.       (1880-1930)
 


   / Contemporary Western Rusistika
 .                ,        .           ,       .

  PDF A4    .





 

.       (18801930)


  



Sharon A. Kowalsky

Deviant Women

Female Crime and Criminology in Revolutionary Russia, 18801930



Northern Il linois University Press

2009



    








 Sharon . Kowalsky, text, 2009

 Northern Illinois University Press, 2009

 . . ,   , 2021

 Academic Studies Press, 2021

   .  , 2021







           ,   ,             .       (UCIS)     - (UNC),       (IREX),      ,       (NSEP)                  (ACIE/ACTR)       .           (    )    ,      .  ,    ,       ,      (SCSS)      (AAASS),            (. )           (2001),          .

    ,   ,    .         :   ,      ,     ,       .  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  . ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,             ,     .   ,       , -, ,               .        ,     -    &        .     ,               ,    .              .  ,         ,  ,           . , ,              ,       ,   ,  ,     ,     ,      ,        ,     ,   ,   .       .



     .    ,    3  5,         ? ,          (Whos Responsible for Female Crime? Gender, Deviance, and the Development of Soviet Social Norms in Revolutionary Russia // The Russian Review. Vol. 62. 3. July 2003. P.366386).     5         :        (Making Sense of the Murdering Mother: Soviet Criminologists and Infanticide in Revolutionary Russia // Killing Infants: Studies in the Worldwide Practice of Infanticide I Ed. by Brigitte Bechtold, Donna Cooper Graves. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006. P.167194).           .

      , ,   .








1-  1923. 7    ., 24 ,   ,   .   . .      ,       (1924)    ,        . .           .  : 1916           .   ,   .   ,     ,  1919-     ,      .        1922 ,       1923-;    -     ,      .                     ,   .       , ,    ,    .   ,        ,           .         ,               .       .  ,     ,      ,          . :   ,    ,   ,  ,    [1 - [ 1924: 8283].  ,          .        .        ,   .].

       ,    ,           , ,  , ,   ,       [ 1924: 84].    ,            ,              [ 1924: 83].       . . ,            (1927):            [ 1927:14].   ,  ,      ,            .  ,  ,         ,      ,    .      ,   ,      ,     ,      .       10  1924     ,     , ,       ,         [2 -  . . 27.  [Naiman 1997]   ,  ,        ,      (  ),         .].

 1920-          .              -,             .        ,        :      ,      (    )        - ,       .        -     ,        .         ,   ,     ,    ,    .         ,          .        - ,       ,    [3 -   ,      .     -  -    . . [Bonnell 1991; Bonnell 1993].].      ,      ,        .       ,     ,    ,                .

            .    ,       ,    ,    .    ,       .     ,    ,    ,        ,             [4 -           ,        ,    ,          . .,  , [Alexopoulos 2003; Fitzpatrick 2005; Halfin 2000; Hellbeck 2006; Kiaer, Naiman 2006].].  ,   ,         ,       .

  ,       ,   .    ,    ,    1918    ,            ,          :       ,       ,    ,   ,       ,            ,     .             ,       ,        ,        ,       ,              , ,   .  ,   ,     ,      ,     [5 -  ,        . [Bernstein 2007; Carleton 2005; Fitzpatrick 1978; Healey 2001; Naiman 2008].].                 1926 .       ,        ,         ,    ,   ,   ,   [6 - . [Goldman 1993].  ,        , .,  , [Engel 2004; Hoffman 2000; Northrop 2002; Ransel 1978; Waters 1992].].

  1920-             ,  ,        ,        ,   [7 - ,            .      1926 ,   ,           ,    . . [Ball 1994]. .   : ,     ,       ,     ,         ,  ,                 [Wood 1997: 124].].     ,       (    1920- )             ,   ,        .       1936       ,          ;     ,    . ,     ,     ,       ,        ,    [8 - . [Buckley 1989; Evans 1981; Goldman 1993; Hoffmann 2003].].   1930-                ,       .            ,        ,          ,  ,      ,  [9 - . [Goldman 1993: 341343].].      ,    ,    ,       (      ,     ),   ,           [10 -   . ,          . . [Clark 1995].].

             ,          .          :        ,         .             ,      ,    .                 [11 - . [Fitzpatrick 1978]. .  [Fitzpatrick 1992].].  ,       ,     ,        .     . ,   1946    ,      컠    ,         180    1930-.  ,            ,         .         .               ,  ,        . ,           ,   ,  :   .          ,   [12 - .             .  :           ,  ,    ,     , ,       . <>               [Hoffman 2003: 34]. .  [Kotkin 1995; Holquist 1997].      : [Timasheff 1946].].

            . . -, ,          ,     ,     .                     [13 - [David-Fox 1999: 193].    -      ,   .   [Fitzpatrick 1978].  ,   .   . ,       ,        . . [Clark 1995; Joravsky 1978]. ,   ,           .         .  ,            (19141921)      . . [Fitzpatrick 1985; Holquist 2002; Koenker, Rosenberg, Suny 1989; Raleigh 2002; Transchel 2006].].      ,            ,      ,       .

        1930-        ,                  .                    .        ,              ,     ,           .     ,  ,                  ,          ,      ,      .

            .                     XIX ,             .           ,     ,          [14 -   ,          , . [Heinzen 2004; Finkel 2003; Miller 1998; Nelson 2004].     . [Shelley 1977; Shelley 1979; Solomon 1978;  1991; ,  1991].].              , , , ,  (,   )                 .         ,           ,        . ,    ,    ,       .        ,     ,       .                ,           ,    ,        .      ,              .           ,              .

    ,      .    ,    1920- ,      ,    ,          .          , ,   ,      ,                .     ,     ,  ,          ,        [15 - .  ,    , ,           .    ,        ,          . . [Wood 1997; Attwood 1999; Clements 1985].].

  ,                ,                 [16 - ,   ,   , . .  ,         ,           . . [Roberts 1994].].       ,    ,         , ,       ,           ,               .  ,  ,             ,       ,    ,            .

        ,          .   ,       . ,  ,    ,      ,          (   )  .       ,    ,      -     ,   .        ,     ,         ,        1920-     .   ,         ,        .      ,           ,    .     ,                .

        :  ,           .   ,       ,        ,         . ,  ,          ,    :          ,  ,  ,     .

             ,                .       ,      ,      ,         , ,       .   ,                ,        ,    ,  ,        , ,  .               ,     , ,   -                    , ,     .        ,                                .




    


        ,               .      ,      ,        .    ,          ,     ,   ,   ,      .                   ,        ,       ,         .

          .  XIX         .  1830-       ,      1864 ,         .       ,       ,      :        .         ,    ,    XX       .       ,              [17 - . [Geifman 1993; Wortman 1976].].     ,  .       ,         .

                      .    ,     ,     1918 ,         [18 -    .,  , [Brovkin 1994; Holquist 2002].].    1921                . ,                 ,      ,               19141921 .     ,          .      ,        , ,      ,     ,     .   ,     ,          ,  [19 -   .,  , [Ball 1987; Brovkin 1998; Fitzpartick, Rabinowitch, Stites 1991; Pethybridge 1990].].

        ,  ,                   .     ,        1917 ,    ,      .   , ,   ,             ,      .  ,                    .              ,      [20 -        .,  , [Brooks 2000; Gleason, Kenez, Stites 1985; Kenez 1982; Maliy 1990; Nelson 1990; Stites 1991; von Geldern 1993].].

         .    ,        .    ,     ,        .       ;        ,       , , ,  ,   ,     .  -    ,               ,        ,     :         [21 -         . [Beirne, Hunt 1994; Sharlet 1978; Solomon 1996].].      ,       -  -  .  ,           :      (    )  ,      [22 -         . [Solomon 1996: 1727].].

   ,   1922-    1926 ,             .    ,     ,  ,     ,               .         1903 ;          .           ,  -            ,      .  ,     :       ,       ,    ,   [23 - Ibid. .2733. .  [,  1981: 140150].  ,       1920- ,     1903 ,         (1922  1926 ).].           ,         ,   ,        ,   ,    ,         [24 - ,  . .  ,    - ,          ,  -  . . [ 1927: 630631]. .  [ 1926: 6; Krylenko 1927].  ,       ,    ,    ,             <>          <>              [Krylenko 1927: 180].].          ,       , ,    ,      ,      .

 ,     ,           . ,    XIX       ,     ,          .    ,        ,    ,      .                , -   .  ,     ;    ,      



      ,    ,     .          , ,   [ 1921: 16].


         ,       (             ),  ,   ,       ,       ,      [25 -            ,  ,         ,     .                 .   -          1920-       ([Wimberg 1996]). .  [Adams 1996; Solomon 1980].].

 ,             ,         ,          .    ()        , ,   ,              [26 -     . [Lewin 1985; Frank 1987; Frierson 1987].       . [Zelich 1931: 328].]. ,            ,     ,           . ,        ,   ,               .      ,    ,     ,        ,      .    ,    - ,            ,                   ,      ,         .

  1920-       .     1924      ,         ,  .                           .              ,    .            ,     ,    ,     .           ,  ,     ,                     [Fitzpatrick 1979].         ,    ,     ,           .    , ,                   ,   ,  ,       ,    .




   


       ,       ,                            .    , ,    ,       ,      [27 - ,     ,           . . . [Muir, Ruggiero 1994; Davis 1983; Ginzburg 1982; Maza 1993].].              ,       ,     ,    .

           ,                 .   XIX   XX        ,     ,        ,   .  ,     ,  ,  ,                 . -    ,           .   -     ,         .  ,                ,       ,       [28 - . [Feinman 1986: 34].      : [Klein 1994; Naffine 1996; Messerschmidt 1986; Simon 1981; Smart 1977]. .  [Walkowitz 1992; Shapiro 1996].].            ,      .                   ,          .

             .      ,      1917 ,    1918   ,              .      ,               .  ,         ,        ,           .          ,               .            ,       ,      .   ,  1920-  1930-      , ,  , , ,                [29 -         . [Clements, Engel, Worobec 1991; Goldman 2002; Massell 1974; Pushkareva 1997;  2002; Stites 1990; Wood 1997].         [Bonnell 1997].].

         ,        ,           .    -  ,             .  ,         .  ,         ,      .   ,      ,     ,     ,  ,       ,      .             :   ,      ,        .         ;     ,                    ,    -,    ,          .

   ,            ,              .      ,  ,   ,   ,  1920- ,          [30 -      . [Frank 1999; Frierson 1987; Sutton 1984].  ,    1920- , [Naiman 1990;  1999; ,  2003;  2001].          : [ 1992; Frank 1996; Shelley 1982;  1998].].  ,       ,        ,    .             ,     1920- [31 - [Shelley 1982].  ,     ,     ,          .].   , ,                .




 


                :        .  I         .   1             ,               .   2         ,      ,  ,   ,       ,       .

  II                   .  3     ,          .         ,            ,        ,      ,      ,  , ,    ,         .   4     ,       ,      . ,      ,  黠 ,        ,  

   .   5           ,     .         ,       -, -.  ,    ,        ,   ,         ,           ,      .

              ,    ,    .      ,           ,      ,            .    ,            .  ,            .         (),   1918       . . ,           [32 -                     . [Mespoulet 2001;  1952; Pinnow 1998].].     ,    ,          .       ,        ,     . ,               .        ,     .  ,     ,      ,           .

    ,       ,         ,       .   -  ,        ,            .  ,     ,        .     -     . ,   ,      .    ,       ,      ,           .  ,       ,    ,                ,     ,               .  ,  ,        ,           .     -,           ,   ,    -[33 -   ,           . . ,  . . ,  . . ,  . . ,  . . , . , . .   . . .        ,         ,         ,   .     ,  -        -,   -,    .  [ 1929].             - , ,         ,           .     ,   ,     , .             , ,       -   -.].        .                          ,      ,      .    ,      ,       ,     [34 - .              . . [Bernstein 2007: 16].].  ,    ,     ,       ,       ,   ,   .           ,    .       ,                .

,             ,   .              ,          (, )       . -    ,  ,   ,       ,       ,   ,    .  ,          ,       .         ,                  ;      ,              ,    .

   ,    ,        .   ,           , , ,        ,      -    .   ,        :              .  ,   ,  ,     ,      .   ,          ,       ,             .  ,       ,    ,     ,    .     1920-   ,        .                 ,      . ,            ,          ,          ,        .




 

 





 

,    

   



        XIX                          ,       .       ,  ,         .          1820-,     1864          (  1873 )          .                                XIX         1905 .     ,  , ,   ,   ,      ,         [35 -      컠     ,    1873  1915 .   , ,        1827 ,   ,    ,    1830-. .  [Wetzell 2000: 21].      . [Kazantsev 1997;  1987; Wortman 1976].      ,   ,        ,        XIX . ., ., [Johnson 1995; Jones 1971; Walkowitz 1992].].      ,      - .           ,        ,       [36 - . [Adams .  1996; Schrader 2002].].     XIX    ,                ,    ,      [37 -           ,      ,     ,     ,      :          . . [Kotkin 1995; Hoffman 2003; Holquist 2002].     .  [Beer 2008; Bialkowski 2007].].

  XIX       [38 - ., ., [Beirne 1993; Bierne 1994; Galassi 2004; Jones 1986; Mannheim 1960; Nye 1976; Pelfrey 1980; Radzinowicz 1966; Schafer 1969; Soman 1980; Tierney 1996; Wetzell 2000].].          1764   Dei delitti  delle  (   )   ,   [Jones D. A. 1986: 56][39 -          . . . [Phillipson 1923; Mannheim 1960; Beirne 1995].].            .  ,     ancient regime      ,  ,           .       ,      .   XIX           ,           [Radzinowicz 1966: 7-14][40 -       ,       XIX . ,                   ,    .].

   XIX         .    -,     -   [41 -    ,           .     ,      ,        .  ,               .],           ,            .      ,                         .  ,     ,      ,          , ,    ,     ,       .       ,  - ,    ,     :    ,  ,        .  ,           (18581917)    (18431904),       ,     [Radzinowicz 1966: 30, 7174, 8389; Jones D. . 1986: 9-10; Beirne 1993: 147; Horn 2003: 9-10][42 -           ,            (    )            .  ,     . [Hawthorn 1987].].

     ,         ,                   [Jones D. . 1986: 4]. ,  -            ,        ,                    ,        .               :                 ,       ,    -.

     -,             .   ,   XX  - ,             ,      ,     .       ,   -      .  ,          ,  -    ,            .          ,              . ,      XIX          .

                       ,             .  ,        XIX       ,    -          .  ,       ,  ,         ;    ,           .           ,  ,    ,      (     )    .          ,       ,             .




- 


  (18351909),          XIX ,       .       ,             .       ,    ,            [43 -    ,    .  (17241804).     .  (17981857)      (.  32 ). . [Wolfgang 1961: 363].             .   .  [Wolfgang 1961; Gibson 2002; Horn 2003; Pick 1989; Rennie 1978: 6778].].         ,      1876 .     ,    -,        .      ,      껠 ,  ,    ,  ,      ,      ,     .    ,             [Horn 1995:112][44 -   ,         ,     (, 1876)           .      -  1911    ,     .  1887      ,  18871890    .   ,           .  ,  1889    :  . .   [   -  ]  . -,      .].   ,       ,     ,      ,  ,            [45 - [Wolfgang 1961: 369370].                  .   ,       ,      .].         ,  ,    , ,            .          , -    ,         :     ,   .

           .         ,  ,    .       (   ,   , ,    ,     )        [46 -         ,    ,            .        ,       (    ),   ,     ,         [Gibson 2020: 20,25].                 XIX . ., ., [Beer 2008; Chamberlain, Gilman 1985; Drinka 1984; Harris 1989; Pick 1989].]. ,  ,     ,         ,      .     ,        ,  ,       .         , ,    .

      ,     :   , -,  , , ,  .         ;       ,           .            ,          [47 - [Wolfgang 1961: 371; Jones D. . 1986: 84; Radzinowicz 1966: 4950]. .  [Gibson 1982: 158].].

     XIX        ,      .                ,           [48 -         . [Graham 1993].].              ,        [49 -      :  ,     (18831899)   . .    ,     (   ,    , 19041919)   . . . , ,             ,       1885  1906 . . [Engelstein 1988: 133].]. , . . , ,         ,   , 



 -      -  .       ,             , ,  ,    .   ,   ,     [ 1913: 11].?


    ,        ,  ,                  . , , ,                 . ,  ,



            ,    ,     ,     ,      ,    [ 1913: 1213].


   ,        , , , ,    ,    .         ,    ,             .              ,     ,   ,        XX [50 -       XX  . [Geifman 1993].].

            . , . .  (18481910),    ,        .               ,  . . ,    .         -,     -  .  :           ,       [ 1902: 497].  ,     



           ;   ,     ,     <>   ,       [ 1902: 498].


       ,  ,                .  ,                 [ 1902: 498][51 -        ,       ,         .           . [Engelstein 1988: 137152].]. ,  ,              .       ,             ,      ,        ,    .         ,         .

              . , . .  (18461910),    , ,     ,            .  ,     ,       -         .       :            -,       [52 -         . . [ 18841888].        ,  ,           ,   .        . [ 1997: 105;  1960: 286;  18901904].      . [Beer 2008: 104108, , 115121]. .  [Bialkowski 2007: 193245].]




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1


[ 1924: 8283].  ,          .        .        ,   .




2


 . . 27.  [Naiman 1997]   ,  ,        ,      (  ),         .




3


  ,      .     -  -    . . [Bonnell 1991; Bonnell 1993].




4


          ,        ,    ,          . .,  , [Alexopoulos 2003; Fitzpatrick 2005; Halfin 2000; Hellbeck 2006; Kiaer, Naiman 2006].




5


 ,        . [Bernstein 2007; Carleton 2005; Fitzpatrick 1978; Healey 2001; Naiman 2008].




6


. [Goldman 1993].  ,        , .,  , [Engel 2004; Hoffman 2000; Northrop 2002; Ransel 1978; Waters 1992].




7


,            .      1926 ,   ,           ,    . . [Ball 1994]. .   : ,     ,       ,     ,         ,  ,                 [Wood 1997: 124].




8


. [Buckley 1989; Evans 1981; Goldman 1993; Hoffmann 2003].




9


. [Goldman 1993: 341343].




10


  . ,          . . [Clark 1995].




11


. [Fitzpatrick 1978]. .  [Fitzpatrick 1992].




12


.             .  :           ,  ,    ,     , ,       . <>               [Hoffman 2003: 34]. .  [Kotkin 1995; Holquist 1997].      : [Timasheff 1946].




13


[David-Fox 1999: 193].    -      ,   .   [Fitzpatrick 1978].  ,   .   . ,       ,        . . [Clark 1995; Joravsky 1978]. ,   ,           .         .  ,            (19141921)      . . [Fitzpatrick 1985; Holquist 2002; Koenker, Rosenberg, Suny 1989; Raleigh 2002; Transchel 2006].




14


  ,          , . [Heinzen 2004; Finkel 2003; Miller 1998; Nelson 2004].     . [Shelley 1977; Shelley 1979; Solomon 1978;  1991; ,  1991].




15


.  ,    , ,           .    ,        ,          . . [Wood 1997; Attwood 1999; Clements 1985].




16


,   ,   , . .  ,         ,           . . [Roberts 1994].




17


. [Geifman 1993; Wortman 1976].




18


   .,  , [Brovkin 1994; Holquist 2002].




19


  .,  , [Ball 1987; Brovkin 1998; Fitzpartick, Rabinowitch, Stites 1991; Pethybridge 1990].




20


       .,  , [Brooks 2000; Gleason, Kenez, Stites 1985; Kenez 1982; Maliy 1990; Nelson 1990; Stites 1991; von Geldern 1993].




21


        . [Beirne, Hunt 1994; Sharlet 1978; Solomon 1996].




22


        . [Solomon 1996: 1727].




23


Ibid. .2733. .  [,  1981: 140150].  ,       1920- ,     1903 ,         (1922  1926 ).




24


,  . .  ,    - ,          ,  -  . . [ 1927: 630631]. .  [ 1926: 6; Krylenko 1927].  ,       ,    ,    ,             <>          <>              [Krylenko 1927: 180].




25


           ,  ,         ,     .                 .   -          1920-       ([Wimberg 1996]). .  [Adams 1996; Solomon 1980].




26


    . [Lewin 1985; Frank 1987; Frierson 1987].

       . [Zelich 1931: 328].




27


,     ,           . . . [Muir, Ruggiero 1994; Davis 1983; Ginzburg 1982; Maza 1993].




28


. [Feinman 1986: 34].      : [Klein 1994; Naffine 1996; Messerschmidt 1986; Simon 1981; Smart 1977]. .  [Walkowitz 1992; Shapiro 1996].




29


        . [Clements, Engel, Worobec 1991; Goldman 2002; Massell 1974; Pushkareva 1997;  2002; Stites 1990; Wood 1997].         [Bonnell 1997].




30


     . [Frank 1999; Frierson 1987; Sutton 1984].

  ,    1920- , [Naiman 1990;  1999; ,  2003;  2001].          : [ 1992; Frank 1996; Shelley 1982;  1998].




31


[Shelley 1982].  ,     ,     ,          .




32


                    . [Mespoulet 2001;  1952; Pinnow 1998].




33


  ,           . . ,  . . ,  . . ,  . . ,  . . , . , . .   . . .        ,         ,         ,   .     ,  -        -,   -,    .  [ 1929].             - , ,         ,           .     ,   ,     , .             , ,       -   -.




34


.              . . [Bernstein 2007: 16].




35


     컠     ,    1873  1915 .   , ,        1827 ,   ,    ,    1830-. .  [Wetzell 2000: 21].      . [Kazantsev 1997;  1987; Wortman 1976].      ,   ,        ,        XIX . ., ., [Johnson 1995; Jones 1971; Walkowitz 1992].




36


. [Adams .  1996; Schrader 2002].




37


          ,      ,     ,     ,      :          . . [Kotkin 1995; Hoffman 2003; Holquist 2002].     .  [Beer 2008; Bialkowski 2007].




38


., ., [Beirne 1993; Bierne 1994; Galassi 2004; Jones 1986; Mannheim 1960; Nye 1976; Pelfrey 1980; Radzinowicz 1966; Schafer 1969; Soman 1980; Tierney 1996; Wetzell 2000].




39


         . . . [Phillipson 1923; Mannheim 1960; Beirne 1995].




40


      ,       XIX . ,                   ,    .




41


   ,           .     ,      ,        .  ,               .




42


          ,            (    )            .  ,     . [Hawthorn 1987].




43


   ,    .  (17241804).     .  (17981857)      (.  32 ). . [Wolfgang 1961: 363].             .   .  [Wolfgang 1961; Gibson 2002; Horn 2003; Pick 1989; Rennie 1978: 6778].




44


  ,         ,     (, 1876)           .      -  1911    ,     .  1887      ,  18871890    .   ,           .  ,  1889    :  . .   [   -  ]  . -,      .




45


[Wolfgang 1961: 369370].                  .   ,       ,      .




46


        ,    ,            .        ,       (    ),   ,     ,         [Gibson 2020: 20,25].                 XIX . ., ., [Beer 2008; Chamberlain, Gilman 1985; Drinka 1984; Harris 1989; Pick 1989].




47


[Wolfgang 1961: 371; Jones D. . 1986: 84; Radzinowicz 1966: 4950]. .  [Gibson 1982: 158].




48


        . [Graham 1993].




49


     :  ,     (18831899)   . .    ,     (   ,    , 19041919)   . . . , ,             ,       1885  1906 . . [Engelstein 1988: 133].




50


      XX  . [Geifman 1993].




51


       ,       ,         .           . [Engelstein 1988: 137152].




52


        . . [ 18841888].        ,  ,           ,   .        . [ 1997: 105;  1960: 286;  18901904].      . [Beer 2008: 104108, , 115121]. .  [Bialkowski 2007: 193245].


