  :    
. . 


  
        ,           .               ,     XX.,      .  ,     , ,      ,  ,        .





  

  :    



ASSOCIATION YURIDICHESKY CENTER



Foreign Legislation



I.D. Kozochkin



CRIMINAL LAW OF THE USA



PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS OF REFORMING



Saint Petersburg

R. Aslanov Publishing House

Yuridichesky Center Press

2007



     

. .  (. .), . .  (. .), . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . , . 



:

              

. . ,   , ,    



Editorial Board of the Series of Foreign Legislation

A. I. Boitsov (managing editor), N. I. Matsnev (managing editor), B. V. Volzhenkin, T. A. Alexeeva, A. I. Korobeev, A. A. Eksarkhopoulo, Yu. V. Golik, I. M. Raguimov, V. Y. Tatsy, A. I. Lukashov, I. V. Mironova, E. R. Shubina, Danilo A. Leonardi, Holger Spamann



Reviewers:

The Department of Criminal Legislation and Judicature of Foreign States of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Jurisprudence attached to the Government of the RF

Doctor of Law, professor, Honored Worker of Science of the RF A. I. Rarog



The work shows the present state of criminal law of the USA on the basis of the analysis of the current American legislation, the doctrine and materials of court practice. Consideration of principal institutions of its General and Special parts gives an idea of the character of the reform of criminal legislation that started in the second half of the XX century with the adoption of the Model Criminal Code of the USA.

The book is addressed to professors, post-graduate students and undergraduates of law schools, researchers who are specializing in the sphere of criminal law of the USA, practical workers as well as to everybody who is interested in criminal law of foreign countries.



 I. D. Kozochkin, 2007

 R. Aslanov Publishing House Yuridichesky Center Press, 2007







            . ,          .          ,           ,  ,    .

 ,    ,         - ,   -   .              : ,    ,       ,      . ,       50 ,      5,          ,     .

 ,      ,          , ,  ,     .   , , ,          ()      70 ,     -        25 .

          . ,         ,  [1 -  . 372 ,   ,  ,           ,    ,    ,  , , ,       ,    .],    -            .

           .   - ,    18   ,       I (),    ,      .   ,      (. I  )      ,     ,[2 -   . , 99%     :     (.: Robinson P. Reforming the federal criminal code: A top ten list //Symposium: Rethinking federal criminal law. 1Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 1997. P. 228).]   ,     (85 )    ,          ,       , ,   ,    - ,    . ,     ,      (,  160      ,    ),         .[3 -       . ,    ,   -  ,  . ,   6              (. 46)       1 .                (. 336).]

      .  ,         ,      (),               .[4 - Robinson P. Op. cit. P. 228.]   ,  ,    ,        ,      .  :        ,         . [5 - Joost R. Federal Criminal code reform: is it possible? // Symposium. Op. cit. P. 197.]     ,    -       49    ().

      (50- .  .)  , .  :     , ,        (   . . .),         (),        ,    .[6 - Wechsler H. The American law institute: Some observations on its Model penal code. 42 A.B.A.J. 1956. P. 321.]          .   , ,    .

,     ,    .              ,    , , ,  1951.           .         ,      ,      .[7 -              ,   .]    1953  1961.     ,   1962.           13-   .

    ,         ,    , ,   . ,       ,    ,    .[8 - LaFave W. Criminal law. St. Paul, MN, West, a Thomson business, 2003. P. 5.]    ,     ,     ,   53   , .  ,  . . ,      ,       . ,  ,       [9 -     :           ,       (. 1. 1.05).]             ;     ,            [10 -    (). ., 1969. . 25.].

  . ,        ,     :   ,   .        ,     ,     ,    -   .  ,          ,            [11 -                      ,       1942.,   ,      1956.].

       -:       ,     ,             ( )   .  , ,   -, , -  ,       , ,  1967, 1973, 1979  1972.

         1965.   -.     , ,   ,         ( )      .         ,         :      ,     ,  ,   -,        ,[12 -                  ,             . ,          ,        ,    .     ,   , 13-         ,    .]    -           .[13 - Criminal justice codification. Revision and reform act of 1974. Vol. 1, Title 18  Federal Code. W., 1975. P. 9.]

       ,[14 - . ,        38 .     ,      1989. (.: LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 5).]               .         . ,           (1872.)      .

      [15 - American law institute (ALI). Model penal code and commentaries. Part I: General provisions. Phil., 1985; ALI Part II: Definition of specific crimes, 1980.]           - . , ,   ,   ,    ,    (. 4.01).[16 - United States V. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972).]   . ,             ,       .[17 - Kadish S. The model penal codes historical antecedents. 19 Rutgers L.J., 1988. P. 521.]

        ,            .[18 - .  ,          (Ibid. P. 538),  .  ,        ,             (.: Dressier J. Understanding criminal law. Matthew Bender and Co, 2001. P. 31).]     .     ,            ,      ,    .                       ,      . ,   ,        ;        ,         .

     ,   ,      .  ,   1966.,      .  (  )      .[19 -       5   National criminal law reform commission Act of Nov. 8, 1966 (Pub. L. N 89-801).]  1971.        ,    .   ,       ,      ,    .   ,   S-1437    (72  15)  1978.   ,      ,          .               S-1      .[20 -        ,              ,       (.:  . .,  . .    . ., 1990. . 21).        (Joost R. Op. cit. P. 209).]

      ,   ,      .[21 - ., : Joost R. Op. cit. P. 203210.]      ,     . -,        :     ,    ,      ,[22 -   ,          (  )    ,     ,       ,     ( )     .]   ,       ( )                  500 ;     ,              ,    . -,          ,             ,          ,  S-1437  S-1722   , HR-2311  HR-6869    ;                 ,   ,      . -,   ,                     ,   ,       ,       ;           ,         , , ,       .   ,   ,     ,          .

           ,   ,           ,  ,     ,            status quo,    .

  ,         ,   ,     1984.      ,[23 -       100       .]      ,      ,       :  -  (. 311 (. 42014218)  18 ),   ()    (. 3141  .  18 ),    ,        ( . 16, 17  373  18 ),       (. 227  18 ),         (. 58 (. 991998)  28 ).

               ,       .[24 -  ,  ,  ,      180        .          (. 994).] ,  ,        ,     .     -:  ,      ,         [25 - Wash. Post. Oct. 8. 1996. P. A-8.].

               ,      ,     ,   ,[26 - ,             ,    -               (N.Y. Times. Oct. 14. 1984. P. A-1).]    ,       ,        ,   , , ,   -       .

       ?      ,   ,           ,  -     - ,         .

              , -:  ,         .   ,     ,    ,       ,      ,     ,    .        ,      

,       .         ,     .              ,   ,        (     )  .

           ,       ,    , ,      .  ,     ,        ,  . ,          .     ,      ,        ,      .[27 - . :    (). . 25.]




 I

  





 1.      


   ,  - ,     .    53    50 , ,  ,   ,     -.       ,   , ,         ,       .

      ,  ,    , .. .

         ,           ,          ,      ,     [28 -  . .,  . .    . ., 1990. . 10.],         .

    :   1787.,  ,  ,      ,       .

             .   8 . 1  ,        ( ,       ,       .), ,       ,        ,     ,       ,     . ,            :          ,       .

       - ,      .   , ,     ,   ,      ,   ,         .   ( 3 . 111)     ,  .

         .

   25  1948.      ,    , ,        18       .  I   ()  86 ,      123:   .      ,   .     ( ) - ,        22 ,          .  ,   ( 2, 3  4)   ,   ( 17) .      .              (. 3),      (. 51),         (. 113),  (. 115)    (. 118).

    - ,   ,   . I  18  .    . II  ,     (,      . 227,      . 228)[29 -        18 (. I  II)       .   ,    ,      .]       49   .    3000.    -    ,   ,            . , ,   130 ,     ,  90       ..  70       ,             .               .  (  ) ,      ,  ()        , , . ,         .      ,     .

            .  1984.  .            ,              ,   .        ,        .       ,    ,           [30 -  .:  . .          //        . ., 1999. . 18.].  1994.        ,   -         :         60.

    -       ,  ,     .  ,   ,    .             . ,      .   1986.,        ,  ,         ,        10       50. .      (  ),      ,           ,  ,  .

     .    , , -,           :     (, ,   ,    )          (,   );  ,     (,             );        (, )      (,   .). -,       ,      :  , , ,       ,           ,    .[31 -         .      .]      ,     ,      ,     ( 13  18  ).

     :  ,  ,  ,    ,   .

   ,   ,     .           ,     .    ,  ,  ,     .    ,        ,  ,    . ,     ( 37 . 1)          ,      ,         .

,        .    ,        . ,    ,           .           ,   . ,                ( 10),      ,     ( 12).

              .

  ,    60-         .        .          ,          ,     .  ,    ,             ,   -   ,         (,    ,      ,      ).

   .            [32 -     1951.,    1953.     ,          .],            1962.  13-     .                 - [33 -       . .       (.:    . ., 1969).].        ,       ,           .     ,   ,       [34 -    . . 1:   . ., 1971. . 93.].

    .     .    , ..   .   7 ,    76 .        , -:   ,      ,  ,     ,    ,   ( ),  (     )  .

      黠   .     :

1.     ; 2. ,    ; 3.   ; 4.   ; 5.      6.      .  ( )  ,   16,     107 .        :           .          . -,     .   ,          . , ,     ,          :             [35 - The American law institute. Model Penal Code. Proposed official draft. Phil., 1962. P. 123. Ibid. P. 241.].                   ,               .

-,         ,   ,  ,   .     ,       ,      [36 - Ibid. P. 241.].

      廠  ,      黠     .

       (           [37 -          . . , . . , . .    ,      . . .]),       ,      . -,      -             . -,      :     ,                (. 1. 1.05). -,       ,  ,     - ,          .

        .  ,   ,   .         (,      11 )    ,  (,    . 2.03),           ,  .       (. 2.05),     -  .       (. . .)   ,  ,  . [38 - Packer H. Mens rea and the Supreme Court //The Supreme Court Review. 1962.P.107, 109.].

 ,  25-  ,      .  ,       :              ,             [39 - Symposium: the 25th anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. V. 19. 1988. N 3. P. 887.]. ,   . ,               ,   ,                 [40 - Ibid. P. 520.].   ,     ,         ,      ,    .  ,             - [41 - Ibid.].

            -.    1965.  (    1967.)      ,            .   -,     1881. ( . 1909.),  :    400 , ..   5  .      ,    : 1.  ; 2. ; 3.  ,  4.  .       ,      -       4,       (. 470.00470.20).          ,       . ,  ,   :  1  2,    76 ,  ,   3  .     ,    ,   - .

          : 38          . ,              [42 -          ,       -    ,     (.:  . .     //   . 1993. 9. . 142151).].             . -     ,  : ,   ,       .       ,   ,            (,      1872.      ),        [43 -  . . 35-              //   . 1998. 12. . 82.]. ,   ,   .[44 - , ,  ,  1989.,        .]

                . ,   -   . 40,     . 38,       29,     50.

  -    ,            ,     .

       -     .          ,   ,          .    ,    ,      ,       ,     .       . , ,  . 1. 10.00  

- ,       ,             ,   ,    -  셻.

         .            .        ,    ,          ,   .          [45 -  .:  . .      -    //      . ., 1993. . 7691.].

          (, ,   -),    (,     . 2901.03       . 500.020 )      .    ,      ,     (. 1. 1.05).

  ,        ,  -,   ,       .     , -,    (. 775.01),  ,         - .                ,     , ..   ,    .      ,   ,     ,      : Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.

   ,     ,     ,   ,         . , ,  . 939.10   ,        , ,    ,    , .      ,  ,    (, ,  ,   .).    ,      ,        (   , , ,   .)       .  ,          ,       ,  ,     [46 -  . .    : . ., 1993. . 177.].

  ,      ,   ,   ,  .       1812.   ,  :   -         ,    ,     ,    [47 - .:     , , , , .    . ., 1991. . 132.].

   ,      .   ,   ,   ,      .        ,          .  ,    .  :  ,      , ,     .     ,      ,             ,     [48 - .:  . .      -   . . 84.].

           .       ,   ,          [49 -  ..^.  . ., 1976. . 32.].    XIX.      .  ,     -     ,       [50 - . :    .   /  . . .   . . . ., 1990. . 47.].       ,   ,           . ,  1972.,     ,  ,     ( )      ,  VIII  XIV   ,   1976.,      , ,          [51 -  . . 55.].

,    ,  ,          (       ,      ), ,        ,    .      ,      .

     .          ,          ,          .            [52 -  . . . . . 169, 171.].

         .       (strict construction),      - .  ,    XX.,            ,     ,      .       ,           . , ,   ,   1940.     ,      (,   )    [53 - .:  . .   . ., 1979. . 85.].

       ,         ,   ,        ,    .        ,        .

, ,         ,     ,   . 4  ,    . 5.00   -,  :    ,      ,       (  ),  ,   ,         ,         .

      :   ,     .

   ,           ( 2 . III  . VI ). , ,      ,     ,   ,       (,  ,     .)[54 -     2001.       104 .       (.: Federal Criminal Code and Rules. West Group, 2001. P. 921922).].

            (. 1152  18  ).[55 -       .  .]




 2.     


                   , ,  ,   ,       (, ,        )   .

               , ..       50 .              ( ),      .[56 -   : ,             ,      .]     ,        1819.:     ,         ;       ,       .[57 - McCullach V. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat), 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819).]



)  

   (   )         .     ,  : ,[58 -      nationality     ,  citizenship   .           (., :  . .  . ., 1948. . 267271).] , -  ,       .



 

    . , ,  ,              ,  .

 ,    ,     ,      ,       ,       ( . . .) ,     ,       ,      ( 8 . 1).           ,[59 -         () ,    . ,      . ,     1995.,     ,       ,           (United States V. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626 (1995)).]  , ,          .

     ,                   .  ,         .

           ,   .      ,    , ,           ,  .  :     ,    (  . . .) .         :          -             .[60 - Task FORCE on the federalization on criminal law. ABA, Criminal Justice Section. 1998. P. 2.]       ,  ,   ,       (  )     ,     .[61 - Clymer. Unequal justice: the federalization of ciiminallaw. 70 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1997. P.643, 646.]

           18 (   )   .[62 -            . ,    ,       18  ,     .] ,     ,[63 -   .   ,   ,     .]     . -,    ,     : , , ,    ,   ,  ()       ,      . -,           ,     :  , ,      ,           ,    ,   ,       ,                    .   ,        ,               ,   ,    ,      .[64 -       ,             .]-,         ,        .

           ,     ,     ,   .                 -    (    ),         ,        ,  (. . . .)     .   ,  , ,      (. 8. 1).

         . -,           . -: ,        ,      ()      , ,    , ,     ,[65 -    23%     .]        ()  

 (. 3. 7 [66 -                  ,       .])      .      ,       ,  , , ,  (),  ,    .[67 -         .  ,   ,  ,           .] ,      -  ,    ,       ,   , ,      (. 13  ), ,  ,         .  ,  ,    ,     ,   -       ,       ,     .            ,      ,        .[68 - United States V. Waites, 198 F. 3d 1123 (9


 Cir. 2000).]   (1998.)         .[69 - Lewis V. United States, 523 U.S. 155, 118 S. Ct. 1135, 140 L. Ed. 2d 271 (1998).]

 1996.       ,   ,    -     ,      -  (.  . 13  ).

                     .    -,   ,    -     .[70 -  . 3. 7   ,           ,               ..]  ,        2001.   . 7,   ,      ,    ,              )   (premises)  , ,     ()   ,  ,     ,           ,      ,  )   ()      ,   ,      ,           ,         (. 9).

    , , -,                    [71 -       ,    .     ,     (Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law of the United States, 1987,  502 (2)).]    ,        ,         ,      ,        ,         .     .     , ,   ,         ,     ,                    -   (. 1 5 . 7 ).[72 -     ,      ,          ,    . ,      (. 2. 7).]

        ,      ,    ,   ,  ,       .

, ,   ,        ,     ,    ,    - [73 -    ,         ,      ,     ,    .],      ,        (   )  ,               (. 6. 7). [74 -         ,          ,      ,    .]

     ()  (  - ),  ,         ,      .      .   ,         (. 40103  49  ),     ,   ,[75 -     ,            ,    - (Marsh V. State, 95 N.M. 224, 620 P. 2d 878 (1980)).] :       -      ,    ,      .

-,  ,        ,       ()     ,     12  (13,8 )   .[76 -   1982.,      ,   ,        12  ,      24    .    2  1999.        (N.Y. Times. P. A13. Sept. 3. 1999).    ,          12- .]       ,        [77 - Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law 512.]  , ,        [78 - Benedict on Admiralty. 7-th ed., 2  112 (a) (5) (i).].

  ,    ,  ,    ,          .    . 1903  46 (.)    [79 - . . 1010          1970. (. 960  21  ).]   ,  ,           , : )    ,              [80 -         ,              .],  )  ,    () .           ,[81 - United States V. Suerte, 291 F. 3d 366 (5


 Cir. 2002).]     ,   ,      ,[82 -          ,        .]    ,       (. 8. 1).      ,    ;  ,     ()   ,          .[83 - United States V. Marino-Garcia, 675 F. 2d 1373 (11


 Cir. 1982).]

      ,     . h . 1903  46 (.)  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,      .[84 -         (Maritime drug law enforcement Act),      ,          .]

    ,       ,    - ,       .

       ,   ,       .     , , ,     ,    -   .     ,[85 -      ,    ,    (   ),  :   ,        (. 38  46 (.) ),    ,      ,   (. f . 1903    ).]          .      ,   , -,  ,         , , -,  ,    ,    ,      - . ,        ,         -,         (1882.).[86 -        .  (United States V. Guiteau, 12 D.C. (1 Mackey) 498 (1882).] ,   :     ,        ,        ,      .[87 - United States V. Parker, 622 F. 2d 298 (8


 Cir. 1980).]

        ,[88 -      - ,    ,   - .]        1945.   Alcoa,  :        ,                 .[89 - United States V. Aluminium Co. of America, 148 F. 2d 416 (2


 Cir. 1945).]   ,      -,        ,        .   ,           ,       ,  ,    ,    ()   .[90 - United States V. Hill, 279 F. 3d 731 (9


 Cir. 2002).]

  ,   ,    ,  , ,        ,    .[91 - . 4 . 2 .]            .      ,  ,     ,    -    ,   .   ,          .[92 - United States V. Ricardo, 619 F. 2d 1124 (5


 Cir. 1980).]

 ,              . , ,         (    )  ,         ,       .  ,       ,         ,     ,         ,  .       ,     ,[93 -         ,  ,        ,    ,             (Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law.. 402 (1) (c)).] :             ,     ,   , .[94 - United States V. Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d 161 (3d Cir. 1986).]

  ,        ,    ,   ,   - , , , ,   , ,         , ..   .[95 - Podgor . Globalization and the federal prosecution of write Collar crime. 34 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1997. P. 325, 342343.]

             : , , -  .

  ,   ,   ,      ,   ,     ,       .

               .

 ,       1909.,        .[96 -    ,   :        ,   ,   ,     ,              - ,          ,          (American Banana Co. V. United Fruit Co., 213 U.S. 347, 29 S. Ct. 511, 53 L.Ed 826 (1909)).]

           :     ,    . ,   (1991.)  :      ,   ,     ,             ,        . [97 - E.E.O.C. V. Arabian American Oil Co. 499 U.S. 244, 111 S. Ct. 1227, 113 L.Ed. 2d 274 (1991).]

 ,  . ,     ,         ,     ,  ,      .[98 - LaFave W. Criminal law. St. Paul, MN. Thomson, West, 2003. P. 204.]

 , ,   ,     -         ,     .     1804.,    ,           ,    -   .[99 - Murray V. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64, 2L.Ed. 208 (1804).]           .       ?   .             ,       ..[100 - Bradley. The Charming Betsy canon and separation of powers: Rethinking the interpretive role of international law. 86 Geo. L.J., 1998. P. 479.]   ,  , , ,     ,   [101 - Ibid. P. 498.] ,     ,  ,    ,                   .[102 - Ibid. P. 497498.]              ,       (1996.).

     ,   ,       ,               ,     ,  .[103 - Tuerkeimer. Globalization of U.S. law enforcement: does the Constitution come along? 39 Houston L. Rev. 2002. P. 314.]



 

 ,     , ,      ,    ,      .

   ,             .       ()      ,       (. . . .)    (. 8. 1).             ,     .             18  ( ).[104 -           , ,   ,   ,            (Watson. Offenders abroad the case for nationality-based criminal jurisdiction. 17 Jale J. IntI L., 1992. P. 53).]   20 ,    ,            ,    . ,  . 1119 ,   ,  ,     ,   ,      ,      ,  ,   . 1111, 1112  1113  .[105 -     , ,  ,        .]       ,        ,     . ,    . 2251    ,   :      ,      ,     ,     ,            ,   [106 - United States V. Thomas, 893 F.2d 1066 (9


 Cir. 1990).].

   ,        ,       ,     ,      ,             .           ,         ,           ,   ,      ( 1C),      . ,      .  ()       10  (!)    ,    (..      )    . -.[107 - . 2005. 2. . 4. ,         ,       .]

,     ,   ,       ,      (        ,  ),    .      2000.     ,       . 212  .    . 3261 (. ) ,       ,    ,       ,             ,     . ,    , ..     ,  : 1)       ; 2) ,     ,        ,  3)   ,           (. 47  1C)   .     -       (),  ,    ,         .       ,       ,   ,         ,   ,         (. b . 3261).



 [108 -   -  ,  ,       .]

             ,     , ,     ;   ,    ,   ,    ,         ,  : ,      ,   ,              .[109 - Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law  402 (f).]

      ,    ,   ,      .           .

-,       1960.   ,            .   ,    ,          ,     ,       ,  ,     .[110 - United States V. Rodriguez, 182 F. Supp. 479 (S. D. Cal. 1960).]

           . ,     ()    ,  ,      ,       .[111 - United States V. Zehe, 601 F. Supp. 196 (D. Mess. 1985).]                , -:   (1981.),         (1991.),         (1992.)     ,           (1994.).

,  ,              ,        ,    ,          .[112 - United States V. Newball, 524 F. Supp. 715 (E. D. N.Y. 1981).]



- [113 - , , ,       .]

  ,         ,     ,    ,     .[114 - Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law  402 (comment g).]

                .  ,     - ,    : 1)          ,    ,  ,    ,       ,   ,    ; 2)         ,    ,       ,    ; 3)         : -,   ,    ,                ,  -, ,           ,    .[115 - Watson A. The passive personality principle. 28 Tex. IntL L.J. 1993. P. 12, 1415.]

         ,   ,        ,     - .         .  ,     ,        - .

        1979.[116 -            ,    ,    . (. 1 (d) . 5).]   1984.   ,     . 1203  18 .    ,      ,     ,  ,    ,    .        ,       (       [117 -          ,             (.  . 1203).])        .

         ,    1986.[118 - Omnibus diplomatic security and antiterrorism Act.] (. 2332  18 ),          .[119 -            . 2332. 4 . 4 .] ,   ,        ,         ,  ,     , ,   ,  -  .[120 - Watson A. Op. cit. P. 10.]

    ,     ,      ,   - ,         .      ,   ,              , ..         .[121 - Abramovsky. Extraterritorial jurisdiction: The United States Unwarranted attempt to alter international law in United States V. Ynis. 15 Yale J. Intl L. 121, 138-47 (1990).]   ,    ,     2001.,  -            ,    ,     .              . , ,                 ,         (. 2332)          ,       ,               (. 2332f  18 ).



 () 

     ,         ,         ,        .[122 - Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law 404 (comment ).]

         ,  , ,              , ..   [123 -  .:  . .,  . .   . ., 1999. . 112  .].

 ,  ,       ,     ,            [124 - Bassiouni M. Cherif. Universal jurisdiction for intentional crimes: historical perspectives and contemporary practice. 42 Va. J.Intl L. 2001. P. 88.].

            . ,    .   1920.  ,   , ,           ,   .[125 - United States V. Smith, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat) 153. 5L. Ed. 57 (1820).]      .[126 - , ,    ,  ,  ,     ,       ,     (. 1651  18 ).]

          , -: , ,    ,  ,   ,[127 - Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law.. 404.]  ,     ,   [128 - Tuerkeimer. Op. cit. P. 324.].

       ,    .   ,    . -, ,                  ,  -, ,   ,       ,     [129 - Bradley. Universal jurisdiction and U.S. law. 2001. U. Chi. Legal F. P. 325.].

, ,     ,        ,    ,      .     ,        .               . ,  ,   ,    2001.,        ( ,  ,    )    ,  ,  ,      ,  ,           .[130 - ., : United States V. Ynis, 924 F. 2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991).]

.  ,     ,          ,[131 - Maritime drug law enforcement Act (. 1903  46 ).]    , ,   ,[132 -  ,           .]           .  ,   ,   ,    (   ,    )       .[133 - LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 212.]



)  

 ,     ,      [134 -     ,         , ..  .       ,   .]     .

         50     , ,        .   ,   ,     ,           : , ,       .

,        ,    .         ,     .        ,           ,    :        ,      ,         (. 5. 1.03).[135 -   , ,    (. d . 102)    ,  , ,    (. d . 1.04).]    ,     (. 2. 939.03),[136 -  :         ,   ,       . 1. IX     .] , ,  , , ,   .  ,       ,          .  :            ,          (. є (1) . 2901.11).

  ,    ,          .    ,  ,        ,      [137 -          ,        , ,          ,      ,         ,    ,    ,       (State V. Stepansky, 761, So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 2000)).].

      ,      , -:      , , ,      ,        ? :   -        ,     ,   ,        ?

        ,       ,    .            , ,    , -,       , , -,    ,      (),  ,   ,      .[138 - LaFave W., Scott A. Criminal law. West publish. Co. St/ Paul. Minn., 1991 (1999). P. 129.]

,     ,    ,    ,     ,[139 - Commonwealth V. Apkins, 148 Ky. 207, 146 S.W. 431 (1912).]     ,          .[140 - Commonwealth V. Robinson, 468 Pa. 575, 364 A. 2d 665 (1976).]     ,  ,     ,     ,    .[141 - State V. Hall, 114 N.C. 909, 19 S.E. 602 (1894).]

   :  ,  ,   ,     ,   ,     ;       ,   ,      .

       , ,           ,        .

,  , -        ,  ,     ,      .  ,  ,  ,         ,    ,    ,       ,        .   (, , ) ,      ,      ;[142 - ,    ,        -:                ,     .   ,        -,        (State V. Clark, 129 N.M. 194, 3 P.3d 689 (App. 2000)).] , , ,          . [143 - Doane V. Commonwealth. 218 Va. 500, 237 S.E. 2d 797 (1977).]

     ,          -  . ,  ,    - ,       ,   ,        ?   ,  (    ),          ,             .[144 - LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 215.]

         . ,               ,   ,     ,  ,         ?    ,       ,       .[145 - ., : State V. Hicks, 233 N.C. 511, 64 S.E. 2d 871 (1951).       ,       ,    .      ,           ,      (Marguer V. State, 12 P.3d 711 (Wyo. 2000)).]   ,       () ,        : ,   ,   ,       . [146 - State V. Davis, 203 N.C. 13, 164 S.E. 737 (1932); LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 132.]

         ,      .       ,    ,     ,  :      ,          ,     (. 1() . 1.03).[147 - ., , . 102 ( (1))    . 1.04 ( (1))  .]         :          ,            (., , . 1. 609.025  ).             (       . 190 ),  ,   ,    ,    ,      .[148 - People V. Botkin, 132 Cal. 231, 64 P. 286 (1901).] ,      .

      ,   ,             ,        (. 1 (b, c, d) . 1.03). ,    ,           ,        ,      , : 1) ,      ,  ,         ; 2) ,      ,  ,         ,   ,     ,     ,  3) ,      ,  , ,       ,        (. 1 (b, c, d) . 500.060).[149 - . : .  (2, 3, 4) . 102  , .  (2, 3, 4) . 1.04    . 140  .]

-,        .     ,          ,     ,        .   . ,         ,      ,    .           ,  ,    ,    ,      .[150 - Criminal law of Kentucky. Title 50. Banks-Baldwin law Publish. Co. Cleveland. 199697. P. 776.]

     , ,              .[151 - Ibid.]

       ,    ,      . ,    ,           ,  ,    : 1) , ,   , , ,           2)    ,       ,     (. 1 (b, c) . 939.03).[152 -     (    )      (. 2 3 . 609.025).        . 609.175,      ,     :  ,    ,     ,    , , ,   ,     ,     ,      ,              (. 1, 2  3  3).]  ,    (. d)      , ,    ,  ()        .[153 -  ,   ,  ,     (. 5 6 () . 2901.11).]

    ,              ,   .        :  ,         ,            1          , ,          (. 4. 1.03).

   -              ,   , .   -         : 1)        ,  2)      , , , ,  ,     .

     .           ,       , , ,    .             .    XIX.         ,             . ,  1863.   ,     ,        ,       ratio decidendi:            ,     (, , . . .) ,              ,          .[154 - State ex. rel. Chandler V. Main, 16 Wis. 398 (1863).]

 ,    .,               .  1941.,          ,                   ,  :         ,       ,  , -,        , , -,           .[155 - Skiriotes V. Florida, 313 U.S. 69, 61 S. Ct. 924, 85 L. Ed. 1193 (1941).]     ,        ,   ,    [156 -   ,    , ,                     (People V. Weeren, 26 Cal. 3d 654, 163 Cal. Rptz. 255, 607 P. 2d 1279 (1980)).].

        ,        . ,                         ,              ,   ,    ,         ?          .    ,         ,[157 - Hanks V. State, 13 Tex. App. 289 (1882).]    , , ,     . , ,    ,         ,    , :            ,            ,    ()     ,     . [158 - State V. Collin, 687 A. 2d 962 (Me. 1997).      (Restatement of conflict of Laws, 1934),  : ,  ,  ( 425428)      ,  -  ,    ,     ,    ,  ,          .         ,     : ,    ,        ,            (LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 221),          .]

      :       ,  ,    ,        ,      ,        (. 1 (f) . 1.03).       ,   (.  (6) . 1.02 ).

           .               .  ,         ,[159 - ,       ,   ,       .]  : ,    - ,       ()      ,      ,     (. . .)    ,  ,          .[160 - Strassheim V. Daily, 221 U.S. 280, 31 S. Ct. 558, 55 L.Ed. 735 (1911).]

               ,     ,  ,            .[161 -    :         ,      ,          (State V. Stepansky, 761 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 2000)).] , -,                 ,       .[162 - LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 136.] ,                 .



)      

   ,  ,  ,  , ,    . -,        (Indian country)?    . 1151   : 1)     -  ,     ,    - - ,     ; 2)       ,        ,   ,     -    ,  3)     ,      ,     [163 -          ,    ,     . ,  ,     , ,    ,  : )       )      (Alaska V. Native Village, 522 U.S. 520, 118 S.Ct. 948, 140 L.Ed. 2d 30 (1998)).       .: Canby W. American Indian law. 3


 ed. 1998.].

-,            ,     ()  ,  ,      ?               XIX.[164 - United States V. Rogers, 45 U.S. (4 How.) 567, 11 L. Ed. 1105 (1846).] , -, ,       , -,        [165 -     ,     ,   25%  .].

   ,   ,   ,     .              .



 .    ,  ,    .         : 1)    ; 2) ,     ,  3) ,     .[166 -        ,            (.: Canby W. Op. cit. Chs. 7, 8. P. 159).]

  ,   ,  ,     ,       ,    [167 - United States V. Funmaker 10 F. 3d 1327 (7


 Cir. 1993).], , , -            .        ,   ,    ,         .

    ,         1817. (. 1152  ),  :     ,       ,  -     ,    ,    .

      . -,  , , ,       (. 1111  ),                . -,        () ,    ,                 (. 13  ),           (, ,     ).[168 -         ,   ,       .]

  ,     1817.        ,    ,   ,     ()  ,      ,         . [169 -   ,     ,    ,    (Drapez V. United States, 164 U.S. 240, 17 S.Ct. 107, 41 L. Ed. 419 (1896)).]

        ,       : 1)          ; 2)  ,      ,       ,  3)       ,      ,        ,        .

     ,         .  ,    1883. :            ,    .[170 - Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556, 3 S.Ct. 396, 27 L. Ed. 1030 (1883).]                (. 1153  ).

   (.  . 1153) :  ,               ,     ,  ,  , , - ,  . 109,[171 -        .] ,      ,    , ,        (   . 1365  ),   ,   16- , , ,[172 -  ,              .]    ,  . 661  ,    ,           ,     ,     ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/i-d-kozochkin/ugolovnoe-pravo-ssha-uspehi-i-problemy-reformirovaniya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . 372 ,   ,  ,           ,    ,    ,  , , ,       ,    .




2


  . , 99%     :     (.: Robinson P. Reforming the federal criminal code: A top ten list //Symposium: Rethinking federal criminal law. 1Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 1997. P. 228).




3


      . ,    ,   -  ,  . ,   6              (. 46)       1 .                (. 336).




4


Robinson P. Op. cit. P. 228.




5


Joost R. Federal Criminal code reform: is it possible? // Symposium. Op. cit. P. 197.




6


Wechsler H. The American law institute: Some observations on its Model penal code. 42 A.B.A.J. 1956. P. 321.




7


             ,   .




8


LaFave W. Criminal law. St. Paul, MN, West, a Thomson business, 2003. P. 5.




9


    :           ,       (. 1. 1.05).




10


   (). ., 1969. . 25.




11


                     ,       1942.,   ,      1956.




12


                 ,             . ,          ,        ,    .     ,   , 13-         ,    .




13


Criminal justice codification. Revision and reform act of 1974. Vol. 1, Title 18  Federal Code. W., 1975. P. 9.




14


. ,        38 .     ,      1989. (.: LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 5).




15


American law institute (ALI). Model penal code and commentaries. Part I: General provisions. Phil., 1985; ALI Part II: Definition of specific crimes, 1980.




16


United States V. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972).




17


Kadish S. The model penal codes historical antecedents. 19 Rutgers L.J., 1988. P. 521.




18


.  ,          (Ibid. P. 538),  .  ,        ,             (.: Dressier J. Understanding criminal law. Matthew Bender and Co, 2001. P. 31).




19


      5   National criminal law reform commission Act of Nov. 8, 1966 (Pub. L. N 89-801).




20


       ,              ,       (.:  . .,  . .    . ., 1990. . 21).        (Joost R. Op. cit. P. 209).




21


., : Joost R. Op. cit. P. 203210.




22


  ,          (  )    ,     ,       ,     ( )     .




23


      100       .




24


 ,  ,  ,      180        .          (. 994).




25


Wash. Post. Oct. 8. 1996. P. A-8.




26


,             ,    -               (N.Y. Times. Oct. 14. 1984. P. A-1).




27


. :    (). . 25.




28


 . .,  . .    . ., 1990. . 10.




29


       18 (. I  II)       .   ,    ,      .




30


 .:  . .          //        . ., 1999. . 18.




31


        .      .




32


    1951.,    1953.     ,          .




33


      . .       (.:    . ., 1969).




34


   . . 1:   . ., 1971. . 93.




35


The American law institute. Model Penal Code. Proposed official draft. Phil., 1962. P. 123. Ibid. P. 241.




36


Ibid. P. 241.




37


         . . , . . , . .    ,      . . .




38


Packer H. Mens rea and the Supreme Court //The Supreme Court Review. 1962.P.107, 109.




39


Symposium: the 25th anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. V. 19. 1988. N 3. P. 887.




40


Ibid. P. 520.




41


Ibid.




42


         ,       -    ,     (.:  . .     //   . 1993. 9. . 142151).




43


 . . 35-              //   . 1998. 12. . 82.




44


, ,  ,  1989.,        .




45


 .:  . .      -    //      . ., 1993. . 7691.




46


 . .    : . ., 1993. . 177.




47


.:     , , , , .    . ., 1991. . 132.




48


.:  . .      -   . . 84.




49


 ..^.  . ., 1976. . 32.




50


. :    .   /  . . .   . . . ., 1990. . 47.




51


 . . 55.




52


 . . . . . 169, 171.




53


.:  . .   . ., 1979. . 85.




54


    2001.       104 .       (.: Federal Criminal Code and Rules. West Group, 2001. P. 921922).




55


      .  .




56


  : ,             ,      .




57


McCullach V. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat), 316, 4 L. Ed. 579 (1819).




58


     nationality     ,  citizenship   .           (., :  . .  . ., 1948. . 267271).




59


        () ,    . ,      . ,     1995.,     ,       ,           (United States V. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct. 1624, 131 L. Ed. 2d 626 (1995)).




60


Task FORCE on the federalization on criminal law. ABA, Criminal Justice Section. 1998. P. 2.




61


Clymer. Unequal justice: the federalization of ciiminallaw. 70 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1997. P.643, 646.




62


           . ,    ,       18  ,     .




63


  .   ,   ,     .




64


      ,             .




65


   23%     .




66


                 ,       .




67


        .  ,   ,  ,           .




68


United States V. Waites, 198 F. 3d 1123 (9


 Cir. 2000).




69


Lewis V. United States, 523 U.S. 155, 118 S. Ct. 1135, 140 L. Ed. 2d 271 (1998).




70


 . 3. 7   ,           ,               ..




71


      ,    .     ,     (Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law of the United States, 1987,  502 (2)).




72


    ,      ,          ,    . ,      (. 2. 7).




73


   ,         ,      ,     ,    .




74


        ,          ,      ,    .




75


    ,            ,    - (Marsh V. State, 95 N.M. 224, 620 P. 2d 878 (1980)).




76


  1982.,      ,   ,        12  ,      24    .    2  1999.        (N.Y. Times. P. A13. Sept. 3. 1999).    ,          12- .




77


Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law 512.




78


Benedict on Admiralty. 7-th ed., 2  112 (a) (5) (i).




79


. . 1010          1970. (. 960  21  ).




80


        ,              .




81


United States V. Suerte, 291 F. 3d 366 (5


 Cir. 2002).




82


         ,        .




83


United States V. Marino-Garcia, 675 F. 2d 1373 (11


 Cir. 1982).




84


        (Maritime drug law enforcement Act),      ,          .




85


     ,    ,    (   ),  :   ,        (. 38  46 (.) ),    ,      ,   (. f . 1903    ).




86


       .  (United States V. Guiteau, 12 D.C. (1 Mackey) 498 (1882).




87


United States V. Parker, 622 F. 2d 298 (8


 Cir. 1980).




88


     - ,    ,   - .




89


United States V. Aluminium Co. of America, 148 F. 2d 416 (2


 Cir. 1945).




90


United States V. Hill, 279 F. 3d 731 (9


 Cir. 2002).




91


. 4 . 2 .




92


United States V. Ricardo, 619 F. 2d 1124 (5


 Cir. 1980).




93


        ,  ,        ,    ,             (Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law.. 402 (1) (c)).




94


United States V. Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d 161 (3d Cir. 1986).




95


Podgor . Globalization and the federal prosecution of write Collar crime. 34 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1997. P. 325, 342343.




96


   ,   :        ,   ,   ,     ,              - ,          ,          (American Banana Co. V. United Fruit Co., 213 U.S. 347, 29 S. Ct. 511, 53 L.Ed 826 (1909)).




97


E.E.O.C. V. Arabian American Oil Co. 499 U.S. 244, 111 S. Ct. 1227, 113 L.Ed. 2d 274 (1991).




98


LaFave W. Criminal law. St. Paul, MN. Thomson, West, 2003. P. 204.




99


Murray V. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64, 2L.Ed. 208 (1804).




100


Bradley. The Charming Betsy canon and separation of powers: Rethinking the interpretive role of international law. 86 Geo. L.J., 1998. P. 479.




101


Ibid. P. 498.




102


Ibid. P. 497498.




103


Tuerkeimer. Globalization of U.S. law enforcement: does the Constitution come along? 39 Houston L. Rev. 2002. P. 314.




104


          , ,   ,   ,            (Watson. Offenders abroad the case for nationality-based criminal jurisdiction. 17 Jale J. IntI L., 1992. P. 53).




105


    , ,  ,        .




106


United States V. Thomas, 893 F.2d 1066 (9


 Cir. 1990).




107


. 2005. 2. . 4. ,         ,       .




108


  -  ,  ,       .




109


Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law  402 (f).




110


United States V. Rodriguez, 182 F. Supp. 479 (S. D. Cal. 1960).




111


United States V. Zehe, 601 F. Supp. 196 (D. Mess. 1985).




112


United States V. Newball, 524 F. Supp. 715 (E. D. N.Y. 1981).




113


, , ,       .




114


Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law  402 (comment g).




115


Watson A. The passive personality principle. 28 Tex. IntL L.J. 1993. P. 12, 1415.




116


           ,    ,    . (. 1 (d) . 5).




117


         ,             (.  . 1203).




118


Omnibus diplomatic security and antiterrorism Act.




119


           . 2332. 4 . 4 .




120


Watson A. Op. cit. P. 10.




121


Abramovsky. Extraterritorial jurisdiction: The United States Unwarranted attempt to alter international law in United States V. Ynis. 15 Yale J. Intl L. 121, 138-47 (1990).




122


Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law 404 (comment ).




123


 .:  . .,  . .   . ., 1999. . 112  .




124


Bassiouni M. Cherif. Universal jurisdiction for intentional crimes: historical perspectives and contemporary practice. 42 Va. J.Intl L. 2001. P. 88.




125


United States V. Smith, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat) 153. 5L. Ed. 57 (1820).




126


, ,    ,  ,  ,     ,       ,     (. 1651  18 ).




127


Restatement (Third) of the foreign relations law.. 404.




128


Tuerkeimer. Op. cit. P. 324.




129


Bradley. Universal jurisdiction and U.S. law. 2001. U. Chi. Legal F. P. 325.




130


., : United States V. Ynis, 924 F. 2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991).




131


Maritime drug law enforcement Act (. 1903  46 ).




132


 ,           .




133


LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 212.




134


    ,         , ..  .       ,   .




135


  , ,    (. d . 102)    ,  , ,    (. d . 1.04).




136


 :         ,   ,       . 1. IX     .




137


         ,        , ,          ,      ,         ,    ,    ,       (State V. Stepansky, 761, So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 2000)).




138


LaFave W., Scott A. Criminal law. West publish. Co. St/ Paul. Minn., 1991 (1999). P. 129.




139


Commonwealth V. Apkins, 148 Ky. 207, 146 S.W. 431 (1912).




140


Commonwealth V. Robinson, 468 Pa. 575, 364 A. 2d 665 (1976).




141


State V. Hall, 114 N.C. 909, 19 S.E. 602 (1894).




142


,    ,        -:                ,     .   ,        -,        (State V. Clark, 129 N.M. 194, 3 P.3d 689 (App. 2000)).




143


Doane V. Commonwealth. 218 Va. 500, 237 S.E. 2d 797 (1977).




144


LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 215.




145


., : State V. Hicks, 233 N.C. 511, 64 S.E. 2d 871 (1951).       ,       ,    .      ,           ,      (Marguer V. State, 12 P.3d 711 (Wyo. 2000)).




146


State V. Davis, 203 N.C. 13, 164 S.E. 737 (1932); LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 132.




147


., , . 102 ( (1))    . 1.04 ( (1))  .




148


People V. Botkin, 132 Cal. 231, 64 P. 286 (1901).




149


. : .  (2, 3, 4) . 102  , .  (2, 3, 4) . 1.04    . 140  .




150


Criminal law of Kentucky. Title 50. Banks-Baldwin law Publish. Co. Cleveland. 199697. P. 776.




151


Ibid.




152


    (    )      (. 2 3 . 609.025).        . 609.175,      ,     :  ,    ,     ,    , , ,   ,     ,     ,      ,              (. 1, 2  3  3).




153


 ,   ,  ,     (. 5 6 () . 2901.11).




154


State ex. rel. Chandler V. Main, 16 Wis. 398 (1863).




155


Skiriotes V. Florida, 313 U.S. 69, 61 S. Ct. 924, 85 L. Ed. 1193 (1941).




156


  ,    , ,                     (People V. Weeren, 26 Cal. 3d 654, 163 Cal. Rptz. 255, 607 P. 2d 1279 (1980)).




157


Hanks V. State, 13 Tex. App. 289 (1882).




158


State V. Collin, 687 A. 2d 962 (Me. 1997).      (Restatement of conflict of Laws, 1934),  : ,  ,  ( 425428)      ,  -  ,    ,     ,    ,  ,          .         ,     : ,    ,        ,            (LaFave W. Op. cit. P. 221),          .




159


,       ,   ,       .




160


Strassheim V. Daily, 221 U.S. 280, 31 S. Ct. 558, 55 L.Ed. 735 (1911).




161


   :         ,      ,          (State V. Stepansky, 761 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 2000)).




162


LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 136.




163


         ,    ,     . ,  ,     , ,    ,  : )       )      (Alaska V. Native Village, 522 U.S. 520, 118 S.Ct. 948, 140 L.Ed. 2d 30 (1998)).       .: Canby W. American Indian law. 3


 ed. 1998.




164


United States V. Rogers, 45 U.S. (4 How.) 567, 11 L. Ed. 1105 (1846).




165


    ,     ,   25%  .




166


       ,            (.: Canby W. Op. cit. Chs. 7, 8. P. 159).




167


United States V. Funmaker 10 F. 3d 1327 (7


 Cir. 1993).




168


        ,   ,       .




169


  ,     ,    ,    (Drapez V. United States, 164 U.S. 240, 17 S.Ct. 107, 41 L. Ed. 419 (1896)).




170


Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556, 3 S.Ct. 396, 27 L. Ed. 1030 (1883).




171


       .




172


 ,              .


