Memento mori.       
 


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     -  2022.   The Guardian,     2022.   The Times. - 2022.   Times  Observer.

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Memento mori.       


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Andrew Doig

THIS MORTAL COIL

A History of Death



    Hardman and Swainson  The Van Lear Agency LLC



 Andrew Doig, 2021

 Andrew Doig, data

 Philip Beresford, graphs

  ..,    , 2022

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   ,   ,    [1 -       . ..].

    .  :  , 1348

     ,  , ,        ,       ,    , ,  . , 1000 1300,   ,    ,       .  ,  , ,  ,     ,            .      ,    ,    .     ,         ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,  .           , ,   1340- .

 1347          ,      ,     .     ,  ,   ,     ,        . ʠXIII         ,      ,      .

             1300 1351    ,     .          ,      , -  , .

        1348.    ,         ,      .      :     [1348].         .         ,        .   ,   ,   [2 - W.M.Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P.13, 14.].

       .    ,   .             ,        .        :  ,         [3 -     . ..].    ,    ,       ,     .    ,              .

   ,            80000     .    .



 ,  ,        .     ,    ,       ,  ,        ,      ,     .      ,    ,     ,     .    ,        .  ,   ,    : , , ,        ,          .     ,         [4 - Ibid.].


         ,     .      ,            ,   ,          .  ,    .    ,  ,   Covid-19,   ,       ,   .           ,       ,     .

 1346   ,        [5 - A.White. The Four Horsemen // Plague and Pleasure. The Renaissance World of Pius II. Catholic University of America Press: Washington DC, 2014. P.2147.]. ,           ,   .       ,          .        ,       ,         .

-       ,         .      ,    .            ,    ,      ,       ,      .   , ,    ,    .

          ,         1340- .        .  :  , ,     .    ,       ,       .     , -,      [6 - Ibid.]. ,       ,   1355,        [7 - W.M.Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P.13, 14.].        ,     .   ,       .    1555,      ,        .  XX       ,     ,       .       .



,        ,  ,    .       :  , ,   .    ,                        ,  ,         ,    ,       :     .      ,      ,   .     ,   .

       ?  2016     56873804.     ,   ,  ,   .     ,          .        -   ,     .     ,   ,  .          .               ,    .      .    ,  ,   .       ,      ,  ,        ,   - .

 ,        ,   ,  .     ?      ,          ,            .         ,                 .  ,          ,       ,     ,   .           ,        .

       ,   ,     .    XIX   ,      .        ,   ,           .                .              XIX    .

          , ,  ,   ,           .     ,    ,      , -     .        ,      ,    ,    ,      .

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I

 


     ,         ,    ,              [8 - J.Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.]

 .    ,          , 1662




1

  ?


15 1989                 .     ,     ,            ,    .    ,        ,   ,    .         ,       .      .       ,     .    , 766  .

     ,       .        ,       .         ,     ,      - ,   .        ,        .       ,   ,         .       ,       .       ,     ,        ,    .   ,      ,   ,   , ,   ,       .       .

 -  ,    :



      ,            ,     .    ,          . ,      ,    [9 - N.Browne-Wilkinson. Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland


 AC789, 1993.].


   3 1993,       .

 ,        ,            .     .       ,      .      :     ,   ?    ?               ?



-       .  ,   ,      ,  ,   , , ,   .        .         .         .          .     ,   ,   :         ,    ,    [10 - M.Cascella. Taphophobia and life preserving coffins in the nineteenth century // History of Psychiatry, 27, 2016. P.345349.].     .

        ,         .        .  1896        .        ,  ,      ,          , , -,   .        ,       ,    ,  .

       ,    ,  - -       .     ,        .         ,        1884.

    .   2012 41-        .       ,   .        ,   .        ,    ,   ,       [11 - L.Davies. Dead man turns up at own funeral in Brazil. Guardian, 24.10.2012.].



      ,        ,   .         ,      ,     .   ,    ,   ,             .      ,     ,    ,    ,          .              .

       ,       ,      .             ,       ,      .      .       , ,   ,      .           ,    ,     [12 - A.K.Goila and M.Pawar. The diagnosis of brain death // Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 13, 2009. P.711.]. ,  ,   ,      ,       .

      ,              ,        .        ,    , -,      [13 - J.Clark. Do You Really Stay Conscious After Being Decapitated? 2011. URL: https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/extrasensoryperceptions/lucid-decapitation.htm.].

      ,   -   ?       .         ,     .     ,     ,       ,      ,   ,  ,     .               .   -      .  ,     , ,   ,    . ,            ;        ;           ;         .            ,          .     ,               .



         ,    ,  ,      .  ,    ,   ?             ,      .

    ,     .  /  ,       ,    .      ,    .        : , , , ,    .     , , ,  ,  , ,       .        ,     .         ,     .         ,      .

    ,    .  ,      ,   , ,    ,      .        ,      .           , ,  ,    [14 - L.Volicer et al. Persistent vegetative state in Alzheimer disease  Does it exist? Archives of Neurology, 54, 1997. P.13821384.].     .

      ,             .   ,           [15 - H.Arnts et al. Awakening after a sleeping pill: Restoring functional brain networks after severe brain injury. Cortex, 132, 2020. P.135146.].        .      ,     ,    .      ,     ,   ,  .             . ,            ,       .

         ,   ,   .             .




2

    


  1592   .         ,       ,        .    ,         .      ,    ,     .       .

      , 1592     ,       ,    [16 - N.Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P.1186, 1187.].                 .            .

 1592   -     ,            :



             ,      ,      ,    ,        ,      ,      [17 - R.Munkhoff. Searchers of the Dead: Authority, Marginality, and the Interpretation of Plague in England, 15741665 // Gender & History, 11, 1999. P.129.].


        .              ,   ,   .           250.        ,         . ,      ,   -  ,     ,  ,       .  ,                 .

      ,         ,     ,   ,             .        , ,   ,    ,       .  ,     ,   ,        .         ,         ,       .        ,      ,   ,     .

       ,       .             ,       .               .             ,       ,        -        .    , ,        . ,       ,        .

      ,      .               ,           ,      (,         ,                         ).

     ,          . ,  ,         ,           [18 - L.Barroll. Politics, Plague, and Shakespeares Theater: The Stuart Years. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1991.]. ,  1592        ,      .       1593   .    , ,  , ,      .   ,      ,  ,       .  1665  ,    ,  London Remembrancer (      ):          ,     ,     [19 - N.Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P.1186, 1187.].          ,        ,     .  1629        ,         .         (.    .31).           ()     .






   2128 1664.

Bills of Mortality, Wellcome Collection, Public Domain Mark.



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   (. . 31)     ,         130.      ,    ,    , , , ,   .  ,       .  ,        ,    . 393  ,      .   1(. . 3234)    ,   .            ,   .          .           .     ,    ,      ,  .

  ,          ,    ,       ,        .     ,    , ,  .    1522 1665 (   ),        2128 1664, ,       393 5319,         3880,  96 130,  .     ,     .

            .  ,    ,  47353  ,    .             - ,     .          .     ,   ,      ,     .    1560 1665     ,            [20 - N.Cummins et al. Living standards and plague in London, 15601665 // Economic History Review, 69, 2016. P.334.].

 ,      ,  1665-,        .   100000       . ,  ,   .   II, ,  .            !,   .           .     ,      . ,    ,     ,         1665.

    ,    ,       .    1662.

 ,    ,     ,  .          ,   .    ,     ,    .     ,       ,   1662:    ,          ;   , , , , ,      [21 - J.Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, Vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.].






   1522 1665.

Bills of Mortality, Wellcome Collection, Public Domain Mark.



   ,    ,       (     ).        .   ,        .        :   ,      ,           [22 - Ibid.].

     XVII,     ,        .   ,  ,  -      .           ,  ,     6 7 .  ,      ,      15000.    6 ,   ,         400.    ,         400.      .

-,  ,           .  12000     24000    (   ).                 (, ,       ),    24000?2?8 = 384000.

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         ⠫,      .    I,  21,          .  ,     1570000.        ,           (  ):    ,      ,    .      ,      ,    70000.               .           .

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, ,     .  ,    ,  1603,    363935 330747.      ,      ,                    [23 - Ibid.].    : ,       [24 - Ibid.].  XVII       (   [25 - Ibid.]),   ;        .

         14:13 ,     ,       (      ,   ),   ,      ,      .        .   3(. .42)    229250          .         (   4  . 48).         3      .

  ,        1634,         .     ,     .   ,        D,  - ,        .  ,  ,     1634.       ,               ,  ,    ,      ,      .   ,   D,    -  .  ,           ,      .



 3.               XVII.,    









    ,  ,             ,     :       ,   .         , ,    ,        .  ,           ,  ,     , .     ,           .

       [26 - J.Aubrey. John Graunt: A Brief Life // Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings, ed. A.Powell. Charles Scribners Sons: New York, 1949.].        ,      -      .              .         -    ,   .   ,   ,        .



          ,       .            XIX,    ,        .      ,  1842:



   ,      ,  ,  ,         .         ,        .             .         ,        ,        [27 - W.Farr. // Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England and Wales. HMSO: 1842. P.92.].


  ,    ,   1853,              ,    .         ,    .       :  ,  () ;  ,     ;    ,  . Ē        (,   ).      ,    ,  139  .

           ,        ,         .         1891      ,    ,     .  1893     .        ,        ,  .     ,       (),      ,   ,   , 1898[28 - World Health Organization. History of the development of the ICD.].  ,          120.           .

                     .   -11,  2019[29 - World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.].            4.    ,      ,     [30 - World Health Organization.international Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.]. 55     .   ,    , , ,   , ,      .

    ,               . ,  2  , 2E65   ; 8   , 8A40  [31 - World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/ l-m/en.].



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,    - ,      ,     .      ,  ,    ,        .   ,     ,      [32 - R.Rajasingham and D.R.Boulware. Cryptococcosis, 2019. URL: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/917.].     MCCD  :



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  MCCD  ,   



 4. 20    , 2019.[33 - World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death, 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death.]






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   -  .       II MCCD   ,  .         ,          ,      ,      .   , ,        .

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3

   


        .        :                   .       ,     ,  ,  , ,       .        ,        . ,         ,       .

          ,      .   2015       79,2   82,9  .      ,     20-    [34 - World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals, Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally, 2016.].     80,5   86,8  ,    , ,  .  25        ,   ,   .           31-   -  (79,3).    53-  (76,1),    110-  (70,5),    125-  (68,3). ,    37    ,       ,      .     -  49,3   50,8  .

    , ,    .     ,      .             .  ,        ,  ,        ,        .    1 (. .427),   ,             ,     .

  ,     ,     .      .         ,   ,     ,            .         .   -  (   )           .             ,       ,     ,         ,  ,  ,    ,    .          ,    (, ,    ). ,     ,     ,    .  ,       ,   ,        [35 - J.L.Angel. The Bases of Paleodemography // American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, 1969. P.427438.].






       100000 100000, , 20142016.[36 - Office for National Statistics. National life Tables, UK: 2014 to 2016, 2017. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/nationallifeTablesuk2014to2016.]



        ,   ,            .   ,  ,      1816.

       .       ,  650350  ..,   :








        [37 - J.Whitley. Gender and hierarchy in early Athens: The strange case of the disappearance of the rich female grave // M?tis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens, 1996. P.209232.]. ,   - ,        ,   .              ,    ,  .  ,   ,  ,      ,       ,       .        ,            .



     ,     .       .           III..   [38 - B.W.Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K.Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P.787816.]       ,      ,       .             300   ,   1100 ,    ,   I III ..         2225[39 - R.S.Bagnall and B.W.Frier. The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2006.].    2016    .  100000       . ,  50%      , 50%       .         ;         .

,    ,        :           ,   ,     .     .     ,                  .       ,            .






        



 5.   






      ,    [40 - B.W.Frier. Roman Life expectancy: Ulpians Evidence // Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 86, 1982. P.213251.],[41 - P.Pflaumer. A Demometric Analysis of Ulpians Table // JSM Proceedings, 2014. P.405419.].  5  ,     .   ,  ,    .        ,   ,     (,     ).  ,     . ,         [42 - R.Duncan-Jones. Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990. P.100101.].   ,      ,      .  , , ,     . , ,     ,     ,    ,        ,      .     , ,   .    .        ,            .       .         ,          ,           .

      :



       ,     ;

   ,      ;

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            ,      [43 - B.W.Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K.Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P.787816.].

          .



      ,   ,  .   :       1254;   ,    .       .             ,    ,  , ,    ,          - [44 - M.Morris. A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain. Windmill Books: London, 2008.].        .   ,   ,  ,     .       ,  ,          ,     .    1290     ,     ,        .      6 (. . 59). ,          . Ӡ , ,  ,    .

     1272 1307     I.        ,      ,     ,    ,     ,             .



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Ӡ       .  ,      ,        II.          ,      ,      . ,         ,   .           ,         .        ,    . ,                 .        ,        .        ,       ,     .

,     ,   ,            [45 - S.N.DeWitte. Setting the Stage for Medieval Plague: Pre-Black DeathTrends in Survival and Mortality // American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 2015. P.441451.].       , ,   ,   ,  .






    , , 18162016.[46 - The Human Mortality Database, 2018.]



       ,   ,     XIX.    ,     1816 2016  . ,        200,   .         , 41,1 85,3    39,1 79,3  .



 7.  ,        1816.









    -:              1816.               ,         , , ,  , ,     .   XXI      .     ,     ,      ,        ( 7, . 6162).  ,  ,       ,     ,  ,    .

                   .       50,1,     ,   -,  1910. ,            ,            .  1946        (60,5).            ,    .           ,    1930- .        1958 (68,9),   1961 (70,6)  1986 (75,5).            ,       .  ,      ,    XIX.



          ,   . ,    ,       .        - ,       .      ,         ,        .       .      ,      .  , ,        ,         ,         .         .       -   .

                . , ,            ,   .   ,          .          .

   ,   ,        .       ,           ,     .               .  ,                  .        .  ,   .  ,      ,    ,       .        .             [47 - L.Alkema et al. Probabilistic projections of the total fertility rate for all countries // Demography, 48, 2011. P.815839.].

        [48 - S.Harper. How Population Change Will Transform Our World. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2016.].      ,   ,      .    ,         .



         .         ,     (   ),             .  ,    ,           .      ,             8 (. . 66).

       .                  .       , , ,    .      1,4,     ,         0,2%       .       :      ,         .



 8.    ,   19602017.[49 - The World Bank. DataBank, 2019. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx.],[50 - UNICEF. Child Mortality Estimates, 2019. URL: https://childmortality.org/data.]






     19602017,         .    :         ,     ,    1,5%,          .     ,           , , ,    .          - ,    .  ,          ,    ,    ,  1,7,   ,  .        1960,   ,    ,      2030[51 - J. S.N.Anderson and S.Schneider. Brazilian Demographic Transition and the Strategic Role of Youth // Espace Populations Socits[Online], 2015. URL: http://eps.revues.org/.].   ,         ,           ,       ,     .

    ,    ,            .           .    .  1960             .       ,       65,9.       4,12017.     ,          .    ,           ,   , ,  , ,  -,      ,   [52 - Causes_of_Death. Leading Causes of death in Ethiopia, 2017. URL: https://causesofdeathin.com/causes-of-death-in-ethiopia/2.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/endru-doyg/memento-mori-istoriya-chelovecheskih-dostizheniy-v-borbe-s-neiz/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      . ..




2


W.M.Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P.13, 14.




3


    . ..




4


Ibid.




5


A.White. The Four Horsemen // Plague and Pleasure. The Renaissance World of Pius II. Catholic University of America Press: Washington DC, 2014. P.2147.




6


Ibid.




7


W.M.Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P.13, 14.




8


J.Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.




9


N.Browne-Wilkinson. Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland


 AC789, 1993.




10


M.Cascella. Taphophobia and life preserving coffins in the nineteenth century // History of Psychiatry, 27, 2016. P.345349.




11


L.Davies. Dead man turns up at own funeral in Brazil. Guardian, 24.10.2012.




12


A.K.Goila and M.Pawar. The diagnosis of brain death // Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 13, 2009. P.711.




13


J.Clark. Do You Really Stay Conscious After Being Decapitated? 2011. URL: https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/extrasensoryperceptions/lucid-decapitation.htm.




14


L.Volicer et al. Persistent vegetative state in Alzheimer disease  Does it exist? Archives of Neurology, 54, 1997. P.13821384.




15


H.Arnts et al. Awakening after a sleeping pill: Restoring functional brain networks after severe brain injury. Cortex, 132, 2020. P.135146.




16


N.Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P.1186, 1187.




17


R.Munkhoff. Searchers of the Dead: Authority, Marginality, and the Interpretation of Plague in England, 15741665 // Gender & History, 11, 1999. P.129.




18


L.Barroll. Politics, Plague, and Shakespeares Theater: The Stuart Years. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1991.




19


N.Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P.1186, 1187.




20


N.Cummins et al. Living standards and plague in London, 15601665 // Economic History Review, 69, 2016. P.334.




21


J.Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, Vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.




22


Ibid.




23


Ibid.




24


Ibid.




25


Ibid.




26


J.Aubrey. John Graunt: A Brief Life // Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings, ed. A.Powell. Charles Scribners Sons: New York, 1949.




27


W.Farr. // Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England and Wales. HMSO: 1842. P.92.




28


World Health Organization. History of the development of the ICD.




29


World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.




30


World Health Organization.international Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.




31


World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/ l-m/en.




32


R.Rajasingham and D.R.Boulware. Cryptococcosis, 2019. URL: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/917.




33


World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death, 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death.




34


World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals, Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally, 2016.




35


J.L.Angel. The Bases of Paleodemography // American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, 1969. P.427438.




36


Office for National Statistics. National life Tables, UK: 2014 to 2016, 2017. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/nationallifeTablesuk2014to2016.




37


J.Whitley. Gender and hierarchy in early Athens: The strange case of the disappearance of the rich female grave // M?tis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens, 1996. P.209232.




38


B.W.Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K.Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P.787816.




39


R.S.Bagnall and B.W.Frier. The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2006.




40


B.W.Frier. Roman Life expectancy: Ulpians Evidence // Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 86, 1982. P.213251.




41


P.Pflaumer. A Demometric Analysis of Ulpians Table // JSM Proceedings, 2014. P.405419.




42


R.Duncan-Jones. Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990. P.100101.




43


B.W.Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K.Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P.787816.




44


M.Morris. A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain. Windmill Books: London, 2008.




45


S.N.DeWitte. Setting the Stage for Medieval Plague: Pre-Black DeathTrends in Survival and Mortality // American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 2015. P.441451.




46


The Human Mortality Database, 2018.




47


L.Alkema et al. Probabilistic projections of the total fertility rate for all countries // Demography, 48, 2011. P.815839.




48


S.Harper. How Population Change Will Transform Our World. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2016.




49


The World Bank. DataBank, 2019. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx.




50


UNICEF. Child Mortality Estimates, 2019. URL: https://childmortality.org/data.




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