  . ,    
 


  / Modern Oriental Studies
           .          :  ,    .    ,          ,       ,    .        ,          . ,      ,    15 ,      ,  5 ,       .    ,             .

  PDF A4    .





 

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Tsuyoshi Hasegawa

Racing the Enemy

Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan



The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

Cambridge^ Massachusetts / London, England

2006



    








 Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, text, 2006

 Harvard University Press, 2006

 . M. ,   , 2021

 Academic Studies Press, 2022

   .  , 2022







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      Academic Studies Press,          ,  Harvard University Press,  Academic Studies Press     Racing the enemy.         2005     ,        .    ,        ,         ,      (   ),  (     )   ( - ).       ,              .    ,           . ,          ,      ,     ,    ;           .

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  ,      ,      ,            .     ,    ,   ,    ,    ,     .      ,       . -,   ,           (  )      -.     Morita Files, 16.        -              . -,        -     ,      [Tomita 2020].   ,      ,      ;                  ,    .           .

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                     ,    .   ,           ,     ,  ,    :     ,   ,      ,           .           .

         ,        .  ,   1995                , ,       -     .    ,   ,         ,  .

 ,             ,       . ,    ,   ,     ,              .        ,        ,   ,     [Butow 1954][1 -          ,  ,     .     ,       .               .   ,        ,    .       [Sigal 1988; Pape 1993; Morgan 2003; Brooks 1968; Craig 1967; Koshiro 2004].].

        -.      ,      ,        ,                 .            -. ,     ,        ,   -   ,    .       . .  [ 1993;  1995;  1996;  1999].

 ,   ,               . ,   ,             ,          .                   ,       .                       .




  


           .          :  ,    .        .                .      ,       :    ,      ,       .   1945  (17   2 )        .         ,           ,              ,   .       ,   ,             .

-     ,        14  1945 .       ,    ,           ,      ;       ,     .   ,      ,         .   ,     ,       ,       .

           ,           .        ,           .  ,       ,         .             .       ,  ,   ,           ,       .          ,            .        ,   ,         -    ,    .                     .

                  .           ,      ,       : ,       ,      ,  ,            ,     ,         .                  ,    .        .




:   


  ,   1889 ,        :      ,       .     ,      .

 ,      ,         .             ,      .  ,        ,   .  ,          ,   [2 -  .   [Hellegers 2001, 1: 127256].].

            ,           .      ,      Macao    ,         ,        [Maruyama 1956: 7-24].  1930-   ,      ,        ,        ,      .         ,        ,    .  1937        ,      ,         ,       .            .          ,        ,        ,        [Suzuki . 1993: 189202].             ,          .            .

             .                 ,     .   ,  ,      ,          .    ,        .  ,      ,     ,    ,        -[3 -           .  : [Yamada 1990; Yamada, Koketsu 1999; Yoshida 1996; Bix 1995; Bix2000].].




  


    ,          ,       ,    .      ,          ,    ,       .            .                ,    ,    ,     .

        ,          .        :       ,      .         ,   ,     .         ,       ,     .   ,   ,   ,      [4 -                  . ,     ,        [Bernstein 1995; Walker 2005].].

 ,  ,              ,        .        ,         , ,      ,    ,   ,         ,   ,          .

,     ,    ,      ,    15 ,      ,  5 ,       .              .        ,     ,       :            ,   .     ,        .       ,         .      .

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 1

    



 13  1941        ,                    .      .           ,    .      ,   ,      .  :  .   .   ,    .   ,     .  :      .  ,     .  ,       .   :  .   .   ,  ,    .             ,             [Lensen 1972: 19; Nishi 1987: 13].

      -    XIX  ,         .       ,              :   .   ,    XIX             .  1860      ,       .       ,      .         , ,   1868    ,    ,    .         ,         ,   1894       .   ,      ,   (   )     ,     .         (.  1).






 1.    



                 .  ,  1890-       -    .       1898 ,             -  ,       ( -   ,   )  -  -.       .

  1900          ,          .   ,             ,         .  1902 ,         ,     ,     .   1904              -        .   -,     1905 .     ,        .       , ,  ,    .   ,      ,        .   .   ,       1905 ,           -  .         ,    ,     .        ,          .  1919           (.  1).

          [Haslam 1992: 1].           ,     ,        ,     .  ,       -.            .

,           ;     (1907,1910  1912 ),       .      ,    .    :       ,    .             ,  ,    ,                  .

          .  ,         ,            21 .          .        , ,      ,        .  1916      ,      ,  -          .

            - . ,   ,      ,       .         ,       :        ,         .     ,         ;     ,        .  ,   ,   ,     - ;         .

           ,             19211922 .     ,       - ,      ,       .        - .   ,         .  ,        ,   ,            ,    .              -  ,    ,          ,        .  -  1925       .        ,      .




   


     1931        .  1932       -.  1933-      .  1934-        1922 .     ,     ,         .        ,    -     .   ,    1933 ,                     


.

              . ,      ,      ,   ,      .      .        .           ,        .      1935 . [5 -   -     .   [Iriye 1987]. .  [Nihon kokusai gakkai 1963].  -  . [Haslam 1992].]

   1933  1937        .  ,     (   -)  ,     ,    -  ,       .       -   :  ,     ,     ,     .     ,           ,         .            . ,        ,  ,     .

                        .  1933        ,   1934-    .  1935- ,   ,    ,         .                .                  ,    .  ,       -  ,          ,  -.                :    ,     .

         .  1931         ,   1939     .  1932-    .  1937-      .           .

       ,         .   ,    1931  1934 ,  ,         .          - ,        .   1936              :      ;         .            .    -      .  1936       .       ,             ,     .  ,         , ,         .

 - ,    1937 ,        .      ,          ,        ,     .       ,       .           ,  ,   .                .  1938                        .  ,             .          .      ,         ,  ,     ,         -.           .    ,     .

  -    .        ,     ,      .    -       ;             ,        .

 1937            .  1938               .  1939-       -,        ,    .         .  ,                .




   


    , ,                 .   1938     ,                .      ,   1940        ,             .        ,      .

        .              1940        .  ,         . ,     ,      ,     , ,   .         1941   ,   .               .      .  -        ,           [ 1995: 66-135].

               .  ,        -            .         ,    ,               ,          [Lensen 1972: 278;  1995: 102114].          25  1941 .         .

       .    1938          ,   .         ,    .                ,        .    1940                .                  .

  1941       -,            ,        .           .            .            ,    ,           .        -       .    ,       , ,   ,      .      ,    .           ,      [Ozawa 1993: 6566; Iriye 1999: 69; Iriye 1987].

         ABCD[6 -     -:  (American),  (British),  (Chinese)   (Dutch).],               .              .      ,       ,        ,   -      ,       ,     :     .

22  1945 ,          ,     .       ,       ,  - .    ,             ,           .    -     .  ,   ,       ,       ,     ,    [Sherwood 1948: 323348].

        .     :                   ,      . 24             - ,                        ,  -        [Hosoya 1985: 312].   25      , ,    ,      [7 -        ,   [Sanbo honbu 1989b: 134].].     -    ,             .

     ,     ,      ,        .       ,         ,    ,             .     ,         .        ,           .     ,   ,   ,         [Lensen 1972: 2425;  1995: 120121][8 -     . [Sanbo honbu 1989b: 225227, 240253].            .      ,        ,         ,  ,  , -,         .].

 2           ,        - .            .             .           400    700 [9 - . [Nihon gaiko 1966: 531532; Sanbohonbu 1989b: 260; Hosoya 1985:315321;Lensen 1972: 2627; Nishi 1960: 231].].

           .       . . ,                  .        ,  -         .     ,  ,  ,        . ,     ,  ,        ,          ,     .  ,   ,       ,     .   ,          .   ,       ,       .    ,               ,       .        ,    ,               [Hosoya 1985: 321323; Pegov 19851986: 3336][10 -   .  [ 19972000, 1].  148152, 154, 157162, 164166,168,170,172  174. .179181,182-183,158189,189-190,191194,196.].

         .       1941    ,         .             ,                .       .    ,         ,      ,           ,              ,      .  ,         ,        [Sherwood 1948: 349365].

      .  ,           ,       .                 -.          , ,         ,         .              -       .            .

      ,  -    . 26         ,    ,          .     .                           ,        .   ,            .

   ,   7        -.     . ,   ,   ,              ,    .        .   , ,         [Kennedy 1999: 515522].

   ,      .       ,           .          ,          . ,         1941  1945 ,       .        ,    ,       ,        . -            -.        ,        .             . ,   ,          ,          .  , ,      ,    ,     ,        [Deane 1946;  1955: 154; Stephan 1974: 144][11 -             . [Lensen 1972: 3577;  1995:174175,301-303].].

8 ,        -,        . . ,     . 11       ,   ,      ,       ,     .     ,           .   10   ,     ,        ,          ,                        ,           .        . .       ,            .       . -,  ,             . -,        .  ,     ,          ,   ,      (   ). ,      ,       ,             [12 -       . [ 1984: 144145].       . [ 1994:105,118].           // . 1995. 4. . 1. .114115. .  [Yokote 1998: 206].].

  1942          .   -      ,         -      . , , ,              . 10  1942           ,      . -  ,       , ,         [Hayashi 1958: 189190, 195196].

       .           1942 ,          1943-,          .            .




   


  1943 ,   ,       ,                              .   1943          ,    .         ,     .                ,          [Morishima 1975: 164; Lensen 1972: 108109]. , ,   -       ,       (  - )  .

19            .      ,       л        .               ,   ,         .     1943 .

-          ,             .           . 10                ,            . ,    ,    ,       :   ,         ,   - ,                  . 25          ,               .       [Shusen shiroku 1977,1: 7794][13 - . : Nishihara . Shusen no ken ( ,  ), BKSS. Vol. 1.].    180 .    ,         .

           ,         ,    ,   -      ,    -           ,            - .      ,      .   ,          ,             ,        .            1943 ,      1944-.        [Morishima 1975: 172173, 175177; Lensen 1972: 6173, 78-104].




   


  1943   -    ,         [Villa 1976: 70][14 -  ,       , . [lokibe 1985, 1: 8491; Hellegers 2001, 1: 1-33].].             ,          ,      ,  -   ,   ,    ,      .          ,    ,      .  ,          ,       ,          .    ,   ,         .   ,          [lokibe 1985, 1: 110128].

  ,   ,     ,     :             .  1942         ,                


.     ,         -    ,  ,        ,                .       ,            .         ,      .      ,        ,    .      ,           . [15 - ,  ,   [lokibe 1985, 1: 178282; 2, 4-140].]

,           .  ,          ,     ,  ,         .   ,  ,                      ,      ,   .            ,              .       ,       ,        ,        .

   ,            .       .        ,        ,        [Heinrichs 1966: 364369].

         ,         .           .         .   ,       ,       .            ,       ,                 .




      


  1943           .          ,            -  . .     ,    19  1943 ,         .                 .  ,       , ,     ,         .              .     ,  ,    ,             .   , , ,           ,    ,  ,    ,      ,        .    ,  ,          ,  :   ?  .   ,   [16 - . [Hull 1948: 1113, 13091310; Entry 1955: 22; Bohlen 1973: 128; NHK 1991: 1517].].

          ,     .       ,        ,  ,     ,                 [Harriman, Abel 1975: 237].     1945            .

                 .  ,        80%   ,          . -          .

              ;      .          ,           .   1943            --                 ,        () [Kirichenko 1992: 236243]. ,        ,     ,       ,     .

,           ,   . 10    ,     -        .   ,    -.        ,     ,   ,      ,  ,    15    .   ,          [Lensen 1972: 53].

            .           .            ,          ,      ,       .  27  1943  ,         .     ,         ,        ,            ,    ,     ,       .

28    (,   )   .                 1944 .            .  ,  ,                [ 1999: 327328;  2014: 275;  1955: 164165].   ,       ,       .  ,                 ,      . 12  1944       ,      ,       ,     40     ,           ;  ,        [17 - Memorandum, 12 Jan. 1945. Papers of George M. Elsey. HTSL.].           ;           [Bohlen 1973: 195; Entry 1955: 24; lokibe 1985, 2: 7679].

                 . 11  1944       . .     ,                .   ,         ,              ,   ,     .      ,         .               ,     .    ,          .   ,          ,             .          ,        [18 -     // . 1995. 4. . 5.. 124125, 133134. .  [Yokote 1998: 216218].].

  1944         . . .     73-   - [19 -  . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 204258.     . ,    [Yokote 1998: 222225;  1995: 239244; Haslam 1997: 7481].].       :      ,      .      ,         .      ,            ,    ,               .   ,  ,         -    ,        ,              .          ,     ,         .             [20 -  . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 213215, 218219, 223225.].

          - .    ,       .       ,       .            ,    ,  , ,   . -,     ,        .    27 ,    ,     [21 -  . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 230240.       ,       ( . . 259262).].

    :           ,   ,   ,             ,      ,  ,     -,   ,     ,   ,    ,     ,       [22 -  . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 230240.].

     ,      (   1941 ,    1944-     1944-),     . -,               .               .   ,              ,     ,      . -,      ,                (       ).

    ,            ,     .      .  ,  ,  ,     ,     .         ,      ,      .

,      ,              .  1944     . .       ,               .  ,    ,              .               [ 1995: 37;  1975: 552553;  2014: 406;  1967: 55].

       ,         .               ,  -    ,     .          ,          ,   ,    ,  - ,    .              ,   -  .     1943           ,                 .   1944       ,       [Skates 1994: 3359].       ,    .

          ,     . ,     ,      - ,         ,               .           ,            .    1944     :    ,     ,             .   1944           :   ,      [Cline 1951: 337339; MacEachin 1998: 12].

           .           .                . ,                   1944 ,      ,         [Entry 1955: 3032].




 


        ,               .             1944       .  ,     ,    ,    .  ,     ,        - [Shusen shiroku 1977,1:131175; Koketsu 1996:149156].       .






1.-  .        ,      .  ,      ,        ,         .

  



          .          -           .               .            -,      .        (  ),     ,              ,          .           ,       ,  .     ,         ,       [Takagi nikki 2000, 2: 765, 823][23 - .  Matsudaira Yasumasa chinjutsuroku, . 593, BKSS; [Matsutani 1982: 98-100].].

    ,                . 12  1944                 ,           ,      ,           .              .

  ,       ,       ,  -  1925 ,          ,   -  ,        ,  ,      ,         ,      ,        .         ,       .    ,    .           ,  -  ,   -     ,      ,      .     ,       [24 - Taiso gaiko shisaku ni kansuru ken (an) [Shusen shiroku 1977, 1: 248252]. .  Nishihara. Vol. 1. P.1920.].     ,           ,    ,       ,     .

 ,   ,             .     .  ,  -             ,   - ,     ,         .  ,         -     [25 - Nisso gaiko kosho kiroku (Gaimusho chosho) [Shusen shiroku 1977,1:152154]..  [Morishima 1975: 180184].].      ,             ,   ,     ,          .

  1944      ,   .           ,    .      :   ;  ;    ;         .            ;     ,  ,   ,     ,   .  ,            .  ,     ,      .

        .            ;  , ,      ,       .                  ,  ,       .

    ,      ,             .  ,        .          ,     ,    ,  ,          .    ,  ,          ,        ,    [Takagi nikki 2000, 2: 771779].       , ,       .

,        .     ,        ,        ,       ,    .          , ,           .    ,                  .




    


     ,    ,      ,           .            23  1944 ,       ,      ,   ,     ,          .   ,                ,       .      ,  , ,      ,              ,        .  ,         ,    .    ,  :     .      ,          20  30 .

    ,    .        ,    ,   ,      .   :  <>           ,   ,      ,    ,    [26 - Harriman to Roosevelt, 23 Sept. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1924 Sept.1944, Library of Congress; .  [Entry 1955: 3435].].

 ,      ,      .   ,           ,    .   ,       ,   ,         .         -    ,           ,   -   ,       .    ,          ,           [27 - Harriman to the President, Eyes Only Cable, 15 Oct. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1516 Oct. 1944; Summary of Conclusions of the Meeting Held at the Kremlin, October 15,1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1720 Oct. 1944.].

       .   ,     ,      .   ,           .   ,    ,  .       .       ,      [28 - Conversation, the Far Eastern Theater, 15 Oct. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1516 Oct. 1944.].

         .         -  ,       .  6    ,   ,           -      .           ,   [29 - Interpretative Report on Developments in Soviet Policy Based on the Soviet Press for the Period, October 15  December 31, 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 13 Oct. 1944.        , . [kagi nikki 2000, 2: 781].].

  ,           ,     .   1944              ,   ,                . ,    ,      ,       ,    .    ,                         .           ,         ,            [Entry 1955: 3941].

14          -   .   , ,               ,                 .    ,     ,            .        ,          .       ,  .      ,     .          .         ,    -,  ,       .  ,        .     -  [30 - Conversation: MILEPOST, 14 Dec. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 8-14 Dec. 1944; Harriman to the President, 15 Dec. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1520 Dec. 1944.].

     .      .  ,           .   :       .




    


      ,      ,    ,  ,            ,       . ,          .            .              ,       .        .   ,     ,     ,            1946 .

10  1945      ,             .        ,     ,          .   ,          - 1945 ,        [31 -  . . 6. . 7. . 55. . 898. . 12. .  [ 1995: 261263;  1995: 3536].].  - ,         ,     ,          .

   ,        .         ,      ,            ,  ,  ,     .   ,   ,        .  ,         .            :     ,     ;    ,      ,      ,     ; ,     ,  ,     ,      ,      .




  


  ,      4  11  1945 .              8      .






2. ,  1945 .  : , , ;          .              ,                 ,      . 



          ,         ,    15       .   . . ,     ,        ,            .      ,     ,   ,  : ,  ! [ 1988,2:189].             ,           ,          ,   .    ,       [32 -   .  [FRUS 1955: 379383].          [ 1995: 34].].      ,            ,    .

10        ,   .       .           -,        .        -  -  ,   ,        .   ,        ,     -.    .         ,   ,      -  .

             .  ,      ,         .      ,      .       .      ,             .        , ,      ,   ,        ,   ,       [33 - Harrimans Note, 10 Feb. 1945, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, Conferences, Library of Congress.   .     :   , ,  ,    . .  [Harriman, Abel 1975: 398399; Hill 1995:11].].

          ,   -                 :



1. status quo   (  );

2.   ,      1904.,  :

)     .       ;

)                 -,   -  ;

)  -    -  ,    ,     -       ,     ,       .

3.    [34 - . : URL: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/25292 (https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/25292) ( : 07.08.2021).].


       , ,    . . ,      ,     .                   [FRUS 1955:984].

   ,       .  ,      ,    ,      ,      1904..        ,   ,    ,    2.  ,        ,   ,        ,    ,            ,        ,       .  ,       ,             ,     ,     .      ,   ,      [Harriman, Abel 1975: 399].




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=68362094)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


         ,  ,     .     ,       .               .   ,        ,    .       [Sigal 1988; Pape 1993; Morgan 2003; Brooks 1968; Craig 1967; Koshiro 2004].




2


 .   [Hellegers 2001, 1: 127256].




3


          .  : [Yamada 1990; Yamada, Koketsu 1999; Yoshida 1996; Bix 1995; Bix2000].




4


                 . ,     ,        [Bernstein 1995; Walker 2005].




5


  -     .   [Iriye 1987]. .  [Nihon kokusai gakkai 1963].  -  . [Haslam 1992].




6


    -:  (American),  (British),  (Chinese)   (Dutch).




7


       ,   [Sanbo honbu 1989b: 134].




8


    . [Sanbo honbu 1989b: 225227, 240253].            .      ,        ,         ,  ,  , -,         .




9


. [Nihon gaiko 1966: 531532; Sanbohonbu 1989b: 260; Hosoya 1985:315321;

Lensen 1972: 2627; Nishi 1960: 231].




10


  .  [ 19972000, 1].  148152, 154, 157162, 164166,168,170,172  174. .179181,182-183,158189,189-190,191194,196.




11


            . [Lensen 1972: 3577;  1995:174175,301-303].




12


      . [ 1984: 144145].       . [ 1994:105,118].           // . 1995. 4. . 1. .114115. .  [Yokote 1998: 206].




13


. : Nishihara . Shusen no ken ( ,  ), BKSS. Vol. 1.




14


 ,       , . [lokibe 1985, 1: 8491; Hellegers 2001, 1: 1-33].




15


,  ,   [lokibe 1985, 1: 178282; 2, 4-140].




16


. [Hull 1948: 1113, 13091310; Entry 1955: 22; Bohlen 1973: 128; NHK 1991: 1517].




17


Memorandum, 12 Jan. 1945. Papers of George M. Elsey. HTSL.




18


    // . 1995. 4. . 5.

. 124125, 133134. .  [Yokote 1998: 216218].




19


 . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 204258.     . ,    [Yokote 1998: 222225;  1995: 239244; Haslam 1997: 7481].




20


 . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 213215, 218219, 223225.




21


 . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 230240.       ,       ( . . 259262).




22


 . . 6. . 6. . 58. . 803. . 230240.




23


.  Matsudaira Yasumasa chinjutsuroku, . 593, BKSS; [Matsutani 1982: 98-100].




24


Taiso gaiko shisaku ni kansuru ken (an) [Shusen shiroku 1977, 1: 248252]. .  Nishihara. Vol. 1. P.1920.




25


Nisso gaiko kosho kiroku (Gaimusho chosho) [Shusen shiroku 1977,1:152154].

.  [Morishima 1975: 180184].




26


Harriman to Roosevelt, 23 Sept. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1924 Sept.

1944, Library of Congress; .  [Entry 1955: 3435].




27


Harriman to the President, Eyes Only Cable, 15 Oct. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1516 Oct. 1944; Summary of Conclusions of the Meeting Held at the Kremlin, October 15,1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1720 Oct. 1944.




28


Conversation, the Far Eastern Theater, 15 Oct. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1516 Oct. 1944.




29


Interpretative Report on Developments in Soviet Policy Based on the Soviet Press for the Period, October 15  December 31, 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 13 Oct. 1944.        , . [kagi nikki 2000, 2: 781].




30


Conversation: MILEPOST, 14 Dec. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 8-14 Dec. 1944; Harriman to the President, 15 Dec. 1944, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, 1520 Dec. 1944.




31


 . . 6. . 7. . 55. . 898. . 12. .  [ 1995: 261263;  1995: 3536].




32


  .  [FRUS 1955: 379383].          [ 1995: 34].




33


Harrimans Note, 10 Feb. 1945, Harriman Papers, Moscow Files, Conferences, Library of Congress.   .     :   , ,  ,    . .  [Harriman, Abel 1975: 398399; Hill 1995:11].




34


. : URL: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/25292 (https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/25292) ( : 07.08.2021).


