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RIGHT HAND, LEFT HAND

by Chris McManus



First published in Great Britain in 2002 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson First published in ebook in 2013 by Phoenix

Copyright  Chris McManus 2002

The moral right of Chris McManus to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.



  ..,    , 2019

   , 2023







 ,         .  !  .      .    - ,         ,    .           ,   .        .      ,       , ,  ,              ,    ,   ,  ,  ,   .

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        ,      -  ,         ,        .            ,                    [1 -     .    . .],     dexterity,           ,  , , ,  cack-handedness     (     ,     ).     ?  ,     ,  ,    ,   ,   ,    ?  ,   , ,               ,     .          , , ,         ,   ,         ,  , , ,     , , .

      :    ,       ,        ,        ,   .   .    ,         ,    ,     ,  ,   (    ) 1972,      .        : , ,   ,                .         -  ,   ,   10%    ,  ,         .              ,    ,    ,   . ,           ,  ,     ,         .             ,      , , ,    .      .     ,          ,        .

        ,        ,   , ,      ,  ,  , ,   ,         . ,       , ,      ,     ,     - .   ,    ,    .  1    XIX,    ,       .          ,     ,   ,  ,  ,     .  ,  ,    ,       ,   .     XIX      ,  ,       ,         ,    .  2   ,            ,              ,    .  3    ,         ,   4  ,        蠫,            .  5     :       ,      ,   ,   ,  ,        .   6     ,   ,   ,              .  7    -         ,                  .  8           ,   ,           ,    .  9    -              .                               .  10   ,             :    (     ),  -     (  ),        .  11   ,    ,    ,   ,              .  12 13  ,        ; ,   12            -    .  13    ,      ,   .  14     , ,     ,      ,               .    15                  ,     ,   .







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1. 


  1835              .       ,   ,                , ,  ,  .       ,      .   . -,    .     ,    : ,         .      ,  ,     ,   .  ,      .      ,    ,       ,  .   ,      ,  ,       (.1.1).      ,          situs inversus,  ,        [2 - . -.].   (.1.2)  ,         ,    ,               ,  .  1792,      27 ,       ,      . ʠ1835     .  1842       (   ),        ,               .  1859      ,  1861      ,   ,   .  1862            ,  1866   ,           ,     .   ,    ,        ,      ,     ,    .         -[3 - Anonymous (1882) British Medical Journal, ii: 12825; Munk, W. (1878) The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, London: Royal College of Physicians. . -.].






.1.1. a.       (situs solitus),     ,      ,   ,    . b.      situs inversus,     situs solitus (     ,      ,   ,    )



30 1836           .      ,            .            ,      ,    ⠫   (London Medical Gazette).    ,     ,   ,   ,        ,    (,       ),    ,  ,        ,         .        ,           ,        .         [4 - Watson, T. (1836) London Medical Gazette, 18: 393403. . -.].






.1.2.   . a.  1854. .    . b.  1867.



Π     ,   .        73 , 19 1836,       .      .     ,     ,   ,        . ,       蠫   ,         .     ,    ,    ,      .    ,   -[5 -  -          XIX.].   ,    ,      .     ,  ,     ,    ,      .    ,         ,      .         .

  ⠫    ,       .        ,     :    ,       ,    ;  ,      ,      ,      ,  ,  .       ,     . ,   ,     .    ,      ,      .           :    -    - ,       ,     ,       -   ,    .

  ,         ,       .        ,        ,     ,           .     ,        ,        ,     ,          .     , , ,     situs inversus       ,    .

        ,        ,      .    ,          16   , 1819,            . ,        ,      ,   , ,  ,  ,                 .       ,        ,      ,  1829,       ,    ,      (       ),       ,   [6 -  .  . .]. ,     ,   .   ,     -,        ,   ,      ,   ,      .   , , ,     situs inversus,            .      ,          . , ,     ,      ,   [7 - East, T. (1957) The Story of Heart Disease, London: William Dawson, p. 38. . -.].

             ,        ,       .              ,     .     ,        .     ,     , -     .      .         : ,   , ,      .        ,      situs inversus,      ,       ,        [8 - Bryan, D. (1824) Lancet 5: 446.].

    ,       .     ,    situs inversus   .     .       ,      ,   ,     ,          ,    ;      .     (   ,     ),  ,          .      ,     .      ,  [9 -  . .].

   ,    situs inversus,  , ,      .     ,      ,  1950    ,     ,   998862   situs inversus  122,       .       70  .        ,        ,  160    11  (6,9%)          ,     ,   [10 - Torgersen, J. (1950) American Journal of Human Genetics, 2: 36170; Cockayne, E. A. (1938) Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 31: 47993. . -.].

,  ,       ,    ,     .         ,       .     , ,        ,          .  , ,           ,            - ,        .     , ,   ,    ,   ,       (,   ,  ,  , ,  ).     ,  ,        , ,     ,         ,   , ,    ,               .

         .                 ,         -  .       :

   ,         .   ,               ,      ,       .    ,            -     ,     [11 - . -.].

    ,     ,     .

      ,                 .     ,     situs inversus,      ,    ?

  ,    ,          : ,  ,  - ,        .     ,     ,      .  ,                .    ,     .       ,         .

  (.1.3) ,   . 22 1848        .          ,   ,       (   ).  ,        ,       .            ,          .   ,  ,           ,          ,    . ,   Tout est trouv!, , ,     !.      ,    ,              (.1.4).         ,       ,           ,   .            ,        ,     .        :  ,         ,      ,      ,     [12 - Nicolle, J. (1962) Louis Pasteur: A Master of Scientific Enquiry, London: The Scientific Book Guild, p. 25; Mason, S. F. (1989) Chirality, 1: 18391. . -.].






.1.3.   1852,          






.1.4 a.   ,     .   ,   ,     (+)  (  ). b.     ,  



     .    ,    ,       ,      ().        ,        .      D-, ,   (  dexter  ),    L-,   (  laevus  ),   ,            .            ,          (   ,       6).

,         ?    .  ,  ,   ,    , ,       .   ,       ,        .   .1.5.        .    ,       .         ,   ,  .      .1.6.    .       ,   ,  .       ,  .   .        [13 -   --,   Cook (1914) The Curves of Life, Constable: London (reprinted in Dover Books, 1979).].

  ,        -,  ,        ? .    ,    ,          ,   ,        situs inversus    ,  -   ,  .        -,     ,      ,   , ,   .     :  ,    a priori    ,         ,    .  ,  , ,   ,            .






.1.5.    .      ,  .  ,  ,     ( ),       ,   ,   



   ;  ,     ,           ,              .          ,      ,          .   27 1771      , 1800    ,    ,          -  .     ,      1836     , Le Congr?s Mridional.       :    ,      (   ).   ,    ,         65 ,      .     , 1865,  ,   ,    ,              .       ,               [14 - Ravoire, J. (1933) Le Docteur Marc Dax (deSommi?res) et lAphasie, Montpellier: Imprimerie Mari-Lavit, pp. 89; Mouret, M. A. (1959) Chronique mdicale de la ville de Sommi?res, Montpellier: Ets Valette, p. 48; Dax, M. (1865) Gazette Hebdomadaire de Mdecine et de Chirurgie, 2 (2nd Series): 25962, (  : Joynt and Benton (1964) Neurology, 14: 8514); Finger, S. and Roe, D. (1999) Brain and Language, 69: 1630. . -.].






.1.6.    .       . ,    ,   -   (    ).           (      )



 -   ,    1830   ,  ,          .     , ,         .       ,     ,   ,     .    ,           ,      .                  ,       ,         .

-          ,   ,      .      ,      .    ,  ,     ,    ,   .  1861   (.1.7), ,       ,   ,      .   ,   ,        .  , ,      Tan ()       .     ,      ,     .     ,    21     11  17 1861       .       ,            ,   .    .1.8  ,       ,   .         ,        .     ()  ,        ,       .     ,      ,            [15 - Broca, P. (1861) Bulletin de la Socit Anatomique de Paris, 2nd series, 6: 33057 (    Eling, P. (1994) Reader in the History of Aphasia: From [Franz] Gall to [Norman] Geschwind, Amsterdam: John Benjamins); Schiller, F. (1979) Paul Broca: Explorer of the Brain, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Signoret, J. L. et al. (1984) Brain and Language, 22: 30319; Castaigne, P. et al. (1980) Revue Neurologique (Paris), 136: 56383. . -.].






.1.7.       50 ,      ,      



   .  1860,    83 ,    ,  ,    ,   .   , 27 1861,       .   ,         ,      ,      ,    ,       .     ,         ,    (.1.9).

        ,        ( ,     ).   1863,   ,        ,  : ,          .        -     .           25    ,     (      ),    .        .       :     ,    ,        ,  .        ,          : ,    ,    .  ,    ,   ,     .






.1.8.   (),   .   ,   ,       .        .      ,     ,    



    :

         ,          -   ,     ,                .   ,       .






.1.9.  ,   .     .        ,      ,    ,     (          ).         



              .  ,  ,        ? , ,           ,    ,  ,     ,      ,  ,     . ,  .       ,               [16 - Schiller, F. (1979) p. 192; Broca, P. (1865) Bulletin de la Socit dAnthropologie de Paris, 6: 37793; Hcaen, H. and Dubois, J. (1969) La naissance de la neuropsychologie du langage (18251865), Paris: Flammarion; Berker, E. A. et al. (1986) Archives of Neurology, 43: 106572. . -.].

        .  1871   79           ,          ,   ,         ,        1843.         :   ,   ,             .     ,      . ,   ,         , ,        :          ,  .   ,      ,   ,      ,  ,           ,     .    , ,   :      ,       ,     ,  ,    ? ,    35  ,               -  [17 - Watson, T. (1871) Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, vol. 1, 5th edn, London: Jon W. Parker, p. 494. . -.].

 ,     ,   ,             . ,  ,      ,        :      .   ,  ,      ,      :    .  ,         , .  ,             .       , ,   , ,      [],   ,     .   -   ,         .     ,       ,       (,      :      )[18 - Ibid., p. 501.].

    ,  ,  .         ,    .    ,   ,   ,    ,   ,   ,       ,    (. .1.1).

    ,    ,         , ,    ,  . ,         [   ]     ,            ,     .

     ,    ,      .     ,  1836:        -   ,    situs inversus       .    ,    [19 - Ibid., p. 503. . -.].

        ,    . ,  ,     ,    ,     ,        ,   .      .   ,     ,     .   1960-      -       .  1980- ,    ,       ,        .        .                    ,     -  - .   ,    .

 1991    Ciba,         ,        .          ,       ,    ,         .       ,      ,           .     , , ,   -,                  . ,    :    ,  , ,            .           :       ,  !       ,      ,        .         ,       ,      . , ,        , ,    [20 - Bock, G. R. and Marsh, J. (1991) Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Ciba Foundation symposium 162), Chichester: Wiley, 1991; Etaugh, C. and Hoehn, S. (1979) Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48: 3856.].

     ,       -  ,         ,     .    ,    ,    ,   ,              -       .       .




2.   


   ,        .         ,    650       ⠫ , ,           ,       .  2  50   13 1915,   ,      ,        ,  .           .

           ,     , ,   ,     .       22 .           (.2.1).    33 .  ,     ,     .           : un baiser grave et pieux  pour toujours      .






.2.1.  



   ,    ,     :   ,      .     ,   ,     ,    lattaque inutile ( ). ,     .  ,     - ,   ̸ (),    1914      ,      -.   ,    ,     -,         1918,      ,        [21 - Taylor, A. J. P. (1966) The First World War: An Illustrated History, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 23; Durkheim, E. (1916) Lannuaire de lassociation des anciens l?ves de lcole normale suprieure, pp. 11620; Needham, R. (1973) Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. xi. . -.].

      ,  1917   59         .     1925    ,               .         , , , , , ,  1914              , ,      , ,   . ,      ,  ,            ,         [ ].      1915     ,  ,         [22 - Mauss, M. (1925) Anne Sociologique, 1 (new series): 729.].

     .        , ,       ,      ,     ,  , -,  ,  -,           .  ,   ,     - ,   ,      - ,    ,    . ,       ,           -        ,         : ,   [23 - Mauss, M. (1990) The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, London: Routledge. . -.].

         ,       ,           ,  ,  ,     .                ,    ,   ,      .

      ,     廠       ,        .       ,    ,   ,   .     ,      :         .     .           ,   ,     .  1912,     ,      (),  :          [24 - Introduction by Evans-Pritchard to Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand, translated by R. Needham and C. Needham, Aberdeen: Cohen and West, 1960; Parkin, R. (1996) The Dark Side of Humanity: The Work of Robert Hertz and its Legacy, Amsterdam: Harwood. . -.].

      :       ,   ,        .                        .   ,               ,  ?     ?.        .   XVII    ,   :        ,  , , ,   ; , , ,    .         XVIII  XIX.   ,    :        ,    : A langlaise donc , -[25 - Roodenburg, H., in Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds) (1991) A Cultural History of Gesture: From Antiquity to the Present Day, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 15289; Bulwer, J. (1644) Chirologia; or, The Natural Language of the Hand; Composed of the Speaking Motions, and Discoursing Gestures Thereof. Whereunto is Added, Chironomia; or, The Art of Manual Rhetoricke, London: Thomas Harper, p. 109. . -.].

 1907              .                           .      ,     : ,          .      ,        ,          ;       ,      [26 - Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand, translated by R. Needham and C. Needham. Aberdeen: Cohen and West, 1960. . -.].

  ,  -      .  ,           ,             .  ,            ,   ,              ,    .    ,  ,                   ,       ,       ;        ,    ,      ;         .            ,         ,     ,    :      .  ,       - .              ,  :              .        ,     ,    ,                  .

 1909,        ,       ,    ,      .           :     ,       ,    ,      .      ,        ![27 -  . .]. ,        ,     -  :

  ,    !        !

   , , :  ,   . , ,     ,      :         ;   , , .

       ,     .

      ?     ?

     ,     ,     ,               .    ,    ,       ,    ,         .   ,  ,    [ ]   [28 - Hertz, R. (1909) Revue Philosophique, 68: 55380; Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand; Durkheim, E. (1916), p. 118. . -.].

              ,            ,         ,            .         ,      ,          .      - .         ,      , ,             ,          .   ,      ?     ,    ,   .

    ,            ,     ,       .                  .

        ,  ,     ,   , , -,    ,                .      :     ,           .        : ,    ,  ,       .      ,    , , ,      .        ,   ,     .           .        .2.2,    ,    .

          -.   ,     .     -  ,        ,                .       ?    -,       ,      ,          .        ;    [29 - Kraig, B. (1978) Journal of Indo-European Studies, 6: 14972. . -.].

    ,         .        ,     :          .  ,     , ,    ,    .    ,        . ,   ,      ,   .        ,     (  oriens  ).              ,          .          ,     (.2.3).           ,  .    :       ,      ,       ,      ,        [30 - Mallory, J. P. (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 140.].






.2.2.          IIIIV     I, II III






.2.3. ,               ,        .        



  , ,      .          ,      .      - ,         ,     ,          蠫  : , , dakshina  蠫 , 蠫,  puras   蠫 .     deas  ders   蠫 ,  jav   蠫;  [31 - Kraig, B. (1978) op. cit.].

,     ,     .  ,     ,    .   , ,      ,     .        ,   ,    .                     .

         ,      .       ,            .      ,      .         ,    ,  XVII    Catharpin-fashion[32 -     catharpin  - ( ), fashion  , . . .],        ,    ,  .    deasil  widdershins    蠫 (     蠫  ),             . ,          ,     ,   ,          .

     ,     ,    ,    ( ,    ,  ). ,      ,   ,    ,        .         ,        (    ),   ,              ,    .                 .         II,     ,  :  ,        . ,     ,   ,        .                  [33 - Cook, T. A. (1914) The Curves of Life, London: Constable (reprinted in Dover Books, 1979); Blake-Coleman, B. C. (1982) Folklore, 93: 15163; Sylvester, D. (1999) Modern Painters 12 (3): 2633. . -.].

  ,   .2.2,  ,            ,     ,   .        ,        .           ,     ,      IIIIV    III           -,      I     -.          -.        ,  ,   ,   .     ,       ,     muwoko wokulume   ,      muwoko wokucekulu   .         .    ,  37   ,      16 .        ,         .       . ,    mkono wa kuvuli     uvuli   , ,  ,  [34 - Rigby, P. (1966) Africa, 36: 116; Werner, A. (1904) Journal of the African Society, 13: 11216.].

        ,       , ,        :  ,         .              ,       ,  ,        .        ,          ,     .  ,          ,   .       ,   ,      ,   .       ,     ,   ,   :      .    ,        :    ,    [35 - Paskauskas, R. A. (1993) The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones 19081939, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 31; Rigby, P. Africa; Smith, E. W. (1952) Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 82: 1337; Granet, M., in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 4358; Devereux, G. (1951) Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 20: 398422.].           ,  ,   ,          :

		   ,
		  ;   
		  ,    
		 -![36 -  . .]

  ,        ,      .      1902, ,    ,      ,   , X  Y,    ,    ,     . ,          .  V  ..     ,      ,       ,      ,     .           ,       ,       ,   .         ,        1891      , ,            ,     ,    .        ,     .       ,     . , , ,    ,      ,  ,       [37 - Platt, A. (1910) De Generatione Animalium, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 763. 6.131; Pearsall, R. (1971) The Worm in the Bud, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 303. . -.].

         .   ,  ,    -,      . , , ,  ,     .     ,  ,       , , ,   -    ,          [38 - Das, T. (1945) The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur, Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press; Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand; Needham, R. (1973); Needham, R. (1979) Symbolic Classification, Santa Monica, California: Goodyear.].

        ,   ,      蠫 . ,      ,      蠫:    ,    ;   ,     .          .   :         ,        .






.2.4.    



  (  .2.4)     , , phumlil,  , ningan.          , chhatra  (  ),  senajumphi .         ,     ,            ;    .   ,   ,   ,          ,   .  ,  ,    ,    .

,   ,     .        ,        .     .2.1.



 2.1.     






        . ,        .     ,       ,    ,       ,  .        ,  ,    .    ,    , ,      ,   .     ,    .     ,     :   ,   ,   ,  .  ,     = ,  =     .        :         [39 - Needham, R. (1962) Structure and Sentiment: A Test Case in Social Anthropology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 96.].

     .     ,      :     ,   , ,    ,       ,   .      ,      :   ,   ,   .      ,      ,   .         ,   ,   -  ,     .       : ,           ,     ,     [40 - Wieschoff, H. A. (1938) Journal of the American Oriental Society, 58: 20217; Kruyt, A. C., pp. 7491 in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) p. 78; Needham, R. (1967) Africa 37: 42551; Beidelman, T. O., in Needham, R. (1973) pp. 12866. . -.].

      ,    . ,        , ,   ,         .2.2   ,  .



 2.2.     






   ,               .  ,      , ,            ,                  .

     ,     ,     .    ,    .    ,     ,            ,          ,    .         ,  ,          [41 - Needham, R. (1979) op. cit., p. 52. . -.].

             ,   ,    蠫      .  ,   ,         ,  , .     ,     ,     ,      .

      ,   ,       (       ). , ,     -,    ? ,     ,           (     )?       ,     (   ,       ,   )?           ; ,       ()   ,       ,        ,         .     ?       -  -,        :     ,    ,     [42 - Wilkin, S. (1852; revised version of 1836 edition), The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, London: Henry Bohn, Vulgar Errors, IV: iv. . -.].

        ,   ,     . ,        ,      :



     ;    ,      ;

      ,     .

   ,     : ,   ,  ,      ()

   ,    :   , ,   酻

(   25:3334, 41)

           ,      ,   .         ,    ,          ,         .          (.2.5),           (. .2.4).       .     ,    , ,       ,   , ,      .       ( ),     ( ).         , ⠫     ,     .           .   ,       ,        , , ,         ,    ,        [43 - Fabbro, F. (1994) Brain and Cognition, 24: 16183; McManus, I. C. (1979) Determinants of Laterality in Man, University of Cambridge: unpublished PhD thesis, chapter 13; Sattler, J. B. (2000) Links und Rechts in der Wahrnehmung des Menschen: Zur Geschichte der Linksh?ndigkeit, Donauw?rth: Auer Verlag; Fowler, A. (1971) Milton: Paradise Lost, London: Longman, V: 689; V: 726; VI: 79. . -.].

    ,        .          , ,   ,          ,       ,      .      :   , /    !      .       ,         ,         ,     .    (          )   ,           ,    ,            ;     ,         ,      .          ,     ,     .      ,      ,       :       ,    ,       ,  ,     , ,         [44 - Psalm 118: 16; Anonymous (1916) The Jewish Encyclopaedia, New York: Funk and Wagnalls, X: 419; Wile, I. S. (1934) Handedness: Right and Left, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, p. 218. . -.].






.2.5.      



,   ,  ,     .         ,    ,      :

		 ,       ,    ?
		   ,  ,   [  ]    ,
		  ,
		  
		  ,
		    .
		     

		 ,       ,    ?
		       ,
		   ,
		    ,  .

         .   ,            ,  ,     ,        ,  ,     ,        .      :                   .          .         ,        ,          ,     .          ,   ,       ,   yam?ne   蠫 蠫. , ?im?l,   ,    asar    asara,   , , , .        ,     ,      :  ,    ,      ,       ,       : ,      , ,    ,    [45 - Chelhod, J., in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) pp. 23962; The Quran, Sura 56; Walsh, J. G. and Pool, R. M. (1943) The Journal of Southern Medicine and Surgery, 11225; http:/islam.org/dialogue/Q325.htm. . -.].

          :          ,  , ,  ,     .    ,    ,        .     ,      ,  2125  .    46   ,        ,    ,    .        , , ,        .   ,     ,     ,   ,       [46 - Bousquet, G. H. (1949) Les grandes pratiques rituelles de lIslam, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. 105.].

         .       :   ,    .     ,  ,           ().   -    ,        (    ),     .        ,     ,      ,     ;        ,     .    ,  ,    ,       ,       .

  ,           .  ,      ,        ,    ,        .      ,      ,       :








,    ,  蠫.    , VIII  ..,       ,           ,  .      ,    , ,    ,  ,     ()      ,      (),      ().       , 

		  
		   ,  ,  
		 ,     
		       [47 -  . .].

 ,         ,       [48 - Clark, G. (1989) Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Life, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, p. 70; Warrington, J. (1961) Aristotles Metaphysics, London: Everyman, p. 65; Wender, D. T. (1973) Hesiod and Theognis, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, p. 29.].

               .      ,          ,        :  , sitos,       ,  opson,     ,   . Sitos    , opson  :         ,          :   ,   ,   .        :








          , .     , ,   ,        ,     ,      ,  , ,   [49 - Davidson, J. (1998) Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens, London: Fontana, pp. 24, 44. . -.].

,             ,          .         ,       (Dictionary for Dreamers)     , , .       :  , , .   ,    .       ,     : , ⠫  :       ! /, ,  ,     [50 -  . .][51 - Chetwynd, T. (1993) Dictionary for Dreamers, London: Aquarian Press, p. 1501; Lawrence, T. E. (1935) The Odyssey of Homer, London: Oxford University Press, p. 321.].

    ,        .        ,   1900,      . ,    ,        ,  1863,   ,  ,     :

  (        ),         ,   ,   .    ?,    ,     ,  ,      .            .    ,   ,  ,            ,       ,    .

        .   ,     ,   .     ,     .     , , ,          ,    . ,      ,      .         :     ,  .      ,       ,       , , ,        , ,   .       ,            :              .      ,   ,  ,      ,   [52 - Freud, S. ([1900] 1976) The Interpretation of Dreams, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 475503; Butler, A. J. C. (1898) Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman; Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto Prince von Bismarck, vol. II, London: Smith, Elder and Co, p. 210; Domhoff, G. W. (1968) Psychoanalytic Review, 56: 58796. . -.].

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1


    .    . .




2


. -.




3


Anonymous (1882) British Medical Journal, ii: 12825; Munk, W. (1878) The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, London: Royal College of Physicians. . -.




4


Watson, T. (1836) London Medical Gazette, 18: 393403. . -.




5


 -          XIX.




6


 .  . .




7


East, T. (1957) The Story of Heart Disease, London: William Dawson, p. 38. . -.




8


Bryan, D. (1824) Lancet 5: 446.




9


 . .




10


Torgersen, J. (1950) American Journal of Human Genetics, 2: 36170; Cockayne, E. A. (1938) Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 31: 47993. . -.




11


. -.




12


Nicolle, J. (1962) Louis Pasteur: A Master of Scientific Enquiry, London: The Scientific Book Guild, p. 25; Mason, S. F. (1989) Chirality, 1: 18391. . -.




13


  --,   Cook (1914) The Curves of Life, Constable: London (reprinted in Dover Books, 1979).




14


Ravoire, J. (1933) Le Docteur Marc Dax (deSommi?res) et lAphasie, Montpellier: Imprimerie Mari-Lavit, pp. 89; Mouret, M. A. (1959) Chronique mdicale de la ville de Sommi?res, Montpellier: Ets Valette, p. 48; Dax, M. (1865) Gazette Hebdomadaire de Mdecine et de Chirurgie, 2 (2nd Series): 25962, (  : Joynt and Benton (1964) Neurology, 14: 8514); Finger, S. and Roe, D. (1999) Brain and Language, 69: 1630. . -.




15


Broca, P. (1861) Bulletin de la Socit Anatomique de Paris, 2nd series, 6: 33057 (    Eling, P. (1994) Reader in the History of Aphasia: From [Franz] Gall to [Norman] Geschwind, Amsterdam: John Benjamins); Schiller, F. (1979) Paul Broca: Explorer of the Brain, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Signoret, J. L. et al. (1984) Brain and Language, 22: 30319; Castaigne, P. et al. (1980) Revue Neurologique (Paris), 136: 56383. . -.




16


Schiller, F. (1979) p. 192; Broca, P. (1865) Bulletin de la Socit dAnthropologie de Paris, 6: 37793; Hcaen, H. and Dubois, J. (1969) La naissance de la neuropsychologie du langage (18251865), Paris: Flammarion; Berker, E. A. et al. (1986) Archives of Neurology, 43: 106572. . -.




17


Watson, T. (1871) Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, vol. 1, 5th edn, London: Jon W. Parker, p. 494. . -.




18


Ibid., p. 501.




19


Ibid., p. 503. . -.




20


Bock, G. R. and Marsh, J. (1991) Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Ciba Foundation symposium 162), Chichester: Wiley, 1991; Etaugh, C. and Hoehn, S. (1979) Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48: 3856.




21


Taylor, A. J. P. (1966) The First World War: An Illustrated History, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 23; Durkheim, E. (1916) Lannuaire de lassociation des anciens l?ves de lcole normale suprieure, pp. 11620; Needham, R. (1973) Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. xi. . -.




22


Mauss, M. (1925) Anne Sociologique, 1 (new series): 729.




23


Mauss, M. (1990) The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, London: Routledge. . -.




24


Introduction by Evans-Pritchard to Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand, translated by R. Needham and C. Needham, Aberdeen: Cohen and West, 1960; Parkin, R. (1996) The Dark Side of Humanity: The Work of Robert Hertz and its Legacy, Amsterdam: Harwood. . -.




25


Roodenburg, H., in Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds) (1991) A Cultural History of Gesture: From Antiquity to the Present Day, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 15289; Bulwer, J. (1644) Chirologia; or, The Natural Language of the Hand; Composed of the Speaking Motions, and Discoursing Gestures Thereof. Whereunto is Added, Chironomia; or, The Art of Manual Rhetoricke, London: Thomas Harper, p. 109. . -.




26


Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand, translated by R. Needham and C. Needham. Aberdeen: Cohen and West, 1960. . -.




27


 . .




28


Hertz, R. (1909) Revue Philosophique, 68: 55380; Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand; Durkheim, E. (1916), p. 118. . -.




29


Kraig, B. (1978) Journal of Indo-European Studies, 6: 14972. . -.




30


Mallory, J. P. (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 140.




31


Kraig, B. (1978) op. cit.




32


    catharpin  - ( ), fashion  , . . .




33


Cook, T. A. (1914) The Curves of Life, London: Constable (reprinted in Dover Books, 1979); Blake-Coleman, B. C. (1982) Folklore, 93: 15163; Sylvester, D. (1999) Modern Painters 12 (3): 2633. . -.




34


Rigby, P. (1966) Africa, 36: 116; Werner, A. (1904) Journal of the African Society, 13: 11216.




35


Paskauskas, R. A. (1993) The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones 19081939, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 31; Rigby, P. Africa; Smith, E. W. (1952) Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 82: 1337; Granet, M., in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 4358; Devereux, G. (1951) Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 20: 398422.




36


 . .




37


Platt, A. (1910) De Generatione Animalium, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 763. 6.131; Pearsall, R. (1971) The Worm in the Bud, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 303. . -.




38


Das, T. (1945) The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur, Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press; Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand; Needham, R. (1973); Needham, R. (1979) Symbolic Classification, Santa Monica, California: Goodyear.




39


Needham, R. (1962) Structure and Sentiment: A Test Case in Social Anthropology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 96.




40


Wieschoff, H. A. (1938) Journal of the American Oriental Society, 58: 20217; Kruyt, A. C., pp. 7491 in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) p. 78; Needham, R. (1967) Africa 37: 42551; Beidelman, T. O., in Needham, R. (1973) pp. 12866. . -.




41


Needham, R. (1979) op. cit., p. 52. . -.




42


Wilkin, S. (1852; revised version of 1836 edition), The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, London: Henry Bohn, Vulgar Errors, IV: iv. . -.




43


Fabbro, F. (1994) Brain and Cognition, 24: 16183; McManus, I. C. (1979) Determinants of Laterality in Man, University of Cambridge: unpublished PhD thesis, chapter 13; Sattler, J. B. (2000) Links und Rechts in der Wahrnehmung des Menschen: Zur Geschichte der Linksh?ndigkeit, Donauw?rth: Auer Verlag; Fowler, A. (1971) Milton: Paradise Lost, London: Longman, V: 689; V: 726; VI: 79. . -.




44


Psalm 118: 16; Anonymous (1916) The Jewish Encyclopaedia, New York: Funk and Wagnalls, X: 419; Wile, I. S. (1934) Handedness: Right and Left, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, p. 218. . -.




45


Chelhod, J., in Needham, R. (ed.) (1973) pp. 23962; The Quran, Sura 56; Walsh, J. G. and Pool, R. M. (1943) The Journal of Southern Medicine and Surgery, 11225; http:/islam.org/dialogue/Q325.htm. . -.




46


Bousquet, G. H. (1949) Les grandes pratiques rituelles de lIslam, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. 105.




47


 . .




48


Clark, G. (1989) Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Life, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, p. 70; Warrington, J. (1961) Aristotles Metaphysics, London: Everyman, p. 65; Wender, D. T. (1973) Hesiod and Theognis, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, p. 29.




49


Davidson, J. (1998) Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens, London: Fontana, pp. 24, 44. . -.




50


 . .




51


Chetwynd, T. (1993) Dictionary for Dreamers, London: Aquarian Press, p. 1501; Lawrence, T. E. (1935) The Odyssey of Homer, London: Oxford University Press, p. 321.




52


Freud, S. ([1900] 1976) The Interpretation of Dreams, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 475503; Butler, A. J. C. (1898) Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman; Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto Prince von Bismarck, vol. II, London: Smith, Elder and Co, p. 210; Domhoff, G. W. (1968) Psychoanalytic Review, 56: 58796. . -.




53


Thass-Thienemann, T. (1955) Psychoanalytic Review, 42: 23961, pp. 239, 260; Masson, J. S. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 18871904, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985 pp. 2923.




54


. -.


