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Walter Isaacson

The Code Breaker. Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race



 Walter Isaacson, 2021

 .,    , 2023

 2021 by Christopher Michel,   

 .,  , , 2023

   һ, 2023

 CORPUS


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 1. 





         , ,      .   ,          , ,   ,     -   ,     .   ,      ,   ,    ,    .   ,           ,       . -      ,    ,        [5 -        .        : The Life Scientific // BBC Radio. 17  2017.; Andrew Pollack. Jennifer Doudna, a Pioneer Who Helped Simplify Genome Editing // New York Times, 11  2015; Claudia Dreifus. The Joy of the Discovery: An Interview with Jennifer Doudna // New York Review of Books. 24  2019.;     //   . 11  2004. Jennifer Doudna. Why Genome Editing Will Change Our Lives // Financial Times. 14  2018.; Laura Kiessling. A Conversation with Jennifer Doudna // ACS Chemical Biology Journal. 16  2018.; Melissa Marino. Biography of Jennifer A.Doudna // PNAS. 7  2004.].         .        .         ,      .          ,         .         -,         .     ,   ,     ,    .






  



     ,      .   ,    ,  , ,     ,  ,     .   19  1964   ,        .      ,     -    ,    ,     .

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  ,  ,    ,    ,  ,     , ,      .         ,     .     ,  ,    ,   .       ,       .      , ,    ,  - .   .            .      ,    ,    .

    ,    ,   ,       .       ,           ,    [6 - Dreifus. The Joy of the Discovery.].

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           .     :   ,     .   ,        .  ,    ,   .  :     ?       ,   ,    ,   , ,     .   ,  ,   ,    ?[7 -     -   .]

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  , ,    .         , ,       .   ,      ,                .    ,     ,  .   ,            .

    (  ),  ,   -    ,            ,     1953           .     ,   ,            ,             ,      , ,     .

                 ,      ,       .    1950-,     ,       ,       .                          .

,  ,     ,     ,      ,  .    .      . ,   ,     ,     .    [8 -        .].

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   ,     :       ,      .     ,      .       ,     ,  .

        ,    ,           ,    ,   .     ,     . ,      , ,  ,           :              [9 - Jennifer Doudna. How COVID-19 Is Spurring Science to Accelerate // The Economist, 5  2020.].

        ,  ,    .   ,   ,       ,      ,  ,       ,                .











 2. 





,         ,    ,  1850- ,          ,   ,       (    ),       .                   [10 -           Siddhartha Mukherjee. The Gene (Scribner, 2016); Horace Freeland Judson. The Eighth Day of Creation (Touchstone, 1979); Alfred Sturtevant. A History of Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor, 2001); Elof Axel Carlson. Mendels Legacy (Cold Spring Harbor, 2004).].

        ,    .        ,      ,            ,        .       ,          ,    .      22 ,  1831 ,           - ,       ,     [11 - Janet Browne. Charles Darwin. Vol. 1 (Knopf, 1995) and vol. 2 (Knopf, 2002); Charles Darwin. The Journey of the Beagle. Originally published 1839; Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species. Originally published 1859.   , ,         Darwin Online: darwin-online.org.uk.].

 1835 ,     ,              .     ,    ,  , ,   .    ,     ,     ,         .    ,        .

       ,                 ,       . ,     .     .  ,     ,    ,      ,  , ,                  . ,       ,     ,        ,       ,     ,  .         ,    ,  .        [12 -        : ..  / ...  . . ... .: -  , 1959.].

     ,   ,  ,      ,    .  1858          ,     .       ,                 .

     ,  :     ,        .      ,    ,           .  ,     , ,   ,    .     ,        .    ,                .  ,       ,  <>    ,          ,    ,   .  -     ,    , :   ,   ,      [13 - Isaac Asimov. How Do People Get New Ideas. 1959, reprinted in MIT Technology Review, 20  2014.; Steven Johnson. Where Good Ideas Come From (Riverhead, 2010), 81; Charles Darwin. Autobiography, describing events of October 1838. Darwin Online, darwin-online.org.uk.].

















  ,         ,      :    ?                 ?  ,       ,    ,  ,          .    ,   ,              ,      .

        ,       1866  ,     .   ,            .




    ,   ,   1822       ,         .         ,     :    -,  -       .       , ,  ,           .         [14 -   ,   ,        Robin Marantz Henig. The Monk in the Garden (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000).].

          ,     ,        .       .        :    ,    ,       .       ,  , ,        .

              ,          .    :            .

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   .    , ,     .  1865     ,        ,         ,       .       1900 ,     ,   [15 - Erwin Chargaff. Preface to a Grammar of Biology // Science, 14  1971.].

          ,       1905   . ,   ,      .        ,  ,    .






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 3. 


  ,     .   ,       .    ,              .     ,    ,  ,    .    :   ()   ,      ,         ().       ,    ,  ,     ,   ,    ,     .

 ,       ,    1944            -.      ,       ,      .

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 ,   ,     ,            .     ,         ,      .       ,        .   ,      :          .    .          ,    ,  -       ,           [16 -             ,    ,     ,     Atheneum  1968 .      The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, compiled by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski (Simon & Schuster, 2012),            .  ,       James Watson. Avoid Boring People (Oxford, 2007); Brenda Maddox. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA (HarperCollins, 2002); Judson. The Eighth Day; Mukherjee. The Gene; Sturtevant. A History of Genetics.].

       ,       Quiz Kids,       Bausch & Lomb.    ,      -,      ,           ,     .

       ,        ,    ,   .           ?,           , ,      ,          .                 .

    ,       ,      [17 -  ,      .    ,       ,     ,     ,  .].     ,       ,        ,        ,       ̸     .



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 1951 ,    ,    ,           ,    .      ,          .

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   1951          ,         .           ,            (      )[18 -         ,    .              .].     ,    ,        .

       ,           . -,            ,      .                     ,          .       :    ,     [19 -         .  ..].          ,          .  ,           ,   .

  ,  ,         .            ,   ,   .    ,    ,        .

   ,   ,       ,      .   ,    .         ,    ,       .      ,          .       [20 - Mukherjee. The Gene. p. 147.].

                 ,       ,           Tinkertoy.   ,     ,              .               ,            ,    ,          .



    ,        ,       ,           ,  .      ,  , -     ,  .  ,    , -,  ,      .           .

  , ,    .       ,         ,    ,   1951        :    , 31-    ,        .

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        - ,     ,    1951     ,      .           .      ,  .              ,   .          .  -      :      ,    ,        .           ʔ.

     .  ,                ,      ,    .       , ,        ,    ,   .  , ,   ,     .    ,   ,            :    ,       .

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 ,          .     .       :      ,    ,       .        :            ʔ,    .        ,       ,     ,   15:40,     .

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      ,            ,            .  ,      .            ,      -,     ,            , , ,      .          ,   ,     ,          .

           ,       .      .         ,     ,   .     1952      ,       ,    .       ,    ,          .

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 51



 ,   ,   ,     ,    ? ,      .    -     . ,       ,          .

   ,    ,         .  ,        ,       .         ,        51.      :     ,     .        ,                .  ,    , ,       ,   ,    ,  , ,      .           ,    .    ,              [21 - Rosalind Franklin. The DNA Riddle: Kings College, London, 19511953 // Rosalind Franklin Papers, NIH National Library of Medicine, https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/kr/feature/dna; Nicholas Wade, Was She or Wasnt She? // The Scientist, Apr. 2003; Judson. The Eighth Day. . 99; Maddox. Rosalind Franklin. P. 163; Mukherjee. The Gene. P. 149.].

        ,       The Times.       ,   ,      .              ,  ,        . , ,       ,    ,         ,     .              .

       .            ,         .           ,       .

        ,    .      ,  ,   .      : , ,   ,      A, T, G  C.        ,    ,    ,  ,   .   ,     :  ,         ,       .

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 4.  



  

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 ,      , ,    -   ,  .   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,  : , , .      .    ,              .   ,     ?   .

  ,   .      . ,   ,  .  ,   .     ,    .        ,      ,        1981 .




  .       ,     .        ,  ,  ,    .            .               ,         .       .     ,        ,     .

   ,   ,    .    ?        ,        . -    ,     ,     ,   .      ,        ,          .  :     ,       .

       .      ,   ,   ,    .   ,   ,    .    .  :     ,     .   ,      [23 -     .].



       ,         ,    ,            .           .            ,   [24 -     ,    .].

     .     ,     ,   ,             ,     .      ,  -      ,   .         [25 -        .,    Samuel H.Sternberg. A Crack in Creation (Houghton Mifflin, 2017). P. 58; Kiessling. A Conversation with Jennifer Doudna; Pollack. Jennifer Doudna.].

          .        .       ,  . ,      ,    ,    .       .  ,  ,     ,         ,   .



   ,   ,        ,     .        ,         .        ,          .      ,            ,  .    -  ,          ,      [26 -    ,    ,    ,      .].

  ,         :  ,         ,       .   ,   .   ,     ,   .         .

 ,  ,         ,      .       ,     .       .     ,    ,     ,    ,    !     .     ,      .      ,    .

    ,       Journal of Bacteriology,  ,       ,         .         [27 - Sharon Panasenko. Methylation of Macromolecules during Development in Myxococcus xanthus // Journal of Bacteriology,  1985. (   1985.).].




     ,       ,      ,   .      . ,  ?  .     .   :    ,    .         .

       ,  ,        .   1985 ,  ,     ,       .    ,              . ,                .

   ,    ,  ,      .                     .        ,         ,        .      ,      ,          .        .   ,  CRISPR  ,     .

    ,    ,    .    (  -)      .     ,   ,      .       .   -   ,    .  ,   .       ,   .



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 5.  



   

 1986 ,       ,       [28 -          1986 .          1988    .  1990           ,       .].    ,      ,                ,     .

                 .         --,        ,     -      45 .     1890      .    1940-          ,     .        :  19041939 ,     ,        ,   ,         ,   ,        [29 - Daniel Okrent. The Guarded Gate (Scribner, 2019).].     1968  2007 ,                .

  --       ,           .  1986            .          .

         :       ,          ,        .    ,   ,        .



   1970 .     ,     ,    .    .    ,  ,           ,     .    ,     ,      .           ,  ,         ,      ,     .          ,     .     .   .     ,   ,      ,     [30 - Decoding Watson ( ),      // American Masters, PBS, 2  2019.].

,        ,  ?      --.       .       .               .         ,   ,      . ,      ,   ,       ,   .

  ,   ,           .   ,  ,     ,       ,  .    ,    ,       ,    .    ,       .       .                 [31 -       ,     ; Algis Valiunas. The Evangelist of Molecular Biology // The New Atlantis, Summer 2017; James Watson. A Passion for DNA (Oxford, 2003); Philip Sherwell. DNA Father James Watsons Holy Grail Request // The Telegraph, 10  2009.; Nicholas Wade. Genome of DNA Discoverer Is Deciphered // New York Times, 1  2007.].


   

  1990      ,     .     .     ,   2009       .          ,         :         ,     ,         .          , ,            ,      ,     ,   ,         .

   , ,       ,    . ,    ,       ,   ,        Celera,  ,   .         .        ,      ,        [32 -     ,     .].

  2000 ,     ,      ,    ,       ,  .            Mad,     , ,       ,    .       ,        .        ,  ,      ,        ,        ,          .

                             .     .     ,  ,     ,     ,    ,   .

       Time,       ,             .      ,           Celera :  ,   ,   .   ,        ,    -  .     ,         .  .  -      ,        Time    .     ,       ,         Celera. , , [33 - Frederic Golden and Michael D.Lemonick. The Race Is Over; James Watson. The Double Helix Revisited // Time, 3  2000.;     ,  ,  ,     .].

   ,     ,            ,   .      .  The New York Times     :      . ,     ,   ,  :     ,      ,       ,   [34 -       ; Nicholas Wade. Genetic Code of Human Life Is Cracked by Scientists // New York Times, 27  2000.].



   ,      ,          .               .         ,  .    .      .   ,  ,  ,        .       ,  ,            ,      ,     . ,   ,     ,       .       ,   ,    ,  .






 






 6. 



 

    ,     ,           ,      .  ( )      ,     ( ),              .

 , ,   ,  ,            ,     . ,       ,    .     ,    ,    .     ,  ,     . , ,   .        ,    ,  .    .               ,  CRISPR  COVID.

       ,       ,     ,    .   ,  ,    ,       .   ʔ         .

    . ,     ,  , , , , ,    .      .      ,  .    .  ,         .  ,    ,   -.    .         ,     .

        ,      ,             .       .   ,       ,     [35 - Mukherjee. The Gene. P. 250.].       .     ,     .




       ,           ,         ,    .   1980-   ,      ,   ,        .  ,  ,      ,   .      ,        [36 - Jennifer Doudna. Hammering Out the Shape of a Ribozyme // Structure, 15  1994.].

     ,  .          .       ,      .       ,    ,           .         ,  ,      .     ,       !

    .                ,          ,  ,         ,   [37 - Jennifer Doudna and Thomas Cech. The Chemical Repertoire of Natural Ribozymes // Nature, 11  2002.].


,   

  1986        ,    ,              .  ,   .       .           ,     , ,   ,   ,             .

  ,      , ,        .   ,        .       ,    ?     .  ,          [38 -        ; Jennifer Doudna. Towards the Design of an RNA Replicase. PhD thesis, Harvard University,  1989.].

  ,        ,   .    ,         ,        ,        ,     ,  .   ,  ,        ,         ,          .

  ,    ,   ,       ,     .        ,  ,       ,    ,     ,     .     ,     ,             .         ,   ,   .

   :    ,     .     .      ,      ,     ,  .   , ,    ,  ,       .

    ,        ,      .        ,  ,       .        ,               ,  ,     :   ?


 

   ,   ,        : ,     ,    ,   ,      .       ,       .    ?    .         [39 -        .].

  ,   , , ,    :   ?     -,      ?   ?   , , ,      :     ?     ?     ,            .

     ,   .  ,        ,   1960-   ,            ,   ,      .  ,          .    ,    .  ,     . , ,             ,          .   ,      ,        ʔ[40 - Jeremy Murray and Jennifer Doudna. Creative Catalysis // Trends in Biochemical Sciences,  2001.; Tom Cech. The RNA Worlds in Context // Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,  2012.; Francis Crick. The Origin of the Genetic Code // Journal of Molecular Biology, 28  1968.; Carl Woese. The Genetic Code (Harper & Row, 1967). P. 186; Walter Gilbert. The RNA World // Nature, 20  1986.].



      ,       ,  :    . ,    ,     -,     ,      .          [41 - Jack Szostak. Enzymatic Activity of the Conserved Core of a Group I Self-Splicing Intron // Nature, 3  1986.].

      -,  ,       .         ,       .            ,       ,    Nature  1989 .          [42 -     ,     ;      2  2018.; Jennifer Doudna and Jack Szostak. RNA-Catalysed Synthesis of Complementary-Strand RNA // Nature, 15  1989.; J.Doudna, S.Couture, and J.Szostak. A Multisubunit Ribozyme That Is a Catalyst of and Template for Complementary Strand RNA Synthesis // Science, 29  1991.; J.Doudna, N.Usman, and J.Szostak. Ribozyme-Catalyzed Primer Extension by Trinucleotides // Biochemistry, 2  1993.].       .      ,                   ,      .



      ,       :           .  ,    ,        .     ,       ,      ,  .      ,      .

     ,    ,     ,            .         .         ,  ,     ,        .         .        Science,       1989 ,      ,           -,   ,  ,      .                   ,     ,     [43 - Jayaraj Rajagopal, Jennifer Doudna, and Jack Szostak. Stereochemical Course of Catalysis by the Tetrahymena Ribozyme // Science, 12  1989.; Doudna and Szostak. RNA-Catalysed Synthesis of Complementary-Strand RNA; J.Doudna, B.P.Cormack, and J.Szostak. RNA Structure, Not Sequence, Determines the 5 Splice-Site Specificity of a Group I Intron // PNAS,  1989.; J.Doudna and J.Szostak. Miniribozymes, Small Derivatives of the sunY Intron, Are Catalytically Active // Molecular and Cell Biology,  1989.].

          .             1989 .  ,       ,  ,        .    ,     ,  , ,   ,  .      [44 -     .].


   

           --,       ,  ,   .   1987 ,    ,    ,        ,    [45 -     ; James Watson et al. Evolution of Catalytic Function. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, vol. 52, 1987.].  :   ?

      , ,       .     , ,      ,           .    ,     (     ),      ,      .

 ,   ,     ,   .            ,   .       -,     ,  .    ,     ,   .       ,   ,    ,       ,   :  [46 -        ; Jennifer Doudna Jack Szostak, et al. Genetic Dissection of an RNA Enzyme. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, 1987, p. 173.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=68440538)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    .       First Robotics,      .




2


, -  ,   ,   ,     ; Walter Isaacson. Ivory Power // Air Mail, 11  2020.




3


        crisp,       ,  ( , ).   ,    , ..




4


.  12,                  .




5


       .        : The Life Scientific // BBC Radio. 17  2017.; Andrew Pollack. Jennifer Doudna, a Pioneer Who Helped Simplify Genome Editing // New York Times, 11  2015; Claudia Dreifus. The Joy of the Discovery: An Interview with Jennifer Doudna // New York Review of Books. 24  2019.;     //   . 11  2004. Jennifer Doudna. Why Genome Editing Will Change Our Lives // Financial Times. 14  2018.; Laura Kiessling. A Conversation with Jennifer Doudna // ACS Chemical Biology Journal. 16  2018.; Melissa Marino. Biography of Jennifer A.Doudna // PNAS. 7  2004.




6


Dreifus. The Joy of the Discovery.




7


    -   .




8


       .




9


Jennifer Doudna. How COVID-19 Is Spurring Science to Accelerate // The Economist, 5  2020.




10


          Siddhartha Mukherjee. The Gene (Scribner, 2016); Horace Freeland Judson. The Eighth Day of Creation (Touchstone, 1979); Alfred Sturtevant. A History of Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor, 2001); Elof Axel Carlson. Mendels Legacy (Cold Spring Harbor, 2004).




11


Janet Browne. Charles Darwin. Vol. 1 (Knopf, 1995) and vol. 2 (Knopf, 2002); Charles Darwin. The Journey of the Beagle. Originally published 1839; Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species. Originally published 1859.   , ,         Darwin Online: darwin-online.org.uk.




12


       : ..  / ...  . . ... .: -  , 1959.




13


Isaac Asimov. How Do People Get New Ideas. 1959, reprinted in MIT Technology Review, 20  2014.; Steven Johnson. Where Good Ideas Come From (Riverhead, 2010), 81; Charles Darwin. Autobiography, describing events of October 1838. Darwin Online, darwin-online.org.uk.




14


  ,   ,        Robin Marantz Henig. The Monk in the Garden (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000).




15


Erwin Chargaff. Preface to a Grammar of Biology // Science, 14  1971.




16


            ,    ,     ,     Atheneum  1968 .      The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, compiled by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski (Simon & Schuster, 2012),            .  ,       James Watson. Avoid Boring People (Oxford, 2007); Brenda Maddox. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA (HarperCollins, 2002); Judson. The Eighth Day; Mukherjee. The Gene; Sturtevant. A History of Genetics.




17


 ,      .    ,       ,     ,     ,  .




18


        ,    .              .




19


        .  ..




20


Mukherjee. The Gene. p. 147.




21


Rosalind Franklin. The DNA Riddle: Kings College, London, 19511953 // Rosalind Franklin Papers, NIH National Library of Medicine, https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/kr/feature/dna; Nicholas Wade, Was She or Wasnt She? // The Scientist, Apr. 2003; Judson. The Eighth Day. . 99; Maddox. Rosalind Franklin. P. 163; Mukherjee. The Gene. P. 149.




22


    .




23


    .




24


    ,    .




25


       .,    Samuel H.Sternberg. A Crack in Creation (Houghton Mifflin, 2017). P. 58; Kiessling. A Conversation with Jennifer Doudna; Pollack. Jennifer Doudna.




26


   ,    ,    ,      .




27


Sharon Panasenko. Methylation of Macromolecules during Development in Myxococcus xanthus // Journal of Bacteriology,  1985. (   1985.).




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         1986 .          1988    .  1990           ,       .




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37


Jennifer Doudna and Thomas Cech. The Chemical Repertoire of Natural Ribozymes // Nature, 11  2002.




38


       ; Jennifer Doudna. Towards the Design of an RNA Replicase. PhD thesis, Harvard University,  1989.




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Jeremy Murray and Jennifer Doudna. Creative Catalysis // Trends in Biochemical Sciences,  2001.; Tom Cech. The RNA Worlds in Context // Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,  2012.; Francis Crick. The Origin of the Genetic Code // Journal of Molecular Biology, 28  1968.; Carl Woese. The Genetic Code (Harper & Row, 1967). P. 186; Walter Gilbert. The RNA World // Nature, 20  1986.




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Jack Szostak. Enzymatic Activity of the Conserved Core of a Group I Self-Splicing Intron // Nature, 3  1986.




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    ,     ;      2  2018.; Jennifer Doudna and Jack Szostak. RNA-Catalysed Synthesis of Complementary-Strand RNA // Nature, 15  1989.; J.Doudna, S.Couture, and J.Szostak. A Multisubunit Ribozyme That Is a Catalyst of and Template for Complementary Strand RNA Synthesis // Science, 29  1991.; J.Doudna, N.Usman, and J.Szostak. Ribozyme-Catalyzed Primer Extension by Trinucleotides // Biochemistry, 2  1993.




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Jayaraj Rajagopal, Jennifer Doudna, and Jack Szostak. Stereochemical Course of Catalysis by the Tetrahymena Ribozyme // Science, 12  1989.; Doudna and Szostak. RNA-Catalysed Synthesis of Complementary-Strand RNA; J.Doudna, B.P.Cormack, and J.Szostak. RNA Structure, Not Sequence, Determines the 5 Splice-Site Specificity of a Group I Intron // PNAS,  1989.; J.Doudna and J.Szostak. Miniribozymes, Small Derivatives of the sunY Intron, Are Catalytically Active // Molecular and Cell Biology,  1989.




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    .




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    ; James Watson et al. Evolution of Catalytic Function. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, vol. 52, 1987.




46


       ; Jennifer Doudna Jack Szostak, et al. Genetic Dissection of an RNA Enzyme. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, 1987, p. 173.


