,     .     
 . 


         ,              .

  (19332011),           ,      ,         .

       ,     ,       .





 . 

,     .     





William A. Niskanen

Autocratic, Democratic, and Optimal Government

Fiscal Choices and Economic Outcomes



EDWARD ELGAR CHELTENHAM, UK NORTHAMPTON, MA, USA 2003








 


          ?               ?           ,          ?

          .         ,    .               .  ,        , ,      ,    (1942),           .               (1982).   ,    ,            .

        ,         ,   .   ,           (1992), ,           ,     .           , ,   ,     :         ,           1970-,       ,   1989.            ,        .

           ,        .           ,    (1991).          ,         ,    ,  .   ,                   .    ,  ,  ,           .      ,   .        , ,     ,  .

            ,      .   ,       1993      (    )       :          1996.    -           1998.,       2000.     :     .       :     ,      ,     ,   , .      ,    [1 - Niskanen W. . Review: Power and Prosperity // Cato Journal. 2000. Vol. 20. 1. P.137140.].

         .     ,                         .                      .   ,      (1997)              .       ,     1997.,          .  ,    ,     1997.,       ,      ,  ,    ,      .

       ,                ,       ,        ,         .

        .          ,     ,          .     -        ,    .

,  




1.  


 []     [2 - The New Lexicon Websters Dictionary of the English Language. N. Y.: Lexicon Publications, Inc, 1989. P. 839.].



 , ,     ,            .  ,      ,       ,   ,          ,    .        ,   ,    .

  ,        ,           .  ,    ,  ,                .     ,       ,     .  2000., ,    Freedom House 63%       ,  41%      [3 - Karatnycky A. Freedom in the World: 20002002. N. Y.: Freedom House, 2000.].          ,  ,     ,      [4 - ,    ,        ,   .      .  2  7  .]      .



              :

        ,    , ,   ?

    ?

    ?

   ,      ,     ?

         ?

          ,       ?

                     ?



                :

       ,     ,     ,   ?

           ?



 ,  ,       ,          .              ,                 .




 


               ,            .    ,       ,   ,     ,              .        ,       -   .        ,    ,       , ,     .

          ,     (      ),             .     , ,      .     ,              ,   .               .

           .       , ,   ,       ,   ,      .  ,    ,    .         ,  ,  ,     ,   .   ,          ,    ,            .      ,         .  ,      ,   ,   ,     .

      ,   ,      ,      . ,       , ,    .       ,   ,         .    , ,                 .             .          .    ,        ,    .  , ,            ,       -  .

            ,   ,           ,      .      ,   ,  .   ,            .  ,                  [5 -      . ., : Krussel P., Rios-Rull J.-V. On the Size of U. S. Government: Political Economy in the Neoclassical Growth Model // American Economic Review. 1999. Vol. 89. 5. P.11561181.].      , ,       .        ,    ,    . ,      ,          ,    .  ,  ,    ,          .




2. 





    


         ,      :         ,      .     ,  ,             ,   ,       ,   .

            :



Y = a (1 + G)


 (1 ? R)


, (2.1)







T = RY = a (1 + G)


R (1 ? R)


, (2.2)



Y      ; G         (     ,   ,    ); R     (     ); җ          [6 -     2.1  2.2         ,     R,   .   , ,       R.           ,       . ,   = RT,    R      2,        .     M      R,          . ,  M = ?x + yR,  (1 ? R)c  (1 + x ? yR)z    c  z  = yz [(1 ? R) / (1 + x ? yR)]. ,  ,      R      (1  )  .       ,  ,          .].            ,     ,  b   (  )    (1 + G),           . ,    , ,       ,  



T = F + G + P, (2.3)



 F               -            .

,          -      (   )        .           ,    ,       .                  ,  ,       .  ,           ,       .

            ,       .  2.1            . ,                          ,          .

,   <2,   ,    ,     .  ,            ,  ,      ; , ,  , ,     ;        . , ,                .      (     )        ,   ,      ,       ,      ,          .

   2.1 ,              ,  G  R  .                -   .   ,     XVII.  ,    , , ,   [7 - HobbesT. Leviathan. Pt. I, ch. 13. [.  .:  . :  2. .: , 1991. . 2. . 96.         .]] (     !).   ,     ,     ,    ,    [8 -    ,      , , ,   ,    930  1262.  -  . .     : ByockJ.L. Medieval Iceland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]. -,   ,        .  2.1    ,         G  R,    ,     ,      ,       .

 b          ,    , ,      ,           .           ,            .             ,      ,  ,              G.   ,   2.2  2.3  ,          ,  b    (l + G)  ,           .

       (l  R)   ,  R    ,       (l + G).                 ,    ,      .     , , ,           . ,        .          ,      ,  ,          .  ,   2.2  2.3  ,         ,      (1  R)       ,   G,    .




 



                  ,     ,       . ,          ,   , ,      ,     .    ,               .            ,     ,          [9 -           -  : Van Creveld . The Rise and Decline of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. [ . .     / . .  . . , . . .: , 2006.]].

         (   ,       )     .       10000         , ,     5000  .          .         ,               .    ,     .  XX       170 [10 - Rummel R.J. Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994.].




 


                 ,      , , , , , , ,  ,    .      (2000)   ,        -      ,   ( )   .          ,       (  )       .      , ,     ,             .    , ,             ,      .     ,  ,   ,  ,      [11 - Olson . Power and Prosperity. N. Y.: Basic Books, 2000. P.114.].

      - ,           -.                ,   .    :  ,       ,   ,   ,  ,     ,     ,       [12 - Machiavelli N. The Prince. Ch. 14. ( H.  //  H. .   / . . . . . .: ACT: , 2011. . 65.)]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/uilyam-a-niskanen/avtokraticheskaya-demokraticheskaya-i-optimalnaya-formy-pravleniya-fiskalnye-resheniya-i-ekonomicheskie-rezultaty/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Niskanen W. . Review: Power and Prosperity // Cato Journal. 2000. Vol. 20. 1. P.137140.




2


The New Lexicon Websters Dictionary of the English Language. N. Y.: Lexicon Publications, Inc, 1989. P. 839.




3


Karatnycky A. Freedom in the World: 20002002. N. Y.: Freedom House, 2000.




4


,    ,        ,   .      .  2  7  .




5


     . ., : Krussel P., Rios-Rull J.-V. On the Size of U. S. Government: Political Economy in the Neoclassical Growth Model // American Economic Review. 1999. Vol. 89. 5. P.11561181.




6


    2.1  2.2         ,     R,   .   , ,       R.           ,       . ,   = RT,    R      2,        .

     M      R,          . ,  M = ?x + yR,  (1 ? R)c  (1 + x ? yR)z    c  z 

 = yz [(1 ? R) / (1 + x ? yR)].

 ,  ,      R      (1  )  .       ,  ,          .




7


HobbesT. Leviathan. Pt. I, ch. 13. [.  .:  . :  2. .: , 1991. . 2. . 96.         .]




8


   ,      , , ,   ,    930  1262.  -  . .     : ByockJ.L. Medieval Iceland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.




9


          -  : Van Creveld . The Rise and Decline of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. [ . .     / . .  . . , . . .: , 2006.]




10


Rummel R.J. Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994.




11


Olson . Power and Prosperity. N. Y.: Basic Books, 2000. P.114.




12


Machiavelli N. The Prince. Ch. 14. ( H.  //  H. .   / . . . . . .: ACT: , 2011. . 65.)


