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         [1 - ., : Peter Burke, 'The Polymath: ACultural andSocial History ofan Intellectual Species', inD. F. Smith andH. Philsooph (eds.), Explorations inCultural History: Essays forPeter McCa?ery (Aberdeen, 2010), 6779.].  ,      ,     .           .        -, , , , , ,     .       -  Yale University Press   ,        . , ,         .






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   ,     ,     XV XXI (   ).  ,     砫   ,   XVII[10 - 'la prosopographie dessavants atoujours t une de mes passions' (    , 1675, .: Hubert Bost, Pierre Bayle [Paris, 2006], 387).       ɸ    (Christian Gottlieb J?cher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1750).].      ,    .       ,      ,       .

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        :   ,         ,   ,          .    堖 , ,   .     (-  ) ,   ,  ,   [16 - Johann Heinrich Alsted, Encyclopaedia (1630), .].

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        ,  ,        ,      [79 - Agnes Heller, Renaissance Man (1982: English translation, London 1984); Dorothy Koenigsberger, Renaissance Man andCreative Thinking (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1979).].   ,  XX,    ,    ,      .              .

        (DieKultur derRenaissance inItalien),   1860,    ,      蠖  ,   ,      蠖        (derallseitige Mensch, dervielseitige Mensch)[80 - Jacob Burckhardt, TheCivilisation ofthe Renaissance inItaly (1860: English translation, London 1878), .2, 2.].   ,     :  .

  XIX       .        :    , , , , , , , [81 - Edgar Quinet, Rvolutions d'Italie (Paris, 1849), . .: J. B. Bullen, TheMyth ofthe Renaissance inNineteenth-Century Writing (Oxford, 1994),175.].   , -,  ,     (Romola, 18621863)  :   ,   , ,  , , [82 - George Eliot, Romola (1863), .: Bullen, Myth,218.].




 


 , ,  (uomo universale)    .     XV,   ,     ,    encyclopaedia, ,          , , , , ,  .       [83 - William H. Woodward, Vittorino daFeltre andOther Humanist Educators (Cambridge, 1897), 192,   ,   .].     (lavita civile),    ,  :         (farsi universale)   ?[84 - Matteo Palmieri, Vita Civile, ed. Gino Belloni (Florence, 1982),43.]       .      (Faustbuch) 1587    [85 - Eliza M. Butler, TheFortunes ofFaust (Cambridge, 1952). .1.].

          ,    .             (vita activa),    (vita contemplativa):          蠫[86 - James J. Supple, Arms versus Letters: TheMilitary andLiterary Ideals inthe Essais ofMontaigne (Oxford, 1984).].  , ,        . ,   1528       ,             (pi? che mediocremente erudito)  ,    ,  [87 - Baldassare Castiglione, Il Cortegiano (1528: ed. Bruno Maier, Turin 1964),  1, 4449.].

            (Weisskunig, 15051516),     .     ,  , , , , , , , ,    ,    [88 - Maximilian, Weisskunig, ed. H. T.Musper (Stuttgart, 1956).  -  (Jan-Dirk M?ller, Gedachtnus: Literatur undHofgesellschaft um Maximilian I (Munich, 1982), 242          .].           頖   .     ,    ,    ,  ,  .       :   , ,  ,  ,   (un abysme de science)[89 - Fran?ois Rabelais, Pantagruel (c. 1532), .8; Gargantua (1534), .2324.  abysme de science        .].

        XVI:     ᠫ ,    [90 - William Caxton, Chronicle (1520),  ⠫    (Oxford English Dictionary)  Universal.].       ⠫,   (Book Named theGovernor, 1531)     .    ,    ,    ,  ,      ,    ,     [91 - Thomas Elyot, TheBook Named theGovernor (1531;  堖 Menston, 1980), ch.8.].     ,   ⠫    ,   ,   ,  ,   ,  .




 


    ,  ,          ,       (       ).       ,     . ,         ,  ,      ,   ,   ,   ( ,      )[92 - Castiglione, Il Cortegiano.  2, 39.].

 ,     ,  ,      ,       .   ,           .      ,  -.   ,  , XVI -  .

     :   ,    ,        (         ).          ,     (,     ) ,      .  ,      ,  ,       蠖  ,      .        ,     ꠫ [93 - Werner Kaegi, Jacob Burckhardt: eine Biographie (6 vols., Basel, 194777); Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, 'Jacob Burckhardt', Proceedings ofthe British Academy 70 (1984), 35978. .: J. B. Bullen, TheMyth ofthe Renaissance inNineteenth-Century Writing (Oxford, 1994).].

   .  ,      ,    .   ,  ,     ,  ,   ,    .      ,   .       .  ,              .




 


   ,    .   ,     ,     , ,      ,      ,   [94 - Riccardo Fubini andAnna Nenci Gallorini, 'L'autobiogra?a di Leon Battista Alberti', Rinascimento 12 (1972), 2178, at68; English translation : James B. Ross andMary M. McLaughlin (eds.), ThePortable Renaissance Reader (revised edn, Harmondsworth 1978), 480. .: Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder ofthe Italian Renaissance (London, 2001), 1729.]. Ӡ       ,      .      ():      ? , , , ,      .         :   ,   ,  ,       [95 - Cristoforo Landino, Apologia di Dante, .: Joan Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man ofthe Early Renaissance (Chicago, 1969),3.].

 ,   ,  ,    XV  ,       ,       (multiplex scientia),      , ,   ,  ,  [96 - Werner Straube, 'Die Agricola-Biographie desJohannes vonPlieningen', inWilhelm K?hlmann, Rudolf Agricola 14441485 (Bern, 1994), 1148.].

 XVI  ,     , -    ,  . ,             .        ,       ,           .  ,   ,   ,         (Arcadia).

  ,  ,     .          I,    , ,  .   ,     ,   .      ,            (Discovery ofGuiana, 1596).       蠫  ( , )[97 - Stephen Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh: TheRenaissance Man andhis Roles (New Haven, 1973); Mark Nicholls andPenry Williams, 'Raleigh, Walter', ODNB 45, 84259; Nicholls andWilliams, Sir Walter Raleigh inLife andLegend (London, 2011).].

   ,          (omnibus instudiis admirabilis).  ,    ,   1579       -,    .   젖      ,  ,     -.     :     , ,              ,     ,  ,  蠫 [98 - Aldo Manutio, Relatione de Iacomo di Crettone (Venice, 1581); James H. Burns, 'Crichton, James', ODNB 14, 1836, at184.].

    ,     .    ,   -,       :    .   -, ,  ,    ,    VII  Π   (Ofthe Proficience andAdvancement ofLearning, 1605),  ,     .   -  , ,  ,          [99 - Paolo Rossi, Francis Bacon, from Magic toScience (1957: English translation, London, 1968); J. Martin, Francis Bacon, theState, andthe Reform ofNatural Philosophy (Cambridge, 1992).].







            .        ,      (multiscius ,      ) 蠫  , multiplex scientia,      .   ,  ,   -  ,     .  ,   ,     .         ,     ꠫ ,   ,   , ,      .     ,    -  [100 - Andr Godin, 'Erasme: Pia/Impia curiositas', inJean Card (ed.), Lacuriosit ?la Renaissance (Paris, 1986), 2536; Brian Cummings, 'Encyclopaedic Erasmus', Renaissance Studies 28 (2014), 183204, at183.].

       ,  . ,  ,        ,      ,  , , ,  [101 - Dino Bellucci, 'Mlanchthon et ladfense de l'astrologie', Biblioth?que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 50 (1988), 587622; Sachiko Kusukawa, TheTransformation ofNatural Philosophy: TheCase ofPhilip Melanchthon (Cambridge, 1995).].

       .       (Oratio de Hominis Dignitate, 1486),     ,     .       , 1486,      900 ⠖ , , , , , ,  ,     .  ,      ,     (via ad omnis scibilis investigationem).   ,          ,     .     ,              [102 - Chaim Wirszubski, Pico della Mirandola's Encounter with Jewish Mysticism (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 121,259.].

    (Ciceronianus, 1528)     ꠫  (ingenium ad omnia factum),    ,   ,    砫,      (viri omni disciplinarum genere consumatissimi).   ,           [103 - Eugenio Garin, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: vita e dottrina (Florence, 1937); Frances Yates, 'Pico della Mirandola andCabalist Magic', inGiordano Bruno andthe Hermetic Tradition (London, 1964), 84116; William G. Craven, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Symbol ofhis Age (Geneva, 1981); Steve A. Farmer, Syncretism inthe West: Pico's 900 Theses (Tempe, AZ, 1998).].

     ,    .  900      󻠖   ,  .      ,   -.  ,     ,          quodlibet ( .  ),        [104 - . W. Craven, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Geneva, 1981)     ,       .].

   (50 500  ,   1565)    ,     .   ,  ,  ,  ,  :    ,  ,  ,    .

    ,  .      ,    ,  (      ).    ,    ,     ;      .     , , , , ,    ,      . ,     (helluo librorum),         . ʠ    Π  (De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum, 1527),      , 蠫  (De Occulta Philosophia Libri III, 15311533),   (,  ),   ,     ,  .  ,        .   ,    ,    ,    [105 - Yates, 'Cornelius Agrippa's Survey ofRenaissance Magic', inGiordano Bruno, 13043; Charles G. Nauert Jr., Agrippa andthe Crisis ofRenaissance Thought (Urbana, IL, 1965); Rudolf Schmitz, 'Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius', DSB 1, 7981; Christoph I. Lehrich, TheLanguage ofDemons andAngels: Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy (Leiden, 2003).].

     - ꠫    XVI[106 - Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, TheEuropean Witch-Craze ofthe 16th and17th centuries (1969: Harmondsworth, 1978 edn),47.]




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


., : Peter Burke, 'The Polymath: ACultural andSocial History ofan Intellectual Species', inD. F. Smith andH. Philsooph (eds.), Explorations inCultural History: Essays forPeter McCa?ery (Aberdeen, 2010), 6779.




2


Alexander Murray (ed.), Sir William Jones, 17461794 (Oxford, 1998),v.




3


Edward Dyker, Dumont Durville: Explorer andPolymath (Dunedin, 2014); D. Ben Rees, ThePolymath: Reverend William Rees (Liverpool, 2002).




4


Edward Carr, 'The Last Days ofthe Polymath', Intelligent Life, Autumn 2009; Burke, 'The Polymath', inSmith andPhilsooph (eds.), Explorations inCultural History, 6779; Eric Monkman andBobby Seagull, 'Polymathic Adventure', BBC Radio 4, 21 2017.      ,   ,   . : Waqas Akbar Ahmed, ThePolymath: Unlocking thePower ofHuman Versatility (Chichester, 2019).




5


. : Woodru? D. Smith, Politics andthe Sciences ofCulture inGermany, 18401920 (NewYork, 1991),138.




6


www.dubage.com/API/ThePolymath.html (http://www.dubage.com/API/ThePolymath.html),  : 15 2016.




7


 , .: Richard Davenport-Hines, Universal Man: TheSeven Lives ofJohn Maynard Keynes (London, 2015), p.7; , .: , p.137.




8


      . : Geo?rey Lloyd, Disciplines inthe Making (Oxford, 2009).




9


Carr, 'The Last Days ofthe Polymath',   .      .




10


'la prosopographie dessavants atoujours t une de mes passions' (    , 1675, .: Hubert Bost, Pierre Bayle [Paris, 2006], 387).       ɸ    (Christian Gottlieb J?cher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1750).




11


 .  / .. . . e. .:  , 2018. .206.




12


Augustine, De vera religione,49.




13


Peter Burke, Exiles andExpatriates inthe History ofKnowledge, 15002000 (Waltham, MA, 2017).




14


Leo Rosten, 'Harold Lasswell: AMemoir', inArnold A. Rogow (ed.), Politics, Personality andSocial Science inthe 20th Century (Chicago, 1969), 113, at5.




15


'Henry Holorenshaw', 'The Making ofan Honorary Taoist', inMikul? Teich andRobert Young (eds.), Changing Perspectives inthe History ofScience (London, 1973), 120, at1.




16


Johann Heinrich Alsted, Encyclopaedia (1630), .




17


Isaiah Berlin, TheHedgehog andthe Fox: AnEssay onTolstoy's View ofHistory (London, 1953). .: Stephen J. Gould, TheHedgehog, theFox andthe Magister's Pox (London, 2003),  ꠫      (5).




18


Pamela H. Smith, TheBusiness ofAlchemy: Science andCulture inthe Holy Roman Empire (Princeton, NJ, 1994), 14; Mikul? Teich, 'Interdisciplinarity inJ. J. Becher's Thought', inGotthardt Fr?hsorge andGerhard F. Strasser (eds.), Johann Joachim Becher (Wiesbaden, 1993), 2340.




19


Paula Findlen (ed.), TheLast Man Who Knew Everything (London, 2004).




20


Andrew Robinson, Thomas Young: TheLast Man Who Knew Everything (London, 2006); Leonard Warren, Joseph Leidy: TheLast Man Who Knew Everything (New Haven, 1998); David Schwartz, TheLast Man Who Knew Everything: TheLife andTimes ofEnrico Fermi (NewYork, 2017), 365.       Hmolpedia, 'Last person toknow everything', http://www.eoht.info/page/Last+person+to+know+everything (http://www.eoht.info/page/Last%20person%20to%20know%20everything).




21


Sandro Montalto (ed.), Umberto Eco: l'uomo che sapeva troppo (Pisa, 2007). .: Stephen Inwood, TheMan Who Knew Too Much: TheStrange andInventive Life ofRobert Hooke (London, 2002) David Leavitt, TheMan Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing andthe Invention ofthe Computer (London, 2006).




22


Π    ;  .:Ha-Joon Chang, 23 Things They Don't Tell You about Capitalism (London, 2011), 173; Maurice Goldsmith, Joseph Needham: Twentieth-Century Renaissance Man (Paris, 1995); 堖  ; : Avril Pyman, Pavel Florensky, aQuiet Genius: TheTragic andExtraordinary Life ofRussia's Unknown DaVinci (NewYork, 2010); : Steven A. Peterson, 'Lasswell, Harold Dwight', inGlenn H. Utter andCharles Lockhart (eds.), American Political Scientists: ADictionary (2nd edn, Westport, CT, 2002), 22830, at229; Bruce L. Smith, 'The Mystifying Intellectual History ofHarold D. Lasswell', inArnold A. Rogow (ed.), Politics, Personality andSocial Science inthe 20th Century (Chicago, 1969),41.




23


N.J. Pearce, 'Janet Beat: ARenaissance Woman', Contemporary Music Review 11 (1994), 27; Melanie Davis, 'Sandra Risa Leiblum, Ph.D: Sexology's Renaissance Woman', American Journal ofSexuality Education 5 (2010), 97101.




24


.: Robert K. Merton, 'The Matthew E?ect inScience', Science 159 (1968), Issue 3810, 5663,        ,    ,    :  ,    .




25


   27 1699, .: Maria Rosa Antognazza, Leibniz: AnIntellectual Biography (Cambridge, 2009),559.




26


      ,     ,    .   , ,   noos, ,  ,   .      .




27


Isaiah Berlin, TheHedgehog andthe Fox (London, 1953).




28


W. K. C. Guthrie, TheSophists (Cambridge, 1971), 28085; Patricia O'Grady, 'Hippias' inO'Grady (ed.), TheSophists (London, 2008), 5670.




29


     ,   Maurice Manquat, Aristote naturaliste (Paris, 1932) Geo?rey Lloyd, Aristotle: TheGrowth andStructure ofhis Thought (Cambridge, 1968). .     ,   : G. E. L. Owens, D. M. Balme andLeonard G. Wilson, 'Aristotle', DSB 1, 25081.




30


Christian Jacob, 'Un athl?te du savoir', inC. Jacob andF. de Polignac (eds.), Alexandrie (Paris, 1992), 11327; Klaus Geus, Eratosthenes vonKyrene (Oberhaid, 2011, 3234).




31


     .     ,      .




32


Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 12.xi.2124.




33


Vitruvius, De Architectura, 1.i.1, 1.i.3.




34


Cicero, De Oratore, 3.xxxiii.135.




35


Quintilian, Institutio, 12.XI.24; D. J. Butter?eld (ed.), Varro Varius: ThePolymath ofthe Roman World (Cambridge, 2015).




36


Trevor Murphy, Pliny theElder's Natural History: TheEmpire inthe Encyclopaedia (Oxford, 2004),13.




37


Howard L. Goodman, 'Chinese Polymaths 100300 AD', Asia Major 18 (2005), 101174, at110.




38


John Cha?ee, TheThorny Gates ofLearning inSung China: ASocial History ofExaminations (Cambridge, 1985); Benjamin A. Elman, ACultural History ofCivil Examinations inLate Imperial China (Berkeley, CA, 2000).




39


. : John Meskill (ed.), Wang An-shih: Practical Reformer? (Boston, MA, 1963),8.




40


Wang Yangming, Instructions forPractical Living (English translation NewYork, 1963), 13, 62. .: Benjamin A. Elman, OnTheir Own Terms (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 47.




41


Hellmut Wilhelm, 'The Po-Hs?eh Hung-ju Examination of1679', Journal ofthe American Oriental Society 71 (1951), 6066.




42


Geo?rey Lloyd, Disciplines inthe Making (Oxford, 2009), 10,45.




43


-, 33 Complete Works ofChuang Tzu (NewYork, 1968), 374, 377. .: Angus G. Graham, Disputers ofthe Tao (Chicago, 1989), 7681, 17483.




44


Joseph Needham andWang Ling, Science andCivilization inChina (Cambridge, 1965). .4, . 1, 446465.




45


Needham andWang Ling, Science andCivilization (Cambridge, 1954), vol.1, 135. Ƞ    ,     .




46


Jo?l Brenier etal., 'Shen Gua (10311095) et les sciences', Revue d'histoire dessciences 42, 33350.   . .335.   Nathan Sivin, 'Shen Gua', Science inAncient China: Researches andRe?ections (Aldershot, 1995, vol.III, 153),        ,     ⠫       (11).




47


Daiwie Fu, 'A Contextual andTaxonomic Study ofthe Divine Marvels andStrange Occurrences inthe Mengxi bitan', Chinese Science 11 (19934), 335.




48


Geo?rey Lloyd, TheAmbitions ofCuriosity: Understanding theWorld inAncient Greece andChina (Cambridge, 2002).




49


Sivin, 'Shen Gua',53.




50


 .  / .. . . e. .:  , 2018. .205.




51


Tertullian, De praescriptione haereticorum.  12, 14; Augustine, Confessiones.  12,14.




52


Richard Southern, TheMaking ofthe Middle Ages (London, 1953),210.




53


    ,    .




54


Cassiodorus, Variarum Libri XII, ed. ?. J. Fridh (Turnhout, 1973), I,44.




55


Henry Chadwick, Boethius (Oxford, 1981); Lorenzo Minio-Paluello, 'Boethius', DSB 2 (NewYork, 1981), 228236.




56


Isidore ofSeville, Etymologies (English translation Cambridge, 2006). Π: John Henderson, TheMedieval World ofIsidore ofSeville (Cambridge, 2007).




57


Pierre Rich, Gerbert d'Aurillac, lepape de l'an mil (Paris, 1987).




58


William ofMalmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. andtrans. R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1998). II, 167169,172.




59


Tarif Khalidi, Images ofMuhammad (NewYork, 2009), 104105.       .




60


. : Robert Irwin, Ibn Khaldun: AnIntellectual Biography (Princeton, NJ, 2018),24.




61


Geert Jan Van Gelder, 'Compleat Men, Women andBooks', inPeter Binkley (ed.), Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts (Leiden, 1997), 24159, at247; George Makdisi, TheRise ofHumanism inClassical Islam andthe Christian West (Edinburgh, 1990),110.




62


Michael Chamberlain, Knowledge andSocial Practice inMedieval Damascus (Cambridge, 1994),86.




63


       (.721 . 815),    ;   (.10851138, ); - (872950, ); - (973 . 1050)   (9941064).




64


. : George N. Atiyeh, Al-Kindi: Philosopher ofthe Arabs (Rawalpindi, 1966),9.




65


Peter Adamson, Al-Kindi (Oxford, 2007), 7. .: Fritz W. Zimmerman, 'Al-Kindi', inM. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham andR. B. Serjeant (eds.), Religion, Learning andScience inthe Abbasid Period (Cambridge, 2014), 3649.




66


G. C. Anawati andAlbert Z. Iskander, 'Ibn Sina', DSB Supplement 1, 495501; Lenn E. Goodman, Avicenna (revised edn, Ithaca, NY, 2006); Robert Wisnovsky, 'Avicenna andthe Avicennian Tradition', inPeter Adamson andRichard C. Taylor (eds.), TheCambridge Companion toArabic Philosophy (Cambridge, 2006), 92136.




67


Dominque Urvoy, Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (London, 1991).




68


Warren E. Gates, 'The Spread ofIbn Khaldun's Ideas onClimate andCulture', Journal ofthe History ofIdeas 28 (1967), 41522; Aziz al-Azmeh, Ibn Khaldun inModern Scholarship: AStudy inOrientalism (London, 1981); Robert Irwin, Ibn Khaldun: AnIntellectual Biography (Princeton, NJ, 2018).




69


    ,        .




70


      ,    ,       .




71


Serge Lusignan andMonique Paulmier-Foucart (eds.), Lector et compilator: Vincent de Beauvais (Gr?ne, 1997).




72


Tom McLeish, 'In Conversation with aMedieval Natural Philosopher', Emmanuel College Magazine 100 (Cambridge, 2018), 14762, at147.




73


Alistair C. Crombie, Robert Grosseteste andthe Origins ofExperimental Science (Oxford, 1953); Richard W. Southern, Robert Grosseteste (Oxford, 1986); , 'Grosseteste, Robert', ODNB 24, 7986.




74


Alistair C. Crombie andJohn North, 'Bacon, Roger', DSB 1 (NewYork, 1981), 37785; G. Mollant, 'Bacon, Roger', ODNB 3, 17681.




75


   ,     . .:Bert Roest, Reading theBook ofHistory: Intellectual Contexts andEducational Functions ofFranciscan Historiography, 1226ca 1350 (Groningen, 1996), 114,120.




76


 , .: Irven M. Resnick (ed.), ACompanion toAlbert theGreat (Leiden, 2013), 1. .: James A. Weisheipl (ed.), Albertus Magnus andthe Sciences (Toronto, 1980); Gerbert Meyer andAlbert Zimmermann (eds.), Albertus Magnus, Doctor Universalis 1280/1980 (Mainz, 1980),      ,  .




77


 .      / .. .: ALEXANDRIA, 2007. .74.




78


Paolo Rossi, Clavis Universalis: arti mnemoniche e logica combinatorial daLullo aLeibniz (Milan andNaples, 1960), esp. 6174; Dominique Urvoy, Penser l'Islam. Les prsupposs Islamiques de l'art de Lull (Paris, 1980); Umberto Eco, TheSearch forthe Perfect Language (Oxford, 1995), 5372, at53; John N. Crossley, Raymond Llull's Contributions toComputer Science (Melbourne, 2005); Anthony Bonner, TheArt andLogic ofRamon Llull: AUser's Guide (Leiden, 2007).

2.  ߻




79


Agnes Heller, Renaissance Man (1982: English translation, London 1984); Dorothy Koenigsberger, Renaissance Man andCreative Thinking (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1979).




80


Jacob Burckhardt, TheCivilisation ofthe Renaissance inItaly (1860: English translation, London 1878), .2, 2.




81


Edgar Quinet, Rvolutions d'Italie (Paris, 1849), . .: J. B. Bullen, TheMyth ofthe Renaissance inNineteenth-Century Writing (Oxford, 1994),175.




82


George Eliot, Romola (1863), .: Bullen, Myth,218.




83


William H. Woodward, Vittorino daFeltre andOther Humanist Educators (Cambridge, 1897), 192,   ,   .




84


Matteo Palmieri, Vita Civile, ed. Gino Belloni (Florence, 1982),43.




85


Eliza M. Butler, TheFortunes ofFaust (Cambridge, 1952). .1.




86


James J. Supple, Arms versus Letters: TheMilitary andLiterary Ideals inthe Essais ofMontaigne (Oxford, 1984).




87


Baldassare Castiglione, Il Cortegiano (1528: ed. Bruno Maier, Turin 1964),  1, 4449.




88


Maximilian, Weisskunig, ed. H. T.Musper (Stuttgart, 1956).  -  (Jan-Dirk M?ller, Gedachtnus: Literatur undHofgesellschaft um Maximilian I (Munich, 1982), 242          .




89


Fran?ois Rabelais, Pantagruel (c. 1532), .8; Gargantua (1534), .2324.  abysme de science        .




90


William Caxton, Chronicle (1520),  ⠫    (Oxford English Dictionary)  Universal.




91


Thomas Elyot, TheBook Named theGovernor (1531;  堖 Menston, 1980), ch.8.




92


Castiglione, Il Cortegiano.  2, 39.




93


Werner Kaegi, Jacob Burckhardt: eine Biographie (6 vols., Basel, 194777); Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, 'Jacob Burckhardt', Proceedings ofthe British Academy 70 (1984), 35978. .: J. B. Bullen, TheMyth ofthe Renaissance inNineteenth-Century Writing (Oxford, 1994).




94


Riccardo Fubini andAnna Nenci Gallorini, 'L'autobiogra?a di Leon Battista Alberti', Rinascimento 12 (1972), 2178, at68; English translation : James B. Ross andMary M. McLaughlin (eds.), ThePortable Renaissance Reader (revised edn, Harmondsworth 1978), 480. .: Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder ofthe Italian Renaissance (London, 2001), 1729.




95


Cristoforo Landino, Apologia di Dante, .: Joan Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man ofthe Early Renaissance (Chicago, 1969),3.




96


Werner Straube, 'Die Agricola-Biographie desJohannes vonPlieningen', inWilhelm K?hlmann, Rudolf Agricola 14441485 (Bern, 1994), 1148.




97


Stephen Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh: TheRenaissance Man andhis Roles (New Haven, 1973); Mark Nicholls andPenry Williams, 'Raleigh, Walter', ODNB 45, 84259; Nicholls andWilliams, Sir Walter Raleigh inLife andLegend (London, 2011).




98


Aldo Manutio, Relatione de Iacomo di Crettone (Venice, 1581); James H. Burns, 'Crichton, James', ODNB 14, 1836, at184.




99


Paolo Rossi, Francis Bacon, from Magic toScience (1957: English translation, London, 1968); J. Martin, Francis Bacon, theState, andthe Reform ofNatural Philosophy (Cambridge, 1992).




100


Andr Godin, 'Erasme: Pia/Impia curiositas', inJean Card (ed.), Lacuriosit ?la Renaissance (Paris, 1986), 2536; Brian Cummings, 'Encyclopaedic Erasmus', Renaissance Studies 28 (2014), 183204, at183.




101


Dino Bellucci, 'Mlanchthon et ladfense de l'astrologie', Biblioth?que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 50 (1988), 587622; Sachiko Kusukawa, TheTransformation ofNatural Philosophy: TheCase ofPhilip Melanchthon (Cambridge, 1995).




102


Chaim Wirszubski, Pico della Mirandola's Encounter with Jewish Mysticism (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 121,259.




103


Eugenio Garin, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: vita e dottrina (Florence, 1937); Frances Yates, 'Pico della Mirandola andCabalist Magic', inGiordano Bruno andthe Hermetic Tradition (London, 1964), 84116; William G. Craven, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Symbol ofhis Age (Geneva, 1981); Steve A. Farmer, Syncretism inthe West: Pico's 900 Theses (Tempe, AZ, 1998).




104


. W. Craven, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Geneva, 1981)     ,       .




105


Yates, 'Cornelius Agrippa's Survey ofRenaissance Magic', inGiordano Bruno, 13043; Charles G. Nauert Jr., Agrippa andthe Crisis ofRenaissance Thought (Urbana, IL, 1965); Rudolf Schmitz, 'Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius', DSB 1, 7981; Christoph I. Lehrich, TheLanguage ofDemons andAngels: Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy (Leiden, 2003).




106


Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, TheEuropean Witch-Craze ofthe 16th and17th centuries (1969: Harmondsworth, 1978 edn),47.


