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                    .     ,          1996.     ,          (, ,      )     -   ()  .  ,      ,      ,   -   .  ,     ,    (    )           .                -    ,   - .  ,     ,      XIXXX.   .

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         1990- .        (, ).         1990- .         ,  -1 - (   XVIXVIII.),  -IV  (     ), -  (),   III.           (1997  2004.),   (1999),  (2000),  (2002),    ,   ,        ,       .    1999. [1 - Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003.].      .         ,       ()    - .    ,  ,         

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  (    )      (, )      .    1960- . .    30        [3 - .: Weinryb . L'antismitisme en Russie sovitique // Les Juifs en Union Sovitique depuis 1917 / Ed. par L. Kochan. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1971. P.390394.]. ,   ,   ,    .

(1)       ,      XIX. ,            .        XIX   XX.      .    컠  ,    , ,  .   ,          ,    .

(2)          ,   ,   ,      .          ,    .           ,   ,   ,   ,   ,     ..

(3)    ,     .       ()       .          ,    - , , ,   ,        .

(4) ,     (, ,  ) ,  (. [4 - Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.])   (. [5 - .: Klier J.D. Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 18551881. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. P.417449 (Chapter 18, The occult element in Russian Judeophobia).]) .              ,  ,   ,     ,    ,      ,      ..     ,        ,      .

         . .    ( . chimera)        ,    XIXXX.      ,  [6 - The anti-Jewish stereotypes mentioned thus far, which I shall call xenophobic stereotypes, all had a kernel of truth all had a kernel of truth (It should be remembered that, so long as it was safe, Jews always acknowledged that Jesus should have been killed as a heretic). But now a new kind of stereotype appeared, which I shall call chimerical. These chimerical stereotypes had no kernel of truth; they depicted imaginary monsters, for they ascribed to Jews horrendous deeds imagined by Christians that Christians had never observed Jews committing (Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism. P. 306  passim). The theory I have advanced does identify an unusual quality of hostility toward Jews: there has been socially significant chimerical hostility (Ibid. P. 351, .  P.334338, 341  passim).]. .   ,           [7 - If we continue to use that literally most misleading term, we, as social scientists, should free anti-Semitism from its racist, ethnocentric, or religious implications and use it only for what can be distinguished empirically as an unusual kind of human hostility directed at Jews.In this case we should distinguish between xenophobic realistic hostility (universal) and irrational hostility when Jews are converted in a symbol the Jews(Ibidem. P.351352). If by anti-Semitism we mean not only its racist manifestation but all instances in which people, because they are labeled Jews, are feared as symbols of sub-humanity and hated for threatening characteristics they do not in fact possess, then anti-Semitism in all but name was widespread in northern Europe by 1350, when many believed that Jews were beings incapable of fully rational though who conspired to overthrow Christendom, who committed ritual crucifixions, ritual cannibalism, and host profanation, and who caused the Black Death by poisoning wells  even though no one had observed Jews committing any of those crimes. Unknown to the ancient world, anti-Semitism emerged in the Middle Ages, along with so many other features of later Western culture (Ibidem. P.301302).].


        

   ,    XI.                   .             .     . ,         (590604)    .      ,       ,      ,      . .   ,       ,      .        : )    ; )   ; ) ,        [8 - Vouches A. La socit chrtienne et les Juifs // Histoire du christianisme des origines ? nos jours. Apoge de la papaut et expansion de la chrtient (10541274) / Sous la dir. de A. Vauchez. Paris: Descle, 1993. Vol. 5. P. 702.].

  . ,      ,           .           ,      .        -:      ,      ,   ,    ,    .        ,  ,           ,        ;      ,       .       ,     : ,    ,      ,     .              ;       ,      .   ,      .   ,      ,  ,           ,    ,         ,          [9 - .: Blumenkranz . Augustin et les Juifs, Augustin et le juda?sme // Blumenkranz . Juifs et Chrtiens. Patristique et Moyen Age. London: Variorum Reprints, 1977. P.225241.].

 .        :     ,   ,     ,     [10 - .: Ibid. P. 238.]  ,       ,     ,    .

 XIXII.        .      ,    -   .    ,          .          ,      .   XIII.             .          .     ,      ,         .       ,            .      ,                 -[11 - Vauchez A. La socit chrtienne et les Juifs P.709710.].  XIXIII.              ,    ..  XIII.       ,  XIV  XV.     .

     ,    ,              ?   ,           ,          ?             .                   .        . .    :    ,           ,         [12 - Ibidem. P.711712.]. . ,         ,               [13 - Cohen J. Phe Friars and the Jews: the Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca, 1982; Cohen J. Phe Jews as Killers of Christ in the Latin Pra-dition from Augustine to the Friars // Praditio. Vol. 39. (1983.) P.127]. .                  (persecuting society)[14 - Moore R.I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society. Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987; Moore R.I. Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Europe // Christianity and Judaism / Ed. by D. Wood. Oxford, 1992 (=Studies in Church history Vol. 29). P.3357.].  .  ,        [15 - Gow A. The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age: 12001600. Leiden: Brill, 1995 (=Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought. Vol. IV).]. .              XII.   .            ,       [16 - Kriegel M. Les Juifs ? la fin du Moyen Age dans l'Europe mditerranenne. Paris: Hachette, 1979.]. .      :  ,               ,      컠   ,    ,   exempla       [17 - Vauchez A. La socit chrtienne et les Juif P. 711.].      . . :           [18 - Cutler A.H., Cutler H.?. The Jew as Ally of the Muslim: Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.]. .     ,           ,        [19 - Chevalier Y. L'antismitisme. Le Juif comme bouc missaire. Paris, 1988.]. .     , ,            .          ,       ,     .        -      [20 - Langmuir G.I. History, religion and anti-Semitism. Berkeley, 1990; Idem. Toward a definition of antisemitism. Berkeley, 1990.].


         

   ,     ,   ,          .          (   ,         .),        ,     , ,     .   ,  ,   ,            ;         .        /             .

   ,             ,    -   .  -     .      . [21 - .: Parkes J. The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Anti-Semitism. Philadelphia, 1961; Williams A.L. Ad-versus Judaeos. Cambridge, 1935.].  , ,    .  ,            ,      [22 - .: De Lange N.R. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire: Problems and Prospects // Christianity and Judaism / Ed. by D. Wood. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. P. 17.].                  [23 - .: Starr J. The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641-1204. Athens, 1939; Sharf A. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New-York, 1971; Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes, and Maghribians. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980; Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium, 12041453. Alabama, 1985; Kiilzer A. Disputationes graecae contra Iuda-eos. Untersuchungen zur byzantinishen antij?dischen Dialogliteratur und ihrem Judenbild. Stuttgart; Leipzig, 1999; Congourdeau M.-H. Le Juda?sme, coeur de l'identit Byzantine // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.1827; Ivanov S.A. L'attitude ? l'gard des Juifs ? Byzance tait-elle moins intolrante qu'en Occident? // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.2942.].                 .

    , ,        ,              ,   .  ,       .    .                   1204.  7     ,     42. ..      ,   ,     10%       .         (1168)[24 -   :     / . ..  //   . ; : , 2004 ( ,    ..   1881. ).]  , ,  XII.  ,    ,   8 603 .   ,      . ,                ,    .   . ,      , ,  100. ,     10.   ,   XII. ,   ,  500. .       2%  .  ,         [25 - .: SharfA. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New York, 1971.].

     ,      .  ,    ,     .   ,   ,       ,    (        ),            [26 - Ibidem. . 14.]. .  ,     ,   ,   ,         .  IV   XI.     ,  ,   .           .      II,          ,       ,   y , .       ,   .         .    ,     , ,   ,     ,               .             .   ,    -       ,           [27 - Ibidem. . 17.].

            ,              .      VII.,     ,         .         [28 - .: Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957 Vol. III. Heirs of Rome and Persia. P.1522.],            .               .  .-.  ,          [29 - Ibidem. P. 23.].       .   . [30 - .: Dagron G., Droche V. Juifs et chrtiens dans l'Orient du VIF si?cle // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.746.].

      ,  ,   ,                       .   (691692)         ,          <pinpricks>,          [31 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 175.].

   -  III  (717741)      -         (     ).     ,     ,    ,   . ,      [32 - Ibid. P.176177.]. .  ,              III [33 - Sharf A. Byzantine Jews P. 67].

 ,                 ,              .          ,    ,      -         .  ,  ,     I (867886)    (919944),      ,      [34 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 179 (were tempted to cut the Gordian knot by putting a violent end to the Jewish communities of their Empire).],       [35 - SharfA. Byzantine Jewry P.9192 (the general social position of the Jews had not changed).].

       XIXII.   .   ,  ,    X.    ,     ,            ,      ,         .      ,    ,     [36 - De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 23 (a remarkable revival began, with considerable Jewish immigration and a renewal of cultural life. It would be wrong to over-emphasize the negative aspect of the treatment of the Jews by the Byzantine state. There was a positive side as well: the moments of persecution were exceptional, and in general the law offered the Jews, individually and communally its protection and a certain stability. Indeed, the Jews were generally treated no worse, and often better, than other non-Orthodox subjects).].     XI. .          ,   []    [] ,     [37 - SharfA. Byzantine Jewry P. 118 (the return of that peculiar relationship between Jews and non-Jews which marked-off Byzantine Jews from those living under western Christian regimes).].

  ,       ,   ,      [38 - And yet the effect of all the legislation was undoubtedly to give tham the status and the consciousness of second-class citizens (De Lange ?. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 23).],    -  ,      ,         [39 - .: Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism // The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1991. P. 122.].

         . [40 - Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium],           . . [41 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes and Maghribians.]      .

.  ,   XIIXV.        ,         [42 - .: Ibidem. . 41 (The old discriminatory and segregationist laws, summarized in the codes of the earlier Middle Ages to be sure, still retained their formal force, although we have little evidence of their practical appication).].  XIV  ,   . ,    [43 - Bowman S.B. The lews of Byzantium P. 39 (The condition of the lew was constantly improving).  : In Byzantium proper, the economic position of Jews changed markedly for the better under the sponsirship of the imperial government; their influence perharps reached the high levels of government circles, and various officials were accused of succumbing to their power).].

       , ,   .   . ,           .         ,     -;        [44 - Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism P.122123.].   . ,  XIIIXV.,   ,    ,  , ,    .      ,    -,   ,    [45 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 43.].   ,         ,   .  ,    ,     [46 - .: De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 24 (It is clear that with the Latin conquest of 1204, Western attitudes to the Jews were introduced into Byzantium by Western Christians, and some of them survived the restoration of a Greek state, co-existing with older Greek attitudes).].

. ,        ,       ,      ,   ,   ,     ,            .   ,    . ,       , ,        ,      ,    ,         . -, ,      ,   ,       ,     . -,              ,     [47 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 41 (In the West-European lands  where the Jewish question was subject to much open debate; where churchman after churchman wrote diatribes adversus Judaeos; where Christian preachers often fulminated against their Jewish compatriots, particularly during the Easter period; where princes and city councilors heaped ordinance upon ordinance regulating the ever-shrinking areas of Jewish activity; and where the populace at large believed in the demonic nature of its Jewish neighbors and hurled against them accusation of ritual murder, desecration of the host, and poisoning of wells, if it did not indeed resort to violence, even massacres  there the Jewish problem evidently was an important, sometimes a burning issue. None of this is recorded in the declining Byzantine Empire).].

      -     ?

  ,  -       ,      [48 - .: Williams A.L. Adversus Judaeos; Judant D. Juda?sme et Christianisme. Dossier patristique. Paris, 1969; Schreckenberg H. Die christlichen Adversus-Iudeos-Texte und ihr literarisches und historisches Umfeld. Frankfurt; Bern; M?nchen, 1990 ( ); K?lzer ?. Disputationes graecae contra Iudaeos],   ,    -   ,  .           8   .               . [49 - Wilken R. L. John Chrysostom and the Jews. Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4


 Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.]   . [50 - Brandie R. Einleitung. . Die acht Reden gegen judaisierende Christen // Johannes Chrysostomus. Acht Reden gegen Juden / Eingeleitet und erl?utert von Rudolf Brandie. Uebersetzt von Verena Jegher-Buch-er. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1995 (= Bibliothek der Griechischen Literatur. Bd. 41). S. 3679.]  .-. [51 - Malingrey A.-M. La controverse antijuda?que dans l'oeuvre de Jean Chrysostome d'apr?s les discours adversus judaeos // De l'antijuda?sme antique ? l'antismitisme contemporain / Ed. par V. Nikiprowetzky. Lille, 1979. P.87104.],  ,          386387.,  37-      ,             ,           .                 .

          ,   .       ,      ,         ,       .      ,     ,  ,    ,    .         ,   .         .     ,    ,   ,        .         ,   .-. ,   .            ,    ,     .   ,         ,  392.

                  ?  ,           . ,  ,           ,            ,     . ,              . , -,          ; -,   ,             .

   , ,     .

.       -   VIVII.[52 - .: Droche V. La polmique anti-juda?que au VI


 et VII


 si?cle, un mmento indit, les Kphalaia // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.275311.].            .   ,           [53 - . : Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 175.].

     VIII.           .            ,   -  ,       .    ,         ,        .           ,  ,        [54 - .: Ibidem. P.178179.].

        IX., .-.  ,          I   VI.  ,     ,  ,  ,      , ,                 .   ,           ,  ,    [55 - Ibidem. P. 181.].       -,   .. ,     ,      [56 - .:  B.H.  -   //  ..       . , 1995. . 1.     . . 347].

          ,  XIIIXV., ,   . ,  .        .     ,      ,      ,  ,       [57 - .: Bowman S.. The Jews of Byzantium P.2740 (The widespread toleration for Jews in the 14th century by the secular rulers of the Balkans, whether Byzantine, Bulgarian, or Ottoman can be seen through the spread of Jewish settlements and, as well, by the influence of Jews in the economic and religious spheres. The extent of this toleration ie further evidenced by the futile attempts of the various Orthodox churches to curb the settlements themselves or the spread of various Judaizing heresies. The Church, to be sure, was more concerned during this period by the potential threat of Roman Catholics, Armenians, and the continuing heresy of the Bobomils, rather than by Jews That this attitude toward Jews was partly due to the self-interest of the rulers is evident from the practices of Andronikos II and the marital relations of John Alexander. It may also, in part, have been due to the well-known toleration of Jews in the powerful neighboring Ottoman state (Ibidem. P. 40).].  ,          (intellectual tolerance),  ,            -  ,    ,  [58 - Ibidem. P. 36 (To it, the Jews were still dicides, as defined by church traditions).].

  , .-.      .            ,  ,            <venom>,      ,  ,   ,         .   , ,  ,         ,   ,      <the Byzantine Jew-baiters>,         ,          [59 - Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 42 (On the whole, the tenor of these writings lacks the heat and venom which often characterized the Western polemical literature in the Late Middle Ages; in trying to prove the superiority of Christianity over its mother faith even the Byzantine Jew-baiters do not depict the contemporary Jew as the demonic alien, as he often appears in the parallel Western letters of the period).].

 ,    -     ,         .   .-. ,   ,            ,        .                  [60 - .: Congourdeau M.-H. Le juda?sme, coeur de l'identit Byzantine P.2627 (Cette proximit a-t-elle influenc la diffrence de traitement des Juifs par les chrtiens d'Orient et d'Occident? La prgnance de l'Ancien Testament a-t-elle courtcircuite la construction du Juif imaginaire de l'Occident medieval, qui n'a grand chose a voir ni avec le Juif reel ni avec le Juif exclusivement biblique de l'imaginaire byzantin? Ces questions restent ouvertes).].        . , ,        , ,        .       -         -,                      .     .  ,     ,             .     ,  -         .    ,          ,     ,  :           ,            [, ] ,     [   ]               [61 - Dagron G. Juda?ser // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.359380 (Pour juda?ser, il suffit donc de lire l'Ancien Testament comme une histoire des Juifs, porteuse ? elle seule d'une signification, alors que cette histoire n'est inscrite dans le texte biblique que ngativement, comme le reflet anticip d'un divorce et d'une condamnation (P. 378)).].

 V.  ,        ,  ,        ,   ,  ,            .        ,         .   ,      . ,         ,   .         ,  , ,    -  ,       .          ,    [62 - Ibidem. P.379380.],                        [63 - .    .].

    [64 - .: Epstein M. A. The Ottoman Jewish Communities and their Role in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1980; Shmuelevitz A. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire in the Late Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries. Administrative, Economic, Legal and Social Relations as Reflected in the Responsa. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984;  ..      . ; : , 1996.],  ,       -,       ,    .        , ,  .   .. ,       ,       ,     .              ,                 .         [65 -  ..       . 17.].

 XIV.          ,        .    1360.  .   ,     .    ,    ,     ,    .   ,    [66 - .: Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium P. 39  . 70.].

              ,     - .    ,      ,  ,   [67 - .: Podskalsky G. Juifs et Chrtiens dans la littrature orthodoxe des Balkans (Moyen-Age  XVI


 si?cle) // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rite grec et latin. Moyen Age  XIX si?cle. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.115121.     ,   ,       ,       ,      (.: Galante A. Turcs et Juifs. Etude historique, politique. Stamboul, 1932. P. 17).   X.  ( ),     ,             XVII., ,   ,   (Thebes)      (.: Jacobson ?. Testimony from Salonica on an Unknown Blood Libel in Greece in the XVII'


 century // Then and Now: Annual Lectures on the Jews of Greece (19771983) / Ed. by Zvi Ankori. Tel-Aviv, 1984 (Hebrew) (.: Anti-Semitism. An annotated Bibliography. 1987 0185).         ,   ,  1633.  ,   ,    ,    .   ,          .               . -      (.: Galante A. Histoire des Juifs de Turquie. Istambul: Isis, s.a. T. 2. P.131132).  .  (Bornai J. Blood Libels in the Ottoman Empire of the Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries // Anti-Semitism Through the Ages / Ed. by S. Almog. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988. P.189194)   .].


 

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    ,       ,  .     -       [71 - .:  ..      :      // Jews and Slavs. 2000. Vol. 7. .264275.].

.    ,        [72 - .: Weinryb B.D. Phe Beginnings of East-European Jewry in Legend and Historiography // Studies and Essays in Honor of Abraham A. Newman / Ed. by M. Ben-Horin, B.D. Weinryb, S. Zeitlin. Leiden: Brill, 1962. P.445502.]. .     [73 - .: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life and Anti-Jewish Sentiments in Medieval Russia // Viator. Vol. 4. (1973) P. 226  .].        .  ,    ,    ,      ,     () [74 -  .H.   - -  . 345.],       ,   .   .      X.[75 - .:  .,  . -  X  / . . .. ; . ., . . .. . .; , 2003 ( .     1997.). . :  .. -   X . ., 1932.],   ,     ,       .  , ,      ,     ,    .     ,    ,     ,         ,     [76 -  A.C.         XIXIII. .3435.].

        .        1113.,   .   ,      1146  1151.     [77 - .: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P. 227].

        ,           ,         ( XV.), ..  ,           -        ,   ,     ,      ( ) [78 -  ..         XIXIII. . 40.].   ,     ,          .         ?

   X.       ,   ,     ,             ,      [79 - .: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P. 225 (these sources, as we might expect, testify to considerable anti-Jewish sentiments among the indigenous East Slavic population, thus revealing contemporary attitudes towards the small Jewish community in medieval Russian society; early manifestation of Slavic anti-Semitism [deliberately using the term here with its modern, that is, racist, implication, and not merely its connotation of religious intolerance]).].          ,        - ,     (  ),    ,           ,   .   ,    ,   [80 - Ibidem. P. 254 (intolerance, envy and hatred).]     ,   X.       (, ,         ,    1113.    ,  ,         12381240.,     ,  ..).      ,       ,  - [81 - .  ..      :   ..      :    //           .   /  . .. . .:   , 2004. .84103.],            ,        ,       -    .  .        [82 - A comparison with contemporary Europe is revealing. The murderous frenzy of the Crusades never communicated itself to Kievan Rus'. There was no Russian equivalent to the Western European and Polish charge that the Jews poisoned wells and spread the plague Russia lacked the popular identification of the Jews with the Devil, which became a significant cultural phenomenon in the West. There were no Russian equivalents of the anti-Jewish stereotypes which appeared in the medieval miracle plays, or in Church art and architecture. Despite the recurrent Byzantinist theme of the opposition of the Old and New Testament, Russian churches did not carry the Western motifs of Ecclesia and Synagoga common in medieval cathedrals in the West (Klier J.D. Russia Gathers her Jews: the origins of the Jewish question in Russia. De Kalb, 1986. P. 24).]        ,       . -    [83 - .: Pereswetoff-Morath A. A. Grin without a Cat Vol. 12; Pereswetoff-Morath A. Sag mig Jude!. Om judisk-kristna disputationer och andra antijudaistiska texter i rysk medeltidslitteratur (988-1600) // Svantevit. Dansk tidsskrift for Slavistik. 1998. Bd. 19. 2. P.524; Pereswetoff-Morath A. A Shadow of the Good Spell: On Jews and anti-Judaism in the World and Work of Kirill of Turov // Kirill of Turov Bishop, Preacher, Hymnographer / Ed. by I. Lunde. Bergen: University of Bergen Press, 2000 (= Slavica Bergensia, 2); Pereswetoff-Morath A. And Was Jerusalem Builded Here..? On the Textual History of the Slavonic Jerusalem Disputation // Scando-Slavica. Vol. 47 (2001). P.1938; Pereswetoff-Morath A. Whereby We Know that it is the Last Time. Musings on Anti-Messiahs and Antichrists in a Ruthenian Textual Community. Lund, 2006 (= Slavica Lundensia supplementa, 3).].


 

     -  -  XIVXV.?     -  ? , ,  ,    -,     ,      .     ,        , ,           . [84 - .:  .     XVXVII. //  . 1915. . 7. .118,153172.],           .. [85 - .:  ..    养:          . 1659. //  . 2005. 1. .198202;  . 3.     XVIIXVIII. (  ) //  : .   . ., 2003. .311325;  ..     XVII.:                   1672.,  5 /  //  . ., 2003. . 12. .912;  ..      :    .      1666. (  . ) /  //   . 2001. 6 (24). .349366;  .3.    :    1666  (  A.M. ) /  //  : .   . ., 2003. .326338;  ..         XVII. //  .  . 2005. 4. .2127;  ..     -       XVII. // .             . .: , 2009. .148152.].

           .  ,      ,   III      .   III   ,             ,   ,    .  1490.            ( ),  ,     .   ,   .            [86 -  .     XVXVII. .612.].

 ,           XVI.      I   IV,   1539.,   ,         .  1545.,   ,        ,   ,      ,       .                 IV ,     . .  ,        - ,          .  1503.  ,              - .       [87 -  . .1516.].

    XVI   XVII.,      ,   1584.      .  1576.     ,    ,     . .  ,         ,    .      ( )    ,       .  ,           I.   ,    ,        [88 -  . .18, 153 passim.].

 1632.,                  .     1634.,        ,   ,    ,         .   1635.,  ,   .         .     ,   , .. ,   ,   ,        ,  [89 -  . .157158.], ..,  ,         .

  XVII.,   - ,       .  ,  ,      .       .      , ,    ,   .  1659.       ,      , ,       . ,    ,    .   .  ,        ,    ;         .  ,   ,   [90 -  . . 161.].

   XVII.        .        16481667.      , , -  .

      ,    .          .      1673.   ,  .          .          ,  .    XVII.       ,      .   ,  ,       ,    ,    .   ,       [91 -  . .162166.].

        ?   [92 -  ,   ,      .. . .: Dmitriev M.V. Joseph de Volokolamsk tait-il antismite? // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.7798;  ..     -   XVI  //  . i         70-i. i; i, 2004. . 2.  186206.   : Dmitriev M. Dissidents russes. Feodosij Kosoj. Baden-Baden: Koerner-Verlag, 1998 (=Biblio-theca dissidentium. Rpertoire des non-conformistes religieux des seizi?me et dix-septi?me si?cles / Ed. par A. Sguenny. T. XIX). P.5372.] ,   ,         .    ,     ,      ,     .

       1525.,  ,    ,    ,   ,   , ,      ,      ,             ,         [93 -  .    ,   ,    VII / . ..   ..  //     XVI :   . :  , 1997. . 279.]. .         ,            ,    [94 -  .     XVXVIII. .1213.     ,      ,       , ,          ,  ,            ( .   .         //  . 1913. 9. . 36).].          [95 -  .     XVXVII. . 13. .  ,   ,          ,     .].       ,           ,        .

           IV          II         .   :     ,          ,          ,      ,                    ;    ,     ,    ,                   ,         ,   ,              .   ,  ,       [96 -  . . 16.].  ,           ,                .

              .   ,  1563.            ,    .    .       -[97 -  . . 17.]. .    1915.            (  )   ,    [98 - .:  .            //  . 1915. . 7. . 175. . 1.].       1579.,    1580.      [99 - .: [Rosenthal H.] Russia // The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. X (1905). P.518561.].

   XVII.  ,           .      ,          , , ,  ,  ,    ,        .         ,              [100 -  .     . 155.].

         :      .          (   ),    1610.[101 - .:  . . 154.].

,     IV           ,     ,   ,             .  1638.       ,        [102 - .:  . . 158.].    , ,             .

  XVII.,    - ,             .        :          -  ; ,   - ,    [103 -  . . 156. . 3.].

   XVII.,   ,      ,    .        . . ,      1682.  ,  ,    ,      ,      . ..      [104 - .:  TA.       XVII :                 XVIXVIII ,   28  2004.      TA.         :  ..       XVII. (    ) //   ?      .   / . . .. . .:   , 2003. .132150;  ..         //     .. :   , 9-10  2006.: . .: -     (), 2006. .2536.].     ,           [105 - .:  .     . 172.].

         XVIXVII.?     ,  ,            .             .         . , .  , .. , .. , .. , A.M.   .. [106 - .:  K.M. Judaizantentum als Bezeichnung Westkirchlicher Eigenheiten im Russland des XVI. Jh. // Geschichte der Ost-und Westkirche in ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen. Acta Congressus historiae Slavicae Salisburgensis in memoriam SS. Cyrilli et Methodii anno 1963 celebrati / Ed. by F. Zagiba. Wiesbaden, 1967 (= Annales Instituti Slavici. Bd. 1/3). S. 150154; Oparina T.A. La polmique anti-juive en Russie au XVII


 si?cle // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.164182; ProyartJ. Limage du Juif dans l'oeuvre de l'archipr?tre Avvakum // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.183199; Kalugin V.V. Le Th?me juif dans l'Cuvre du prince Andrej Kurbskij // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.101113; Dmitriev M.V. Joseph de Volokolamsk tait-il antismite? Dmitriev M.V. La perception et l'image du juda?sme en Russia Orientalis ? la fin du XV


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      , , ,   ,      .   . ,       ,  ,  ,                   [107 - The Muscovite popular culture totally ignored the Jews as subject matter. The energetic search of nineteenth century investigators failed to discover popular saying of songs in Russian which dealt with the Jews in either posotive or negative terms (Klier J. D. Russia gathers her Jews P. 30).   ,      .  ( .     //  . 1915. . 7. 1. .119120;  .     //  . 2. .228321)       ..  ( ..   . ., 1900. .12). ,        ,     ,    .           (.:  ..         //   .    80-  . . ., 1976. .6973).].

    ,  ,      ,      . ,      .  ,   .  ,  XVI  XVII ,   ,  ,                   ,       ,          ,        ,    ,         [108 -  .   . . 35.].

,   ,    ,   ,       ,           [109 -  .     . 167.].       ,      ,      . .


   ()

               ,       -  XIVXVII.

.  ,      ,           [110 - .: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P.242244.]. ,      XIIIXIV.         [111 - .:  .       - . // Jews and Slavs. Jewish-Polish and Jewish-Russian Contacts / Ed. by W. Moskovich, I. Fijatkowska-Janiak. Jerusalem: Hebrew University; Gdansk: Gdansk University 2003. Vol. 21. P.194201. Weinryb B.D. Phe Hebrew Chronicles on Bogdan Khmel'nyts'kyj and the Cossack-Polish War // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1977. Vol. 1. 2. P. 155.].         XV.   .  XVI    XVII.      -    . .              .        ,                  [112 - Phis served to indetify the Jew with the Polish landlord whom he represented. Also, the Jewish leaseholders and tax-farmers could, and sometimes did, behave like the Polish landlords All this served to bring some Jews closer to the life-style and behavior patterns of the non-Jew and to develop feelings of superiority arrogance, and self-reliance among them (Weinryb B.D. Phe Hebrew Chronicles on Bogdan Khmel'nyts'kyj P.158159).].

  . ,       (, ,   )  4. 1569.  51 325  1648.   . ,       1648.  54. [113 - .: Sysyn F.E. The Jewish Factor in the Khmelnytsky Uprising // Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective / Ed. by P.J. Potichnyj and H. Aster. Edmonton: CIUS, 1988. P. 48.],     .         170  480.       1648.

  ,             ,       ,  ,     ,  .               XVII.    ,          .      XVI    XVII.[114 - .:  .H.       -    XVI  .5885; Serov B.N. Les Juifs et le juda?sme dans les crits polmiques des Slaves orientaux P.501514;  M.B.     -   .186206.] ,                .    1660- .          [115 -  .  ,  ,  ,              . , 1669. ( 1672.     -.) . :  ..     . -   //     .        . ., 1999. . 3. . 100114;  A.M.     // . 2008. 4. .3745.].       -  XVI    XVII .

      XVI.  ,      ,   ,     [116 -           -?            ,   ,          ;            ,         , ,  ,   ,    ,    ,       ,            ,         ,     .    ,         ,          .     ,   ,      ;     ,     ,    .       (      .. -. . .. . 840. . 124 .-125 ., 132  ..).],       ,    ,    ..

   ,  ,    1580- .   ,          [117 -             //       (     1580.) / . .  //        . 1879. . 1. .122.].

  ()   ?     (1588)[118 -   ().           ,        //   . . 7. ., 1882 (=      . . 2). . 601938.]           ,             ,     .       -,       .   ,        , ,  ,    ,    [119 -  ,         ,   ,    ,     .   (.. . .)         -  .         ( .    . 622623).].

   1593.           [120 -     ,      .  ,   , 1593. (        -.)],       -   .

                  XVI.[121 -               ..   .. .].    ,        -       XVII.,            1560- .[122 - ..          1560- .,          1980- . (.:  ..           60- . XVI. (       . .. -) //   -      -   .     IV   .. . ., 1986. .68;  ..             XVI. //  . 1989. 2. .1526).         . ,   ,  .  ,               .].

,      , ,   ,     -    XVII.[123 -        1595. ,      ,        ,      ;       ,        ,   ,    ,     . .    ,           ,     :   ,     (Documenta Unionis Berestensis eiusque auctorum (15901600) / Ed. A.G. Welykyj. Romae, 1970. 47. P.8687).],     ,        .

 ,       XVII. - ,    .

     ,     ,    /                ,       ,    XVII.    ,      .


* * *

  ,      .

-, ,    -       ,   ,  .

-,        ,   ,   ,     ,   , ,             .

-,                         .




..  (, -)

  XV.  :  [124 -           ,  XV.,    ,     .        , , ,                 .]


        .. .          .  ,            ,         [125 - .:  ..     XVIXVII. ., 1903. .399400.].    ..  : ,      , , ,  ,     [126 - .:  . .401433.].     .. ,  ,          ,   [127 -  ..    . . 4-. ., 2002. . 369.].

..      ,   ,         [128 -  . , 1908. 10. .2627.].          [129 - .:  .. []    -   // Slavia. V. 2. 19261927. . 268.].

  .. ,     ,            -         .              . ,    ,   .. ,       ,      .     ,    XVI.              :            ,     [130 -  ..       XV   XVI. .; ., 1960. . 106.].

  .   .          [131 - .:  .        // lews and Slavs. lerusalem; St. Petersburg, 1995. Vol. IV P.927; Taube M. The Kievan Jew Zacharia and the Astronomical Works of the Judaizers // Jews and Slavs / Ed. by W. Moskovich et al. Jerusalem, 1995. Vol. 3. P.199223; Taube M. The Poem on the Soul in the Laodicean Epistle and the Literature of the Judaizers // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Vol. 19 (1995). P.671685;  M.         // In memorian.   .. . ., 1997 .239247].                     . A.A.  ,              .  :      ,          .   [132 -  A.A.   . ., 1999. . 185.].     ,       ,         1499. , .  ,                [133 - .:  .        .239247].

..               ,     ,          ,        [134 -  ..          // . T. XLVI. ., 1993. .6970.].      ,              ,     [135 -  . . 68. . :  .        III //         XX  /  . .. . ., 2006. .118130.].

,  ..   ..              , ..  ,          ,           [136 -  ..              XV   XVI. //   . ., 2003. . 9 (19). .188189.].

               14871488.[137 -  H.A.,  ..      XIV   XVI. .; ., 1955. .314315. (: .)].       ,         ,         [138 -  . .314315.].     1490.            .      ,    , , ,     ,  ,    ,      [139 -  . . 383.].       .          ,    ,   ,    ,   , ,  , .      , ,  [140 - .:  . . 385.].  ,            ,     ,     .  ,         ,             1510.  -    [141 -     .:  A.M.  //  . ., 2009. . 20. .355360.].

   XV.,    ,        ,    .      III   ( )        ,           [142 -               -     ,       ( ..  //  . ., 1991. . XIII. . 725).]. ,    III     14831484.    ,       [143 -       .:  ..   . .89135.       .:  ..     (     XIVXV.). ., 1998. .203224.].    III        ,       [144 - .:    . 1884. . 41. . 8, 50.].  1481.              ,   [145 - .:  . . 41, 71, 77, 114, 309. .    ..  (. .109110).]. ,   -      , ,   ,  .                      ..      [146 - .:  CA.         //  1902. . 3. . . . 1.]




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1


Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003.




2


                 .  A.M. ,         .




3


.: Weinryb . L'antismitisme en Russie sovitique // Les Juifs en Union Sovitique depuis 1917 / Ed. par L. Kochan. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1971. P.390394.




4


Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.




5


.: Klier J.D. Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 18551881. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. P.417449 (Chapter 18, The occult element in Russian Judeophobia).




6


The anti-Jewish stereotypes mentioned thus far, which I shall call xenophobic stereotypes, all had a kernel of truth all had a kernel of truth (It should be remembered that, so long as it was safe, Jews always acknowledged that Jesus should have been killed as a heretic). But now a new kind of stereotype appeared, which I shall call chimerical. These chimerical stereotypes had no kernel of truth; they depicted imaginary monsters, for they ascribed to Jews horrendous deeds imagined by Christians that Christians had never observed Jews committing (Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism. P. 306  passim). The theory I have advanced does identify an unusual quality of hostility toward Jews: there has been socially significant chimerical hostility (Ibid. P. 351, .  P.334338, 341  passim).




7


If we continue to use that literally most misleading term, we, as social scientists, should free anti-Semitism from its racist, ethnocentric, or religious implications and use it only for what can be distinguished empirically as an unusual kind of human hostility directed at Jews.

In this case we should distinguish between xenophobic realistic hostility (universal) and irrational hostility when Jews are converted in a symbol the Jews(Ibidem. P.351352). If by anti-Semitism we mean not only its racist manifestation but all instances in which people, because they are labeled Jews, are feared as symbols of sub-humanity and hated for threatening characteristics they do not in fact possess, then anti-Semitism in all but name was widespread in northern Europe by 1350, when many believed that Jews were beings incapable of fully rational though who conspired to overthrow Christendom, who committed ritual crucifixions, ritual cannibalism, and host profanation, and who caused the Black Death by poisoning wells  even though no one had observed Jews committing any of those crimes. Unknown to the ancient world, anti-Semitism emerged in the Middle Ages, along with so many other features of later Western culture (Ibidem. P.301302).




8


Vouches A. La socit chrtienne et les Juifs // Histoire du christianisme des origines ? nos jours. Apoge de la papaut et expansion de la chrtient (10541274) / Sous la dir. de A. Vauchez. Paris: Descle, 1993. Vol. 5. P. 702.




9


.: Blumenkranz . Augustin et les Juifs, Augustin et le juda?sme // Blumenkranz . Juifs et Chrtiens. Patristique et Moyen Age. London: Variorum Reprints, 1977. P.225241.




10


.: Ibid. P. 238.




11


Vauchez A. La socit chrtienne et les Juifs P.709710.




12


Ibidem. P.711712.




13


Cohen J. Phe Friars and the Jews: the Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca, 1982; Cohen J. Phe Jews as Killers of Christ in the Latin Pra-dition from Augustine to the Friars // Praditio. Vol. 39. (1983.) P.127




14


Moore R.I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society. Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987; Moore R.I. Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Europe // Christianity and Judaism / Ed. by D. Wood. Oxford, 1992 (=Studies in Church history Vol. 29). P.3357.




15


Gow A. The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age: 12001600. Leiden: Brill, 1995 (=Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought. Vol. IV).




16


Kriegel M. Les Juifs ? la fin du Moyen Age dans l'Europe mditerranenne. Paris: Hachette, 1979.




17


Vauchez A. La socit chrtienne et les Juif P. 711.




18


Cutler A.H., Cutler H.?. The Jew as Ally of the Muslim: Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.




19


Chevalier Y. L'antismitisme. Le Juif comme bouc missaire. Paris, 1988.




20


Langmuir G.I. History, religion and anti-Semitism. Berkeley, 1990; Idem. Toward a definition of antisemitism. Berkeley, 1990.




21


.: Parkes J. The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Anti-Semitism. Philadelphia, 1961; Williams A.L. Ad-versus Judaeos. Cambridge, 1935.




22


.: De Lange N.R. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire: Problems and Prospects // Christianity and Judaism / Ed. by D. Wood. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. P. 17.




23


.: Starr J. The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641-1204. Athens, 1939; Sharf A. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New-York, 1971; Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes, and Maghribians. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980; Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium, 12041453. Alabama, 1985; Kiilzer A. Disputationes graecae contra Iuda-eos. Untersuchungen zur byzantinishen antij?dischen Dialogliteratur und ihrem Judenbild. Stuttgart; Leipzig, 1999; Congourdeau M.-H. Le Juda?sme, coeur de l'identit Byzantine // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.1827; Ivanov S.A. L'attitude ? l'gard des Juifs ? Byzance tait-elle moins intolrante qu'en Occident? // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.2942.




24


  :     / . ..  //   . ; : , 2004 ( ,    ..   1881. ).




25


.: SharfA. Byzantine Jewry: from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New York, 1971.




26


Ibidem. . 14.




27


Ibidem. . 17.




28


.: Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957 Vol. III. Heirs of Rome and Persia. P.1522.




29


Ibidem. P. 23.




30


.: Dagron G., Droche V. Juifs et chrtiens dans l'Orient du VIF si?cle // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.746.




31


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 175.




32


Ibid. P.176177.




33


Sharf A. Byzantine Jews P. 67




34


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 179 (were tempted to cut the Gordian knot by putting a violent end to the Jewish communities of their Empire).




35


SharfA. Byzantine Jewry P.9192 (the general social position of the Jews had not changed).




36


De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 23 (a remarkable revival began, with considerable Jewish immigration and a renewal of cultural life. It would be wrong to over-emphasize the negative aspect of the treatment of the Jews by the Byzantine state. There was a positive side as well: the moments of persecution were exceptional, and in general the law offered the Jews, individually and communally its protection and a certain stability. Indeed, the Jews were generally treated no worse, and often better, than other non-Orthodox subjects).




37


SharfA. Byzantine Jewry P. 118 (the return of that peculiar relationship between Jews and non-Jews which marked-off Byzantine Jews from those living under western Christian regimes).




38


And yet the effect of all the legislation was undoubtedly to give tham the status and the consciousness of second-class citizens (De Lange ?. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 23).




39


.: Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism // The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1991. P. 122.




40


Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium




41


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes and Maghribians.




42


.: Ibidem. . 41 (The old discriminatory and segregationist laws, summarized in the codes of the earlier Middle Ages to be sure, still retained their formal force, although we have little evidence of their practical appication).




43


Bowman S.B. The lews of Byzantium P. 39 (The condition of the lew was constantly improving).  : In Byzantium proper, the economic position of Jews changed markedly for the better under the sponsirship of the imperial government; their influence perharps reached the high levels of government circles, and various officials were accused of succumbing to their power).




44


Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism P.122123.




45


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 43.




46


.: De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire P. 24 (It is clear that with the Latin conquest of 1204, Western attitudes to the Jews were introduced into Byzantium by Western Christians, and some of them survived the restoration of a Greek state, co-existing with older Greek attitudes).




47


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 41 (In the West-European lands  where the Jewish question was subject to much open debate; where churchman after churchman wrote diatribes adversus Judaeos; where Christian preachers often fulminated against their Jewish compatriots, particularly during the Easter period; where princes and city councilors heaped ordinance upon ordinance regulating the ever-shrinking areas of Jewish activity; and where the populace at large believed in the demonic nature of its Jewish neighbors and hurled against them accusation of ritual murder, desecration of the host, and poisoning of wells, if it did not indeed resort to violence, even massacres  there the Jewish problem evidently was an important, sometimes a burning issue. None of this is recorded in the declining Byzantine Empire).




48


.: Williams A.L. Adversus Judaeos; Judant D. Juda?sme et Christianisme. Dossier patristique. Paris, 1969; Schreckenberg H. Die christlichen Adversus-Iudeos-Texte und ihr literarisches und historisches Umfeld. Frankfurt; Bern; M?nchen, 1990 ( ); K?lzer ?. Disputationes graecae contra Iudaeos




49


Wilken R. L. John Chrysostom and the Jews. Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4


 Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.




50


Brandie R. Einleitung. . Die acht Reden gegen judaisierende Christen // Johannes Chrysostomus. Acht Reden gegen Juden / Eingeleitet und erl?utert von Rudolf Brandie. Uebersetzt von Verena Jegher-Buch-er. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1995 (= Bibliothek der Griechischen Literatur. Bd. 41). S. 3679.




51


Malingrey A.-M. La controverse antijuda?que dans l'oeuvre de Jean Chrysostome d'apr?s les discours adversus judaeos // De l'antijuda?sme antique ? l'antismitisme contemporain / Ed. par V. Nikiprowetzky. Lille, 1979. P.87104.




52


.: Droche V. La polmique anti-juda?que au VI


 et VII


 si?cle, un mmento indit, les Kphalaia // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.275311.




53


. : Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. III. P. 175.




54


.: Ibidem. P.178179.




55


Ibidem. P. 181.




56


.:  B.H.  -   //  ..       . , 1995. . 1.     . . 347




57


.: Bowman S.. The Jews of Byzantium P.2740 (The widespread toleration for Jews in the 14th century by the secular rulers of the Balkans, whether Byzantine, Bulgarian, or Ottoman can be seen through the spread of Jewish settlements and, as well, by the influence of Jews in the economic and religious spheres. The extent of this toleration ie further evidenced by the futile attempts of the various Orthodox churches to curb the settlements themselves or the spread of various Judaizing heresies. The Church, to be sure, was more concerned during this period by the potential threat of Roman Catholics, Armenians, and the continuing heresy of the Bobomils, rather than by Jews That this attitude toward Jews was partly due to the self-interest of the rulers is evident from the practices of Andronikos II and the marital relations of John Alexander. It may also, in part, have been due to the well-known toleration of Jews in the powerful neighboring Ottoman state (Ibidem. P. 40).




58


Ibidem. P. 36 (To it, the Jews were still dicides, as defined by church traditions).




59


Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews Vol. XVII. P. 42 (On the whole, the tenor of these writings lacks the heat and venom which often characterized the Western polemical literature in the Late Middle Ages; in trying to prove the superiority of Christianity over its mother faith even the Byzantine Jew-baiters do not depict the contemporary Jew as the demonic alien, as he often appears in the parallel Western letters of the period).




60


.: Congourdeau M.-H. Le juda?sme, coeur de l'identit Byzantine P.2627 (Cette proximit a-t-elle influenc la diffrence de traitement des Juifs par les chrtiens d'Orient et d'Occident? La prgnance de l'Ancien Testament a-t-elle courtcircuite la construction du Juif imaginaire de l'Occident medieval, qui n'a grand chose a voir ni avec le Juif reel ni avec le Juif exclusivement biblique de l'imaginaire byzantin? Ces questions restent ouvertes).




61


Dagron G. Juda?ser // Travaux et mmoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Paris, 1991. Vol. 11. P.359380 (Pour juda?ser, il suffit donc de lire l'Ancien Testament comme une histoire des Juifs, porteuse ? elle seule d'une signification, alors que cette histoire n'est inscrite dans le texte biblique que ngativement, comme le reflet anticip d'un divorce et d'une condamnation (P. 378)).




62


Ibidem. P.379380.




63


.    .




64


.: Epstein M. A. The Ottoman Jewish Communities and their Role in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1980; Shmuelevitz A. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire in the Late Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries. Administrative, Economic, Legal and Social Relations as Reflected in the Responsa. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984;  ..      . ; : , 1996.




65


 ..       . 17.




66


.: Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium P. 39  . 70.




67


.: Podskalsky G. Juifs et Chrtiens dans la littrature orthodoxe des Balkans (Moyen-Age  XVI


 si?cle) // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rite grec et latin. Moyen Age  XIX si?cle. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.115121.     ,   ,       ,       ,      (.: Galante A. Turcs et Juifs. Etude historique, politique. Stamboul, 1932. P. 17).   X.  ( ),     ,             XVII., ,   ,   (Thebes)      (.: Jacobson ?. Testimony from Salonica on an Unknown Blood Libel in Greece in the XVII'


 century // Then and Now: Annual Lectures on the Jews of Greece (19771983) / Ed. by Zvi Ankori. Tel-Aviv, 1984 (Hebrew) (.: Anti-Semitism. An annotated Bibliography. 1987 0185).         ,   ,  1633.  ,   ,    ,    .   ,          .               . -      (.: Galante A. Histoire des Juifs de Turquie. Istambul: Isis, s.a. T. 2. P.131132).  .  (Bornai J. Blood Libels in the Ottoman Empire of the Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries // Anti-Semitism Through the Ages / Ed. by S. Almog. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988. P.189194)   .




68


     .:  ..  -   .340357. . .      ,      (. 348). . :  .    .   - ,      XXVI. Oackland: Berkeley Slavic Specialities, 1995;  A.A.  :     //  :    . ., 1988. .174177;  A.A.  : Wort und Sachen //  . M., 1990. .6898;  A.A.         (      ). .:   , 1982. . 13;  A.A.        XVXVI.  . . . . ., 1982; Arkhipov A. On the Jewish Dimension of Old Russian Culture: The Jerusalem Temple Curtain in the Russian Primary Chronicle // Jews and Slavs. Jerusalem in Slavic Culture / Ed. by W. Moskovich, O. Luthar, S. Schwarzband. Jerusalem: Hebrew University; Ljubliana: Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1999. Vol. 6. P.217250;  A.A.        // Russian Linguistics. 1987 11. P.120;  A.A.     . ., 1990. . 13;  A.A.     // Jews and Slavs. Judaeo-Bulgarica, Judaeo-Russica et Palaeoslavica / Ed. by W. Moskovich, S. Nikolova. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Center for Slavic Languages and Literatures, 2005. P.195210;  . -    15  // Jews and Slavs / Ed. by W. Moskovich. Jerusalem; St. Petersburg, 1993. Vol. 1. P.4475; Alexeev A. Apocrypha translated from Hebrew within the East Slavic Explanatory Palaea // Jews and Slavs. Festschrift Professor Jacob Allerhand / Ed. by W. Moskovich. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Center for Slavic Languages and Literatures, 2001. Vol. 9. P.147155; Altbauer M. The Five Biblical Scrolls in a Sixteenth-Century Jewish Translation into Belorussian (Vilnius Codex 262). Jerusalem, 1992;  .  -     -  // Jews and Slavs. Festschrift Professor Jacob Allerhand / Ed. by W. Moskovich. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Center for Slavic Languages and Literatures, 2001. Vol. 9. P.125146;  ..   :    //  /  . .   . .; :  , 2005 (= Jews and Slavs. Vol. 16). .69100; Petrukhin V. Phe Decline and Legacy of Khazaria // Europe Around the Year 1000 / Ed. by P. Urbarkzyk. Warszawa, 2001. P.109122;  B.B.              //  /  . ..   . ; :  , 2005 (= Jews and Slavs. Vol. 16). .338345;  A.C.         XIXIII. // . 1994. 3. .3442; Chekin L.S. Phe Role of Jews in Early Russian Civilization in the Light of a New Discovery and New Controversies // Russian History. Vol. 9 (1990). 4. P.379394;   . -    (.: -swetoff-Morath A. A. Grin without a Cat. 'Adversus Iudeaos. Vol. 1: Pexts in the Literature of Medieval Russia. 988-1504. Vol. II: Jews and Christian in medieval Russia. Lund, 2002).




69


.:  B.H.   - -  .350357.




70


.:  ..       ,  . , 1924;  ..           . . 1.  ; . 2.  -, , -  .. , 1926-1927




71


.:  ..      :      // Jews and Slavs. 2000. Vol. 7. .264275.




72


.: Weinryb B.D. Phe Beginnings of East-European Jewry in Legend and Historiography // Studies and Essays in Honor of Abraham A. Newman / Ed. by M. Ben-Horin, B.D. Weinryb, S. Zeitlin. Leiden: Brill, 1962. P.445502.




73


.: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life and Anti-Jewish Sentiments in Medieval Russia // Viator. Vol. 4. (1973) P. 226  .




74


 .H.   - -  . 345.




75


.:  .,  . -  X  / . . .. ; . ., . . .. . .; , 2003 ( .     1997.). . :  .. -   X . ., 1932.




76


 A.C.         XIXIII. .3435.




77


.: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P. 227




78


 ..         XIXIII. . 40.




79


.: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P. 225 (these sources, as we might expect, testify to considerable anti-Jewish sentiments among the indigenous East Slavic population, thus revealing contemporary attitudes towards the small Jewish community in medieval Russian society; early manifestation of Slavic anti-Semitism [deliberately using the term here with its modern, that is, racist, implication, and not merely its connotation of religious intolerance]).




80


Ibidem. P. 254 (intolerance, envy and hatred).




81


.  ..      :   ..      :    //           .   /  . .. . .:   , 2004. .84103.




82


A comparison with contemporary Europe is revealing. The murderous frenzy of the Crusades never communicated itself to Kievan Rus'. There was no Russian equivalent to the Western European and Polish charge that the Jews poisoned wells and spread the plague Russia lacked the popular identification of the Jews with the Devil, which became a significant cultural phenomenon in the West. There were no Russian equivalents of the anti-Jewish stereotypes which appeared in the medieval miracle plays, or in Church art and architecture. Despite the recurrent Byzantinist theme of the opposition of the Old and New Testament, Russian churches did not carry the Western motifs of Ecclesia and Synagoga common in medieval cathedrals in the West (Klier J.D. Russia Gathers her Jews: the origins of the Jewish question in Russia. De Kalb, 1986. P. 24).




83


.: Pereswetoff-Morath A. A. Grin without a Cat Vol. 12; Pereswetoff-Morath A. Sag mig Jude!. Om judisk-kristna disputationer och andra antijudaistiska texter i rysk medeltidslitteratur (988-1600) // Svantevit. Dansk tidsskrift for Slavistik. 1998. Bd. 19. 2. P.524; Pereswetoff-Morath A. A Shadow of the Good Spell: On Jews and anti-Judaism in the World and Work of Kirill of Turov // Kirill of Turov Bishop, Preacher, Hymnographer / Ed. by I. Lunde. Bergen: University of Bergen Press, 2000 (= Slavica Bergensia, 2); Pereswetoff-Morath A. And Was Jerusalem Builded Here..? On the Textual History of the Slavonic Jerusalem Disputation // Scando-Slavica. Vol. 47 (2001). P.1938; Pereswetoff-Morath A. Whereby We Know that it is the Last Time. Musings on Anti-Messiahs and Antichrists in a Ruthenian Textual Community. Lund, 2006 (= Slavica Lundensia supplementa, 3).




84


.:  .     XVXVII. //  . 1915. . 7. .118,153172.




85


.:  ..    养:          . 1659. //  . 2005. 1. .198202;  . 3.     XVIIXVIII. (  ) //  : .   . ., 2003. .311325;  ..     XVII.:                   1672.,  5 /  //  . ., 2003. . 12. .912;  ..      :    .      1666. (  . ) /  //   . 2001. 6 (24). .349366;  .3.    :    1666  (  A.M. ) /  //  : .   . ., 2003. .326338;  ..         XVII. //  .  . 2005. 4. .2127;  ..     -       XVII. // .             . .: , 2009. .148152.




86


 .     XVXVII. .612.




87


 . .1516.




88


 . .18, 153 passim.




89


 . .157158.




90


 . . 161.




91


 . .162166.




92


 ,   ,      .. . .: Dmitriev M.V. Joseph de Volokolamsk tait-il antismite? // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.7798;  ..     -   XVI  //  . i         70-i. i; i, 2004. . 2.  186206.   : Dmitriev M. Dissidents russes. Feodosij Kosoj. Baden-Baden: Koerner-Verlag, 1998 (=Biblio-theca dissidentium. Rpertoire des non-conformistes religieux des seizi?me et dix-septi?me si?cles / Ed. par A. Sguenny. T. XIX). P.5372.




93


 .    ,   ,    VII / . ..   ..  //     XVI :   . :  , 1997. . 279.




94


 .     XVXVIII. .1213.     ,      ,       , ,          ,  ,            ( .   .         //  . 1913. 9. . 36).




95


 .     XVXVII. . 13. .  ,   ,          ,     .




96


 . . 16.




97


 . . 17.




98


.:  .            //  . 1915. . 7. . 175. . 1.




99


.: [Rosenthal H.] Russia // The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. X (1905). P.518561.




100


 .     . 155.




101


.:  . . 154.




102


.:  . . 158.




103


 . . 156. . 3.




104


.:  TA.       XVII :                 XVIXVIII ,   28  2004.      TA.         :  ..       XVII. (    ) //   ?      .   / . . .. . .:   , 2003. .132150;  ..         //     .. :   , 9-10  2006.: . .: -     (), 2006. .2536.




105


.:  .     . 172.




106


.:  K.M. Judaizantentum als Bezeichnung Westkirchlicher Eigenheiten im Russland des XVI. Jh. // Geschichte der Ost-und Westkirche in ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen. Acta Congressus historiae Slavicae Salisburgensis in memoriam SS. Cyrilli et Methodii anno 1963 celebrati / Ed. by F. Zagiba. Wiesbaden, 1967 (= Annales Instituti Slavici. Bd. 1/3). S. 150154; Oparina T.A. La polmique anti-juive en Russie au XVII


 si?cle // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.164182; ProyartJ. Limage du Juif dans l'oeuvre de l'archipr?tre Avvakum // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.183199; Kalugin V.V. Le Th?me juif dans l'Cuvre du prince Andrej Kurbskij // Les Chrtiens et les Juifs dans les socits de rites grec et latin. Approche comparative. Actes du colloque organis les 1415 juin 1999 ? la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) / Textes runis par M. Dmitriev, D. Tollet et E. Teiro. Paris: Honor Champion Editeur, 2003. P.101113; Dmitriev M.V. Joseph de Volokolamsk tait-il antismite? Dmitriev M.V. La perception et l'image du juda?sme en Russia Orientalis ? la fin du XV


-XVI


 si?cles (remarques prliminaires) // Les Eglises et le Talmud. Ce que les Chrtiens savaient du juda?sme (XVI


-XIX


 si?cles. Sous la dir. de D. Tollet. Paris: Presses de l'Universit Paris Sorbonne, 2006. P.1534;  ..     .    //     .        . ., 1999. . 3. .100114;  ..       -    XVI. //     -  .    / . . .. . .: , 2001. .5885; Serov . Les Juifs et le juda?sme dans les crits polmiques des Slaves orientaux de la Rzeczpospolita (seconde moiti du XVI


-XVII


 si?cle) //XVII


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 anne). Numro spcial: La fronti?re entre les chrtients grecque et latine au XVII


 si?cle. De la Lithuanie ? l'Ukraine subcarpathique. P.501514;  A.M.     // . 2008. 4. .3745;  A.M.           .  1648. //        . ., 2005, . 2. .101116.




107


The Muscovite popular culture totally ignored the Jews as subject matter. The energetic search of nineteenth century investigators failed to discover popular saying of songs in Russian which dealt with the Jews in either posotive or negative terms (Klier J. D. Russia gathers her Jews P. 30).   ,      .  ( .     //  . 1915. . 7. 1. .119120;  .     //  . 2. .228321)       ..  ( ..   . ., 1900. .12). ,        ,     ,    .           (.:  ..         //   .    80-  . . ., 1976. .6973).




108


 .   . . 35.




109


 .     . 167.




110


.: Birnbaum H. On Some Evidence of Jewish Life P.242244.




111


.:  .       - . // Jews and Slavs. Jewish-Polish and Jewish-Russian Contacts / Ed. by W. Moskovich, I. Fijatkowska-Janiak. Jerusalem: Hebrew University; Gdansk: Gdansk University 2003. Vol. 21. P.194201. Weinryb B.D. Phe Hebrew Chronicles on Bogdan Khmel'nyts'kyj and the Cossack-Polish War // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1977. Vol. 1. 2. P. 155.




112


Phis served to indetify the Jew with the Polish landlord whom he represented. Also, the Jewish leaseholders and tax-farmers could, and sometimes did, behave like the Polish landlords All this served to bring some Jews closer to the life-style and behavior patterns of the non-Jew and to develop feelings of superiority arrogance, and self-reliance among them (Weinryb B.D. Phe Hebrew Chronicles on Bogdan Khmel'nyts'kyj P.158159).




113


.: Sysyn F.E. The Jewish Factor in the Khmelnytsky Uprising // Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective / Ed. by P.J. Potichnyj and H. Aster. Edmonton: CIUS, 1988. P. 48.




114


.:  .H.       -    XVI  .5885; Serov B.N. Les Juifs et le juda?sme dans les crits polmiques des Slaves orientaux P.501514;  M.B.     -   .186206.




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 .  ,  ,  ,              . , 1669. ( 1672.     -.) . :  ..     . -   //     .        . ., 1999. . 3. . 100114;  A.M.     // . 2008. 4. .3745.




116


          -?            ,   ,          ;            ,         , ,  ,   ,    ,    ,       ,            ,         ,     .    ,         ,          .     ,   ,      ;     ,     ,    .       (      .. -. . .. . 840. . 124 .-125 ., 132  ..).




117


            //       (     1580.) / . .  //        . 1879. . 1. .122.




118


  ().           ,        //   . . 7. ., 1882 (=      . . 2). . 601938.




119


 ,         ,   ,    ,     .   (.. . .)         -  .         ( .    . 622623).




120


    ,      .  ,   , 1593. (        -.)




121


              ..   .. .




122


..          1560- .,          1980- . (.:  ..           60- . XVI. (       . .. -) //   -      -   .     IV   .. . ., 1986. .68;  ..             XVI. //  . 1989. 2. .1526).         . ,   ,  .  ,               .




123


       1595. ,      ,        ,      ;       ,        ,   ,    ,     . .    ,           ,     :   ,     (Documenta Unionis Berestensis eiusque auctorum (15901600) / Ed. A.G. Welykyj. Romae, 1970. 47. P.8687).




124


          ,  XV.,    ,     .        , , ,                 .




125


.:  ..     XVIXVII. ., 1903. .399400.




126


.:  . .401433.




127


 ..    . . 4-. ., 2002. . 369.




128


 . , 1908. 10. .2627.




129


.:  .. []    -   // Slavia. V. 2. 19261927. . 268.




130


 ..       XV   XVI. .; ., 1960. . 106.




131


.:  .        // lews and Slavs. lerusalem; St. Petersburg, 1995. Vol. IV P.927; Taube M. The Kievan Jew Zacharia and the Astronomical Works of the Judaizers // Jews and Slavs / Ed. by W. Moskovich et al. Jerusalem, 1995. Vol. 3. P.199223; Taube M. The Poem on the Soul in the Laodicean Epistle and the Literature of the Judaizers // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Vol. 19 (1995). P.671685;  M.         // In memorian.   .. . ., 1997 .239247




132


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133


.:  .        .239247




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 ..          // . T. XLVI. ., 1993. .6970.




135


 . . 68. . :  .        III //         XX  /  . .. . ., 2006. .118130.




136


 ..              XV   XVI. //   . ., 2003. . 9 (19). .188189.




137


 H.A.,  ..      XIV   XVI. .; ., 1955. .314315. (: .)




138


 . .314315.




139


 . . 383.




140


.:  . . 385.




141


    .:  A.M.  //  . ., 2009. . 20. .355360.




142


              -     ,       ( ..  //  . ., 1991. . XIII. . 725).




143


      .:  ..   . .89135.       .:  ..     (     XIVXV.). ., 1998. .203224.




144


.:    . 1884. . 41. . 8, 50.




145


.:  . . 41, 71, 77, 114, 309. .    ..  (. .109110).




146


.:  CA.         //  1902. . 3. . . . 1.


