . ,    ,    ,  ,    (   )       ,        [26 - Subrahmanyam S. Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. . 25.].        ,               .    ,   :



    ,      ,       . ,         ,     <>             (           ,    ). <>  ,  ,           .     :        [27 - Ibid. . 2930.].


 ,  ,           ,       .         .      ?    ,   ,    ,  ,      [28 -       -  1970-        ,   ()    ,   .   ,      ; ,         .       .: Tomlins C. What is Left of the Law and Society Paradigm after Critique? Revisiting Gordons Critical Legal Histories // LSI. 2012. Vol. 31. 1. . 155166.]. ,              ,        .  ,   ,          ,     .




2.


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  ,           ,    .        ,          . ,     ,       .    ,   1936 .           .   ,  ,     ,    .    ,    ,     ,   ,     (, y ?!  ?   ?  y y  ?)[30 - y A.   . : , 2000. . 264.].  ,        ,   .   ,   ,   ,     ,    ;  ,         ,         (   ? y?.  ??  y,  ? ? y.  ?)[31 - Ibid. . 265.].         ,    .           ,               ,      .

 ,        . ,   ,    ,       .  ,          ,      .               .      :      ,     .           ,          (legality):



   ,    ,    ,   ,         .            ,        ,  ,    .      ,      .         ,  ,       ,     .    ,       [32 - Ewick P., Silbey S. S. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. . 17.].


   ,          .  ,     ,      ( ),           .    , ,    ,     ,       [33 -         . .: Comaroff J., Comaroff J. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.].                  ,    ,      ,        .  ,    ,        [34 - Silbey S. Legal Consciousness // New Oxford Companion to Law / Eds P. Cane, J. Conaghan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. . 695696.].       ,         ,   .

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,       .      ,         . -,          ? -,         ,   ?             ,              ,       .           .            ,      .       ,                     ,           (     ).   ,     ,             .         ,                    .       ,    ,    . ,    ,   ,     .                ,        .                   .




3. 


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     , ,         . -,          ,       .   ,          (    )        (. . 1). -,                   ();        ,     .                 (. . 1),        ,  ,         (     . )     ()[38 - 06.05.1909. . . I-365. . 1. . 85. . 117 .; 12.01.1908. . . I-366. . 1. . 95. . 12.].    ,         ,      ,            ,    .           ,      [39 -      .    : Sartori P. The Evolution of Third-Party Mediation in Sharia Courts in 19th- and Early 20th-Century Central Asia // JESHO. 2011. Vol. 54. 3. . 311352.].

    (,  , )  ,    .   ,  ,         ,                .    ,       .      ,    ,         .          ,    .              ,         ,   .  ,              ,  ,           II.

       ,             ,        .       ,   ,   ,   ,            [40 - Sharafi M. The Marital Patchwork of Colonial South Asia]. ,      ,               [41 -     . : Silbey S. S. After Legal Consciousness // Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences. 2005. 1. . 360.].  ,           [42 - Newbigi E., Denault L., De R. Introduction: Personal Law, Identity Politics and Civil Society in Colonial South Asia // IESHR. 2009. Vol. 46. 1. . 2. .  ,      Law and History Review: Forum: Maneuvering the Personal Law System in Colonial India // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4.]  [43 - Saha J. A Mockery of Justice? Colonial Law, the Everyday State and Village Politics in the Burma Delta, c. 18901910 // PP. 2012. 217. November. . 187212.] ,        ,     ,            , ,    [44 - European Expansion and Law: the Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th and 20th Century Africa and Asia / Eds W. Mommsen, J. de Moor. Oxford; New York: Berg, 1992; Tamanaha B. Z. Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global // SLR. 2007. 29. . 381386.].                ,  ,     ,    [45 - Riles A. Law as Object // Law and Empire in the Pacific: Fiji and Hawaii / Eds S. E. Merry, D. Brenneis. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2004. . 187212; Peterson D. R. Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 18761928 // AHR. 2006. Vol. 111. 4. . 9831010; Chatterjee N. Muslim or Christian? Family Quarrels and Religious Diagnosis in a Colonial Court // AHR. 2012. Vol. 117. 4. . 11011122.].

,        ,                ,       [46 - .     .]. ,    ,      [47 - Sartori P. Colonial Legislation Meets Sharia: Muslims Land Rights in Russian Turkestan // CAS. 2010. Vol. 29. 1. . 4360.],    .        ,           [48 - Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 412.]       ,       ,    ,   .

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       ,             .    ,        ,   [52 - Bayly C. A. The Birth of the Modern World, 17801914: Global Connections and Comparisons. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. . 8.],               .          .          ,           [53 -     .: Lewis E. B. Frontier as Resource: Law, Crime, and Sovereignty on the Margins of Empire // CSSH. 2013. Vol. 55. 2. . 241272.].      ,       ,     .

  ,        ,         .   ,             ,          .            ,             [54 - Ghosh D. Another Set of Imperial Turns? // AHR. 2012. Vol. 118. 3. June. . 772793.].


3.1.   :    

               .      ,           .  ,              ,         ,       [55 - Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 3.].   ,   , ,              . ,          ,       .   ,    [56 - Benton L. Law and Empire in Global Perspective: Introduction // AHR. 2012. Vol. 117. 4. October. . 1094.],  ,           ,      ,     .   ,              .   ,         ,           [57 - Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 3.].     ,          [58 - Ibid. . 13.],    ,         ,  ,       [59 - Ibid. . 148149.].           ,       ,   ,     terra nullius ( ),              [60 - Ibid. . 168.].  , ,              ,      . ,   ,   ,      [61 - Ibid. . 180182.].

            ,         .            . ,           ,           .         ;            (. . 3).  ,   ,    ,     . ,                   ,   . ,          ,   ,   ,         .               .

              ,              .       ,             ,    ,                    [62 - Benton L. Law and Empire in Global Perspective: Introduction. P. 1098.].  ,      ,         ,         .         ,             ,         .            ,       .            .

   ,        ,      ,  . ,        ,    ,        [63 - Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 168; Comaroff J. L. Colonialism, Culture, and the Law].       ,       ,     ,      (      ).        ,          [64 - Makinde A. K., Ostien P. Legal Pluralism in Colonial Lagos: The 1894 Petition of the Lagos Muslims to Their British Colonial Masters // WDI. 2012. 52. . 5168.].  1894     ,         .   ,  1912 ,  originaires ( ) ,       ,      ,          .            [65 - Shereikis R. From Law to Custom: The Shifting Legal Status of Muslim Originaires in Kayes and Medine, 19031913 // Journal of African Studies. 2001. 42. . 261283.].   ,         -       .  ,      ,    ,       [66 -           , .: Ivermee R. Shariat and Muslim Community in Colonial Punjab, 18651885 // MAS. 2013. Vol. 47. 5. . 128.].

  ,                ,   .           ,    (     )    .   ,  ,  -   ,   ,  ,  ,   , ,        [67 - Stoler A. L. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Commonsense. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. . 215216.].     ,         .     .         ,         ,     . ,   ,         ,      ,    .      ,   ,        [68 - Stoler A. L. Along the Archival Grain. P. 209.].   ,     ,     ,           [69 - Ibid.]. ,    ,                 .

   ,          :         .  :       ,      ?         ,       ,      ?                 . ,         ,    ,    . ,        , ,    ,   ,    :         .  ,  , ,           ,       -        .       ,                  ,     ,     .

                 .                 ,   .  ,         .     ,        (   )        (   ).   1850-       ,              ,       ;             [70 - Renucci F. Le juge et la connaissance du droit indig?ne. Elments de comparaison entre lAlgrie et la Libye aux premiers temps de la colonization // Le juge et lOutremer. Mde ou les impratifs du choix / Eds B. Durand, E. Gasparini. Lille: Centre dHistoire Judiciaire, 2007. Vol. 3. . 211226.].  ,            ,  ,          .    ,    ,        ,              , -       [71 - Gazzini C. When Jurisprudence Becomes Law: How Italian Colonial Judges in Libya Turned Islamic Law and Customary Practice into Binding Legal Precedent // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 749.].    ,  ,      ,       .  ,                .  ,      -[72 -        -  .: Travers R. Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. . 123; Giunchi E. The Reinvention of Sharia under the British Raj: In Search of Authenticity and Certainty // JAS. 2010. Vol. 69. 4.]    ,             .     ,        [73 - , -        .          ,   . -,     -   - (      - - (. 1346)),      ,     ()         ; .: Idrisov A., Muminov A., Szuppe M. Manuscrits en criture arabe du Muse regional de Nukus (Rpublique autonome du Karakalpakstan, Ouzbkistan). Fonds arabe, persan, turki et karakalpak. Rome: Istituto per lOriente C. A. Nallino, 2007. . 108109.]    ,           .           - .     ,           [74 -    ,                . .: Lydon G. Droit islamique et droits de la femme dapr?s les registres du Tribunal Musulman de Ndar (Saint-Louis du Sngal) // Canadian Journal of African Studies. 2007. Vol. 41. 2. . 298.]               [75 -   ,      ,        ,     : Cooper B. M. Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 19001989. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1997. . 38.   ,          ( 1960 . . .) : Soares B. The Attempt to Reform Family Law in Mali // DWI. 2009. Vol. 49. 34. . 403.].         ,        .

   XIX ,       ,         .   ,          ,   terra nullius.     ,   ,   ,  ,    ,   .    ,           -      .  ,          [76 - [ . .]       //  . .      . : . . . , 1898. . 103, 108 (. 119120, 125);    . - .  . : . . . , 1915. . 5455;            - . : . . . , 1915. . 100. . : Campbell I. W. Settlement Promoted, Settlement Contested: the Shcherbina Expedition of 18961903 // CAS. 2011. Vol. 30. 34. . 425.],         ,      .

 ,        ,         -  ,       .    [77 - Pravilova E. The Property of Empire. Islamic Law and Russian Agrarian Policy in Transcaucasia and Turkestan // Kritika. 2011. Vol. 12. 2. . 361366.], ,      ,     .               ()   ,   . ,              ,   ,     ,     .          (. . 3)[78 -     ,         .        ,           (. . 3).       ,      (,   - ); .: Mundy M., Smith R. S. Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007.].

          ,           .       ,        .                [79 - Werth P. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 17401870 // Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 17001930 / Eds J. Burbank, M. von Hagen, A. Remnev. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. P. 178; Haule S. us et coutumes adoptees dans nos guerres dOrient. Lexprience colonial russe et lexpdition dAlger // Cahiers du Monde russe. 2004. Vol. 45. 12. . 292320.],   ,     .          ,         [80 -  . :     // . 1892. 9. . 5.].    ,      ,   -   .  ,      2,           ,     , ,  ,      .


3.2.   

          XIX .   ,      ,    .                  ,                   [81 - Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001;  . .   : , , . .:  , 2002; Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press, 2002; Kemper M. Herrschaft, Recht und Islam in Daghestan: Von den Khanaten und Gemeindeb?nden zum ?ihad-Staat. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia.].        ,        ,     .                         .               [82 - Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. . 273.]  ,       ,      [83 - Ibid. . 258.].  ,         (  ),     [84 - Ibid. . 259.]. ,  ,    .     ,               .  ,      ,        ,  ,                    ,   .           ,    .    ,  ,              ,         .         ,      ,      .    ,           ,    .      ()     ,            .           ,         [85 -     ,            ,   . .: Sartori P. Seeing like a Khanate: On Archives, Cultures of Documentation, and 19th-Century Khorezm // JPS. 2016. Vol. 8. 2. . 228257.]. ,     [86 -  ,      , .: Peterson D. R. Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 18761928 // AHR. 2006. Vol. 111. 4.],          ,     ,    .

   ,         .            (living wall)[87 - Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 149.],       :     ,       ,       . ,       ,     .  ,   ,                   .          , ,    ,      ,   ,     -,  ,    ,      .      ,        (),  ,    [88 -     -  .  1885. . . I-17. . 1. . 4082. . 3131 .].  ,      ,   ,  ,         ,     . ,   , ,      ,    ,          [89 -  . . 30.].

   ,  ,      .               .      .           [90 - Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 148150.].  ,           .   ,           ;   ,     ,        .              ;     ,          [91 -  . .  ( ):      //  . : .  , 1899. . 1.     . . 9596.].   -,       ,        .      4,         ,  ,  ,  ( )  .        ,  [92 -       ,         .    ,   . . .   : . . I-17. . 1. . 2850. . 3132.].  ,  [93 -     ,            .   1873 .                 .  .: Azad A., Yastrebova O. Reflections on an Orientalist: Aleksandr Kuhn (18401888), the Man and His Legacy // IS. 2015. Vol. 48. 5. . 675694.],    ,        (    )       ,  .      ,          [94 -   ,  ,  ,     (612    ):  .   .    . ., 1916. . 3334, 38.]; [95 -  . .   , 18741889. .: . . . , 1889. . 174.]      .      ,   .                  [96 -      ,   . ., ,    ,         1912    .   : . . I-17. . 1. . 2059. .     ,      1912 : . . I-36. . 1. . 6083. . 2.].

 ,         ,   .        .              .   ,  ,           ,     ,   ,  .      ,  ,   ,         ,        .    ,        ,          .

         ,            .            ,     ,             .     ,          ,           ,     .        ,        ,    [97 - Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 291.].     .       ,        ,        .         , ,   .  ,  ,     ,    ,     ,   ,         ,     .              ()     (, , ).     ,        .             ,    (  )      [98 - . . 2.].

      ,      .    ,              , ,  [99 -    .: Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 35, 98, 284.]  ,     - ,     ,   ,    [100 - Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe . 4, 43. . : Werth P. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 17401870. . 170, 184185.]    .             .            .      ,       ,             .  ,         .  ,  ,   ,        ,       .  ,            . ,                ,      ,            ,      .       ,                [101 -          ,           .    ,   ,     ,    ,  , ,        .       ,             .      : Sartori P. Murder in Manghishlaq: Notes on an Instance of Application of Qazaq Customary Law in Khiva // DI. 2012. Vol. 88. 2. . 217257.].

  ,              ,         ,  ,        .               ,  ,    :     . ,    ,       , ,    ,          .  ,    ,          ,            . <>               ,                  ,        [102 - Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 400.].

         .   ,    ,     .  ,         [103 -           . .: Scheele J. A Taste for Law: Rule Making in Kabylia (Algeria) // CSSH. 2008. Vol. 50. 4. . 895919.].  ,     ,   -   ,  ,           .           ,   .   , ,    ,     ,     . , -,      :        ,    ,        , ,     .   ,         ,      ,    .               .

   ,              (Realpolitik)       .    ,        ,     .       ,  ,            ,        .

  2      ,  .  ,              .   ,   ,         .         .   ,    :     ,           ,       .

       .               .      1913 ,              [104 -  [  ].      // . 1913. 5. . 106108.].     ,     ,    [105 -       . 1913. . . I-36. . 1. . 6009. . 166 .].

      ,     ,         .   ,            .            ,  ,           .         .       ex officio;           .          ,       . ,   , ,                 .           ,     .   ,            ,   ,         ,  , , , ,       .       ,           ,   ,   .   ,          ,        .    ,      ,      .

           .            ,     .           .              ,      .            ,       .    ,    ,                       .

        ,         .       :      ,          .         .    ,              .       ,   ,   ,             .

          ,    .  ,               .  ,               .   ,           ,                .             .         ,             .            .          .   -        ,             . ,     ,       ,    :    ()         [106 - . . I-36. . 1. . 6009. . 163 . 164, 169 .]. ,   ,        95%    ,  [107 - Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 269.].       ,     ,     1913         .     -   ,   ,   ,      .




4.


,   ,    ,          ,       (  ). -,    ,                   .           ,    ,  (  )  ,        . ,           [108 -        : Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-Colonial Challenges / Eds S. Jeppie, E. Moosa, R. Roberts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.].          . ,      ,     ,            ,     .

     1,             .         ,             ,               .      XIX         ,            ,     .           ,  ,  :    .    ,   ,     ()  - ( ).         .     ,             .    ,     ,             .         ,        .     , :



     ,    ,    -,     [] -     ,   , ,    ,   . [ ]   [ ],         [ -]. ,    ,    ;            ,      ,         .   ,  []       .           []   ,  , : !   .  ,     ;    [ ].   [109 -   ,      XX : . . I-125. . 1. . 498. . 29.].


    ,  ,    ,         .  ,   ,        ,   ,       .         [110 -      ,        ,      . .: Merry S. E. Colonial Law and Its Uncertainties // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. . 1068.].  ,         ,         ,     .      ,    ,   .           .   ,      ,         ,        : , ,   ,        (  )     .  ,      XVI   XIX   .      -  ,        .

        :    , ,     .     ,     ,  ,       . ,       .       ,         ,  ,      .        .     ,           ,    ,  ,        .  ,  ,       ,     .            ,            , ,    ,      .




5. 


        ,      . -,     ,        ,    . -,            .

 1,    . ,     ,         ,        .   2 ,          - .   ,               ,                    .    ,       ,   .                  .   3       .                ,    .  4       ,      ,          ,      .   5     .  ,          ,       .       ,  ,            .  ,  ,      ,           .




  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=68322479)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .   .    / .  . .:  , 1987. . 315318.




2


         (  )     .




3


       .




4


        .: Northrop D. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.




5


 ( ,  )   Elaeagnus.




6


         .: Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910: A Comparison with British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.




7


    : Kolsky E. Introduction // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. . 973.




8


Buskens L. Sharia and the Colonial State // The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law / Eds R. Peters, P. Bearman. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. . 209221; Layish A. The Transformation of the Sharia from Jurists Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World // WDI. 2004. Vol. 44. 1. . 85113.




9


  .: Sartori P., Shahar I. Legal Pluralism in Muslim-Majority Colonies: Mapping the Terrain // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 637663.




10


      (entexting). .: Hallaq W. Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. . 547548; Strawson J. Revisiting Islamic Law: Marginal Notes from Colonial History // GLR. 2003. Vol. 12. 3. . 362383; Giunchi E. The Reinvention of Sharia under the British Raj: In Search of Authenticity and Certainty // JAS. 2010. Vol. 69. 4. . 11191142; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. . 25, 192.




11


Gazzini C. When Jurisprudence Becomes Law: How Italian Colonial Judges in Libya Turned Islamic Law and Customary Practice into Binding Legal Precedent // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 746770.




12


Martin V. Kazakh Oath-Taking in Colonial Courtrooms: Legal Culture and Russian Empire-Bulding // Kritika. 2004. Vol. 5. 3. . 483514.




13


Layish A. The Transformation of the Sharia from Jurists Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World. . 85113; Brown N. J. Sharia and State in the Modern Muslim Middle East // IJMES. 1997. Vol. 29. 3. . 359376.




14


Christelow A. Islamic Law and Judicial Practice in Nigeria: An Historical Perspective // JMMA. 2010. Vol. 22. 1. . 185204.




15


Messick B. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. . 5866.




16


Hallaq W. Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations.




17


Pirie F. The Anthropology of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. . 11.      ,       . .          : Benton L., Ross R. J. Empires and Legal Pluralism: Jurisdiction, Sovereignty, and Political Imagination in the Early Modern World // Legal Pluralism and Empires, 15001850 / Eds L. Benton, R. J. Ross. New York: New York University Press, 2013. . 117; Sartori P., Shahar I. Legal Pluralism in Muslim-Majority Colonies: Mapping the Terrain. P. 637663.




18


Sharafi M. The Marital Patchwork of Colonial South Asia: Forum Shopping from Britain to Baroda // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. . 9791009.




19


Hussin I. The Pursuit of the Perak Regalia: Law and the Making of the Colonial State // LSI. 2007. Vol. 32. 3. . 759788; Sartori P. Authorized Lies: Colonial Agency and Legal Hybrids in Tashkent, c. 18811893 // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 688717.




20


Parker K. M. The Historiography of Difference // LHR. 2005. Vol. 23. 3. . 685695.




21


      .: Moore S. F. Certainties Undone: Fifty Turbulent Years of Legal Anthropology, 19491999 // JRAI. 2001. Vol. 7. 1. . 103106.




22


Maurer B. The Cultural Power of Law? Conjunctive Readings // LHR. 2004. Vol. 38. 4. . 843.




23


Comaroff J. L. Colonialism, Culture, and the Law: A Foreword // LSI. 2011. 26. . 307.




24


Ibid. . 314.




25


Merry S. E. Comments on Comments // LSR. 2004. Vol. 38. 4. . 861866.




26


Subrahmanyam S. Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. . 25.




27


Ibid. . 2930.




28


      -  1970-        ,   ()    ,   .   ,      ; ,         .       .: Tomlins C. What is Left of the Law and Society Paradigm after Critique? Revisiting Gordons Critical Legal Histories // LSI. 2012. Vol. 31. 1. . 155166.




29


   ,    : Rao V. N., Shulman D., Subrahmanyam S. Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 16001800. New York: Other Press, 2003.




30


y A.   . : , 2000. . 264.




31


Ibid. . 265.




32


Ewick P., Silbey S. S. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. . 17.




33


        . .: Comaroff J., Comaroff J. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.




34


Silbey S. Legal Consciousness // New Oxford Companion to Law / Eds P. Cane, J. Conaghan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. . 695696.




35


Skinner Q. Vision of Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Vol. 1: Regarding Method.




36


         .  ,        ,    ,      .    : Scheele J. Councils without Customs, Qadis without State: Property and Community in the Algerian Touat // ILS. 2010. Vol. 17. 3. . 351. . 3.




37


Sartori P. Judicial Elections as a Colonial Reform: The Qadis and Biys in Tashkent, 18681886 // CMR. 2008. Vol. 49. 1. . 79100.




38


06.05.1909. . . I-365. . 1. . 85. . 117 .; 12.01.1908. . . I-366. . 1. . 95. . 12.




39


     .    : Sartori P. The Evolution of Third-Party Mediation in Sharia Courts in 19th- and Early 20th-Century Central Asia // JESHO. 2011. Vol. 54. 3. . 311352.




40


Sharafi M. The Marital Patchwork of Colonial South Asia




41


    . : Silbey S. S. After Legal Consciousness // Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences. 2005. 1. . 360.




42


Newbigi E., Denault L., De R. Introduction: Personal Law, Identity Politics and Civil Society in Colonial South Asia // IESHR. 2009. Vol. 46. 1. . 2. .  ,      Law and History Review: Forum: Maneuvering the Personal Law System in Colonial India // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4.




43


Saha J. A Mockery of Justice? Colonial Law, the Everyday State and Village Politics in the Burma Delta, c. 18901910 // PP. 2012. 217. November. . 187212.




44


European Expansion and Law: the Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th and 20th Century Africa and Asia / Eds W. Mommsen, J. de Moor. Oxford; New York: Berg, 1992; Tamanaha B. Z. Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global // SLR. 2007. 29. . 381386.




45


Riles A. Law as Object // Law and Empire in the Pacific: Fiji and Hawaii / Eds S. E. Merry, D. Brenneis. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2004. . 187212; Peterson D. R. Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 18761928 // AHR. 2006. Vol. 111. 4. . 9831010; Chatterjee N. Muslim or Christian? Family Quarrels and Religious Diagnosis in a Colonial Court // AHR. 2012. Vol. 117. 4. . 11011122.




46


.     .




47


Sartori P. Colonial Legislation Meets Sharia: Muslims Land Rights in Russian Turkestan // CAS. 2010. Vol. 29. 1. . 4360.




48


Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 412.




49


.    Kritika: The Imperial Turn // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. 4. . 706.




50


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History: 14001900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. . 3.




51


.        : Balachandran G. Claiming Histories beyond Nations: Situating Global History // IESHR. 2012. Vol. 49. 2. . 267; Scheele J. Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. . 12.




52


Bayly C. A. The Birth of the Modern World, 17801914: Global Connections and Comparisons. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. . 8.




53


    .: Lewis E. B. Frontier as Resource: Law, Crime, and Sovereignty on the Margins of Empire // CSSH. 2013. Vol. 55. 2. . 241272.




54


Ghosh D. Another Set of Imperial Turns? // AHR. 2012. Vol. 118. 3. June. . 772793.




55


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 3.




56


Benton L. Law and Empire in Global Perspective: Introduction // AHR. 2012. Vol. 117. 4. October. . 1094.




57


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 3.




58


Ibid. . 13.




59


Ibid. . 148149.




60


Ibid. . 168.




61


Ibid. . 180182.




62


Benton L. Law and Empire in Global Perspective: Introduction. P. 1098.




63


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures . 168; Comaroff J. L. Colonialism, Culture, and the Law




64


Makinde A. K., Ostien P. Legal Pluralism in Colonial Lagos: The 1894 Petition of the Lagos Muslims to Their British Colonial Masters // WDI. 2012. 52. . 5168.




65


Shereikis R. From Law to Custom: The Shifting Legal Status of Muslim Originaires in Kayes and Medine, 19031913 // Journal of African Studies. 2001. 42. . 261283.




66


          , .: Ivermee R. Shariat and Muslim Community in Colonial Punjab, 18651885 // MAS. 2013. Vol. 47. 5. . 128.




67


Stoler A. L. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Commonsense. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. . 215216.




68


Stoler A. L. Along the Archival Grain. P. 209.




69


Ibid.




70


Renucci F. Le juge et la connaissance du droit indig?ne. Elments de comparaison entre lAlgrie et la Libye aux premiers temps de la colonization // Le juge et lOutremer. Mde ou les impratifs du choix / Eds B. Durand, E. Gasparini. Lille: Centre dHistoire Judiciaire, 2007. Vol. 3. . 211226.




71


Gazzini C. When Jurisprudence Becomes Law: How Italian Colonial Judges in Libya Turned Islamic Law and Customary Practice into Binding Legal Precedent // JESHO. 2012. Vol. 55. 45. . 749.




72


       -  .: Travers R. Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. . 123; Giunchi E. The Reinvention of Sharia under the British Raj: In Search of Authenticity and Certainty // JAS. 2010. Vol. 69. 4.




73


, -        .          ,   . -,     -   - (      - - (. 1346)),      ,     ()         ; .: Idrisov A., Muminov A., Szuppe M. Manuscrits en criture arabe du Muse regional de Nukus (Rpublique autonome du Karakalpakstan, Ouzbkistan). Fonds arabe, persan, turki et karakalpak. Rome: Istituto per lOriente C. A. Nallino, 2007. . 108109.




74


   ,                . .: Lydon G. Droit islamique et droits de la femme dapr?s les registres du Tribunal Musulman de Ndar (Saint-Louis du Sngal) // Canadian Journal of African Studies. 2007. Vol. 41. 2. . 298.




75


  ,      ,        ,     : Cooper B. M. Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 19001989. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1997. . 38.   ,          ( 1960 . . .) : Soares B. The Attempt to Reform Family Law in Mali // DWI. 2009. Vol. 49. 34. . 403.




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[ . .]       //  . .      . : . . . , 1898. . 103, 108 (. 119120, 125);    . - .  . : . . . , 1915. . 5455;            - . : . . . , 1915. . 100. . : Campbell I. W. Settlement Promoted, Settlement Contested: the Shcherbina Expedition of 18961903 // CAS. 2011. Vol. 30. 34. . 425.




77


Pravilova E. The Property of Empire. Islamic Law and Russian Agrarian Policy in Transcaucasia and Turkestan // Kritika. 2011. Vol. 12. 2. . 361366.




78


    ,         .        ,           (. . 3).       ,      (,   - ); .: Mundy M., Smith R. S. Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007.




79


Werth P. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 17401870 // Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 17001930 / Eds J. Burbank, M. von Hagen, A. Remnev. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. P. 178; Haule S. us et coutumes adoptees dans nos guerres dOrient. Lexprience colonial russe et lexpdition dAlger // Cahiers du Monde russe. 2004. Vol. 45. 12. . 292320.




80


 . :     // . 1892. 9. . 5.




81


Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001;  . .   : , , . .:  , 2002; Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press, 2002; Kemper M. Herrschaft, Recht und Islam in Daghestan: Von den Khanaten und Gemeindeb?nden zum ?ihad-Staat. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia.




82


Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. . 273.




83


Ibid. . 258.




84


Ibid. . 259.




85


    ,            ,   . .: Sartori P. Seeing like a Khanate: On Archives, Cultures of Documentation, and 19th-Century Khorezm // JPS. 2016. Vol. 8. 2. . 228257.




86


 ,      , .: Peterson D. R. Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 18761928 // AHR. 2006. Vol. 111. 4.




87


Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 149.




88


    -  .  1885. . . I-17. . 1. . 4082. . 3131 .




89


 . . 30.




90


Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 148150.




91


 . .  ( ):      //  . : .  , 1899. . 1.     . . 9596.




92


      ,         .    ,   . . .   : . . I-17. . 1. . 2850. . 3132.




93


    ,            .   1873 .                 .  .: Azad A., Yastrebova O. Reflections on an Orientalist: Aleksandr Kuhn (18401888), the Man and His Legacy // IS. 2015. Vol. 48. 5. . 675694.




94


  ,  ,  ,     (612    ):  .   .    . ., 1916. . 3334, 38.




95


 . .   , 18741889. .: . . . , 1889. . 174.




96


     ,   . ., ,    ,         1912    .   : . . I-17. . 1. . 2059. .     ,      1912 : . . I-36. . 1. . 6083. . 2.




97


Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 291.




98


. . 2.




99


   .: Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 35, 98, 284.




100


Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe . 4, 43. . : Werth P. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 17401870. . 170, 184185.




101


         ,           .    ,   ,     ,    ,  , ,        .       ,             .      : Sartori P. Murder in Manghishlaq: Notes on an Instance of Application of Qazaq Customary Law in Khiva // DI. 2012. Vol. 88. 2. . 217257.




102


Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 400.




103


          . .: Scheele J. A Taste for Law: Rule Making in Kabylia (Algeria) // CSSH. 2008. Vol. 50. 4. . 895919.




104


 [  ].      // . 1913. 5. . 106108.




105


      . 1913. . . I-36. . 1. . 6009. . 166 .




106


. . I-36. . 1. . 6009. . 163 . 164, 169 .




107


Morrison A. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 18681910 . 269.




108


       : Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-Colonial Challenges / Eds S. Jeppie, E. Moosa, R. Roberts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.




109


  ,      XX : . . I-125. . 1. . 498. . 29.




110


     ,        ,      . .: Merry S. E. Colonial Law and Its Uncertainties // LHR. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. . 1068.


