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    BioWare



    .         1970? :   ,    .    , RPG    ,        .         ,         ,    .

 ,      BioWare        .       ,     .

        ,     , BioShock.  :      ,             .

     BioShock             :   ,   .    ,      ,    ,         .  , BioShock      ,     .     ,       ,     ,   .  ,   ,   Irrational Games.

BioShock      ,     ,      [1 -     environment storytelling.? . .].          (     BioWare), BioShock          ,  .      ,     ,     ,    .       ,      ,  , ,  .

, ,           .   ,         ,    ,       .     ,     .   ,           . , ,  ,          ,   -   .     ,      BioShock.     ,         ,    .




 


    1969 ,   1995-       BioWare.     ,  Baldurs Gate, Neverwinter Nights, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, Jade Empire, Dragon Age  Mass Effect.   2012      Electronic Arts,          .     ,  ,       ,?   ,      YouTube.     .




   ,    Gamekult.com  Senscritique.com



         ,      ,  ,     .     ,    BioShock:     2007          Gamekult    ,       ,    . Gamekult   ,        .         ,     ,       BioShock,? ,    .

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  2000   ,   ,       Gamekult.com.           .     ,      2008 .    SensCritique         .       ,   , , ,   .            .




  



    ,    BioShock      .                Irrational Games.    , -,          System Shock 2.   ,      BioShock  System Shock  - ,    .  , ,  ,         ,     . Shock           ,      BioShock: The Collection[2 -  BioShock  ,   ,   2016        .? . .].            .      ,          ,    .       . ,    ? , ,   ?  ,      ?      ,  ,      .      .  ,         .        ,         :        .          ,        . ,         ,        ,        - .  , ,  ,        ,  ,                ,   .

                 ,             .   Irrational Games     System Shock 2,   BioShock,   BioShock Infinite,         . System Shock 2,  ,  - :       . BioShock       -,     , BioShock Infinite,       .  -  ,                             ,   ,       ,?      BioShock Infinite, ,   InfiniteShock.

     BioShock     .       ,    ,    :   ,       ,        ,   . ,    BioShock       :    ,    , ,   . ,    .        .

 ,       1960 .                .  ,           .      ,     ,    XX        .   ,       ,    .

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         .      2004       : Console Syndrome,       .    ,             .       Pixn Love,     ,    .            ,     .        : , Zelda.   [3 -      2016     .? . .], Resident Evil.    ,     VII  IX  Final Fantasy.          .  2015            Third Editions     .




 


        .      Tilt[4 - Tilt    ,   .   19821994 .? . .]     AHL[5 -  - (AHL)     ,   .? . .],         -.      PC Team,   Gameplay RPG  PlayMag.   2004      Future France[6 -      .? . .]      Joypad, PlayStation Magazine, Consoles +  Joystick,     ,      .         Jeux Vido Magazine    The Game.  ,      ,     Pixn Love,      Final Fantasy IX.




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  BioShock  ,    ,     .           .   BioShock  ,     .     .




   


  2000? ,     ,       .  ,                 .      ,        ,     ,  Steam.

   ,      PC,      .     (Deus Ex, Epic Mickey),   (Populous, Fable) ,  ,  .   ,      ,    .  , , . ?,     Microsoft  Xbox        . ?,     ,    ,   ,       ,?      .  , ,             .         ,  Valve Corporation (Portal 2), BioWare (Mass Effect)  Bethesda Softworks (Fallout 4  Skyrim),?      .

,             . BioShock    ,          ,    . ,   ,     PC  ,?  .     .           [8 -      ,  .? . .],?         ,       .   ,        ,     .      .   BioShock, Irrational Games            System Shock 2   -      .

        .        .                    . ,  , Crysis 2:              ,   PC      .  ,       ,  ,              .

     .                    ,     .    :     Call of Duty.   ,   BioShock       ,   PC. Irrational Games     , BioShock Infinite      .         .          PC (MMORPG,           Flight Simulator),   ,     ,      .  , Final Fantasy XI (2002)   Square Enix        MMORPG,  R.?U.S.?E. (Ubisoft, 2010)        ,       .




  


      ,     ,        .  ,  Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, Unreal Tournament  Duke Nukem,       .       .               .       ,           ,      .   .         ,     .           ,         .    Deus Ex, Metroid Prime, King Kong  Half-Life         ,     .    BioShock  :    ,  ,      [9 -   ,  , ,       ,   ,        .   . . .].

           ? ,       ,    .  ,             ,          - -,   ,   .            :  ,      .       ,   ,      .       ,     ,        .       ,      .

    ,          .        .       . -        .         ,     .          BioShock          .  ,     ,     .   ,    -      ,   .      ,      ,     .  : -  .   -       ,   ,?   ,   ,      ,   .      ,  -17 (,    Half-Life 2)    ,     Final Fantasy  ,   -  .

  Irrational Games          .  BioShock       ,    ,? ,       ,   .      -   ,  , ,    .  ,          ?   .   ,        : ,               .         ,  ,   ,    :    ,    ,             .

      -    .               .       ,      ,                .   ,  ,         .     ,        ,             .   ,    -   ,          : -, ,       .             ,       .   ,        ,      ,?           .

  Valve   Half-Life,  Irrational Games    ,      .   System Shock 2      ,      .  BioShock      .  ,    ,   ,   ,     .     .     ,     - .           -,       . BioShock         .        ,          ,     .  ,         ,         . ,     ,      :     .          ,       :   ,        .         ,  .

   ,       - .     :  ,           .




 


  1970?      .      :      ,        -  .  ,  Pong, Pac-Man                .

          . ?,    1974          Dungeons & Dragons (D&D)      .               .  ?,            ,         ,           .  ,  PDP?10[10 - PDP?10  ,    1966  1983        .? . .]   PLATO[11 - PLATO      ,       .    .? . .],      ( , Colossal Cave Adventure 1976     )    RPG,  D&D (, Dungeon     dnd      ,     1975 ).       ,   Spasim ( Elite,   1974 ), Maze War (    ,     1975 )  Moria (RPG 1975 ,         ).     ,    ,    Super Star Trek  PDP?10.     ,      -            XCOM  Company of Heroes 2.

      .     ,   Starhawk (1977)  Tail Gunner   Cinematronics (   Super Star Trek,   1979 ).                 Star Raiders,   1979   Atari[12 -    ,    .   1979  1992 .        Star Raiders.? . .] 400  800.

           ,    .      . ,  1980   Battlezone           ,     . ,  1983 ,    Star Wars,     ,      .     .




 


        ,               ,    -,   RPG.  1980?          ,       .   1979   Akalabeth,       Apple II.    ,     ,  ,             :    ,     .       RPG         ,    .  , Wizardry (Sir-Tech, 1981 ), The Bards Tale (Interplay, 1985 ), Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Treasure of Tarmin[13 - Advanced D&D       .? . .]   Intellivision[14 - Intellivision    Mattel,    1979  1990 .        .     Atari.? . .] (APh Technological Consulting, 1983 )  Might and Magic (New World Computing, 1986 )     .                   .           ,       . ,  ,  Lords of Midnight,    ZX Spectrum[15 - ZX Spectrum       Sinclair Research.   ,      .    1992 .? . .]  1984        iOS.            ,       ,     .     !

  RPG       Elite.       ,     .     ,  ,   ,         ,     .   1984   Elite   BBC Micro[16 - BBC Micro      .    Acorn Computers,      BBC,    .   1981  1994 .? . .],     :     ,          .       Mercenary  Novagen Software,    1985  1992 .  ,     ,     ,      ,         .




 


 1986                      .    .  ,      ,       .  1986  1992   Incentive Software          Freescape. Driller, Total Eclipse    ,           :          ?.  ,            , Driller     Spectrum,    Amiga.    ,                 .

  ,           .  Cholo  Solid Image (1986 )              .        .  , The Colony   Mindscape (1988 )  Infestation  Psygnosis (1990 )    ,    .     3D-,   ,     ,     ( Infestation      )           survival horror[17 -        .  ,        ,     .      .? . .],    : Alone in the Dark    1992 .

  1987    ,           FTL Games  Dungeon Master.        ,             .  , ,   3D-,     : ,          . ,    BioShock      Dungeon Master      ,?     ,       .   RPG     .   FTL Games     ,        .      Eye of the Beholder (Westwood Studios, 19901993 ),     ( 1990   Captive,  1991-  Knightmare,   1997-  Realms of the Haunting),   Black Crypt (Raven Software, 1992 )  Lands of Lore (Westwood Studios, 1993 ).




 


    ,       3D-     .     ,    .

       Midwinter   ,    1989 .      .            . Midwinter        ,  RPG,  ,  ,     ,         ,   .     . ,       ,      .  ,   ,    The Lords of Midnight,       : ,        ,    ,     ,       .?.

   ,            Corporation.       .    1990   Dimension Creative Designs.              .        RPG,     . Corporation        ,     : ,   ,     ,       .       ,      System Shock,  Deus Ex. Corporation       ,            Ultima Underworld  Wolfenstein 3D.  ,         Corporation      Ultima Underworld,?       .      .      ,     .   ,       ,   ,       .   .




  Looking Glass


  Looking Glass        ,  BioShock,   ,  Dishonored.  , ,  .         RPG,     Deus Ex       ,      -     Corporation    Looking Glass.     ,   ,  , ,     ,   .          ,   ,       ,  ,                ,     ,      .    ,         ,       .

  , ,   - .




  


  Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss   Looking Glass   .       Autoduel        Car Wars?  Space Rogue,   1989 .       RPG   Origin Systems (    Ultima)    ? Elite.    ,        .          ,            ,    ,  ,    ,    .  ,  RPG,         ,   ?    ,     .      -  .

  ,    .     Dungeon Master  Corporation          ,              . -      Apple IIe[18 - Apple IIe         Apple Computer.  e   enhanced  :      ,        .   1983  1993 .? . .].             .      IBM PC[19 - IBM PC     IBM. ,   ,        . -    .    1987 .? . .],  ,  1990 ,   Blue Sky      ׸ (  !),     .  1990             .     Origin Systems,   Ultima.    RPG     :       Ultima,             .  ,           ,    .   ,     ,   Deus Ex.   Origin Systems,     Wing Commander, Ultima VII  Ultima: Worlds of Adventure 2: Martian Dreams. ,       :    Ultima           .       .    Blue Sky     . ?  -    ,     .  Wolfenstein 3D.

         Ultima Underworld.            .    1991      id Software,         Commander Keen,?    : Hovertank 3D  Catacomb 3?D.      Corporation,   ,   ,      Ultima Underworld. ,      ,   ,       ,      -,     .     .  ,     ,     .    ,     19 ,       ,        .         .  Blue Sky  id Software  .  ׸ ,       Ultima Underworld         ,     .     ! ,  Catacomb 3?D,  Wolfenstein 3D  ,   . ,   ,      .         ,     . Wolfenstein 3D   ,      :   .  ,             . Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss     .

  id Software     ,             ,   id Tech[20 - id Tech    ,  id Software.? . .].   Ultima Underworld    :     ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    . ,    Dungeon Master,       ,      ;                      .  ,       .   , Ultima Underworld     ,       .        ,   Blue Sky    :     .     .        ,    .     ,     .    ,    ,    ,? ,  .      .

 ,      ,     2002     Computer and Video Games   ׸.        ,    ,       . ,  ,    Ultima Underworld    ,             .                  .   Ultima Underworld    ,      ,          .

    , Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss     .   Tilt      100 ( 1992 )    20  20,   Gnration 4[21 -  .      : Amiga, Atari ST  .? . .]   99% ( 43   1992 ).      :     .    :    ,   Ultima Underworld,       Looking Glass.   29 .     IT-  -,           ,   :      .             ,   Arkane Studios,    ,      Joystick.  Electronic Arts                       .

      .         . Ultima Underworld           .      ,           . Origin Systems   .    Dungeon Master, Ultima Underworld      .  , Dreamforge     1994  1995 ,      Ravenloft,    Advanced Dungeons & Dragons.  1994     The Elder Scrolls: Arena,   1996?    The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall.    Daggerfall      ,           .   ,      .

   Ultima Underworld III,      .      Origin Systems   ,      Electronic Arts.        .




 


     Ultima Underworld,  Blue Sky     , Lerner Research,      ׸. Lerner Research      :     F?22 Interceptor. ,     ,  Looking Glass.      . ?,    ,   (    Flight Unlimited),  ?     ,    Ultima Underworld.   ,  ׸,  ,     -     Ultima Underworld II,  ,      ,    ,      - .       ,       .          .            .

     ,     ,  Underworld,?  ,      , ,    ,         . ,      ,    ,   .      ,    System Shock,?  .      ,     .      ,           . , ,    ,       :         .            .       ⻠    ,   ,  SHODAN,  ,   .  , System Shock       Ultima Underworld           ,        .    Doom:  id Software     1993 .

       Doom -      ,        :     ,       .   System Shock,    ,    ,  ,  ,     ,   ,       ,    ,  ,      ,      ,    ,    .  , ,   ,   :    ,       .   ,          ,        1970? ,?       .      .      ,      System Shock.     .   :      ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/mehdi-el-kanafi/sozdanie-trilogii-bioshock-ot-vostorga-do-kolumbii-68624169/)  .

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notes








1


    environment storytelling.? . .




2


 BioShock  ,   ,   2016        .? . .




3


     2016     .? . .




4


Tilt    ,   .   19821994 .? . .




5


 - (AHL)     ,   .? . .




6


     .? . .




7


          BioShock     1,    . . .




8


     ,  .? . .




9


  ,  , ,       ,   ,        .   . . .




10


PDP?10  ,    1966  1983        .? . .




11


PLATO      ,       .    .? . .




12


   ,    .   1979  1992 .        Star Raiders.? . .




13


Advanced D&D       .? . .




14


Intellivision    Mattel,    1979  1990 .        .     Atari.? . .




15


ZX Spectrum       Sinclair Research.   ,      .    1992 .? . .




16


BBC Micro      .    Acorn Computers,      BBC,    .   1981  1994 .? . .




17


       .  ,        ,     .      .? . .




18


Apple IIe         Apple Computer.  e   enhanced  :      ,        .   1983  1993 .? . .




19


IBM PC     IBM. ,   ,        . -    .    1987 .? . .




20


id Tech    ,  id Software.? . .




21


 .      : Amiga, Atari ST  .? . .


