  .          XIX 
 


   / Contemporary Western Rusistika
      XIX   :          .                       ,             .      ,   ,             ,    .

  PDF A4    .





 

  .          XIX 


       ,   



Joseph Bradley

Guns for the Tsar

American Technology and the Small Arms Industry in Nineteenth-Century Russia



Northern Illinois University Press, Dekalb, Illinois

1990



    








 Joseph Bradley, , 1990

 Northern Illinois University Press, 1990

 . . ,   , 2022

 Academic Studies Press, 2022

   ,  , 2022




   


          . :  ,      Academic Studies Press,   , ,   ,   ,     .      .      , ,         ,       , ,  ,    XIX ,    ,        . ,     ,           .

        ,     :  ,            . ,       ,       ,        (      ,   ,       ,    ).      2020-  2021             ,  ,       !  ,   ,    ,      ,    ,        . ,        ,       .       ,         .        ,     .







         ,        ,   .    1970-             ,    -     .     ,  ,  Weatherhead Foundation           . ,     ,   ,       ,        .      ,    .    ,          ,  ,                      .      ,                  .                    , ,      ,          .

             .   Weatherhead Foundation   ,   .  ,       ,          .           .    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,       ,      ,     ,     .          ,    ,              .

          .                  ,     ;                .               .

     ,       ,         .            ,           .     .                       .      . . .        ,  , -  ,    . . . ,   [1 -   , ,       . . .],   ,   , ,    ,       .      ( ;      ;        ;   ,        ;  ,   ,   ,   ,         ;      ;      ( );      ;   ;      )            .

    ,            , ,     .  ,                     Colt  Smith and Wesson.  .    ,     .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  . ̸,  ,  . ,        ,        .

          .               .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .       .          Northern Illinois Press.

 ,  ,  ,            .    ,      ,        .    Northern Illinois University Press    . ,           ,      ,  ,          ,      .   ,   ,    .

   Academic Studies Press                   .      ,           .          .  ,          .               -,   HathiTrust  Google Books     .       ,            ,     :      , . .      ,      ,     , ..   ..     -,          ,      Wadsworth Atheneum,             ( ),         ,          ,         (-),  ,     .



,   ,        ,       ,       , ,    ,        : ,    ,      . , :  , ,     !

. . . .          [ 1958: 46]



  ,       ,  ,         . <>      ,          ,       ,        ,         ,            .

. X. .          [ 1826: 202]



        ,       ,   ,      ,             ,    ,            .

. .   :  2, ,    [ 1875: 7374]




1.

    


                .      .   . . , , ,      I      ,        ,   ,      .     ,         ,       .     XIX  ,        ,       .  -          .           .

                     .  ,          ,       ,   ,    .                         .    ,     ,       . -,    1870-          ? -  , ,  ,              ?         .

 XIX            :   ,      [2 -        [Shanin 1986, 1: XI].].        .  XVIIIXIX     ,    I      ,     .        ,   ,          .                .    ,  ,    40     .

          ,        ,    [ 2012: 160].         ,      ,             .  ,    ,     ,  ,  ,   ,         ,       .    XIX                  .            .           ,      25        .              ,   ,          .   ,             ,        ,      ,    ,  ,     . ,     ,     I   I,     -         [Rieber 1966: 2430].

          .         1858   :         ,       ,    [ 1858: 1].   1855      II,  ,     .  ,   II   ,     . . ,          .        .      .                 .   ,    ,  ,     ,         .

       . .         .            ,        .             , , , ,        .   ,      ,  ,   ,      ,    ,       ,     [ ][3 - .  [ 1904: 5].].           ,      , ,    ,              [Menning 1984:1-].

     ,      ,               ,         .   ,         ,               ,             ,         .  ,       ,   ,       .        :                 .   XIX      ,    ,        , ,   .            10% [Pintner 1984: 232234, 241].        ,   ;          , ,      ,     ,     ,        .

      ,        ,                 ,      ,      .   .    1862 ,     ,    :



         .        ,      .         .  ,    ,    ,            . <>     ,               [4 - . : [ 1952: 5657].].


     :    <>                ,          [ 1911:119].           . ,      1861       ,    .            .         ,       .    :         ,              ,      [Rieber 1966: 96][5 -        . [Gatrell 1989].].



  XIX               , ,    .           [Saul S. . 1972: 5354].   ,         , ,   ,       .       ,        :   ,   ,     .     ,   , ,        ,       ,        ,      ,          ,          .               ,       [6 - . [Rosenberg 1979: 41, 46; Parker 1974: 102; Brown 1981: 67; Gustafson 1981: 74].].

          XIX .                  ,      ,       [7 -                      [Smith 1985].       : [Smith 1977; Rosenberg 1972; Rosenberg 1969; Uselding 1973; Uselding 1977; Uselding 1974; Howard 1979; Hounshell 1984].].        XIX         ,        .      ,     ,   , ,  ,   [8 -      .  [Hounshell 1984: 1525, 35, 4650]. .  [Deyrup 1948; Uselding 1977: 168].].

    ,       .       ,      -.



    .   ,   ,         .    ,    ,           [Smith 1977: 329].


                  ()   ()  ;      ;    /  ;  ,      ;    ,          [Smith 1977: 283, 324325; Rosenberg 1972: 91, 95].

 ,        ,          ,                   .     :       ,        . ,          ,             ,                . ,      ,     .            󻠖  ,             ,        .   ,            ,         [Hass 1967: 5, 18, 167][9 - .  [Falls 1953: 18].].        .            ,     ,     .         ,        ,    , , ,           .                 .   ,            ,           [Wilkins 1970: 29, 37, 66, 7576][10 - .  [Katz 1984: 59].].

        .   ,      ( )   ( )    .       ;      .        ,   ,    .   ,      ,      ,    ,               .               ,         ,         .     ,          ,      , ,  ,       .                             [Wilkins 1970: 102-][11 -       . [Kirchner 1981: 89; Carstensen 1984: 7].      .  [Owen 1981; Rieber 1981; Kaser 1978].].

              ,     ,      XIX .                I,  ,     [12 - . [Curtiss 1965;  1973;  1973;  19551967;  1959].].     1860-1870-      [13 - . [ 1945;  1952; Miller 1968]. , ,   ,       ,   ,   .].                ,      ,  ,         [14 - . [Wildman 19801987; Beyrau 1984; Fuller 1985; Bushnell 1985; Menning 1984; Wahlde 1966; Brooks 1984].   . [Kipp n. d.; Goldstein 1971].].   ,   ,        ,          ,     [15 - Cm. [Robinson 1967; Emmons 1968; Field 1976; Rieber 1966;  1968;  1958].].

,        ,      XIX ,  . .     [16 - . [Laue 1963; Rieber 1981; Owen 1981; Gatrell 1986; Geyer 1986; Gatrell 1982].].         ,       [17 - Cm. [McKay 1970; Kirchner 1974; Kirchner 1964; Kirchner 1975; Kirchner 1981;Kirchner 1982; Kirchner 1986; Crisp 1976; Carstensen 1984; Goldstein 1980; Jones, Trebilcock 1982].].     . .  ,             [,  1976: 45], ,      .              ,   -,       [18 - .: [- 1997;  1967;  1958;  1927; ,  1983].].  ,         ,       [19 - . [Sartisson 1900;  1902; Cleinow 1904; ,  1960].   . [ 1850;  1950].          : [Tegoborski 1855; Schulze-Gavemitz 1899].      ,         . . [ 1959;  1954;  1935; ,  1961;  1937].                    . . [Esper 1982].].                     -  ,    -     [20 - . [Crisp 1978; Bonnell 1983; Bonnell 1984; Zelnik 1986; Hogan 1981; Hogan 1983].].                 ,        [21 - . [ 1947;  1969;  1957;  1971;  1976; ,  1981].].

          ,   ,     ,   ,     .            ,           .  1860-1870-          ,           ,   .             ,        ,      ,        ,     ,    .         ,          ,                   .           ,      ,              ,   .

    ,         .       ,     ,    ,     .        , ,  (  ,       )     ,      -        ,           .     , ,    ,  ,             ,     ,      [ 1952: 137][22 - .  [ 1973: 171; ,  1959: 79].],             .        XIX            ,       .

   ,   ,    .        ,                           ,  ,   .              .     ,            ,     ,       ,         .

        . ,     ,   ,      .  ,           ,    .       ,              ,     ,          .               1890- ,        ,       .   XIX             .      -        ,   ,            .




2.    



 XIX                  .        ,     ,       .     ,  ,    .  XIX           ,       :   ,        [Matloff 1975: 390].      ,          .    ,          - ,           ,       .              ,            .




   


       XIV .       XV ,     ,   ,   XVI .      :      XV      XVI      XVII .   ,   1635        ,        1840-.          XVI , ,         ,   ,        300 .   XVI      ,       ,        ,    .        ,      ,      ,     .        ,    ,            XIX ,       ,        .        ,      ;       [23 - Brown Bess. . . . [Fuller 1945: 110113; Rosenberg 1972: 168; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 221].].

    XIX             .          .  1807            ,   1814          ,   ,     .     ,    ,     .         .  1840       .         ,       .             :             ,            [24 - United States Senate, 36th Congress, 1st session, Executive Document 60, Military Commission to Europe in 1855 and 1856: Report of Major Alfred Mor-decai of the Ordnance Department. Washington, D. C., 1860. P. 172 (   Mordecai. Report); [Liddell Hart 1960:305; Britannica 19101911, 23: 326327 (Rifle)].].

        ,   ,       .         .      1826        1835       () ,    .  1849              ,   -,             .   ,         ,       ,       .         [Fuller 1945: 110-][25 - . [Schon 1855],    [ظ 1858:209210]; Mordecai. Report. 172.        ظ   ,      (Rifled Infantry Arms),    .].

 ,          ,      -     .                  .              . ,      ,     ,  . ,       ,       1811      ,      .  1827       ,       ,   ;      ,      ,      .  1841        ,    .        ,        . (      ,        ,      ,  ,   .)     ,   ,   .  ,         ,   ,     ,      [26 - . [Newman 1942: 44].        [Showalter 1975].].

      .             ,     ,       ,     .    .     ,       .          . ,       ,     .   ,   , :



    ,           ,   -           [27 - Mordecai. Report . 172; [Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 224225]; Schon J. Rifled Infantry Arms P. 195; [Showalter 1975: 237238].].


                  1860  1871        500     .      ,      ,        ,   ,        .     

     .            .  18571861            : , ,    .  1864                     .           -         .  1867       -    ,    .                .  1866          ,   .  ,              -  [28 - . [Liddell Hart 1960: 305; Smith 1973: 29; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 224225].].

           .      .            1812            .            ,    .        ,      .     ,         .     ,        .                     ,   .     .   ,   1836       1847   , ,      ,       .    ,     1847 ,       .    ,   ( )  1855 ,       ,     [29 - . [Fuller 1945:112113; Smith 1973:4346; Tarassuk, Blair 1979:114115; The Firearms Manufacture 1881: 148].].

       -       ,  ,        ;              . ,             , ,     ,    ,           .            ,    ,   .  ,     ,      ,    .           ,     ,     ,            .   ,    ,         ,  .         ,          [30 - . [Smith 1973: 4346; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 114115; Norton 1882: 295296;  18711872, II: 25;  1865: 12].].

         ,       .         1856      ,     . .   Union Metallic Cartridge Company         ,          .           .             ,         [Hatch 1956: , 142].      :



      ,      ,         ,         ,      .        ,   ,  ,        ,      ,        ,      ,        [31 - The Daily Telegraph. 1877. 14 February.].


  ,   ,      XIX .                      .         ; 1890           .            .  -        ,       .           ,   ,      .  1884   .   ,    .          ,          .  ,      [Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 231232; Smith 1973: 78].

     ,  , .          1862 .     ,    ,     ,  ,  , ,    ,       .       18811883 ,        ,     ,          .  ,  ,      (machines),                 machine gun.       .   1880-        600   [32 - . [Smith 1973: 100102, 109110; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 232236; Liddell Hart 1960: 306; Chinn 1955: 180181].  1867       , ,           ,      .         .   [Liddell Hart 1928: 6].].

   XIX    .         ,        ,    XVI ,             ,   .           ,           .      ,          ,       .                ,       .   XIX         ,          [Chinn 1955: 179180].        ,    ,           .

            XIX    .  1831               , ,     ,          .    ,         ,      .

 1835             ;          ,   ,        .         ( -)  Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company    .                ,           1842    .        , , ,       ,   - .     1000 ,       -.        1854          [Norton 1882: 207209; Edwards 1953].

       .             .  ,         ,  -   () ,           ;             .          .      ,             .           .        ,       ,   .   ,     ,     ,  . ,      ,   ,        .       ,  [33 - . [Rosa 1976: 16, 21; Britannica 19101911, 21: 655; Schon J. Rifled Infantry Arms P.197198.      1851              .  Deane, Adams and Deane    . ,         ,      .].           ,    .        :             ,   .      ,                  [Firearms 1859: 51][34 - .  [Smith 1973: 160].].

     ,         ,  .  ,            .    1862         1865     .         ,     .        ,             [Fries 1972: 171172, 175,184, 373; Rosa 1976: 129].

     Smith and Wesson,   1857 .  1856    (18081893)     (18251906)          .             ,      ,        .  ,       ,          .       ,  .22 .32    ,   ,  ,    ,    .  1860-   -       ,   1869  Smith and Wesson     180 000     ,   .       .22 .32    ,          [35 - . [Britannica 19101911, 21: 655; Norton 1882: 195; Jinks 1977: 1; Fries 1972: 174,200].    ,         1850-            1866  -  ,              [,  1959: 105108].].

        ,    ,    ,  ,              ,   .        ,             .   XIX    ,      ,      .




  


   XIX        .          .          ,    ,            .     (  ,    )          .                 [Beaver 1975: 7980; Luvaas 1959: 24].

     ,     ,     ,         ,  ,        .                [Wintringham 1943:136; McNeil 1982:236]. , ,     .      ,        .  1866   ,   ,        ,    ,   . ,     ,       ,  .   ,       ,     .     ,   ,             .  ,         (    , ,      ),      .           ,    ,         , ,     ,   ,         .  ,          ,     .  ,        ,         ,   - . ,   ,     ,  , ,   .                ,     ,           ,   [36 - . [Dupuy, Dupuy 1977: 733734,820-824; Liddell Hart 1928:49; Newman 1942: 46; Howard 1961: 56,24,35; Falls 1953: 68, 78; Jones 1987:400; Luvaas 1959:2,4, 46, 108, 111; McNeil 1982: 252; Showalter 1975: 82, 110112, 118].].  ,          ,       .    :



  ,          ,  . <>      1000        ,       [The Military Power 1878: 209].


         ,         .        .        , -     ,        .         700 .    ,      .  , ,        ,     ,         ,     .  ,      :          [Showalter 1975: 8385, 9394, 107][37 -           .].

          ,        .  -  ,            ,    ,   1836     , ,              [38 -    [Smith 1977: 156, 217].]




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1


  , ,       . . .




2


       [Shanin 1986, 1: XI].




3


.  [ 1904: 5].




4


. : [ 1952: 5657].




5


       . [Gatrell 1989].




6


. [Rosenberg 1979: 41, 46; Parker 1974: 102; Brown 1981: 67; Gustafson 1981: 74].




7


                     [Smith 1985].       : [Smith 1977; Rosenberg 1972; Rosenberg 1969; Uselding 1973; Uselding 1977; Uselding 1974; Howard 1979; Hounshell 1984].




8


     .  [Hounshell 1984: 1525, 35, 4650]. .  [Deyrup 1948; Uselding 1977: 168].




9


.  [Falls 1953: 18].




10


.  [Katz 1984: 59].




11


      . [Kirchner 1981: 89; Carstensen 1984: 7].      .  [Owen 1981; Rieber 1981; Kaser 1978].




12


. [Curtiss 1965;  1973;  1973;  19551967;  1959].




13


. [ 1945;  1952; Miller 1968]. , ,   ,       ,   ,   .




14


. [Wildman 19801987; Beyrau 1984; Fuller 1985; Bushnell 1985; Menning 1984; Wahlde 1966; Brooks 1984].   . [Kipp n. d.; Goldstein 1971].




15


Cm. [Robinson 1967; Emmons 1968; Field 1976; Rieber 1966;  1968;  1958].




16


. [Laue 1963; Rieber 1981; Owen 1981; Gatrell 1986; Geyer 1986; Gatrell 1982].




17


Cm. [McKay 1970; Kirchner 1974; Kirchner 1964; Kirchner 1975; Kirchner 1981;

Kirchner 1982; Kirchner 1986; Crisp 1976; Carstensen 1984; Goldstein 1980; Jones, Trebilcock 1982].




18


.: [- 1997;  1967;  1958;  1927; ,  1983].




19


. [Sartisson 1900;  1902; Cleinow 1904; ,  1960].   . [ 1850;  1950].          : [Tegoborski 1855; Schulze-Gavemitz 1899].      ,         . . [ 1959;  1954;  1935; ,  1961;  1937].                    . . [Esper 1982].




20


. [Crisp 1978; Bonnell 1983; Bonnell 1984; Zelnik 1986; Hogan 1981; Hogan 1983].




21


. [ 1947;  1969;  1957;  1971;  1976; ,  1981].




22


.  [ 1973: 171; ,  1959: 79].




23


Brown Bess. . . . [Fuller 1945: 110113; Rosenberg 1972: 168; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 221].




24


United States Senate, 36th Congress, 1st session, Executive Document 60, Military Commission to Europe in 1855 and 1856: Report of Major Alfred Mor-decai of the Ordnance Department. Washington, D. C., 1860. P. 172 (   Mordecai. Report); [Liddell Hart 1960:305; Britannica 19101911, 23: 326327 (Rifle)].




25


. [Schon 1855],    [ظ 1858:209210]; Mordecai. Report

. 172.        ظ   ,      (Rifled Infantry Arms),    .




26


. [Newman 1942: 44].        [Showalter 1975].




27


Mordecai. Report . 172; [Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 224225]; Schon J. Rifled Infantry Arms P. 195; [Showalter 1975: 237238].




28


. [Liddell Hart 1960: 305; Smith 1973: 29; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 224225].




29


. [Fuller 1945:112113; Smith 1973:4346; Tarassuk, Blair 1979:114115; The Firearms Manufacture 1881: 148].




30


. [Smith 1973: 4346; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 114115; Norton 1882: 295296;  18711872, II: 25;  1865: 12].




31


The Daily Telegraph. 1877. 14 February.




32


. [Smith 1973: 100102, 109110; Tarassuk, Blair 1979: 232236; Liddell Hart 1960: 306; Chinn 1955: 180181].  1867       , ,           ,      .         .   [Liddell Hart 1928: 6].




33


. [Rosa 1976: 16, 21; Britannica 19101911, 21: 655; Schon J. Rifled Infantry Arms P.197198.      1851              .  Deane, Adams and Deane    . ,         ,      .




34


.  [Smith 1973: 160].




35


. [Britannica 19101911, 21: 655; Norton 1882: 195; Jinks 1977: 1; Fries 1972: 174,200].    ,         1850-            1866  -  ,              [,  1959: 105108].




36


. [Dupuy, Dupuy 1977: 733734,820-824; Liddell Hart 1928:49; Newman 1942: 46; Howard 1961: 56,24,35; Falls 1953: 68, 78; Jones 1987:400; Luvaas 1959:2,4, 46, 108, 111; McNeil 1982: 252; Showalter 1975: 82, 110112, 118].




37


          .




38


   [Smith 1977: 156, 217].


