   .    
  


       , Brexit,      .            ,     .       ,         ,     .      ,             ,    .

    ,    .   ,   ,      ,     -,   ,      .   ,         ,   ,     .  ,                .

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     ,  ,     ,         ,       ,       .             ,           .

       ,         .      ,    ,        ,       ,      .           :  ,      ,   ,      .

            -    :         ,       ,           .

  (Chris Caldwell)   Weekly Standard   ,      Imprimis,    (Hillsdale College),          :       1999-2000 .,    .   . Ÿ      ,           .   .        ,        1920- .       ,         .     .     .     ,           ,         .   ,     .

       ,     .       ,         ,          . ,     ,     .   ,      .     ,       .   ,  .   ,      ,               .         ,      ,     .

    ,   .  XX .         ,   XXI .   .            ,    -,       .     ,      .  ,       ,      ,     ,    .    :   ?       ,               .         ,    .         [1 - The American Conservative, 31.03.2017].

    ,                   ,     ,          .  ,   ,            .     ,   ,             . ,            ,         ,     .

     ,        ,                   ,     .       ,    .    -    ,  13                ,    .        XXI : , ,          ,              ,    [2 - :  . URL: http://tsargrad.tv/ar-ticles/posobnica-globalistov_53338].

     ,           ,            ,    ,   .             ,     .       ,                . , ,  ,      ,          .

 ,   ,    ,                     ,      -  .      ,        ,   ,         ,     .        -  .

          ,   ,  ,        .

 ,              ,    ,      .              .        .

         1968 .,              .  ,  !.          .          ,     ,    ,         .

    ,            :         ,     .             .       .      60-    . ,       ,    [3 -  .   . .: , 2013, .30].

  ,  ( ,    )          .   ,   (        )     [4 - . ., . 31].

    ,        ,            ,          .       ,     ,      ,    ,            ,      ,            [5 - . ., . 32].

          ,      ,               .

  ,   1968 .,  -        .     ,    ,            ,      ,         [6 -  ., . :  , 21.09.11].

      - ,      .

  90- .      ,  ,  ,   .              ,     ,         [7 -  .   . .: , , 2009, 256 .].

 ,          ,         .     .   ,      ,  ,      ,      .       .

,               ,   ,          ,    .       -  ,       .

              , ,     ,   .

 ,          ,      ,        .           .

                   ,             .

                      ,              ,     [8 - ., . ., . 105].

  ,    ,  ,  ,                 .         ,        - . ,  ,     ,          .    :

   .  ,      ,         ,    [9 - Deutsche Welle: Martin Schulz  from 'pig' to top politician. URL: http://www.dw.com/en/martin-schulz-from-pig-to-top-politician/ a-37260095];

    ,        [10 - NEWS.am: Martin Schulz is against lifting sanctions from Russia. URL: https://news.am/eng/news/370891.html];

        . ,    ,    ,       [11 - Time: Putin Cancels France Trip After President Hollande Accuses Russia of War Crimes in Syria. URL: http://time.com/4526283/pu-tin-cancels-france-trip-syria-hollande/].

   ,         ,          ,         .

 XXI .,    XX ,    ,               ,     .

 ,       ,     ,   ,          ,     .  ,   ,     -          .

     ,      ,    ,     ,    ,    .    ,       ,              .        ,             . , ,        .

    ,   .          ,    ,      ,      , , ,   [12 -  .  .    . 2. -  / ,  . . .. . .: , . 175].




          ,       ,    .       : , ,    .  ,         ,              - -,           .       ,  .

 ,  [13 -      // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243]



     ,       .     .

 ,  [14 - Donald J. Trump addresses terrorism, immigration, and national security // DonaldJTrump.com. URL: https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-addresses-terrorism-immigration-and-national-security]




    


,   ,     .

 , .  [15 -   ,     (1997 .). URL: http://www.gr-oborona.ru/ texts/1056961758.html]

5 2016 .,        ,        .    -       .        .        -,        .       ,     ,       ,       .   -,  ,   . We Russians tend to believe in miracles, in Trumps victory for instance[16 - , ,    , ,    (.).],  .

9  2016 .,      ,    .         ,    :                 .         9         .  ,   ,  : ,    ,        .         ,         ,  .    -    ,   , , ,  . (  ,       -  .)

20  2017 . ,           ,   45-     .      . ,        .              .           ,   .    ,                  .    Associated Press,     ,   :  ,  ,      .   .           ,          , ,     ,      [17 - Associated Press: Champagne corks pop in Moscow at Trump's inauguration. URL: https://www.apnews.com/7a3aced7fa1e4b388899971dfce88f14/Champagne-corks-pop-in-Moscow-at-Trump's-inauguration].

 , ,          .     ,      ,  . , ,     2013 .        ,    [18 -     :      (    ..  12  2013 .) ( ). URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/122186],    ,    ,    ,       [19 -     :      (    ..  30  2016 .). URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2542248]. ,            .     ,       ?

       -       ,             .   ,      .     ,   1871 .   ,      ,   [20 -  ..   :          - //  ..   . .:   , 2008, . 75].          ,      .         , , ,    .      ,  ,         ,   , ,      .         ,  ,        ,       ?..          [ ],    ,     ,   ,       [21 -  , . 357].

,  ,    ,   ,         . ,      ,       ,          . , ,  ,          - ?   ,  ,  !    (   )  ,   ,     .   ,            ,      [22 -  , . 392].

   ,   .    ,         .   .  ,        .  ,  ,             ,                      ,          ,      ,     ,            [23 -  , . 537].

           ,            ,         .   ,   ,     ,  -      ,  ,         ,      - ,        [24 -  , . 510].   ,        ,       [25 -  ].

  ,    ,  ,          ,           ,     ,   ,   ,      ,  ,                [26 -  , . 512].         ,    ,    ,      ,   ,  ,        ,                .      ,  ,     ,              .       :     .

,     ,     (1875 .)         :   ,   ,  ,     ,    [27 -  ..    //  ..     . .:   , 2010. . 64].

  ,  ,  ,  (.. ) ,          ; ,     ,  ,   ,  ,      [28 -  , . 66].

  ,        ,                 .     XIX .  :      ; ,  , ,     ,  ()  , ,  [29 -  , . 139].

      ?,    .                ,   ,  -  ,   ( !)     ,        ,           [30 -  , . 163].          ,   ,      ,    ,      (the war to end all wars),             . ,    ,               .

 2016 .              Ը    :     [31 -  .,  .   :     , 2016, 32 . [  .]                (6, 2016 .), URL: http://www.globalaffairs.ru/number/Otstranennost-vmesto-konfrontatcii18477].  ,   ,         ,    .   ,  , ,             - .                .    ,      (      -  -   ,      ),  , -,   .

   Ը  ,           -         ,     .   1990- .              ,           ,  [32 -  , . 19].     ,     ,  ,   -   ,   ,  ,  ,      ,     ,   ,     .              ,    ,      .

,   ,          ,     70   . ,   ,         [33 - Fukuyama, F. The End of History? // The National Interest (Summer 1989)], , ,    .  ,           .     .      -  ,  -              .         ,          1994 .     ,  ,    .  -      ,    - [ ],        ,   .             ,          ,  ,        [34 -  .,  .   :     , 2016, . 21].              ,   2002 .     ,  .     ,   ,  ,      -  ,      [35 -  ].

 ,      Ը ,      - .           .        ,      - .               -     ,   ,  .     ,           軠       , ,    ,       .   , ,      ,         .     ,  . (   ,             ,  ,      .)

   ,  ,            .       ,          ,       ,      ,    .              [36 -  ].

     2013-14 .             ,      ,     ,      .  ,           ,       ,     ,  , ,        [37 - 2013:     //  . URL: https://rg.ru/2013/09/26/valdai.html].

        ,          .     ,     ,     ,  ,  .    . ,  (   )            ,    .         ,      ,      [38 -  .,  .   :     , 2016, . 30].

 , ,  ,          .     ,    ,      ,     ,          .          ,    .             .      ,       .  ,    (  ).    .       - ,           .        ,    .  ,          ,         [39 -  , . 26].

,     ,     , ,     (-)     ,        ,      [40 -  , . 29].

  ,     ,       ,        ,      [41 -  ].

               ,      2007 .[42 - :             10  2007 . URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/321595]                   .     ,   - 2012 .   [43 -  .    ,      // . URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/511884#ixzz4YTbX62ch;  . :   //  . URL: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2012-01-23/1_national.html;  :     // . URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2012/01/30/o_nashih_ekonomicheskih_zadachah;  .     // . URL: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1866753;    ϻ:  .     //  . URL: http://www.kp.ru/daily/3759/2807793/;  : " :     " //  . URL: https://rg.ru/2012/02/20/putin-armiya.html;  .     //  . URL: http://www.mn.ru/politics/78738].   ,             ,            2013 .[44 -      // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243]   -                 18  2014 .[45 -     // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603],         .     ,                [46 -  :     ,   //  . URL: http://www.msk.kp.ru/daily/24060/303858/].       ,            ,   ,           ,      [47 - :    "    ". URL: http://www.interfax.ru/russia/403768].

   ?             , ,  ,    .                 (Patrick Buchanan).         ,              ,   ,  .         .   ,          ,   ,  1996 . 2000 .    .       ,        [48 - Buchanan, P. The death of the West: how dying populations and immigrant invasions imperil our country and civilization. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2002],           .

,   2013 .        ?[49 - Buchanan, P. Is Putin one of us? // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/putin-one-us-6071],     ,       ,      ,     ,              .   ,         ,   ,             ,       .

          [50 - Buchanan, P. The rise of Putinism // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/rise-putinism-7259].           ,      ,    ,  ,    .   .   ,  ,      ,     (New World Order) -,   [51 - ,       ,      .         1970- .       , ,      ,   .        -         2003 .  ,                      .        ,           ( ,   ),   .       ,          .  ,           .]     -    .       (Fareed Zakaria),        , ,  ,       Ȼ.   ,  ,                 , ,   .        :    ,      ,     ,   ,    ,   ,    ?

  2016 .      [52 - Buchanan, P. The mind of Mr. Putin // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/the-mind-of-mr-putin124130]              ,        ,   ?,          .      ,   ,    ,  .  ,   ,      ,          (new world disorder),       .       ,   ,    ,   ,     ,      .   , ,  .      ,     .     ,           , ,   ,       ,     ,      .    ,                  ,     .

  2017 .   ,         ?[53 - Buchanan, P. Can Trump and Putin avert Cold War II? // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/can-trump-putin-avert-cold-war-ii-126354].          ,      ,   .                  ,  ,    .         ,       ,     ,           .     ,          - ,        ,          . ,  ,  -   ,  .           (National Endowment for Democracy)          ?     ,    .  ,   ,                . , ,                ,       ѻ,  .

        ,    2017 .,      [54 - Buchanan,P. Moral supremacy and Mr. Putin // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/moral-supremacy-mr-putin-126508].     ,     ,       ,          .            Fox News,         .      ,    ,     .   .  ,     ?,   .  Fox News  ,         ,           .      ,     .      ,    ,         ,     ,     .                 .             ,     ?

     (!)     ,        ,    ,    .  ,  ,   ,            ,         ,       .               :



     Slate       [55 - Slate: Putins puppet. URL: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/cover_story/2016/07/vladimir_putin_has_a_plan_ for_destroying_the_west_and_it_looks_a_lot_like.html],              ,     ,         ,     (),  ()   (),        .

   The Huf?ngton Post        ,      [56 - The Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-tashman/while-trump-champions-the_b_11698456.html].

    The Economist        [57 - The Economist: In the Kremlins pocket. URL: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21643222-who-backs-putin-and-why-kremlins-pocket].      -    .

   The Daily Beast            ?[58 - The Daily Beast: Why Putin Is Meddling in Britains Brexit Vote. URL: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/08/why-putin-is-meddling-in-britain-s-brexit-vote.html].               [59 - The Daily Beast: How Vladimir Putin Feeds Europes Rabid Right. URL: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/04/how-vladimir-putin-feeds-europe-s-rabid-right.html].

 The Moscow Times        [60 - The Moscow Times: Putin's Love Affair With Europe's Far Right. URL: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/putins-love-affair-with-europes-far-right-45094].

       ,   ,    Newsweek[61 - Newsweek: Putin seeks to influence radical parties in bid to destabilize Europe. URL: http://europe.newsweek.com/putins-envoys-seek-influence-european-radicals-297769?rm=eu].

  The Independent   -  [62 - Putins far-right ambition: Think-tank reveals how Russian President is wooing  and funding  populist parties across Europe to gain influence in the EU // The Independent. URL: http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putin-s-far-right-ambition-think-tank-reveals-how-russian-president-is-wooing-and-funding-populist-9883052.html].       (think-tank) ,            ,     ѻ.

     The Washington Post      -    [63 - The Washington Post: Europes far right still loves Putin. URL: https:// www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/18/ europes-far-right-still-loves-putin/?utm_term=.5f98ee15e970].

 The New York Times   -   [64 - The New York Times: Mr. Putins Far-Right Friends. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/opinion/bittner-putin-mr-putins-far-right-friends.html]          [65 - Donald Trump: Kremlin Employee of the Month? // The New York Times. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/opinion/sunday/donald-trump-kremlin-employee-of-the-month.html].

    The Guardian ,         [66 - The Guardian: We should beware Russias links with Europes right. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu].

       [67 - Bloomberg: Putin's Propaganda Machine Is Meddling With European Elections. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-20/from-rape-claim-to-brexit-putin-machine-tears-at-europe-s-seams]   -  Bloomberg.

    Foreign Policy    ,      ,     ?[68 - Foreign Policy: Why Europe Is Right to Fear Putins Useful Idiots. URL: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/23/why-europe-is-right-to-fear-putins-useful-idiots/]                .

 - - Politico   ,          픻[69 - Politico: Marine Le Pen wins Putins champion award. URL: http://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pen-wins-putins-champion-award/].


    ,     .   ,        .         Medium                 [70 - Medium: A Fourth Reich is rising across Europewith ties to Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin. URL: https://medium.com/return-of-the-reich/a-fourth-reich-is-rising-across-europe-with-ties-to-donald-trump-and-vladimir-putin-db5062e1829f#.szn108qg4].    Observer   ,     ,      -  [71 - Observer: Putins Support for Europes Far-Right Just Turned Lethal. URL: http://observer.com/2016/10/putins-support-for-europes-far-right-just-turned-lethal/].

 ,    ,          [72 - ., .: An Unholy Alliance: The European Far Right and Putin's Russia // Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. URL: http://www.martenscentre.eu/publications/far-right-political-parties-in-europe-and-putins-russia; European Coincil on Foreign Relations: Putins friends in Europe. URL: http://www.ecfr.eu/ article/commentary_putins_friends_in_europe7153; Institute of Modern Russia: Putinism and the European Far Right. URL: http:// imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2500-putinism-and-the-european-far-right; Shekovtsov, A. Bringing the rebels. European far-right soldiers of Russian propaganda // Legatum Institute. URL: http:// www.li.com/activities/publications/bringing-the-rebels].

       ,   ,          ,     ,             . [,     ],      [73 -  .   .     // Carnegie.ru. URL: http://carnegie.ru/ commentary/?fa=67741]. ,          . ,       .

  ,     .      ,     ,   .   ,      ,     ,       .      ,   , ?

  ,  ,   , - ,   ,     .           .   ,     ,      ,            ,   , , ,     ,      - .  ,         .

       ,  ,       ,    ,    ,       :     ,   ,     ,      ,   ,  ,    , ,     , ,  ,      ( ,  , )[74 -  ..    //  ..     . .:   , 2010. . 166].






, , 


     ,      .  2017    ,        .      ,        .

Stratfor,   [75 - Stratfor: 2017 Annual Forecast. URL: https://www.stratfor.com/forecast/2017-annual-forecast]

          ,           ,    .    ,  , -,   ,             ,       ,        ,    .  ,      , ,  , .

    ,    ,   ,         [76 - Cambridge Dictionaries Online: Eurosceptic. URL: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eurosceptic?q=Eurosceptic].       :    ,        [77 - Oxford Dictionaries: Eurosceptic. URL: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Eurosceptic?q=Eurosceptic].

               [78 - Hartleb, F. A thorn in the side of European elites: The new Euroscepticism. Brussels: Centre for European Studies, 2011]. , ,    ( )   ,   ,      , . ,       (Anthony Smith),                [79 - Smith, A.D. Nationalism and modernism: acritical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism. London, New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 195].     ,    -, , ,       ,         ,         .

    ,   [80 - Taggart, P., Szczerbiak, A. The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States. Sussex European Institute, 2001]:



 Ƹ           . ,   ,          ,   ,      .

  ,              ,          ,     .   ,  ,        .


     ,        [81 - Boros, T., Vasali, Z. The Rise of Euroskepticism and Possible Responses prior to the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Foundation for European Progressive Studies, 2013]:



          2008 .   ,  ,             - ,          .    ,   ,    ,      .

 ,   .   ,       ,     ,             ,      ,    .

            ,           ,          .              .

 ,     ѻ.   ,             ,         -,              .


              [82 -      ., .: , .   .    ,       . .: , -, 2015]:



 9  1950 .                       .       ,  -         ,      .            ,             : ,   .           .

  1957 .              .   ,   :    (         ),   ,   ,      - .   ,    ,     .

  1965 .     ,      ,        : ,   .

  1986 .     ,         , -   -        . (      ,       .)

  1992 .    ,               (,     ).        ( ).              .

  1995 .     ,   -     : , , , , ,    (     ),          .

  1997 .             ,                 .

  2001 .           27      ,             ,   , .

 29  2004 .   25 - C   ,    .    448 ,       (    ).         ( ,  ,   ,    -  ,  ,    );          ;      ,    .

  ,  29   1  2005 .     ,     .      54,9%,      70%.  ,     63%, 61,6%      .

  2007 .  ,       ,     ,        ,    (..            )      .     ,          .

 23  2016 .    ,   51,89%        (Brexit).


   ,   ,      .      (Ernest Gellner),       ,     ,       [83 - Gellner, E. Nations and nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, p. 1].

..   ..  ,         ,           ,        , ,   -[84 -  .,  .   . .:  , 2005, . 299].

        ,     [85 - Smith, A.D. Nationalism and modernism: acritical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism. London, New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 187]:

1)      ,          ;

2)       ,           ;

3)     , -    ,        ;

4)             ;

5)      -        .

,   ,  ,   ,    ,            .      (,        ,   ),      ()      .

  ,   ,       ,  ,   ,   .     -     ,        ,       [86 - Ibid, p. 195].

 ,           ,           .                  -,           .     . ,     ,    ,     ,      ,    ,       ,     ,      ,    [87 -  . ,   . :     -, 2016. . 12].   ,     ,      .       ,    ,  ,  .     ,     .    ,          ,    .     ,         [88 -  ].

 ,       , ,   ( ),   ,        ,           .  , ,           ,            [89 - ., .:  .   . 1920-1930-  /   . .:  , 2006;  .   .      " ". .: , 2016].        (Terry Martin)     :   ,  ,      [90 - Martin, T. The affirmative action empire: nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 15].

                 ,  ,     .        ,     ,     ,    ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  , -          ,       .  ,    , , ,        1990- .,     .         -1968,      .   1960- .        ,             .     ,          ,         [91 - ., .: Gottfried, P.E. The strange death of Marxism: the European Left in the new millennium. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2005; , .  :    . :   , 2009].

          ,  -,   -.     (Michael Minkenberg)   -     ,         ,       .    -      ,                 .  ,          -[92 - Minkenberg, M. The radical right in Europe today: Trends and patterns in East and West // Langenbacher, N., Schellenberg, B. (ed.). Is Europe on the Right path? Right-wing extremism and right-wing populism in Europe. Berlin: Forum Berlin, 2011, p. 38].

  [93 -       :   . .]  (H?kan Gestrin),     -  [94 -     .   // -  "". URL: http://www.sova-center.ru/directory/2016/07/d35039/], :       ,             .    :          .           .        .               .      ,   ,    . , ,            .

 ,    ,         .        .          .       ,   ,     [95 -  .     // EXPO. URL: http://www.magenta.nl/misc/sh/text/06.html].

    1996 .  :     - [96 - Mudde, C. The War of Words: Defining the Extreme Right Party Family // West European Politics Vol. 19 Iss. 2 (1996), p. 228-229]      (Cas Mudde) ,      26  -,    58  .  ,       (!)  - :  , , , , , ,    --,     /  ,    .

     -    ,        -   . .. , ,   ,      ,  ,   .        ,              ,      ,         [97 -  . :  ,  .    . .:  , 2000, . 129].    ,    (-),               ,           ,    .

                .     - -    (Andreas Umland),      -  ,        [98 -  .      //    , 4, 2001, . 72;  .    //  .        (. ) / . . . .:  , 2005, . 144-151].        (Noam Chomsky),    ,     -    [99 - Chomsky, N. Who rules the world? New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2016].

           -  ,         ,        . ,   ,              .

  ,   -     .     . ,        ,       ,      .            [100 - Zakaria, F. Populosm on the march // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 9].

  (Daniele Albertazzi)    (Duncan McDonnell)    ,            ,      (  )     , , ,       [101 - Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. Introduction: The scepter and the spectre // Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. (eds.). Twenty-first cenruty populism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 3].

       ,    ,          ,     ,    ,   []      (volont gnrale) [102 - Mudde, C. The populist Zeitgeist // Government and Opposition, Volume 39 (4), 2004, p. 543].

      (Francis Fukuyama)   ,               ,    ,    ,  ,        [103 - Fukuyama, F. American political decay or renewal? // Foreign Affairs, Volume 95 (4), July-August 2016, p. 59].   ,  컠  ,       ,    ,      .     ,    ,      ,   .          , ,   ,           -       (   ,    ), ,  ,  ,    ,     [104 - Ibid, p. 68].

                 (      )      ,     ,           ,   ..    .. [105 -  .,  .   :     , 2016, . 14 [  .]].    ,           ,    ,       ,  -     .

    (John Judis)    ,       ,   [106 - Jadis, J.B. The populist explosion: how the great recession transformed American and European politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2016, p. 11].   , ,   /    ,     .   ,            ,     [107 - Ibid, p. 13].      ,    (sic!) ,              .

      (Mark Blyth)    [108 - Blyth, M. Global Trumpism // Foreign Affairs. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-11-15/global-trumpism] ,            ,     . ,        (    ,     ), , ,  ,           .      , ,    ,          ,     ,    ,         , ,      [109 - Zakaria, F. Populism on the march // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 12]. ?   !    !     !..     ,   ,  -         [110 - . : , .    . ""  . .:  , 2014, . 607].

Last not least[111 -   ,     (.).],     ,            (Sheri Berman)[112 - Berman, S. Populism is not Fascism // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 39-44].         ,        ,      . ,                 .

     ..        ,  .. :           :     .          ,     ,            ,    ,      [113 -  .   ,    //  . ׸ .    .  . .:  , 2016. . 11].

    ,    ,        .   (,   ,       ,        )[114 - Buchanan, P. Where the right went wrong: how neoconservatives subverted the Reagan revolution and hijacked the Bush presidency. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004],   ,   :          [115 - Kristol, W. A populist-nationalist Right? No thanks! // The Weekly Standard. URL:].

  ,      .       ,    -,     .    ,         ,        ,     ,         ,   .

            ,  ,        .          .   , ,    ,    ,         ,   ,     ,       .    ,              /     ,    .   , ,    ,               ,   ,           .








       ,      ,  ,     ,     ,          .   ,     ,      ,    ,      ,    .

 ,    [116 -  .  . :   һ, 2003, . 13]

  (-)      1918 .   -               .       ,     .

1920-    1930- .        ,       ,      - ,     (Austrofaschismus).                     .

 , ,    .   1938 .       .  13            ,             .     (Anschluss). 10  1938 .       ,    99,08%  99,75%     .     ,        ,             ,  .

     -         .    1943 .   .                   .  ,    ,                        .

   ,   ,      ,             .  ,    ,      ,      .

 1955 .     (, , , )         (   ).                 ,          -         .              .

       .

      .         ,           1989 .

  1994 .   ,   67% (   82%)      ,      .    ,   ,      .




    

   


               .      ,    .                ,             .

 ,  [117 -  . :   //  . URL: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2012-01-23/1_national. html]

   (Freiheitliche Partei ?sterreichs)     .      (Verband der Unabh?ngigen)   ,   1949 .  -       -     (?sterreichische Volkspartei), ,   ,     -   .      ,       ,    ,    ,     [118 -        ., .: Carter, E. The Extreme Right in Austria: An overview // Extreme Right Electorates and Party Success. University of Mainz, 2003; H?belt, L. Defiant populist: J?rg Haider and the politics of Austria. Purdue University Press, 2003; Meret, S. The Danish Peoples Party, the Italian Northern League and the Austrian Freedom Party in a Comparative Perspective: Party Ideology and Electoral Support // SPIRIT PhD Series 25, University of Aalborg, 2010; Riedlsperger, M. The Freedom Party of Austria: From Protest to Radical Right Populism // Betz, H.G., Immerfall, S. The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. New York: St. Martins press, 1998].

  12%     1949 .,      .  1956 .                   ().           ,    ,   .

                 (Anton Reinthaller),        .        ,            ,     ,      -,        ,         .  1957 .         .

 1958 .         (Frederich Peter),    ,   60-  70- .     .  1966 .  -     ,     ,   .     ,   ,  -,         (Bruno Kreisky),  .

 1967 .    ,         ,   -  (Nationaldemokratische Partei).         -   1978 .    (Liberal International)[119 -  뻠       ,   . -   ,   - .].

         8%    .

 1980 .         (Norbert Steger),       ,       (Freie Demokratische Partei).               .  ,  -  ,    .         .  1983 .   -   ,        ,   5% .   ,  1983-1986 .       .

        2-3%,        .  , ,    ,  ,          ,         ,      -.

 1983 .     (J?rg Haider)[120 - The Rise Of Austria's J?rg Haider // Journeyman Pictures (YouTube). URL: https://youtu.be/6RsooMKWF1o]        .     ,    ,    1984 .     16%.             .

      1986 .   58%  ,     ,     .        -   .

       1986 .       9,7% ,  12 .     ,   .   ,        ,         .

 1989 .      ,  29% ,       .     .             .    ,         ,   ,     -     ,      . , ,     :          ,  .. .

 ,   1990 .          ,    ,   1992 .   .       ,  ,  .

 1993 .      ! (?sterreich zuerst!),       .       ,            .       ,  , -   ,       ,      .      ,     (Liberales Forum).  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,     ,        .

 1996 .         ,  27,5%     ( 21,   ).

 1999 .      ,       27%,         .  ,      , ,    ,     ,    .           .   ,      ,   . ,       ,     ,    - (Susanne Riess-Passer).

  (  ) -          ,      .    ,   ,          -  .

     .      , ,                 . ,    1994 . -    (Movimento Sociale Italiano)    ,      .

 1999 .       23,4% ,       (27,5%),   5 .

 2000- .    .     (      ),          ,         .  ,    1980- .,       -  .

        .    2002 .    10,2%. ,  ,  43%,          ,   .    - .

 2004 .       ,      6,3%      .

       2005 .      ,     ,  ,       (B?ndnis Zukunft ?sterreich).            .

       -  (Heinz-Christian Strache),    ,  ,         (          [121 - HC Strache Rap 2014 feat. Leopold Figl: Patrioten zur Wahl! // YouTube. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAEP08ps-JM&ab_channel=FP%C3%96TV]).        ,        .           .         2005 .,         ,   14,9%,            1,2%.

       2006 .        ! (?sterreich bleibt frei)        .      -,     ,  11% ,  21 .         4%.        - .

    2008 .       , , , 17,4%  10,7% [122 - The Guardian: Austria in crisis as far right win 29% of vote. URL: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/30/austria].      , ,    ,      ,             .

     2009 .      ,  12,7%    .                (Europe for freedom and democracy),      (UKIP).

  2008 .           [123 - Peoples.ru:  . URL: http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/jorg_haider/].          ,       (FPK).      ,       (Josef Bucher)         - .

      2010 .       .   25,8% ,  -       .

     25  2010 .       (Barbara Rosenkranz),   15,6%.           ,      ,        .       ,      ,         .

  2015 .       ,     (Freie Partei Salzburg).

               .       ,  ,     .    ,              .

     -  -    ,       [124 - The Sunday Times: Reich Mother bids for power. URL: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7100880. ece].             ,         ,    ,    ,   (       ,       ),          .           .

             ,    ,    [125 - BBC: Austria's Freedom Party sees vote rise. URL: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-eu-27572494]. ,          32 . 2003 .  13 . 2006 .

  1980- .   ,        ,    .     -     ,          .

         .         1994 .,               1998 .               .        ,              ,   -  [126 - EUobserver: Far-right 'lite' to push for EU referendum on Turkish accession. URL: https://euobserver.com/political/31122       ].

             .   1970-  80- .     ,   90- .,   ,      .         2003 .,     ,          ,   -.  . (                     .)  -         ,      .

 2010 ., ,            ,  ,    ,          ,     [127 - Spiegel: Riding the Wave of Islamophobia: The German Geert Wilders. URL: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/riding-the-wave-of-islamophobia-the-german-geert-wilders-a-737676-4.html].      -      (Ayoob Kara)     [128 - Arutz Sheva: Deputy Minister Defends Ties with Austrian Freedom Party. URL: http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/141334].         . ,   2015 .        (Susanne Winter)             ,            [129 - I24news: Austrian far-right Freedom Party dismisses MP for antisemitism. URL: http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/91221-151102-austrian-far-right-freedom-party-dismisses-mp-for-anti-semitism]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/stanislav-olegovich-/novaya-evropa-vladimira-putina-uroki-zapada-dlya-ross/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


The American Conservative, 31.03.2017




2


:  . URL: http://tsargrad.tv/ar-ticles/posobnica-globalistov_53338




3


 .   . .: , 2013, .30




4


. ., . 31




5


. ., . 32




6


 ., . :  , 21.09.11




7


 .   . .: , , 2009, 256 .




8


., . ., . 105




9


Deutsche Welle: Martin Schulz  from 'pig' to top politician. URL: http://www.dw.com/en/martin-schulz-from-pig-to-top-politician/ a-37260095




10


NEWS.am: Martin Schulz is against lifting sanctions from Russia. URL: https://news.am/eng/news/370891.html




11


Time: Putin Cancels France Trip After President Hollande Accuses Russia of War Crimes in Syria. URL: http://time.com/4526283/pu-tin-cancels-france-trip-syria-hollande/




12


 .  .    . 2. -  / ,  . . .. . .: , . 175




13


     // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243




14


Donald J. Trump addresses terrorism, immigration, and national security // DonaldJTrump.com. URL: https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-addresses-terrorism-immigration-and-national-security




15


  ,     (1997 .). URL: http://www.gr-oborona.ru/ texts/1056961758.html




16


, ,    , ,    (.).




17


Associated Press: Champagne corks pop in Moscow at Trump's inauguration. URL: https://www.apnews.com/7a3aced7fa1e4b388899971dfce88f14/Champagne-corks-pop-in-Moscow-at-Trump's-inauguration




18


    :      (    ..  12  2013 .) ( ). URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/122186




19


    :      (    ..  30  2016 .). URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2542248




20


 ..   :          - //  ..   . .:   , 2008, . 75




21


 , . 357




22


 , . 392




23


 , . 537




24


 , . 510




25


 




26


 , . 512




27


 ..    //  ..     . .:   , 2010. . 64




28


 , . 66




29


 , . 139




30


 , . 163




31


 .,  .   :     , 2016, 32 . [  .]                (6, 2016 .), URL: http://www.globalaffairs.ru/number/Otstranennost-vmesto-konfrontatcii18477




32


 , . 19




33


Fukuyama, F. The End of History? // The National Interest (Summer 1989)




34


 .,  .   :     , 2016, . 21




35


 




36


 




37


2013:     //  . URL: https://rg.ru/2013/09/26/valdai.html




38


 .,  .   :     , 2016, . 30




39


 , . 26




40


 , . 29




41


 




42


:             10  2007 . URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/321595




43


 .    ,      // . URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/511884#ixzz4YTbX62ch;  . :   //  . URL: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2012-01-23/1_national.html;  :     // . URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2012/01/30/o_nashih_ekonomicheskih_zadachah;  .     // . URL: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1866753;    ϻ:  .     //  . URL: http://www.kp.ru/daily/3759/2807793/;  : " :     " //  . URL: https://rg.ru/2012/02/20/putin-armiya.html;  .     //  . URL: http://www.mn.ru/politics/78738




44


     // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243




45


    // Kremlin.ru. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603




46


 :     ,   //  . URL: http://www.msk.kp.ru/daily/24060/303858/




47


:    "    ". URL: http://www.interfax.ru/russia/403768




48


Buchanan, P. The death of the West: how dying populations and immigrant invasions imperil our country and civilization. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2002




49


Buchanan, P. Is Putin one of us? // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/putin-one-us-6071




50


Buchanan, P. The rise of Putinism // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/rise-putinism-7259




51


,       ,      .         1970- .       , ,      ,   .        -         2003 .  ,                      .        ,           ( ,   ),   .       ,          .  ,           .




52


Buchanan, P. The mind of Mr. Putin // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/the-mind-of-mr-putin124130




53


Buchanan, P. Can Trump and Putin avert Cold War II? // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/can-trump-putin-avert-cold-war-ii-126354




54


Buchanan,P. Moral supremacy and Mr. Putin // Patrick J. Buchanans official website. URL: http://buchanan.org/blog/moral-supremacy-mr-putin-126508




55


Slate: Putins puppet. URL: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/cover_story/2016/07/vladimir_putin_has_a_plan_ for_destroying_the_west_and_it_looks_a_lot_like.html




56


The Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-tashman/while-trump-champions-the_b_11698456.html




57


The Economist: In the Kremlins pocket. URL: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21643222-who-backs-putin-and-why-kremlins-pocket




58


The Daily Beast: Why Putin Is Meddling in Britains Brexit Vote. URL: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/08/why-putin-is-meddling-in-britain-s-brexit-vote.html




59


The Daily Beast: How Vladimir Putin Feeds Europes Rabid Right. URL: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/04/how-vladimir-putin-feeds-europe-s-rabid-right.html




60


The Moscow Times: Putin's Love Affair With Europe's Far Right. URL: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/putins-love-affair-with-europes-far-right-45094




61


Newsweek: Putin seeks to influence radical parties in bid to destabilize Europe. URL: http://europe.newsweek.com/putins-envoys-seek-influence-european-radicals-297769?rm=eu




62


Putins far-right ambition: Think-tank reveals how Russian President is wooing  and funding  populist parties across Europe to gain influence in the EU // The Independent. URL: http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putin-s-far-right-ambition-think-tank-reveals-how-russian-president-is-wooing-and-funding-populist-9883052.html




63


The Washington Post: Europes far right still loves Putin. URL: https:// www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/18/ europes-far-right-still-loves-putin/?utm_term=.5f98ee15e970




64


The New York Times: Mr. Putins Far-Right Friends. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/opinion/bittner-putin-mr-putins-far-right-friends.html




65


Donald Trump: Kremlin Employee of the Month? // The New York Times. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/opinion/sunday/donald-trump-kremlin-employee-of-the-month.html




66


The Guardian: We should beware Russias links with Europes right. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu




67


Bloomberg: Putin's Propaganda Machine Is Meddling With European Elections. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-20/from-rape-claim-to-brexit-putin-machine-tears-at-europe-s-seams




68


Foreign Policy: Why Europe Is Right to Fear Putins Useful Idiots. URL: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/23/why-europe-is-right-to-fear-putins-useful-idiots/




69


Politico: Marine Le Pen wins Putins champion award. URL: http://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pen-wins-putins-champion-award/




70


Medium: A Fourth Reich is rising across Europewith ties to Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin. URL: https://medium.com/return-of-the-reich/a-fourth-reich-is-rising-across-europe-with-ties-to-donald-trump-and-vladimir-putin-db5062e1829f#.szn108qg4




71


Observer: Putins Support for Europes Far-Right Just Turned Lethal. URL: http://observer.com/2016/10/putins-support-for-europes-far-right-just-turned-lethal/




72


., .: An Unholy Alliance: The European Far Right and Putin's Russia // Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. URL: http://www.martenscentre.eu/publications/far-right-political-parties-in-europe-and-putins-russia; European Coincil on Foreign Relations: Putins friends in Europe. URL: http://www.ecfr.eu/ article/commentary_putins_friends_in_europe7153; Institute of Modern Russia: Putinism and the European Far Right. URL: http:// imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2500-putinism-and-the-european-far-right; Shekovtsov, A. Bringing the rebels. European far-right soldiers of Russian propaganda // Legatum Institute. URL: http:// www.li.com/activities/publications/bringing-the-rebels




73


 .   .     // Carnegie.ru. URL: http://carnegie.ru/ commentary/?fa=67741




74


 ..    //  ..     . .:   , 2010. . 166




75


Stratfor: 2017 Annual Forecast. URL: https://www.stratfor.com/forecast/2017-annual-forecast




76


Cambridge Dictionaries Online: Eurosceptic. URL: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eurosceptic?q=Eurosceptic




77


Oxford Dictionaries: Eurosceptic. URL: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Eurosceptic?q=Eurosceptic




78


Hartleb, F. A thorn in the side of European elites: The new Euroscepticism. Brussels: Centre for European Studies, 2011




79


Smith, A.D. Nationalism and modernism: acritical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism. London, New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 195




80


Taggart, P., Szczerbiak, A. The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States. Sussex European Institute, 2001




81


Boros, T., Vasali, Z. The Rise of Euroskepticism and Possible Responses prior to the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Foundation for European Progressive Studies, 2013




82


     ., .: , .   .    ,       . .: , -, 2015




83


Gellner, E. Nations and nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, p. 1




84


 .,  .   . .:  , 2005, . 299




85


Smith, A.D. Nationalism and modernism: acritical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism. London, New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 187




86


Ibid, p. 195




87


 . ,   . :     -, 2016. . 12




88


 




89


., .:  .   . 1920-1930-  /   . .:  , 2006;  .   .      " ". .: , 2016




90


Martin, T. The affirmative action empire: nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 15




91


., .: Gottfried, P.E. The strange death of Marxism: the European Left in the new millennium. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2005; , .  :    . :   , 2009




92


Minkenberg, M. The radical right in Europe today: Trends and patterns in East and West // Langenbacher, N., Schellenberg, B. (ed.). Is Europe on the Right path? Right-wing extremism and right-wing populism in Europe. Berlin: Forum Berlin, 2011, p. 38




93


      :   . .




94


    .   // -  "". URL: http://www.sova-center.ru/directory/2016/07/d35039/




95


 .     // EXPO. URL: http://www.magenta.nl/misc/sh/text/06.html




96


Mudde, C. The War of Words: Defining the Extreme Right Party Family // West European Politics Vol. 19 Iss. 2 (1996), p. 228-229




97


 . :  ,  .    . .:  , 2000, . 129




98


 .      //    , 4, 2001, . 72;  .    //  .        (. ) / . . . .:  , 2005, . 144-151




99


Chomsky, N. Who rules the world? New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2016




100


Zakaria, F. Populosm on the march // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 9




101


Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. Introduction: The scepter and the spectre // Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. (eds.). Twenty-first cenruty populism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 3




102


Mudde, C. The populist Zeitgeist // Government and Opposition, Volume 39 (4), 2004, p. 543




103


Fukuyama, F. American political decay or renewal? // Foreign Affairs, Volume 95 (4), July-August 2016, p. 59




104


Ibid, p. 68




105


 .,  .   :     , 2016, . 14 [  .]




106


Jadis, J.B. The populist explosion: how the great recession transformed American and European politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2016, p. 11




107


Ibid, p. 13




108


Blyth, M. Global Trumpism // Foreign Affairs. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-11-15/global-trumpism




109


Zakaria, F. Populism on the march // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 12




110


. : , .    . ""  . .:  , 2014, . 607




111


  ,     (.).




112


Berman, S. Populism is not Fascism // Foreign Affairs, NovDec, Vol 95 (6), p. 39-44




113


 .   ,    //  . ׸ .    .  . .:  , 2016. . 11




114


Buchanan, P. Where the right went wrong: how neoconservatives subverted the Reagan revolution and hijacked the Bush presidency. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004




115


Kristol, W. A populist-nationalist Right? No thanks! // The Weekly Standard. URL:




116


 .  . :   һ, 2003, . 13




117


 . :   //  . URL: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2012-01-23/1_national. html




118


       ., .: Carter, E. The Extreme Right in Austria: An overview // Extreme Right Electorates and Party Success. University of Mainz, 2003; H?belt, L. Defiant populist: J?rg Haider and the politics of Austria. Purdue University Press, 2003; Meret, S. The Danish Peoples Party, the Italian Northern League and the Austrian Freedom Party in a Comparative Perspective: Party Ideology and Electoral Support // SPIRIT PhD Series 25, University of Aalborg, 2010; Riedlsperger, M. The Freedom Party of Austria: From Protest to Radical Right Populism // Betz, H.G., Immerfall, S. The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. New York: St. Martins press, 1998




119


 뻠       ,   . -   ,   - .




120


The Rise Of Austria's J?rg Haider // Journeyman Pictures (YouTube). URL: https://youtu.be/6RsooMKWF1o




121


HC Strache Rap 2014 feat. Leopold Figl: Patrioten zur Wahl! // YouTube. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAEP08ps-JM&ab_channel=FP%C3%96TV




122


The Guardian: Austria in crisis as far right win 29% of vote. URL: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/30/austria




123


Peoples.ru:  . URL: http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/jorg_haider/




124


The Sunday Times: Reich Mother bids for power. URL: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7100880. ece




125


BBC: Austria's Freedom Party sees vote rise. URL: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-eu-27572494




126


EUobserver: Far-right 'lite' to push for EU referendum on Turkish accession. URL: https://euobserver.com/political/31122       




127


Spiegel: Riding the Wave of Islamophobia: The German Geert Wilders. URL: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/riding-the-wave-of-islamophobia-the-german-geert-wilders-a-737676-4.html




128


Arutz Sheva: Deputy Minister Defends Ties with Austrian Freedom Party. URL: http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/141334




129


I24news: Austrian far-right Freedom Party dismisses MP for antisemitism. URL: http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/91221-151102-austrian-far-right-freedom-party-dismisses-mp-for-anti-semitism


