   
 


C        ,      . ,   ,   ; ,   ,  ,       .    ,    .  ,   ,   ,     .       ,       :    .

        c  ,    .          ,    .  ,   .           (  . ).

          .         ,    .     ,  , studium'a  punctum'a,             ,        (. ).





 

   


 ..



  (. 1958)

  -, .        ,     (2002, 2016),     (2007, 2012),  .  (2016)




   


     2003 ,  -                .  ,  , , ,       ,   .    ,       ,    .       

       ,        ,      :            .       ,         . -  - -    ,             .  ,     ,  ,             . ,            .

    ,  ,   ,      ,       ,    .       .           -  ,     .   ,          . ,  ,    ,        :  ,           .         ,      (      )   ,     ,      (,          1980-     ,       ).  -    ,   , , , ,   .       ..  ,      ,     - .

   ,   ,   . -,          . -,               ,      .        \ ,                 .  :      ,         ,        .    ,   ,    .  ,          ,    . 18941994.     (, , 2005),       ,    19201940- ). , - ( -  ,    ),           ,                .

, ,             .       , ,    ,  -         (       ),          ,         .          ,      ,   -    ,       .

      .       .         ,     ,         (    )         , , ,    .            ,        ( ,   ),    ,   ,   ,   , ,        . , ,     ,         ,           .

      .    (, )         ,         ,     . ,       ,      .

    ,       .              ,          .       .   ,  -  ,         ,      ,      ,             .    ,       ,     ,         .

 ,        ,            ,    ,  -     . , ,    ,                    ,  ,   ,  .



[13  2007 ]




   


   .   ,       ,  .        ,   . , ,   , , ,        .         . ,  ,   .        .        :        ,   ,        ,  .  ,      ,     ,          ,  ,   . ,     ,         ,       .

    ,   .    ,           .   ,   .   ,   1970-80-,    ,        .       -    ,       ,     .        ,      .     ,          ( ,  ),    ,          ,       .

   .         ,  , -,        . ,  ,        .    ,          ,    .   -    ,    ,     .       .

    ,     ,     .     ,    Treemedia  ,     ,    .      .



[27  2011 ]




 1

   


  XX           :   ,      ;  ,     ,  ,   ;  ,       .   XIX        ,  .     .

 - (camera obscura  .   )     (  ),       .          .        V-   ..     (  , 470391  ..),       ,     (384322)  330   ..  X  ..        - (),    -,      .     -    ,        ,   -     .       ,      .

 1685       (Johann Zahn, 16311707)   Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium   ,    - (    (magic lantern)).        -,    .     ,            .       45,        ,         .

   XVIII      -      (Robert Boyle, 16271691)    (Robert Hooke, 16351703).  ,  1807        (William Hyde Wollaston, 17661828)    -  (camera lucida  .  ),    1611-   (Johannes Kepler 15711630)    Dioprice.      ,           ,    .

  ,  ,  ,        .      .          .          1200 ,      (),            1275-.     , ,      ,        .

   XVII         .   ,     ,      (Hans Lippershey, .1570  . 1619),  1600   .  1608-,       ,      ,     .          ,   .  1609              (Galileo Galilei, 15641642),   10    (    )   .

         :     ,   .         .        (    ,      ).       ,       .  ,     ,   .

       ,       .          ,       .   1727    (Johann Schultz),   ,     .  1757-             .           ,       ,     , , ,     .   1782-   (Jean Senebier, 17421809)    .

               .   (Thomas Wedgwood, 17711805),   -      (Josiah Wedgwood, 17301795)       (Humphry Davy, 17781829),     ,       ,              ,      .       -      ,       .             ,      , , , -        .  1802-,     ,  ,                  (),      ,    (nothing but a method of preventing the unshaded part of the delineation from being coloured by exposure t the day is wanting, to render the process as useful as it is elegant).  ,         ,  ,   ,     .

 1814-    ,   1819-   .  1819-     (John Frederick William Herschel, 17921871) (    )             ,    .   1826-      (Antoine Jr?me Balard, 18021876)       ,     .

         ,        .        XVIIIXIX   .


       

 ,  ,    ,    -,     (Joseph Nicephore Niepce 17651833).        -- (Chalon-sur-Sa?ne, ).          ,         .  20        ( .  ();  (,  , );  (, , ); ..       ,    ,       (            ).            .  1816-    ,         ,       .  ,   ,   ,      ,   -.      ,    1796 ,      ,       .          .

 1798-    (Johann Alois Senefelder; 17711834)          ,   .  ,   ,           .  ,           ,  ,         ,       ,    . , ,   ,      ,           .

           -.      1816 ,        ,   , ,     ,   (    )  ,             .         ,     ,    1821-    (    ,  ,  ),   .       ,   1822-         -.    ,        .

-   ,    ,     ,            6  8 .               ( ).      - ,         .               :        .  ,    ,    (   ). ,    ,      ,   , ,  1827 ,   .

               (Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre, 17871851), ,            .    -- (Cormeilles-en-Parisis, --).   ,      ,    1804    ,       (Ignace Eugene Marie Degotti, . 1824).            (Pier Prevos),     ,  ,  1816- (      ),     LAmbigu-Comique,          .         ( :  ),    .     -  (Charles-Marie Bouton, 17811853)  11  1822 ,    ,  , ,    .          (1320)  ,    .       ,              .     ,     ,   ,       ,     .              ;      .

     .               .          ,   1816-  :        ,   -. ,     ,   ,       .    1827-       ,        , ,    ,        ,  .      .      ,       .           ,    .

                   ,       .          (Vincent Chevalier, 17701841)    (Charles Chevalier, 18041859),         .     ,    1826-   ,       .    .  ,                ,  ,        ,   .      ,   . ,   .      ,    ,      -. ,     , ,       ,      ,      .

  ,           ,       .    ,    .      ,  ,   ,           .   ,          ,         .        ,           -   .      .

,    ,       . 14  1829      (   ),  ,   ,         .  ,     ,      ,       .     .         :   -,     ,     .    -,     ,      ,         ,          .   ()     ,         (Notice sur lhliographie, 1829)    ,        ,      (        ).

   ,      . ,    .          .   ,                  ,       ,  (   )  .    ,      ,    .     29  1832    ,    ,    .             :      35,       ,      ,     .  ,  35    ,   46. ,  20,   ,  5,    35,          ,        46   .     ,       . ,   ,   37,  38  35,   ,    56.      ,    46  35    13,    ,  ,   , 46    ;   , -, ;     90   . (: 5   ; 13  -; 20  ; 35   ; 37  ; 38  ; 46 ; 56  ; 90  ).

5  1833    .            .    ,   :      ;     ,  ;    ,          ,  , ,   ,       .         ,    .        .         . ,   ,     ,  ,    1838-   :   ,    -     ,      -,     , ,     ,              : .

     :    ,              .      ,    .     ,  , ,      ,     .

     1823 ,         ,        (     ).     ,       ,     .        ,          .

     30- .  ,   ,    - .        ,        .    ,    .           ,       .      ,   .       :          ,     .

, ,      ,      ,  .  ,  1837      .             ,       ( ,    ),  ,      .       ,        200.000 ,          .         .           ,     .

     ,  -  (rago Dominique Fran?ois 17861853)        .   7  1939          ,         :  .     ,        ,  .   --. 19                     .   ,   ,         .       ,      , , -, .    ,      .   -      .

 ,   .    ,     , 15 , -  ,           (       )    ,     .   ,    ,  -       ,     -.   4000    6000   .               ,        ,    .  ,               (Historique et Description des procds du daguerrotype et du Diorama),      1839-,      .    ,         ,  3      ,     .

        .        ,             .    ,   14       , , ,             .     .           (Alphonse Giroux, 17751848).   ,            ,   ,      300 .          9000 .         ,       .       ,     -         ,        .

       ,       .  1840-      - (Brysur-Marne, --)      .   ,    ,       ,        .      ,        .


  

    , ,      .    . ,    1803-  ,  ,  ,   (Thomas Young, 17731829),   1822-   ,   ,   (Samuel Finley Breese Morse, 17911872)      .              (Antoine Hrcule Romuald Florence, 18041879), ,    ,      1833 ,             1970- .                .   Athenaeum,   ,        ,     ,        ,          . C             ,                ,         (Hippolyte Bayard, 18071887).

       .  ,    ,   (   ),      12 ,        .      :             (Acadmie des sciences),             .                    (1840),     .           : ,    ,  - ,    ,          .  ,     , ,        ,   . ,   ..!      ,        .   ,    ,      , ,    ,       . (The corpse which you see here is that of M. Bayard, inventor of the process that has just been shown to you. As far as I know this indefatigable experimenter has been occupied for about three years with his discovery. The Government which has been only too generous to Monsieur Daguerre, has said it can do nothing for Monsieur Bayard, and the poor wretch has drowned himself. Oh the vagaries of human life.! He has been at the morgue for several days, and no-one has recognized or claimed him. Ladies and gentlemen, youd better pass along for fear of offending your sense of smell, for as you can observe, the face and hands of the gentleman are beginning to decay.)

24  1840       ( )     ,    ,       .

        ,         ,     (    ).         (Societe Francaise de Photographie),   1851-              (Historic Monument Commission),        (Mission Hliographique).  ,        ,          ; 1850-        .

             (William Henry Fox Talbot, 18001877).    ,     Harrow School  Trinity College  ,   , ,    .  ,        ,  ,   ,    .  1831-       (Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge,   Royal Society),   1836-             .

   ,       -  ,      .    1833 ,     ,       ,             .      ,        (Pencil of Nature, 1844):     ,             ,  ,    .          ,         ,   !  ,          ,    ,    ,       ,     .        ,     ,     ,       .

  1834-,          (Lacock Abbey, ),    .

   :     ,       ,      .       (photogenic drawings),                       ,    .           ,        .  (    1839-    )       ,      ,   ,         ,     .         -.     ,     -    .            -,        (. 2,5 . ):      .       ,   ,   . ,      ,  ,    1835       ,         .  ,   ,  ,     (   ,       ).

     ,    ,    ,   ,     ,        .       : ,      (Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches, 18381839)       (Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis, 1839).     ,  7  1839       .      , 18          ,   25       .  29     ,           -       ,       .   ,         , ,   ,         .

          .  1841-    ,    (   kalos ;   ,   , ).    ,  ,     ,        (Joseph Bancroft Reade, 18011870).   1842-        ,         (Pencil of Nature).

 ,  1841     - ,               .         ,    ,             XX .  ,    ,          ,         ,   :     ,        (, , ,  ),    .       ,   ,  ,  .  ,                          ( ).

          ,    .    ,         .             ,       .            .

  1850-,     ,           ,        ,          ,     .  1855               ; 1865-          ;  1877-       .        .          ,     ;                .


   

        ,   ,   1839  ,       I.         -    (17881861).                        .   1839-      ,          ,      ,    .      ,        .              ,  ,    ,   .        ( )  (18081871)      ,             .       .    ,        ,     ,        ,         .         ,      ,  .  ,        .     ,      ,          .       ,       ,    - (  1841       ).

    ,     ,     ,   1839     :  8-,  , - ,   ,   ,   ,   25- ,  ,   ,    60 , ,     .

            (17991851),     -.   ,  1824-           ,   ,     .  1832-          ,       ,       ,   .  1839-       ,      ,     ; ,          ,  .  ,    ,         ,   .    ,       .            ,        .          :           . :      ,          ,   ,     ,    - , ,       ,    ,         .    25  . ,  .    ,  , ,      ,         .   .       .   . ,           .

 18401843      .          (                      ).   ,    , :         . Å      ,       1/2   ,        4  5 ,              ,              ,   !

 ,     ,      ,         ,     1840         .          .  ,  -         ,  ,       ,     :         .  ,   -,         ,       .        ,     ,     ,   .

     ,           (18191898).     ,           .  1843                ,           300-    .      ,        ,   .            ,    .

 1844-,   ,          .  1845-        ,      .. . (        .. ;      .. ,       1878    ).      ,    ,      ;    .        .

 1849-             ,   50-    .     ,        (     ).         ,   ,       ,   .  1851            (2430; 3040.)     ,     : ,  ,   .  1859-,    ,     ,        .,   1861-    .

 1864     ,  ,       ,  ,    .       1500 ,        .            ,        34 ,   III   .         ,     .   ,         ,           .

 1867           .             ,     ,   .      ,         .

     .  ,  1847-        ,     ,   .  ,        ,     ,    70-      .       (      ,    )   .          .  1895  1916         .




 2

    XIX 


        .  ,     ( , ,   ,   :       ).   1870-         ,        ,     ,         ,       .




  ,   (   -)   ,    () .    (   )  1621.      .       . -,   ,        , -,    (              ),      .  ,     ,           .      :             -  ,         ,     ( )     ().   -          .      :         25  . ,    ,      ,       ( ,      ),       .

        .  1840     (Hippolyte Fizeau, 18191896),    ,    (,        ).    ,  ,    ,         (   ,  ,  )    . ,         .   1838       10  120  (       ,   Boulevard du Temple,     1838-,       ,   ,     ,        ,      ),     8  10 ,   1840-1841-,    ,     10 .  1840-     (Jzeph Miksa (Max) Petzval, 18071891)      ,    -   (Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Voigtlaender, 18121878)           .   1841-  ,     3,5  (. 9),   ,           .




  40-       .   ,         (      컠 Rembrandtish).  ,       ,        .   ,     ,    ,   -       . ,          .    (Henry Collen, 18001875)           1841-   .          200 ,   ,         (   . ).      1844-,      (Antoine Francois Jean Claudet, 17971867),          ,   1847-    .       ,       ,             .

   ,        ,  ,   .  ,  ,  ,   :        (John Dillwyn Llewelyn, 18101882)    (Thereza Llewelyn, 18341926),    (Calvert Richard Jones, 18041877),      (George Bridges),      .       ,    ,    .       ,  ,        (The Edinburgh Calotype Club)    1840- (,  1843)   .                 ,          .

 1847      ,      - - (Louis-Dsir Blanquart-Evrard, 18191875).        -     ,        ,       .              .  -        ,    ,        .          .


  ( )

   1847-,  -      ,       - (Claude Flix Abel Niepce de Saint Victor, 18051870)       ,   ,   ,     .       ,       , ,  . -,   ,    ,   1850-             ,      XX .    ,          .       .  ,           68    :     ,  ,     . , ,   ,       ,     ( ,  , ), -        .

 ,    ,      . ,      (    ).     1846    ظ hristian Fridrich Schonbein (17991868),   18501851-                ˸,      (Robert Bingham, 18241870)     (Frederick Scott Archer, 18131857).   ˸     ,        .         .      ,      .     ,   ,  ,          (   ),         .    1855-      ,    .        -  ,        ,     1870-      .          ,     ,         ,         carte-de-visite.

   ,          .          ,        ,  .  ,  ,  , , , , ,           .  ,   ,     ;      ,      ,   -;      ,   , ,   .  ,    (         ,  , )     :          .

         ,   (   )  .   ,      .     ,       ,     .  ,              ,        ,   .             .

        .    1850-      ,      1860-   .  1852-      ,        ,         1860-    . ,           ,         (       ) ,   1851-  ˸       (   ),   ,   ,    .   ,         ,   ,     .


Kd-

       1870- .    18701880-     (Richard Meaddox, 18161902),   ,         ,     . 8 1871     British Journal of Photography ,         .        ,       (Charles Bennett),   1878     .

    ,   .       (     )    .         , ,      ,     30-  XX .        1869 ,    (John Hyatt, 18371920; Isaiah Hyatt),    ;  1887-   (H.W. Goodwin)      ,     .           (George Eastman, 18541932).  1885         ()    . ,            .    1889-      , .   ,  1888 ,      Kodak 1 (   ,       ),       .    ,     8  ( 2,5.),        ( ,  )  100 ,    25 .  ,         Eastman Company (,  -),  ,   10 ,    ,      (     ).

         .    ,     (You press the button, we do the rest)    .           ,          ,   .         ,  (snap-shot,    ).    ,  ,   ,    XX      .

     ,      ,            .              .          ,      .  1893     Kodak girl  ,    ,    .   1900-       Box Brownie,       ,         ,  .       .

              :  20-       -,     ,  Vanity Kodak   ,   .




         ,   .    (carte-de-visite)  .       ,      .

   1830-   ,      (Charles Wheatstone, 18021875),         (Jules Dubosq, 18171886).  1838-       ,    . ,     1839-      1841-,          (David Brewster, 17811868)  1847-,   1856-      .          ,     .      1010,          ,    .

,    ,   ,      , ,  ,     ,  -    ,  ,        .  ,         :    ,  ,     ,      .     (Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., 18091894),    ,   1859-   ,        :   ,     ,   ,    ,  ,     ,   ,     , ,       ,   .   ,        ,        .

,  ,  ,     ,     .       1851      ,   (    )   ,     .

 1856     (Robert Hunt, 18071887)   Art Journal:       ;     ,     ,    .  ,    XIX        XX ,  , , ,     .  ,   ,    ,    ,   . ,  , ,      ,     , , .     ,    ,       ,    .

 1854- (      )  London Stereoscopic Company,   ,   ,                     10   .  1859-      100 ,   1875   500 .   Langenheim Brothers,   ,        .            .   - ,             .

 ,    ,      1850-    ,       .     1858-    5-    (Fifth Annual Photographic Exhibition)    :          , ,     ,   ,     .    ,       , ,   ,     .

, , ,          XIX .         -,    ,         .

,      ,  ,    ,  I     .


 

       , -,   ,     , -,      ,    .         ,        XX .           .        .

  ,        ,              ,      ,       .       .

   40-        ,         .     -     :        .   ,        .  18431844     (Reading)         Reading Establishment.       67 .   4  ,    1847-     .          (The Pencil of Nature)   ,   1844  1846 .        ,  ,  ,     ,       ,        .  ,    (Sun Pictures of Scotland),   18441845         .  Reading Establishment     ,    ,         ;        .

  50-    ,    ,  -.  1851-       40    .        ,        .    1855  -     (       )   ,     500 .          ,          .         ,   ,    ,       .

      (     1880-),         ( , ,     ).  1850-         ,    (Paul Pretsch, 18031873),     ,   1858-     .            (Duc de Luynes)      (Societe Francaise de Photographie)       ,       .          (Alphonse Louis Poitevin, 18191882),   1855     (carbon printing),     .    1864-      (Joseph William Swan),            ,          .      (woodburytype),    (Walter Bentley Woodbury, 18341885)  1865-. ,  1868     (collotype,    )  :    .        (Joseph Albert, 18251886),       .   1879-   (                ,    (Karl Klic, 18411926))  ..          .

    .  ,  ,     .    (Fratelli Alinari),   1854 ,        (F.Frith and Co,   1856-)      (  1859-).      ,        ( 60-     10,000;   6,000,    70 000 ;       ,   ).  1859-  Monitor de la photographie         :  ,               .      ,     ,   (  )     .    ,          ,             .


 ,  

     XIX      ,      .      ,      .        ,     .       snap-shot   ,      .          -,    (    )         XX .

 1839  ,    ,      . (      :   (Brougham)   ,                 ,    ).   1850- ,    ,   .  1854-      ,    ,     ,   ,           1855-        .

       ,     .     ,                ,    ,     .  ,         ,      1895-      (Auguste and Louis Lumi?re, 18621954; 18641948).

  XIX ,      ,        .        .       (Eadweard Muybridge,  Edward James Muggeridge,18301904),            ,        (zoopraxiscope)   .

   -- (Kingston-on-Thames,  )  .   1850-       1855-   -,      .  1860-,        ,     .  1866-   -     ,       (Helios). ,            (   ),      ,   ,  ,  .      .  1868-          ,     .  1871-      (California Geological Survey),   1873-       (Central Pacific Railroad)   .       ,       : 1869            ,   1871-     (Flora Stone




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/vladimir-levashov/lekcii-po-istorii-fotografii-2/)  .

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