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notes








1


Victoria M Gershuni, Stephanie L Yan, Valentina Medici; Nutritional Ketosis for Weight Management and Reversal ofMetabolic Syndrome. 2018Sep;7(3):97106. PMID: 30128963




2


Taken together, keto-adaption is aprolonged process involving adaptations from multiple organs togenerate and use KBs as an alternative energy source. It takes weeks for the body tostart using KBs as an alternative energy source and may require months toreach an adequate and steady level. The biochemical mechanisms behind the shifts infuel utilization are believed tobe due tothe modifications ofenzymes essential inthe process ofKB production and utilization. Matthew Sherrier, Hongshuai Li: The impact ofketo-adaptation on exercise performance and the role ofmetabolic-regulating cytokines. The American Journal ofClinical Nutrition, Volume 110, Issue 3, September 2019, Pages 562573




3


Elizabeth Vargas; Neena V. Joy; Maria Alicia Carrillo Sepulveda. Biochemistry, Insulin Metabolic Effects. PMID: 30252239




4


Intype 2diabetics, more patients have DN at the time ofdiagnosis ofdiabetes as type 2diabetes can go unrecognized for years. Andy KH Lim. Diabetic nephropathy complications and treatment. PMID: 25342915




5


Ketones are also beneficial for the kidney indistinct pathological conditions, including drug-induced nephrotoxicity, renal ischemia and reperfusion injury, nephrocalcinosis, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and renal aging. The underlying mechanisms involve regulating gene expression and modulation ofseveral signal transduction pathways that lead tooxidative stress reduction, suppression ofinflammation, prevention ofinterstitial fibrosis development, and protection ofrenal cells from apoptosis and pyroptosis. PedroRojas-MoralesabJos, Pedraza-Chaverrib, Edilia Tapia. Ketone bodies for kidney injury and disease. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arres.2021.100009




6


Cholecystectomy is the treatment ofchoice for both uncomplicated symptomatic cholelithiasis and gallbladder sludge with the characteristic biliary pain. Carsten Gutt, Simon Schl?fer, and Frank Lammert. The Treatment ofGallstone Disease. PMID: 32234195




7


 . Effect ofaketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism innonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PMID: 32179679




8


Lipolysis increases availability and use ofFFA as the energy material for the mothers body inplace ofglucose that is consumed mostly bythe fetus. These mechanisms are responsible for increased ketogenesis during pregnancy and are three times higher at night among pregnant women than among nonpregnant women. Agata Bronisz, Mateusz Ozorowski, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska. Pregnancy Ketonemia and Development ofthe Fetal Central Nervous System. PMID: 29971100




9


Hyperinsulinemia provoke increased androgen synthesis at the expense ofdecreased estrogen production. Zsuzsanna Suba. Interplay between insulin resistance and estrogen deficiency as co- activators incarcinogenesis. PMID: 21984197




10


R Lanzi, L Luzi, ACaumo, AC Andreotti, M F Manzoni, M E Malighetti, L P Sereni, AE Pontiroli. Elevated insulin levels contribute tothe reduced growth hormone (GH) response toGH-releasing hormone inobese subjects. PMID: 10484056




11


Cholesterol functions as aprecursor molecule inthe synthesis ofvitamin D, steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol and aldosterone and adrenal androgens), and sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone). Trevor Huff; Brandon Boyd; Ishwarlal Jialal. Physiology, Cholesterol. PMID: 29262185




12


Inaddition, ketone bodies exert arestraining influence on muscle protein breakdown. If the muscle is plentifully supplied with other substrates for oxidation (such as fatty acids and ketone bodies, inthis case), then the oxidation ofmuscle protein-derived amino acids is suppressed. Manninen AH. Very-low-carbohydrate diets and preservation ofmuscle mass. PMID: 16448570




13


Weight loss should be about 1to2lb/week for aperiod of6months, with the subsequent strategy based on the amount ofweight lost. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment ofObesity inAdults (US). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment ofOverweight and Obesity inAdults. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998Sep.




14


For example, inskeletal muscle, insulin promotes glucose utilization and storage byincreasing glucose transport and net glycogen synthesis. Inliver, insulin activates glycogen synthesis, increases lipogenic gene expression, and decreases gluconeogenic gene expression. Inwhite adipocyte tissue (WAT), insulin suppresses lipolysis and increases glucose transport and lipogenesis. "Max C. Petersen, Gerald I. Shulman: Mechanisms ofInsulin Action and Insulin Resistance. PMID: 30067154




15


Susanne HA Holt, Janette C Brand Miller, and Peter Petocz. An insulin index offoods: the insulin demand generated by1000-kJ portions ofcommon foods. Am J Clin Nutr. PMID: 9356547




16


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17


Julie E. Holesh, Sanah Aslam, Andrew Martin. Physiology, Carbohydrates. Bookshelf ID: NBK459280




18


 : The role ofshort-chain fatty acids inhealth and disease. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800100-4.000039




19


.., ..  , 2018.  72. ,    .




20


However, not all carbohydrate-rich foods result inhyperglycemia when consumed. Differences inpostprandial blood glucose responses tovarious carbohydrate-containing foods have also been demonstrated inboth healthy and diabetic subjects, even when consumed inportions containing identical amounts ofcarbohydrate. Eleazu CO. The concept oflow glycemic index and glycemic load foods as panacea for type 2diabetes mellitus; prospects, challenges and solutions. PMID: 27605962


