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   ,   ,   ,         :     [ ] ,     .     ,       ,   [6 - Peter Birks, ed., 'Introduction', The Classification of Obligations (Oxford, Clarendon, 1997), p. v.     ,             : 'Pothier from A to Z', in Mlanges Jean Pineau, Beno?t Moore, ed. (Montreal, ditions Thmis, 2003).].             ,          .

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  ,            .    ,     . ,  ,      ,   ,      .   ,    ,     :  ,         ,  ,    ,  .       (   ) , , , , , , ,   [10 - David Diringer, Reinhold Regensburger, The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (rev. edn, London, Hutchinson, 1968), vol. l, p. 1.]. (,    ,    ,      ,     .)    -    !             ,    ,                 :   ⠖  ,    ,      .

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             .  ,      ;    ;       ;     ;        ;      ,      ,       ;         ,      ;           .  ,       ,   :  ,     ,             .  ,          ,     ,         [12 -   ,        ,    ,  : Mike Esbester, 'Nineteenth-century Timetables and the History of Reading', Book History, vol. 12, 2009, p. 15960.].            ,     .       .    ,        ,     , , , ,      ;   蠖    ,   ,     ,   .

            ,            .         ,        .        arkheion,    , ,      ,     ,    .    ,           (. 2),  (arca),  (archivum),   oe  (arcanum)    [13 - Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J.A Beach, Oliver Berghof, Muriel Hall, eds. and trs., The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 401.].  ()   (,    )    ,  ,     ࠖ        堖  ,   ,    ,   ,         . ,         ,   ,     ,        ,    . 蠖        ,        ,   [14 - Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 43.].

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     :   ,   VI.  ..         -  ,    ,  ,    .        II.  .. ,   ࠖ ,      [33 - James A. Bellamy, 'The Arabic Alphabet', in Senner, The Origins of Writing, p. 946.].

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-          .   (IX.  ..)    ,    ,      ,   ,     :    ,       .          ( )    젖           .   (I.  ..)       , -,   ,       [39 - . : O'Connor, 'Alphabet as Technology', in Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, p. 2912.   .:: A. R. Millard, 'Alphabetical Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud', Iraq, vol. 24, no. 1, 1962, p. 41, 50.  ,      , .:A?cha ben Abed ben Khader and David Soren, Carthage: A Mosaic of Ancient Tunisia (NewYork, W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 33;     .:Philip C. Hammond, David J. Johnson, Richard N. Jones, 'A Religio-Legal Nabataean Inscription from the Atargatis/Al-'Uzza Temple at Petra', Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 263, 1986, p. 77.].  ,     ,       .    ( A     B),   ,   ,    A,     ,   ,    ,   .   , ,     .

            .    650.  ..        : ,    ,   ,         [40 - Martin, The History and Power of Writing, p. 47.].  ,      .     ,       ,         .       ( II),  VIIIVII.  ..:     1186  ,  頖  ,   .  ( )    .            ,    ()[41 - Lloyd W. Daly, Contributions to a History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Brussels, Latomus, 1967), p. 1115.].  VI.  .. (,    )    ,   ,       .

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        ,   IV.  ..    ,  ,    .    ,       ,           ,   .    ,     ,            ,     ,                  .    ,       ,   ,     ,    ,      :  ⠖ ,   323.  ..     30.  ..,             堖     [43 - Aristotle's Constitutions: Daly, Contributions, p. 1617; Politics: John J. Keaney, 'The Alleged Alphabetization of Aristotle's Politeia', Classical Philology, vol. 64, n. 4, p. 21318; , ,            .].

  IV  III.  ..       ,      .         ,       ,     ,      ,    .                ,  ,     ,    ,      [44 - Myrto Hatzimichali, 'Encyclopaedism in the Alexandrian Library', in Jason K?nig and Greg Woolf, eds., Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 76.]. ,  ,     ,   ,          II  (308/9246.  ..) ,     .     ,   ,       ,      .       ,       .      ,  ,    285.  ..     ( )  ,    .

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,               ,  ,  ,   ,        .     蠖 .    ,    ,   ,       .  ,   ,    .  ,   ,   ,   ;   ,   ,   .     ,    ,      [47 - Hatzimichali, 'Encyclopaedism', in K?nig and Woolf, Encyclopaedism from Antiquity, p. 767.].

         ,    ,  ,         ,    ,      ;  ,      ,    ,      ,         .       ,    [48 -  ,   ,    III.  ..  VII. ..,        XIX.   150  -   .            ,    蠖 ,     ;         .    , , , ,    .].  ,          ,       .  ,     ,     ;       II.  ..     ,      ࠖ     .           ,       [49 - Daly, Contributions, p. 23, 40.].

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    ,          .    ,   ,    堖      ⠖  ,       ( ,       ): ,             ,      ,            .   ᠖ ,  ࠖ     . ,       ,    ,    [52 - Daly, Contributions, p. 2021; Blum, Kallimachos, p. 185.].

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notes








1


. . .   . . .




2


. : Wayne M. Senner, ed., The Origins of Writing (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 12.




3


   : Mary A. Rouse & Richard H. Rouse, 'History of Alphabetization', Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Joseph. R. Strayer, ed. (NewYork, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1982), vol. 1, p. 205.




4


       (   ): Fran?ois Grud, Sieur de La Croix du Maine, Biblioth?que du sieur de La Croix du Maine, qui est un Catalogue gnral de toutes sortes d'auteurs qui ont escrit en fran?ais (1584).      : Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and the Eighteenth Centuries, trs. Lydia G. Cochrane (Cambridge, Polity, 1994), p. 77. (  :  .     / . . . . . . .:  -, 2006).




5


Edward Tenner, 'From Slip to Chip: How Evolving Techniques of Information-gathering and Retrieval Have Shaped the Way We do Mental Work', Harvard Magazine, November December 1990, p. 54.          .




6


Peter Birks, ed., 'Introduction', The Classification of Obligations (Oxford, Clarendon, 1997), p. v.     ,             : 'Pothier from A to Z', in Mlanges Jean Pineau, Beno?t Moore, ed. (Montreal, ditions Thmis, 2003).




7


Jorge Luis Borges, 'The Analytical Language of John Wilkins', Other Inquisitions, 19371952, trs. Ruth L. C. Simms (London, Souvenir, 1973), p. 104, 103.    1668.,    : An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (Scolar, 1968).




8


       ,    (#litres_trial_promo)    .     ,    .




9


        abcd,        . Oxford English Dictionary          ,   ,     .




10


David Diringer, Reinhold Regensburger, The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (rev. edn, London, Hutchinson, 1968), vol. l, p. 1.




11


     : Patricia Wright, 'The Need for Some Theories of NOT Reading: Some Psychological Aspects of the Human Computer Interface' in Ben lsendoorn, Herman Bouma, eds., Working Models of Human Perception (London, Academic Press, 1989), . 32021.        ,         ;    -;   ,      ;    ,     . .: Ann Blair, 'Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload, ca.15501700', Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 64, no. 1, 2003, p. 13.




12


  ,        ,    ,  : Mike Esbester, 'Nineteenth-century Timetables and the History of Reading', Book History, vol. 12, 2009, p. 15960.




13


Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J.A Beach, Oliver Berghof, Muriel Hall, eds. and trs., The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 401.




14


Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 43.




15


Diringer and Regensburger, The Alphabet, vol. 1, p. 511.




16


  : Don G. Bouwhuis, 'Reading as Goal-Driven Behaviour', in Elsendoorn and Bouma, Working Models of Human Perception, p. 3445




17


  




18


  : Diringer and Regensburger, The Alphabet, vol. 1, p. 1820; Piotr Michalowski, 'Mesopotamian Cuneiform' Jerrold S. Cooper, 'Sumerian and Akkadian', in Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems (NewYork, Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 336, 3757.




19


- .      ,   deer ()      dear (),       . . .




20


   




21


-




22


Tom McArthur, Worlds of Reference: Lexicography, Learning and Language, from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 212.




23


       : Robert K. Ritner, 'Egyptian Writing',  Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, p. 7384; Anne-Marie Christin, ed., A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia, trs. Josephine Bacon, Deke Dusinbere and Ian McMorran ([Paris], Flammarion, 2002), . 45  ; Henry George Fischer, 'The Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs', in Senner, The Origins of Writing., p. 5976.




24


   ,         ,  ,  ,      2000.  ..,         ,    ,    ,                 .  ,       -    ,       ,   ,           .




25


Peter T. Daniels, 'Grammatology', in Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. p. 12.    /,    .      ( ).  -   ,   ,       .                      .




26


William G. Bolts, 'Early Chinese Writing',  Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, . 1914.




27


Floyd G. Lounsbury, 'The Ancient Writing of Middle America', in Senner, The Origins of Writing, p. 203  .




28


Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, trs. Lydia G. Cochrane (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 37.




29


  : Walter Ong, The Presence of the Word: Some Prolegomena for Cultural and Religious History (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967), p. 423.




30


      -   : John Coleman Darnell, F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, Marilyn J. Lundberg, P. Kyle McCarter and Bruce Zuckerman, 'Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-H?l: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt', Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 59, 2005, p. 63124; .: Andr Lemaire, 'The Origin of the Western Semitic Alphabet and Scripts', in Christin, A History of Writing, p. 20315.




31


   ,   ; , , , , , , , , , ,   .  , ,   VIII.  ..,      , ,    VI.  ..;  , ,    VIIV.  ..




32


  ,        ,  : Frank Moore Cross, 'The Invention and Development of the Alphabet', in Senner, The Origins of Writing, p. 77, 86.




33


James A. Bellamy, 'The Arabic Alphabet', in Senner, The Origins of Writing, p. 946.




34


,           .    , o mikron,   ,        , o mega  ;  , e psilon ( ), ,      ?ta, ,     (^),  ,  .      Y   [-],   i,      W  -   ,        U.




35


Diringer and Regensburger, The Alphabet, vol. 1, p. 145.




36


McArthur, Worlds of Reference, p. 25.




37


,   .    ,        , ,      .         ,   XX.  ..,   ,   I           .             ,          . (      .  7)*

* Jerrold S. Cooper, 'Sumerian and Akkadian', in Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, p. 40.




38


Klaas R. Veenhof, 'Archives of Assyrian Traders', in Maria Brosius, ed., Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions: Concepts of Record-Keeping in the Ancient World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 1023.




39


. : O'Connor, 'Alphabet as Technology', in Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, p. 2912.   .:: A. R. Millard, 'Alphabetical Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud', Iraq, vol. 24, no. 1, 1962, p. 41, 50.  ,      , .:A?cha ben Abed ben Khader and David Soren, Carthage: A Mosaic of Ancient Tunisia (NewYork, W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 33;     .:Philip C. Hammond, David J. Johnson, Richard N. Jones, 'A Religio-Legal Nabataean Inscription from the Atargatis/Al-'Uzza Temple at Petra', Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 263, 1986, p. 77.




40


Martin, The History and Power of Writing, p. 47.




41


Lloyd W. Daly, Contributions to a History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Brussels, Latomus, 1967), p. 1115.




42


   : Ann Blair, Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information Before the Modern Age (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2010), p. 18.




43


Aristotle's Constitutions: Daly, Contributions, p. 1617; Politics: John J. Keaney, 'The Alleged Alphabetization of Aristotle's Politeia', Classical Philology, vol. 64, n. 4, p. 21318; , ,            .




44


Myrto Hatzimichali, 'Encyclopaedism in the Alexandrian Library', in Jason K?nig and Greg Woolf, eds., Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 76.




45


    XVIII.,              ,   .          ,  ,   ( ),   ( );        ,    ( , ,    ).       ,    ,         ,   , ,   ,       .




46


Daly, Contributions, p. 225,  Rudolf Blum, Kallimachos: The Alexandrian Library and the Origins of Bibliography, trs. Hans H. Wellisch (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), s. 2267,      .    ,     Pinakes        , , : Margaret Zeegers and Deirdre Barron, Gatekeepers of Knowledge: A Consideration of the Library, the Book and the Scholar in the Western World (Oxford, Chandos, 2010), p. 1213; Fred Lerner, The Story of Libraries: From the Invention of Writing to the Computer Age (NewYork, Continuum, 2009), p. 1617.




47


Hatzimichali, 'Encyclopaedism', in K?nig and Woolf, Encyclopaedism from Antiquity, p. 767.




48


 ,   ,    III.  ..  VII. ..,        XIX.   150  -   .            ,    蠖 ,     ;         .    , , , ,    .




49


Daly, Contributions, p. 23, 40.




50


 , p. 4550, 75.




51


Werner H?llen, English Dictionaries, 8001700: The Topical Tradition (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 3031.




52


Daly, Contributions, p. 2021; Blum, Kallimachos, p. 185.




53


Daly, Contributions, p. 61.




54


-      . ,    ,  ,  , , , ,  ,  ! (, , . 864866; .. . ).




55


 , p. 1051.


