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INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION



A.V. BELYAKOV



EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIELD OF HEALTHCARE REGULATION

Moscow

YUSTITSINFORM

2015



Reviewers:

Kapustin Anatoly Yakovlevich  Doctor of Law, Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, President of the International Law Association;

Mishalchenko Yuri Vladimirovich  Doctor of Laws, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Department of International Economic Relations, St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance;

Shinkaretskaya Galina Georgievna  JD, Chief Research Fellow, Department of international legal research of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences



The monograph highlights the experience of the European Union in the fields of public health and supply of the population with drugs. The issues touched upon include legislative regulation of movement and employment of medical staff in the EU, as well as access to health care for persons outside of their national states territory.

For professionals in the field of European integration, students, practitioners, as well as for a wide readership.



 LLC Yustitsinform, 2015







       .    .       welfare state (  ), .. ,       .        .

 welfare state      XVIII  XIX ,       .          .  ,  ,             .

             .      ,        [1 -  .. -   . . . ... ., 2009.]      ,         ,      ,       ,     .       ,    :     ,    ,    .       ,    ,      ,  ,   ,     .

  ,         ,     ,          .

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        .

        [2 -       :  ..        . . 2002. 4 (243). .172185;  ..,  .     .   . 2000. 431 .],  ,  ,        .  ,         ,  ,             [3 - ., .:   :  /  . .. . .: , 2004. . 675.].        ,         .

  ,    :      ,        , ..  ,    ,     .    ,          , ,  ,   - ,       .   ,          ,  ,                ,   .            ,       [4 - .:  ..        :  :      / .  .. ., 2006. .196205.].

,                    ,      ,        .                  ,   .

                   ,       - [5 -  1408/71  14  1971.   ,    ,     ,     ,     .],         (   )      ,     .          .

                         [6 - ., ,     -  75/362   75/363  16  1975. J.O.C.E.,  L 167  30  1975.].         ,         , .. ,  ,     .

,              ,         [7 - ., .:  65/65  26  1965.          .].  ,   ,         ,  ,   ,    .

         (   ),          (   )    ,     ,        (.,        ).   ,       ,    ,   ,       [8 - M. Berthod-Wurmser. La sante en Europe, La Documentation frangaise, 1994; M. Cassan. L'Europe communautaire de la sante, conomica, 1989; C. Blumann et L. Dubouis. Droit materiel de I'Union europeenne: Montchrestien, 3e ed, 2004.].




 I

    





1.       


             .              ,   ,   .

                .   .

 1952       [9 -    European Coal and Steel Community.       Community    , , , : Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community (signed 18 April 1951, entered into force 23 July 1952), 261 UNTS 140.],         .          ,            ,     ,  .      ,      ,        -,         .

        1957         ()[10 - Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (signed 15 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958) 294 UNTS 17.]       ()[11 - Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (signed 25 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958) 294 UNTS 260.].

,     ,    ,   1980 ,      .  ,    1980              .          ,      ,         .

            ,           .       , ,   Van Gend & Loos Case[12 - Case 26/62 NV. Algemene Transport en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration (1963) ECR 1.]  Costa v ENEL Case[13 - Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL (1964) ECR 585.],               .

    , :    ,      -;     ..,            .  , ,          .

  1970.                    .  1986            .

 1981        [14 - Draft European Act //14 Bulletin of the European Communities 11, 1981. P.87.],        [15 - Bulletin of the European Communities. 6, 19 June 1983. P.2429.],    -.       

  [16 - Draft Treaty establishing the European Union. 14 February 1984: Bulletin of the European Communities. 1984. 2. P.826.].           [17 - Single European Act (signed 17 February 1986, entered into force 1 July 1987) 1754 UNTS 3.].        ,  ,              .       :             ,        .                   ,   1992       .       ,       .     ,         ,  ,    ,     , .

    ,  ,           .  1992  77% ,     ,  .

 ,  ,         ,                       .

    ,   .  7  1992.,      (    ,   ) , ,      ,    .       , , ,      .            .

 ,      [18 - Treaty on European Union (signed 7 February 1992, entered into force 1 November 1993) (1992) //O.J., C191/1 (Maastricht Treaty).],        .

    ,   .     ,  ,        .         ,      ,   , , ,  ,   .

            , ,  ,   1999       .

         ,     .

            . ,        ,      .

          .

           .       -,       ,      ,    ,          .   ,     -,               ,         -   ,        .

 1996        .   , 2  1997.    [19 - Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts (signed 2 October 1997, entered into force 1 May 1999) (1997) //O.J., C340/308.].       ,    .       ,    .   2001.    [20 - Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts (signed 26 February 2001, entered into force 1 February 2003) (2001) //O.J., C80/1.].       ,  ,    ,      .  ,          -.[21 - ., .: p.Gerbet. La construction de 'Europe (Colin Paris, 2007).]

           [22 - Declaration on the Future of the Union (2001) //O.J., C80/85.],          ,     ,      ,       -,         ,        .

       2001.        ,         ,  , ,     -    ,           .

  2003.         .         ,          ,   ,      .  ,  ,     -.

 [23 - Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (signed 13 December 2007, entered into force 1 December 2009) (2007) //O.J., C306.]  13  2007.    ,         1  2009.

      ,          ,  , :    ,           (   , ,     ).

    ,          ,     :     (       ,        (),      ()       )       .




2.    :     -


 ,       :       (    ),           -,     .              :                  ,         .    ,           ,   ,    .     ,          .                          .

                ,      ,    .   ,             .  ,      ,     ,  ,       .

         ;  ,    ,     ,     ,    .      ,      ,              .

                    .   ,           ,  -               .  ,         (    )[24 - ,               2008 ,        ,       ,    .        ,   ,     ..,        ,          .],         ,   .            .               ,              ,         .

                       .

 ,      -           .

       .         (. 5. 152),          (. 168)  ,           -         .

          2000 [25 - Communication de la Commission sur la strategie de la Communaute europeenne en matiere de sante. Proposition d'un programme d'action communautaire dans le domaine de la sante publique (2001 a 2006). Bruxelles, 16 mai 2000, COM (2000) 285 final.]:            .          ,  ,   ,       ..                ,   ,      .   ,       -       ,            .

        . 168 ,         ,          ,      [26 -          ,   ,  .];        .

        :

 ;

   ;

      .

       ,         , :        [27 - Decision 646/96 on action plan to combat cancer // O.J., 1996, L95/9; O.J., 2001, L79/1.];            [28 - Decision 647/96: Union programme on the prevention of AIDS and certain other communicable diseases // O.J., 1996, L95/16; O.J., 2001, L79/1.];        [29 - Decision 1295/99 on Union actions on rare diseases // O.J., 1999, L155/1.].     ,            ,           ,  ,            [30 - .:         , ,   . Decision 645/96: Programme of Union action on health promotion, information, education and training // O.J., 1996, 95/1; O.J., 2001, L 71/1.].

      ,           ,  ..   [31 - .:       . Decision 1400/97 on a programme for healthy monitoring // O.J., 1997, L193/1; O.J., 2001, L79/1.],      [32 - .:         . Decision 102/97 on a program of Union action on the prevention of drug dependence // O.J., L 19/25; O.J., 2001, L 79/1.],   ,            .    ,     , ,   ,        - ,   ,    ,       .

        ,  ,     .             . , ,          .

           ,        [33 - .: . 294 .].           ,     , ,      ,    (.,        ).

        ,      ,         .

         ,             .     ,  ,          .      ,             [34 - . 168 ].

   ,        :    ,     -      ,           .  ,   ,                   [35 - . 168 (5) .].

,             ,       [36 - ., .:      ,  . Decision 1296/1999 action program jn pollution related diseases // O.J., 1999, C200/1; O.J., 2001, L79/1.].  , ,  ,       .       67/548  1967    ,  , ,   ,  31     [37 - Directive 67/548 (1967) // O.J., 196/1; O.J., 1997, L343/19; O.J., 2007, L136/281; O.J., 2009, L116 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals.].

         ,  [38 - Directive 76/769//OJ., 1976, L262/201, : O.J., 1997, L315/13.], [39 - Directive 78/631 // O.J., 1978, L206/13, : O.J., 1992, L154/1.], [40 - Directive 87/217 // O/J., 1987, L85/40.], ,   [41 - Directive 75/440 // O.J., 1975, L194/26.]    [42 - Directive 76/160 // O.J., 1975, L31/1,  .].

        .       ,  ,    .

               [43 - Decision 98/2119 // O.J., 1998, L268/1.],      ,          [44 - Decision 98/2129 // O.J., 1998, L28/50.].

  ,             :        .

16  2000.   [45 - COM, 2000, 285 final.] , ,           .      :

1)  ,  ..       20032008 ;[46 - Decision 02/1786 // O.J., 2002, L271/1; O.J., 2007, L46/237.]

2)   ,                 .

       ;     ,         [47 - .: Regulation 58/2003 // O.J., 2003, L11/1.].             .     :

     (            1999 [48 - O.J., 1999, L268/1.]);

  :      ;

      (19992003 );[49 - O.J., 1999, L46/1.]

       (19972001 );[50 - O.J., 1997, L193/1.]

        ,     (20002003 );[51 - O.J., 2000, L34/1.]

     ,     (19992001 );[52 - O.J., 1999, L155/7.]

       (19992003 )[53 - O.J., 1999, L155/1.].

    ,       :

:      (19962000 );    ;     ;      [54 - Directive 2003/33 // O/J., 2003, L152/16.];          [55 - Decision 2003/641 // O.J., 2003, L226/24.];  ,      [56 - Directive 2001/37 // O.J., 2001, L194/26.];

/:     , ,    [57 - O.J., 1995, L168/1.];

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 :      [59 -   ,     : Directive 2000/13//OJ., 2000, L109/29; ,          ;       ;        // O.J., 2002, L31/1.];     .

  ,   2002.            20032008 [60 - Decision 1786/2002 // O.J., 2002, L271/1.],          [61 - Decision 04/858 // O.J., 2004, L369/73.].

        20082013     2007 [62 - Decision 07/1350 // O.J., 2007, L.301/3.].       ,        ,            .                [63 - Decision 08/544 // O.J., 2008, L173/27.].

    :

    :     -     , ,        ;

   ,  ..          ,   , , ,  ,      ;                ,         ;

   :         ,   ,     .

     ,    1998.   Kohll  Decker, ,              .  ,   ,           (, ,   ),   .      ,       ,        ,                  .

 ,                  .

         :      ,     .  ,  ,  . 25 :           ,      .          ,    .

 ,       -    ,   . 5

[64 -            ,     .   ,       ,             ,            -,  ,               .      ,      .],               .           :     ,          ,     ,             .  ,    ,             .   ,           ,    .




3.      


         (1957 ),              .            .       ,   .

        ,         . ,            .

  (1993 )   ,        .    . 129 ,            .      ,      ,  , ,   ..      ,        .

   , , ,   ( -)                       [65 -  ..  . .:  , 2003. . 215.].

  (1997 )   . 129,     . 152.  ,       ,          (. 152 . 1. 2).

                       .

,           2001.     ,  ,            .  ,   ,             (    ,    ,    ), 8  2003.     [66 - Commission: Direction Generate Sante et Protection des consommateurs. Processus de reflexion a haut niveau sur la mobilite des patients et revolution des soins de sante dans Union europeenne, 9 decembre 2003, HLPR/2003/16; voy. http://europa.eu.int/ (http://europa.eu.int/) comm/health/ph_over-view/Documents/keyO l_mobility_fr.pdf.]   :

1)       ;

2)  ,     ;

3)    ;

4)        ;

5)        .

              ,     .

              [67 - Commission: Suivi du processus de reflexion a haut niveau sur la mobilite des patients et revolution des soins de sante dans Union europeenne. Bruxelles, 20 avril 2004, COM (2004) 301 final.] ,   , ,       .  ,  :

   ;

          .

        ,   2004         ,          .

     [68 - Commission: Moderniser la protection sociale pour le developpement de soins de sante et de soins de longue duree de qualite, accessibles et durables: un appui aux strategies nationales par la methode ouverte de coordination. Bruxelles, 20 avril 2004, COM (2004) 304 final.],    ,                    (telesante)[69 -            ,              ,     ,       ..],        .            ,        ,      .

  ,   ,      . -                ,       .        .                   .      -         .

     ,      ,        ,  -.   ,     soft law ( ), ..  ,    , , ,   ,       -.

              [70 -  92/442/EEC       , 27  1992. J.O.C.E.  L 245  26  1992. . 49.].   -  : )  ,      -,     ,       ; b)      ( )      ;        ,  ,    ,     ,         ; c)      ,  ,      ,       .

          .          (1997 )[71 - Communication de la Commission: Moderniser et ameliorer la protection sociale dans 'Union europeenne. Bruxelles, 12 mars 1997, COM (1997) 102 final.]                         .         -,           (1999 )[72 - Communication de la Commission: Une strategie concertee pour moderniser la protection sociale. Bruxelles, 14 juillet 1999, COM (1999) 347 final.]        -.      ,      ,      [73 -  ,  ,    ,       ,     ,     ( ,   ),       .].

          1999.[74 -    17  1999.         . J.O.C.E.  C8  12  2000. .78.],         2000.    ,  ,             -.

               ,  ,      (..  ,   ).       (.. ,   )    .        ,    . 16  86 . 2.      ,  ,  ,   ,      .     , ,   ( , ),  ,    .   ,       ,     .   [75 - Livre vert sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 21 mai 2003, COM (2003) 270 final.]       ,   -  ,     ,   ,  ,   .

     [76 - Livre blanc sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 12 mai 2004, COM (2004) 374.]  ,    ,       ,  ,    ,    .       . 16  ,       -        ,          .  -        ,   ,     . 86 . 2[77 -  .].

  ,     ,  1996     ,   20  2000.   [78 - Communication de la Commission: Les services d'interSt general en Europe. Bruxelles, 20 septembre 2000, COM (2000) 580 final.]     .    (. 30),     ,    ,              ,      .

     -  (CESE)[79 - Avis du Comite economique et social sur Les services sociaux prives a buts non lucratifs dans le contexte des services d'interet general en Europe (Avis d'initiative). Bruxelles, 12 septembre 2001.]  2001               .  CESE         ,         .      ,  ,    ,  ,  ,    .         ,          (, ),          ,                 .   ,     ,          .

  ,          .

   CESE      [80 - Avis du Comite economique et social sur Les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 17 juillet 2002.] (2002 ) ,      ,  ,      ,   ,  ,  ,      , ,  ,   ,   .

       . ,         ,     .             ,     .

        ,  ,  ,    -,           [81 - .   ,  13  2005.      : Commission/Belgique, C-38/03; .        11  2004.: Commission/France, C-496/01;  16  2004., AOK, C-264/01, C-306/01, C-354/01  C-355/01.].      ,    - ,          , ..        [82 -   , , ,  ,      ,   15  2006. ( 2006/123/CE),   ,    ,    ,     ,    -     -    .].

[83 - Livre vert sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 21 mai 2003, COM (2003) 270 final.] ,     ,            ,      .            .               .         .

       ,  ,     ..         ,  ,  ,        .       .

 ,           -.                ,      ,       .

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 II

      





1. 


   ,        . -,       ,    ,      .     , ..                         .  , 75%       [84 - O.E.C.D., Health data, 2000.].

-,         .                         .    ,    :     10%,      14%[85 - O.C.D.E., La sante, financement et prestations; analyse comparee des pays de I'O.C.D.E. Paris, 1987. P.86.].



         (19602002 )











: Eco-Sante, O.C.D.E., 2004.



         ,         ,   ,  .       -             7,5%  10% .  ,        ,  ,        .    10%        .      19952000   6,8%,           12,6%[86 - Enquete Force de Travail 2001, repartition de I'emploi par secteur d'activite.]




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .. -   . . . ... ., 2009.




2


      :  ..        . . 2002. 4 (243). .172185;  ..,  .     .   . 2000. 431 .




3


., .:   :  /  . .. . .: , 2004. . 675.




4


.:  ..        :  :      / .  .. ., 2006. .196205.




5


 1408/71  14  1971.   ,    ,     ,     ,     .




6


., ,     -  75/362   75/363  16  1975. J.O.C.E.,  L 167  30  1975.




7


., .:  65/65  26  1965.          .




8


M. Berthod-Wurmser. La sante en Europe, La Documentation frangaise, 1994; M. Cassan. L'Europe communautaire de la sante, conomica, 1989; C. Blumann et L. Dubouis. Droit materiel de I'Union europeenne: Montchrestien, 3e ed, 2004.




9


   European Coal and Steel Community.       Community    , , , : Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community (signed 18 April 1951, entered into force 23 July 1952), 261 UNTS 140.




10


Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (signed 15 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958) 294 UNTS 17.




11


Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (signed 25 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958) 294 UNTS 260.




12


Case 26/62 NV. Algemene Transport en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration (1963) ECR 1.




13


Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL (1964) ECR 585.




14


Draft European Act //14 Bulletin of the European Communities 11, 1981. P.87.




15


Bulletin of the European Communities. 6, 19 June 1983. P.2429.




16


Draft Treaty establishing the European Union. 14 February 1984: Bulletin of the European Communities. 1984. 2. P.826.




17


Single European Act (signed 17 February 1986, entered into force 1 July 1987) 1754 UNTS 3.




18


Treaty on European Union (signed 7 February 1992, entered into force 1 November 1993) (1992) //O.J., C191/1 (Maastricht Treaty).




19


Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts (signed 2 October 1997, entered into force 1 May 1999) (1997) //O.J., C340/308.




20


Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts (signed 26 February 2001, entered into force 1 February 2003) (2001) //O.J., C80/1.




21


., .: p.Gerbet. La construction de 'Europe (Colin Paris, 2007).




22


Declaration on the Future of the Union (2001) //O.J., C80/85.




23


Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (signed 13 December 2007, entered into force 1 December 2009) (2007) //O.J., C306.




24


,               2008 ,        ,       ,    .        ,   ,     ..,        ,          .




25


Communication de la Commission sur la strategie de la Communaute europeenne en matiere de sante. Proposition d'un programme d'action communautaire dans le domaine de la sante publique (2001 a 2006). Bruxelles, 16 mai 2000, COM (2000) 285 final.




26


         ,   ,  .




27


Decision 646/96 on action plan to combat cancer // O.J., 1996, L95/9; O.J., 2001, L79/1.




28


Decision 647/96: Union programme on the prevention of AIDS and certain other communicable diseases // O.J., 1996, L95/16; O.J., 2001, L79/1.




29


Decision 1295/99 on Union actions on rare diseases // O.J., 1999, L155/1.




30


.:         , ,   . Decision 645/96: Programme of Union action on health promotion, information, education and training // O.J., 1996, 95/1; O.J., 2001, L 71/1.




31


.:       . Decision 1400/97 on a programme for healthy monitoring // O.J., 1997, L193/1; O.J., 2001, L79/1.




32


.:         . Decision 102/97 on a program of Union action on the prevention of drug dependence // O.J., L 19/25; O.J., 2001, L 79/1.




33


.: . 294 .




34


. 168 




35


. 168 (5) .




36


., .:      ,  . Decision 1296/1999 action program jn pollution related diseases // O.J., 1999, C200/1; O.J., 2001, L79/1.




37


Directive 67/548 (1967) // O.J., 196/1; O.J., 1997, L343/19; O.J., 2007, L136/281; O.J., 2009, L116 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals.




38


Directive 76/769//OJ., 1976, L262/201, : O.J., 1997, L315/13.




39


Directive 78/631 // O.J., 1978, L206/13, : O.J., 1992, L154/1.




40


Directive 87/217 // O/J., 1987, L85/40.




41


Directive 75/440 // O.J., 1975, L194/26.




42


Directive 76/160 // O.J., 1975, L31/1,  .




43


Decision 98/2119 // O.J., 1998, L268/1.




44


Decision 98/2129 // O.J., 1998, L28/50.




45


COM, 2000, 285 final.




46


Decision 02/1786 // O.J., 2002, L271/1; O.J., 2007, L46/237.




47


.: Regulation 58/2003 // O.J., 2003, L11/1.




48


O.J., 1999, L268/1.




49


O.J., 1999, L46/1.




50


O.J., 1997, L193/1.




51


O.J., 2000, L34/1.




52


O.J., 1999, L155/7.




53


O.J., 1999, L155/1.




54


Directive 2003/33 // O/J., 2003, L152/16.




55


Decision 2003/641 // O.J., 2003, L226/24.




56


Directive 2001/37 // O.J., 2001, L194/26.




57


O.J., 1995, L168/1.




58


COM (1999), 239 final.




59


  ,     : Directive 2000/13//OJ., 2000, L109/29; ,          ;       ;        // O.J., 2002, L31/1.




60


Decision 1786/2002 // O.J., 2002, L271/1.




61


Decision 04/858 // O.J., 2004, L369/73.




62


Decision 07/1350 // O.J., 2007, L.301/3.




63


Decision 08/544 // O.J., 2008, L173/27.




64


           ,     .   ,       ,             ,            -,  ,               .      ,      .




65


 ..  . .:  , 2003. . 215.




66


Commission: Direction Generate Sante et Protection des consommateurs. Processus de reflexion a haut niveau sur la mobilite des patients et revolution des soins de sante dans Union europeenne, 9 decembre 2003, HLPR/2003/16; voy. http://europa.eu.int/ (http://europa.eu.int/) comm/health/ph_over-view/Documents/keyO l_mobility_fr.pdf.




67


Commission: Suivi du processus de reflexion a haut niveau sur la mobilite des patients et revolution des soins de sante dans Union europeenne. Bruxelles, 20 avril 2004, COM (2004) 301 final.




68


Commission: Moderniser la protection sociale pour le developpement de soins de sante et de soins de longue duree de qualite, accessibles et durables: un appui aux strategies nationales par la methode ouverte de coordination. Bruxelles, 20 avril 2004, COM (2004) 304 final.




69


           ,              ,     ,       ..




70


 92/442/EEC       , 27  1992. J.O.C.E.  L 245  26  1992. . 49.




71


Communication de la Commission: Moderniser et ameliorer la protection sociale dans 'Union europeenne. Bruxelles, 12 mars 1997, COM (1997) 102 final.




72


Communication de la Commission: Une strategie concertee pour moderniser la protection sociale. Bruxelles, 14 juillet 1999, COM (1999) 347 final.




73


 ,  ,    ,       ,     ,     ( ,   ),       .




74


   17  1999.         . J.O.C.E.  C8  12  2000. .78.




75


Livre vert sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 21 mai 2003, COM (2003) 270 final.




76


Livre blanc sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 12 mai 2004, COM (2004) 374.




77


 .




78


Communication de la Commission: Les services d'interSt general en Europe. Bruxelles, 20 septembre 2000, COM (2000) 580 final.




79


Avis du Comite economique et social sur Les services sociaux prives a buts non lucratifs dans le contexte des services d'interet general en Europe (Avis d'initiative). Bruxelles, 12 septembre 2001.




80


Avis du Comite economique et social sur Les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 17 juillet 2002.




81


.   ,  13  2005.      : Commission/Belgique, C-38/03; .        11  2004.: Commission/France, C-496/01;  16  2004., AOK, C-264/01, C-306/01, C-354/01  C-355/01.




82


  , , ,  ,      ,   15  2006. ( 2006/123/CE),   ,    ,    ,     ,    -     -    .




83


Livre vert sur les services d'interet general. Bruxelles, 21 mai 2003, COM (2003) 270 final.




84


O.E.C.D., Health data, 2000.




85


O.C.D.E., La sante, financement et prestations; analyse comparee des pays de I'O.C.D.E. Paris, 1987. P.86.




86


Enquete Force de Travail 2001, repartition de I'emploi par secteur d'activite.


