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  / Modern Oriental Studies
          -         ,             .      ,           1989 ,       ,     -    -        .

  PDF A4    .





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Barnett R. Rubin

Afghanistan

What Everyone Needs to Know



Oxford University Press

2020



    








 Barnett R. Rubin, Bizhan N., Mansfield D., Giustozzi A., text, 2020

 Oxford University Press 2020

 M. ,   , 2021

 Academic Studies Press, 2022

   .  , 2022







        ,           1983 ,       ,       ,   .    ,  ,    ,         . ,    ,  ,     ,         .

,        ,   ,      .                    2009 .      , ,  , ,   ,     ,    .

           ,    ,      :         .      ,            ,         .              ,   2013           .

  2013      , ,     .       ,       ,  ,      ,        .   .

     ,    ,        -    -    ,  ,            .           ,      .        ,  ,  ,  ,     .

   () -                  .     ,         ,     .     .                  .    , ,     ,  ,        ,     ,       ,    .

       ,                   , ,   ,         .             ,     ,     ,            .      , , ,    ,       ,    ,      .







AACA (Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority)  no   

AED (United Arab Emirates dirham (currency of the UAE))     ( )

ANDS (Afghanistan National Development Strategy)    

ANDSF (Afghanistan National Defense and Security Forces)      

ANPDF (Afghanistan National Peace and Development Framework)       

APTTA (Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (2010))         (2010)

ARTF (Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund)    

ATTA (Afghan Transit Trade Agreement (1965))      (1965)

BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)    

CJTF (Criminal Justice Task Force)     

CLJ (Constitutional Loya Jirga)   

CNGT ((Office of) Counter-Narcotics and Global Threats)        

CNJC (Counter Narcotics Justice Center)      

CNPA (Counter Narcotics Police Agency)      

COIN (Counterinsurgency)   

CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) -  

CRC (Constitutional Review Commission)    

DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration) ,   

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)     

DFID (Department for International Development)   

ECC (Electoral Complaints Commission)      

ELJ (Emergency Loya Jirga)   

FAST (Foreign-Deployed Advisory and Support Teams)    ,   

FATA (Federally Administrated Tribal Areas) ,    

GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)     

GLOCs (Ground Lines of Communication)   

HPC (Afghan High Peace Council)     

LANDS (Interim Afghanistan National Development Strategy)     

ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)    

IEC (Independent Election Commission)   

IMF (International Monetary Fund)   

IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) ,   

INL (International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, State Department Bureau)            

IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps)    ,  ()

IS (Islamic State) ,  

ISA (Islamic State of Afghanistan)   

ISAF International Security Assistance Force (was MNF)     (. MNF)

ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate)    ()

ISKP (Islamic State-Khorasan Province)     ,  

MCN (Ministry of Counter Narcotics)     

MNF Multinational Force;   International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)  ,       ()

MoU (Memorandum of Understanding)   

NDS (National Directorate of Security)    ()

NGOs (Non-governmental organizations) ,  

NIFA (National Islamic Front (Mahaz) for the Freedom (Azadi) of Afghanistan)    ()   () 

NPPs (National Priority Programs)   

NSA (National Security Agency) ,   

NSC (National Security Council)   

NSS (National Security Strategy)   

NUG (National Unity Government I NUG agreement)    I      

NWFP (North-West Frontier Province;  Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa ()) -   ;   -

OEF (Operation Enduring Freedom)   

PPP (Pakistan Peoples Party)   

PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) ,      

PRT (Provincial Reconstruction Team)    

QCG (Quadrilateral Coordination Group)   

RC-E (Regional Command-East)    

RC-N (Regional Command-North)    

RC-S (Regional Command-South)    

RC-W (Regional Command-West)    

SCN (Supervisory Council of the North)   

SERC (Special Electoral Reform Commission)      

SIGAR (Special Inspector-General for Afghan Reconstruction)      

SRAP (Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan)      

SRAR (Special Representative for Afghan Reconciliation)      

SSR (Security Sector Reform)    ()

TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline) ,        

,  (Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (Taliban Movement of Pakistan)) -   (  )

UAE (United Arab Emirates) ,   

UF (United Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan)    

UNAMA (UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan)  OOH   

UNDOC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)        

UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees)      

UNICEF (United Nations Children Fund) ,     

UNOCHA (UN Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)      

USAID (United States Agency for International Development)      

USFOR-A (United States Forces Afghanistan)      

USG (United States government)   











 1

   



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              ,    .           ,     .                   , ,           ,     .       ,          , ,            ,     ,      .    ,    ,      ,        .           .

            ,         .        .          ,    ,      ,  ,  .     1979     ,         .          ,     ,  1990-    .          ,   ,   ,          ,    .

 11  2001           .            -,         11  ,    .    (  )   ,    ,           ,    . -    , -   ,        .   ,     ,    ,           .               .                   ,           ,      .

   11 ,     (  ),    (  )           ,   ,          ,  -,   (       ),    ,      .




        ?


  ,      :  ,     ,       ,        , ,  ,   2001 .               .   ,       .      ,   .   ,  ,      ,       .  ,        1996 ,   ,         . ,     ,      ,           ,    ,         ,   ,      ,            ,     ,    .  ,    ,  ,     .

        ,      ,      .             ,        .

         ,          .       ,    ,            .                    ,   ,  ,  ,  .




       ?


  1907          ,        ,        .           (,   ,    ,  ,   1947 );   (,   );      ();   ().      57  (92)       ,    ,    ,    ,  ,    ,     -.   ,        , ,      ,      ,   ,   ,    (1510  ? 2430).  ,     ,      1893 ,        -.  ,       ,        .  , ,  ,   ,    ,       ,    .

      ,     ,     ,  - ,  .      ,       ,    .    ,     ,      ,     ,      ,     .

         1980-                .        .  2015 ,           -   (  )    ,       .        ,     ,   -.  1990- ,    ,       ,            .    ,        ,         .        ,     ,   .      ,     , ,          ,    ,        .  ,            .

  ,     .       ,                .

,     ,      ,   ,            .     ,          ,                ,       .

 1947                , ,   1300 (780 )  1500 (900 )  .  1947   -           .          ,       ,  ,    ,     , ,    ,      ,    .   ,     10,     ,          .         ,       ,  ,    ,       ,    ,      .              .  ,              ,            .

          ,   .          .  1978.    /  (50% )   80%  .          .        . -              ,  ,      , , ,          .         ,        ,    :  . ,  ,      -        .

        .       ,      .        ,    ,        -.     -, ,      ,     .      ,     .

         - ,  ,       ,    ,          .      1949    ,        ,  ,      .         -    .                 ,      ,       .

    ,          :     ,     ,    .




    ?


  ,        ,   ,    ,      , -,   .       ,  , 6  2016         ,     , ,     . ,       ,     ,        .

         ,   ,      .     ,  1840        ,    .   2500      - ,     V.  .. [Barfield 2010].  , ,                     . ,    ,      ,           ,    .        ,   329.  ..     .     ,      -  ,    ,     .

,   ,        .     ,      ,          . ,       ,    ,        .  ,    ,            --,      .

  ,    ,   1747    ,       1775 .  -  (18391842)      ,          18411842.          .     ,      ,     ,           .    -  (18781880)             .            ,       ,    :       , ,  , -, ,     !          ,        . ,        ,       .    -   1879.,                    .           1893.,     -.  1919.,        ,  -    ,     ,  ,     1921.

       ,       -    1841.       ,      1985.    ,      ,      .                 ,      ,           .    ,       .

            ,                 , ,     ,   .     XIX.      ,     ,   ().        ,      .      ,         .      ,      ,   .      ,      1947         2018 .       .            ,        ,      ,   .                  ,          ,   .

   ,        ,  ,             ,     .  ,     ,  ,  ,     .            ,           .

 ,    ,    ,             ,   ,      ,      .  ,   -      ,     , ,   ,     .




           ?


          .           ,    ,      ,        .       ,  ,    -   ,    ,   ,    1978.   2019.           ,    ,     ,    .       ,      ,    .         ,   -     ,        ,    ,    .

    ,       .      ,       ,   ,          .        ,      ,       .




 2

  





    ?


  ,     ,     ,   -         , ,    -   .      ,      .  .  ,       , ,        .

        [1 -      ,     .    ,       1947.       ,     .      1923. ,      ,        .].       XVIII.         . ,   ,  - (       ),     ,    .    -   ,     ,   XVIII.   (   )    ,   .   ,    -,      -,            .

         .  ,    1973.,       ()    ,   ,   ,     .    .      ,         (  )   .             ,     .                 1979.      ,   ,    ,    ,            .

           ,     .             XIX.              .        ,    .   1947.         ,     ,  -  ,     ,  , ( -)   .   ()       ,          .   -              ,      .  ,                ,   -  ,   .

            2015.          ,          ,  .    ,      .               ,      .      ,     .   ,           .         ,                 ,  .

   ,       ,        ,          .            .

         ,       ,        ,   .




    ?


     ,         .      ,  III.  ..    .    ,         ,      . ,  ,     :     .  1923.     ,     ,    ,   -    .

  2004.    ,       ,         .  , ,   [2 -  4  :     , , , , , , , , , , , , ,    .       .].      ,        .            .      ,   ,         .

       -   .    ,        .     - ,      ,        -     .     ,     ,           ,  .        ,             .           ,   ,       .       ,       , ,    .

      .    .  ,    ,   ,         ,   1826.:      ,   ,      .       ,    ,        ,     ,     ,   ,   -.    ,       ,         -.     ,    ,    .   ,     ,   (   )            ,      .

   ,      20-  30- . XX.      ,    ,         ,  ,       . ,      ,   .   ,     ,     .              ,     .       ,  ,       ,       ,   ,       .         ,       .              .  ,         ,      .      ,      .     -.

          XIX.    -,    ,        .    , ,     ,       ,     .      1923.     .        .

     .     ,       ,         .  ,     ,         ,   .   2001.     ,         ,     , ,      .

      ().        ,        .     ,      ,   .              .




    ?


         ,    ,   .   ,     ,   ,         .       ,   .     , ,     ,              .         ;         .       ,     .                   ,  .

             .      .     ,     ,       .       ,     ,        .            .   ,    ,               ,       , , , ,      .

         ,         .  ,   ,          .        ,        .          .      ,      ,  ,     ,   .          ,     ,    ,    .          .

,         .          ,      ,    ,   .    ,    ,      .        ,        ,         . ,  1980- .   -   (),  ,   1960- .          ,   .     ,      .   ,      ( ) - ,       ,    ,       .    .

    ,          .       :       ,       ();          ;  ;   ;    ; ,   ,    .   ,   .

   .                         ,      ,      .      2014.                   (-Tazkira)  .       ,     ,             .

           ,        .      ,         .     ,   ,           .  ,     ,       ,  ,        .

   ,  ()  ,    ,        ,    ,   .         .    ,  ,    ,    , .   -  ,     ,       ,    .     ,         .  ,         .       ,    ;        .           .     ,         .

       ,        .     .      ,        ,    .             .      ,       -  .        :   ,    . ,            .

  ,       ,    ,     ,   .           . ,      ,   ,               ,    .




    ?


           ,  ,     .  XVXVI.  ,     ,       ,       .     ,   ,    ,  - ,      (III.  ..).         , ,     ,     ,         .

-               .             ,         ,       .

      ,      ,     ,           .   ,      XVII.  - ,   -          .  ,        .

       .        2014.         .                    ,    , , ,         . ,       ,           ,      -.

              ,     .   ,          .         ,      .

,   1970- .,        , ,      80%      50%     ,        ,    .            ; ,         .  1970- .             .     ,  ,  ,         .          .

 1930- .      -,  ,   1931.  ,     ,    (- ).    ,    ,       ,      ,    ,      .      ,     ,         ,     .                ,  .

       ,      -      .      ,     ,       .  1970- .         .       ,       .

    63   ..    .   ,       ,  ,   ,   , ,          ,  ,          .           ,    ,     .         ,            :     ,    ,       . ,  ,    .  , ,    ,        ,      .       ,    ,   ,    ,    ,       ,   , , ,   ,            .

   ,         .                  ,     ,   -,      ,       ,     .            .

    .   ,  1973.,              .        .       ,    ,    . ,              .

       80%  ,           .       2014.       ,  ,       ,        1980- .  2014.       ,    ,              .

     ,      ,    .  ,            ,    .         .          CASA-1000 (Central Asia South Asia,     , 1000 ),              .      (      ). ,     ,           ,    .     ,  , .            ,         . ,       300    .

  ,   ,   ,      2014 , ,       ,        1  ,            .                ,         ,    -   ,        2008.     (     )   ,             .




    ,      ?


      ,   ,   ,   .      ,        .                  .   ,   ,    ,  .    ,  ,  ,       ,   ,            , ,  . ,      ,       ,  .

  ,    ,     ,   ,     ,   .  :  2008            ,        (PRT, .  6).         ,           1960-  1970- .:   ,     ,    ,     .   ,      ,       ,          ,        -      2001  2002.     ,  ,   ,       ,  .     ,     .




  .


   .

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notes








1


     ,     .    ,       1947.       ,     .      1923. ,      ,        .




2


 4  :     , , , , , , , , , , , , ,    .       .


