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          . , . , . , . ,      . , . , . .    ,    "       ".           .

  PDF A4    .





 

 

      



Katherine Zubouich

Moscow Monumental

Soviet Skyscrapers and Urban Life in Stalin's Capital


* * *

     .            .         .



 2021 by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved

 . ,    , 2023

 . ,  , , 2023

   һ, 2023

 CORPUS










 1947         ,               .  1950-        ,      ,  ,     ,       .   1947           :     ,         .          ,         ,         .     :         , ,   ,      [1 -    . .             () 17  1949  // . 2001. 4. . 110.].    ,              ,     .

       .            ,           .  1930-               ,             .  1930-        .        ,  ,        .            ,  ,       ,     .

       ,    ,       .    1947                ,    .     ,     .           ,  ,     .     ,    ,        ,     .        ,          .            . -    seven sisters   . -    .         .



     .   ,    ,      .     ,     ,          [2 - Trigger. Monumental Architecture, 119.].   ,         ,    .   ,    .                  .                 :            .       ,             .           ,     ,    .      .

   XX ,  ,      ,      .   1930-        ,     .  -          ,     .       ?       ?          ,          .    ,       ,           ,   ;    ,  ,   [3 -  .   / . . . ., 2015. . 218.].     :            .

       .   1947         .       .            ,         .           ,    ,       ,      .     ,                  .   ,            (   ),       .     ,      -          .



           ,    ,    :  ,    ,         .           ,     .  1930- ,     ,           ,         .  1934                      .         -  ,          .        ;  ,  -,        .   ,               ,       .   ,         ,         ,       .

 ,      ,   ,          . ,          (     ),   . , ,             .               -  .    ,       ,      .             .  1930-   1950-,               ,      .

   ,         ,    .             .              .                ,          .

 1952  . .     ,  (   1953 )    .        .       ,  ,       ,  ,  ,        [4 -  . . R5446. . 86a. . 11686. . 1.].         ,     .     ,       ,      .        ,         .

          ,      :     ,    .      ,           .        :          ,   .     ,                . ,           ,     , ,               ,    .

,    ,         ,      ,       .   ,          ,       .              .

        1947 ,    800- ,        30-  .        ,                .      ,   1947 ,       .       ,    ?        .

         ,           .  1949 ,      ,    ,         .       ,        .      ,  ,   ,     ,    ,    .      ,   1949


1950       .          ,     ,    .        :             .



     :  ,     .          1920- ,    ,          ,   ,       .          ,            .

 1930- ,       ,     ,     .  ,       ,         ,            .     ,     ,      .  ,           ,             .  ,        19411945 ,         .      ,        ,       ,  ,    ,    .

         ,     ,       .         1947         .  ,   ,         ,                  . ,    ,     .

     ,        .    ,      ,     .     ,   ,            ,      .

         ,         .     ,        ,     ,  .       (  ),        .      -       .       ,        .                       .    ,       ,      ,             .  ,     ,  ,     ,  ,   -  ,       .     57,              ,          .

  1950- ,      ,      .       ,       ,        1954            .              .   ,   ,   ,    .  ,          ,   .    1950-              ,           , , ,   .



        .   ,      ,         .   1930-           [5 -                    (Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain).           DeHaan. Stalinist City Planning, Crawford. The Socialist Settlement Experiment: Soviet Urban Praxis, 19171932.].       . ,          ,      ,      .        ,     (     ).

 ,         ,    .          1954      ,       . - ,         ,      .           ,    .     ,           .               ,                  .         ,  ,       ,         ,     .

     ,       ,              .                ,            .       ,        :           .

  ,   ,            .     :  ,  ,         .          ,        ,         .         ,        .  ,                [6 - Zubkova. Russia after the War.].     ,          ,       .

           1930-. ,  ,          .           . - ,     1930- ,   :              .              :           ,     big deal ( )[7 - Dunham. In Stalins Time.].         .                  1945 [8 - .. . -.         (19311956). ., 2009;  .  .     . ., 2010.]  - ,     ,      ,    ,         [9 - Barnes. Death and Redemption; Bell. Stalins Gulag at War; Barenberg. Gulag Town, Company Town.].       ,           .         ,    [10 -           .: Qualls. From Ruins to Reconstruction; Smith. Property of Communists; Dale. Divided We Stand: Cities, Social Unity and Post-War Reconstruction in Soviet Russia, 19451953; Maddox. Saving Stalins Imperial City; Jones. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction of Soviet Russia During and After the Great Patriotic War, 19431948.].

      ,      ,         ,  ,   .   ,        .   ,  , ,   ,      ,  [11 - F?rst. Late Stalinist society: history, policies and people, 2.].       , ,   ,  1953 ,    ,          [12 -      .: F?rst. Stalins Last Generation; Tromly. Making the Soviet Intelligentsia;        .: Smith. Property of Communists;      ,      , .: Heinzen. The Art of the Bribe.].     (1930-,  ,      ),             .     ,                 1930-.            1945  -     .

         ,     ,         [13 -                    .                .    ( ,      )   : . . .  ; Schl?gel. Moscow; . . .  ; Colton. Moscow: Governing a Socialist Metropolis.             ,      Les sept tours de Moscou, 19351950; . . , . . .  .].       ,    ,      .          (),     ( )       ( ).         ,      ,         .           ,   ,          ,  ,   ,     ,     .



,    ,     ,      . ,          70 ,        :     ,  ,       .         ,   ,    ,  ,   ,        ,   1947       .

   -,      -,       .  ,        ,         1957               . ,   ,      .  ,   1954 ,        (       ). ,     ,      ,   1953 .    ,       ,    -  ,         ,   .






. ?.1.   . 1950.       .  Cartographic Ltd.



      ,                ().  36-              ( ,      ) .     ,     .    ,     , -          .

   ,          . ,   ,     ,   1931       . -        ,   ,      .   ,      ,     ,           .   1940-   1950-     ,     .     ,     .

    , ,    ,         (  ).    ,            ,       1952        ,    .    ,      .          .     -    ,       -, -   .

 ,     ,      ,      .    ,      ,     .




 1

 



 1928          ,      (. 1.11.5).          ,         ,     ,        [14 - Sidorow. Moskau, xi.].        XII        1712 ,    I      ,    -.  1918               (),           .  1917        ,          .              -       .  1928 ,         ,        .

  1920-          .    :  ,  ,              ,   .    -   ,     .  XVXVI   ,        ,             .  ,          ,      :     ,   ,   ,     , ,   [15 - Kollmann. By Honor Bound, 196.].  1920-           .   1770-   II       ,       .      ,        ,            [16 - Martin. Enlightened Metropolis, 61; Martin. Policing and the Creation of an Early Modern City, 116129.].

 ,  1917 ,      .        ,       ,        1860-e ,     XIX    ,          1917       .        ,   ,         .      ,        -            ,      ,    . -           .  ,  ,   ,  .    XX               [17 - Bradley. Muzhik and Muscovite, 345. . : Colton. Moscow, 5363.][18 - ,       . .: . . .    XX .  . ., 2010; . . , . . .   .     XX . ., 2010. (. .).].

        .  1928         1917- ,      .            .    1921 ,                 ( ),  -   .  1939 ,        ,       [19 -       :  . . R-5446. . 86a. . 11032. . 128; Colton. Moscow, 757758.].             ,             ,     .    ,     ,       ,     [20 - Hoffmann. Peasant Metropolis, 31.].    , ,           ,            .         ,          .




 


,      1920-   ,    [21 - Sidorow. Moskau, xi.].       ,    .     ,          .        ,         [22 - Ibid. xiii.].  :



       :   ,  ,     .   XVIIIXIX        ,    .       ,   ,     ,        . ,     ,     ,   .            , ,    [23 - Ibid. vii.].


     ,            .        ,   1918    ,      (),      ,         -[24 - Cooke. The Garden City Idea, 358.].          ,         [25 - Colton. Moscow, 106107, 225228; . . .   1920- :  . ., 2009; Khan-Magomedov. Pioneers of Soviet Architecture, 272273.].              1940- ,             :  ,           1935 .    ,    ,        ,    1920- .            [26 -         -  (). (   . ,    .).],         ( ) .     ,         (      1929-   New York Times),       (. 1.1)[27 - Thomas R. Ybarra. New Tombs for the Pilgrims to Visit. New York Times, September 1, 1929, 8.].






. 1.1.  . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau. Berlin: Albertus-Verlag, 1928)



             .

           ,          ,            ,      (. 1.2).       :     .         ,           ,  -  [28 - Hilton. Retailing the Revolution, 939964.].  ,             .   ,           -         ,      (       ) (. 1.3).  1926    ,     , :      -,      .    ,  ,   ,  [29 -  .   / . . . ., 2012. . 257.][30 -   :    ,  ,   etc.   ,     ,        ( .   / . . . ., 2012. . 28).].






. 1.2.  . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)






. 1.3 - . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)



            ,      XIX        .         - (. 1.4)  ,        ,          .           XVII ,        ,    ,            (. 1.5)[31 -       1932       (D. Hoffman. Peasant Metropolis, 155).].            ,       .   ,      ,     .          .     19201921 ,   ,               ,     .  ,         ,   .






. 1.4.   -. (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)






. 1.5.    . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)



         ,   . ,   1891      ,  1909    -   ,      .        ,          .  1913     ,     ,            .  1917       [32 - . , . .   . ., 1964. .34, 714.].   ,      ,               ,   .           XVI ,  ,            ,   .  ,         [33 -  . .910.  1917 ,        ,    .   ,  ,   ,     ¸,        1913  1914 . ¸,        ,       ,     ,    . .: . , . . . . . 7.].

      ,    ,      -.      , ,              ,          .   ,   ,     ,         ,     .  1918 ,       ,        .    ?  .      ,       ?   ,    ?  ,    ,      ?[34 - . . .   . ., 1918. . 3.]       ,        (),    ,         .     1927           ,          .   ,           [35 -         A. C.       1937 ,   100-   .],         .     1928  (         ),    ,         [36 -      400-  .].  ,       .          ,           .

       , ,      1928 ,        ,    .              ,                 .  ,      ,     .   ,         ,         .            .   1920-       ,   ,     ,          .     ,    ,            ,   [37 -   .: Shneer. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes, 3134. . : Stolarski. The Rise of Photojournalism in Russia and the Soviet Union, 19001931, 283284.]. ,    ,  ,        ,      .           ,  .      ,       .

    , ,     ,          ,  ,     ,             [38 -        .: Reid. Photography in the Thaw, 3339.].  ,   1930-     ,     .            ,           .   ,       ,      ,         (. 1.6)[39 - Castillo. Gorky Street and the Design of the Stalin Revolution, 5770.].  , ,    :         ,     .            -,      -     ,          [40 -    ,        ,       1930-:         ,        (Oksana Bulgakowa. Spatial Figures in Soviet Cinema of the 1930s, 64).].






. 1.6.    . ( . 1934. 1)



 1920-    ,             .     ,          .      ,   19071909 ,   1927    .    ,    XIX      (      ),       -      [41 -  ,    , 16,    . ,  -  ,       ,          .].  XVIII ,    ,      (. 1.7.).           ,     [42 -    ,       ,    ,      (Schmidt. The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow, 74).].   1930-     .       .     , ,   ,     ,  ,   ,   .    ,       ,     ,   ,         .               .






. 1.7  ,   1 . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)




  


  ,         ,     .    ,  ,          ,        ,   .    ,            ,       ,    ,  ,   .    1918   ,   ,            ,         .           -     .         ,        [43 - Merridale. Red Fortress, 282283.].

 ,  ,      :         .  1918 ,      ,      .      ,         ,          [44 - Stites. Revolutionary Dreams, 9192.].              ,                        .            [45 - von Geldern. Putting the Masses in Mass Culture: Bolshevik Festivals, 19181920, 123144.].    ,           [46 - Stite. Revolutionary Dreams, 92.].    ,          ,             .

    ,          ,         .      1920- ,           ,      .         ,   1920-     .      1917     ,     ,  ,         ,    .         ()   -[47 -     ,    1920- .    , .: Andy Willimott. Living the Revolution.].  ()     ,      [48 - . .  . XX . ., 1984. .4849.].               .      1928       ,    .  ,  ,           1920-     ,        .  ,    ,       ,       ,     .

  1930-         .         ,            ,   1930     ,           [49 -    .   ()  28  1930. // . 1930. 10 . . 2.].       ,     :   193


         .       ,     ,       .          ,            1949 . ,      ,        .  1930            ()     () ,       1935 ,          .

 1931    ()  ,       ,                   л.     ,     :              [50 -          .  .  . .     () // . 1931. 4 . . 6; Kaganovich. Socialist Reconstruction of Moscow and Other Cities in the USSR.].                  [51 -    ,            .    . ,   1931  1932          (D. Hoffman, Peasant Metropolis, 7).].         (        ,  )     [52 - . . .       . ., 1931. . 24.].  ,     ,            -.    . , ,         [53 -  . . 33.].          1935 ,  ,    ,      ,      .        [54 -  1947    . . (. .)]   [55 -    .: Jenks. A Metro on the Mount; OMahony. Archaeological Fantasies.      .: Ruder. Building Stalinism.].              .       -   [56 -     //  . 1931. 23 . . 2.].

                 1922 ,           1920- [57 -  . . R3316. . 64. . 562. . 12.][58 -         1922      .     ,   ,         1928      .           ,     20  ,       5 000   1500  ,   ,     ,  ,       ,     5 000 .   ,          .].           1917         ,     .

 1931      .  ,    , ,         1922 ,                      л[59 -  . . R-3316. . 64. . 563. . 188.].               .   1930-         ,   ,          .        ,    :     ,    ?  1930-         :     .

          ,       - .  ,    (. 1.8)       1920- ,          1812      1883 [60 -      .: . . .     :     .    , 18131931. ., 1992.].       ,      .            ,                     ,          [61 -     ,   1928 ,            .  1928-  1931          ,    ,   , ,     .  1930       28     .  ,    1930 , ,        1500 ,      ,  ,    ,       550  ,    ,     ,   3054240 .               1931  ( . . R-3316. . 64. . 562. . 13, 23,51).].






. 1.8.       .       . (Alexys ?. Sidorow. Moskau)



  1931 ,        ,             .           . ,   , ,                  .          ,       .    1932     ,   ,    ,        XIX ,    ,     ,            [62 -     2015           ,       .][63 -  . . R-3316. . 25. . 625. . 5.].      ,                .

          ,  , ,       .              [64 -       .].  ,     ,          , , ,         ,                 ,    (  )    [65 -  . . R-3316. . 64. . 564. . 148.]. ,     ,      ,           -   .     1931  ,        ,      ,     ,     ,              .

      ,       ,           .         ,     .   !       .      ,  .    ,     ,   .  ,    ,    [66 -  : . .   .     //  . 1933. 17 . . 3.].

              ,              . ,   ,     .             XX .  1930-            (     )     ,    .




  


   1931                 ,     -,           .      -   ,          .         .       ,         ,       .          60%.  1930          ,  , ,   . ,         ,         ,             [67 - Hoffmann. Moving to Moscow, 847848.].     ,            ,   ,   .

        ,          .       .       ,           .          ,         .     1935     л,        .           [68 -   //  . 1935.   . . 11.].  1930-    ,        ,      ,            [69 - Clark. The New Moscow and the New Happiness, 189200.            ,   1930-       . Petrone. Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, 100102.].                 .             .         ,     , ,     ,               .

       ,     ,      .        1935 ,        ()   ,       .        :                  .    ,      ,     ,      ,         ,    ,                 [70 -     . .      (). 1935. . 7.].             ,         ,       ,  -    .        ,      ,    ,    ,    .

  1935      ,       ,        .      ,  1932  1934       ,      .         (      )          [71 -    .: . . .  ; Bodenschatz, Post. St?dtebau im Schatten Stalins, 153155; Cohen. When Stalin Meets Haussmann.].    ,      :      ,        .  ,        ,          ,             .      , ,  , -        .       ,       .   ,     ,        .

       ,         .          ,    .       ,      .     ,    .   ,            ,          ,           . -    ,   ;       ,          .        ,       ,           .

     ,               .   1932   ()         .        .         ().  ,   ,              .    ,     (,   ),            .   1933           л.          ,    ,        ,        ,    ,      .

              :  1934         ,    -    .               . , ,    ,     ,      .         ,     .           .            , ,   --.

 ,   -     ,  1934     ,     .             .        ,     ,     ,      .    ,   XVII ,  ,          ,     ,     .          ,      ,   ,     1936 ,      .         ,   1938    ,      XI  XVII .   1939        [72 -      .: 10     (19341944). ., 1944.].

    1930-    ,     1920-.            ,     .      ,                .              . ,          ()    1929            [73 - . . .   . 220.].

,    ,           . ,   1931 ,      .  1933    20 - .  ,   ,    ,    .    (  1946   ),   ,    ,               .      ,    1935     ,   (  ,  )       .

           ,        .  1932           .         :  ,       ,  ,              ,        .         . ,      ,  ,  ,            [74 - Siegelbaum. The Shaping of Soviet Workers Leisure, 7892.].         ,         .

   1935                   (       ).            .            ,         .  -,   1920- ,          ,   -     ,      800-      .  ,        ,   .

            .     -,     City Beautiful ( ),     XX             [75 - Cooke. The Garden City Idea, 353363; Cohen. Scenes of the World to Come, 28.].    ,                  .

,            1934 ,      ,   (   , ,    ..)      .       ,    ,           .         .     ,     [76 - Clark. The Soviet Novel.].         ,         ,       .         ,  .

 ,        ,       .   1930-     ,                .  1930-,    ,        ,             .           .   - ,     ,      . , -   ,        (  ,         ),    ,     ,    [77 - Cohen. When Stalin Meets Haussmann. . 247; - .     .     . 19281936. ., 2012. . 168.].   ,      1930-        .      ,       .

 1938 ,      ,        ,            ,         .                   .             ?     ,               ,    1922 ,  ,    1930-,           .          .     ,    ,       ,   , ,  ,     .   :     ,        [78 -      . ., 1938. 8 (67). .13.].           ,   ,      .         ,      ,  ,    ,   30  . ,   148   62 , ,    ,   ,      ,   .

           ,    - .     ,      1938 ,      .    ,       .         ,    ,      ,  :       ?   ,      :



      2  .     16 ,    .      .

     ,     ,      .

    ,       .      ,       ,  ,       [79 -  .]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ketrin-zubovich/moskva-monumentalnaya-vysotki-i-gorodskaya-zhizn-v-epohu-s/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   . .             () 17  1949  // . 2001. 4. . 110.




2


Trigger. Monumental Architecture, 119.




3


 .   / . . . ., 2015. . 218.




4


 . . R5446. . 86a. . 11686. . 1.




5


                   (Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain).           DeHaan. Stalinist City Planning, Crawford. The Socialist Settlement Experiment: Soviet Urban Praxis, 19171932.




6


Zubkova. Russia after the War.




7


Dunham. In Stalins Time.




8


.. . -.         (19311956). ., 2009;  .  .     . ., 2010.




9


Barnes. Death and Redemption; Bell. Stalins Gulag at War; Barenberg. Gulag Town, Company Town.




10


          .: Qualls. From Ruins to Reconstruction; Smith. Property of Communists; Dale. Divided We Stand: Cities, Social Unity and Post-War Reconstruction in Soviet Russia, 19451953; Maddox. Saving Stalins Imperial City; Jones. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction of Soviet Russia During and After the Great Patriotic War, 19431948.




11


F?rst. Late Stalinist society: history, policies and people, 2.




12


     .: F?rst. Stalins Last Generation; Tromly. Making the Soviet Intelligentsia;        .: Smith. Property of Communists;      ,      , .: Heinzen. The Art of the Bribe.




13


                   .                .    ( ,      )   : . . .  ; Schl?gel. Moscow; . . .  ; Colton. Moscow: Governing a Socialist Metropolis.             ,      Les sept tours de Moscou, 19351950; . . , . . .  .




14


Sidorow. Moskau, xi.




15


Kollmann. By Honor Bound, 196.




16


Martin. Enlightened Metropolis, 61; Martin. Policing and the Creation of an Early Modern City, 116129.




17


Bradley. Muzhik and Muscovite, 345. . : Colton. Moscow, 5363.




18


,       . .: . . .    XX .  . ., 2010; . . , . . .   .     XX . ., 2010. (. .).




19


      :  . . R-5446. . 86a. . 11032. . 128; Colton. Moscow, 757758.




20


Hoffmann. Peasant Metropolis, 31.




21


Sidorow. Moskau, xi.




22


Ibid. xiii.




23


Ibid. vii.




24


Cooke. The Garden City Idea, 358.




25


Colton. Moscow, 106107, 225228; . . .   1920- :  . ., 2009; Khan-Magomedov. Pioneers of Soviet Architecture, 272273.




26


        -  (). (   . ,    .).




27


Thomas R. Ybarra. New Tombs for the Pilgrims to Visit. New York Times, September 1, 1929, 8.




28


Hilton. Retailing the Revolution, 939964.




29


 .   / . . . ., 2012. . 257.




30


  :    ,  ,   etc.   ,     ,        ( .   / . . . ., 2012. . 28).




31


      1932       (D. Hoffman. Peasant Metropolis, 155).




32


. , . .   . ., 1964. .34, 714.




33


 . .910.  1917 ,        ,    .   ,  ,   ,     ¸,        1913  1914 . ¸,        ,       ,     ,    . .: . , . . . . . 7.




34


. . .   . ., 1918. . 3.




35


        A. C.       1937 ,   100-   .




36


     400-  .




37


  .: Shneer. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes, 3134. . : Stolarski. The Rise of Photojournalism in Russia and the Soviet Union, 19001931, 283284.




38


       .: Reid. Photography in the Thaw, 3339.




39


Castillo. Gorky Street and the Design of the Stalin Revolution, 5770.




40


   ,        ,       1930-:         ,        (Oksana Bulgakowa. Spatial Figures in Soviet Cinema of the 1930s, 64).




41


 ,    , 16,    . ,  -  ,       ,          .




42


   ,       ,    ,      (Schmidt. The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow, 74).




43


Merridale. Red Fortress, 282283.




44


Stites. Revolutionary Dreams, 9192.




45


von Geldern. Putting the Masses in Mass Culture: Bolshevik Festivals, 19181920, 123144.




46


Stite. Revolutionary Dreams, 92.




47


    ,    1920- .    , .: Andy Willimott. Living the Revolution.




48


. .  . XX . ., 1984. .4849.




49


   .   ()  28  1930. // . 1930. 10 . . 2.




50


         .  .  . .     () // . 1931. 4 . . 6; Kaganovich. Socialist Reconstruction of Moscow and Other Cities in the USSR.




51


   ,            .    . ,   1931  1932          (D. Hoffman, Peasant Metropolis, 7).




52


. . .       . ., 1931. . 24.




53


 . . 33.




54


 1947    . . (. .)




55


   .: Jenks. A Metro on the Mount; OMahony. Archaeological Fantasies.      .: Ruder. Building Stalinism.




56


    //  . 1931. 23 . . 2.




57


 . . R3316. . 64. . 562. . 12.




58


        1922      .     ,   ,         1928      .           ,     20  ,       5 000   1500  ,   ,     ,  ,       ,     5 000 .   ,          .




59


 . . R-3316. . 64. . 563. . 188.




60


     .: . . .     :     .    , 18131931. ., 1992.




61


    ,   1928 ,            .  1928-  1931          ,    ,   , ,     .  1930       28     .  ,    1930 , ,        1500 ,      ,  ,    ,       550  ,    ,     ,   3054240 .               1931  ( . . R-3316. . 64. . 562. . 13, 23,51).




62


    2015           ,       .




63


 . . R-3316. . 25. . 625. . 5.




64


      .




65


 . . R-3316. . 64. . 564. . 148.




66


 : . .   .     //  . 1933. 17 . . 3.




67


Hoffmann. Moving to Moscow, 847848.




68


  //  . 1935.   . . 11.




69


Clark. The New Moscow and the New Happiness, 189200.            ,   1930-       . Petrone. Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, 100102.




70


    . .      (). 1935. . 7.




71


   .: . . .  ; Bodenschatz, Post. St?dtebau im Schatten Stalins, 153155; Cohen. When Stalin Meets Haussmann.




72


     .: 10     (19341944). ., 1944.




73


. . .   . 220.




74


Siegelbaum. The Shaping of Soviet Workers Leisure, 7892.




75


Cooke. The Garden City Idea, 353363; Cohen. Scenes of the World to Come, 28.




76


Clark. The Soviet Novel.




77


Cohen. When Stalin Meets Haussmann. . 247; - .     .     . 19281936. ., 2012. . 168.




78


     . ., 1938. 8 (67). .13.




79


 .


