  .    .    
 

 -


  XX      ,             .     ,         .     ,                  ,      .  ,  -,          .      . -    ,        ,     .  -   ,      ,    .                ,  ,  堖    .    ,   ,  ࠖ      ,  ,       .





  .    .    



 2016 by Janette Sadik-Khan and Seth Solomonow

    ,   , 2017


* * *




      


          .      ,      ,  ,  ,   ,      .      .    ,        ,    ,  .      -       ,    .               ,    .    .

              .    ,               .     ,         .            .        . -       .

                       .     ,    ,     ,      ,        .               ,       .        ,      .   ,     ,     ,            .   ,     ,        .        .     ,          .       ࠖ         ,        .         .

     -.                .           , ,   ,        ,    .        .            ,    ,             .



    ,  .    







   . - 


 ,     頖         . -[1 - . New York City Department of Transportation, . NYC DOT.   ,     , . .].     ,      2007       .

    -  :     ?

          -젖 -,   -,            .      .

        ,           .       ,               . , -         .       .

 ,    ࠖ  ,    .   :     .      .

 .   ,     :   ,      !



 ,   ,          : ,   -    ,           ࠖ   .   ,  ,      ,    䠖   -     .           .

     ,   ,        .   ,        堖          ?

       ,           .       311,    -      .       ,        .          :        ,                   .   ,    ,     .         .

       . -ꠖ  ,    .  ,     ,         .            [2 -    (. David Norman Dinkins, . 1927)   -, 106-  - (19901993),         .], 젖          ,          Parsons Brinckerhof.

          ,     -,          ,     .    ,  ,    ,         .            :       ,          .

  ,    ,   ,      .    ,     ,     .

,     !

       .             -ࠖ Viand.          ,  ,        ,    .   ,           .                  PlaNYC,           . PlaNYC      ,   127 .          -,   -   .

  ,        30%[3 - City of New York, PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York (New York, 2007), 133.],       -       .  ,  2030   -    [4 - City of New York, PlaNYC, 4.].                 ,       PlaNYC.      ,         .    ,       :    ,            ,   ,         ,   .

 PlaNYC      ,       ,  -ꠖ  ,               .

           ,       .        ,   .  PlaNYC     ,              ,    .    ,   [5 -   (. Transportation Alternatives, TransAlt, . T. A.)   1973  - ,     2017   10 000 ,  ,       -     ,    .],    [6 -     (. Tri-State Transportation Campaign, . TSTC)   1993  ,       -, -  ;    TSTC          ,      TSTC               . -.]     NYPIRG[7 -    NYPIRG (. NYPIRG Straphangers Campaign)   1979  -     (. New York Public Interest Research Group; . NYPIRG) ,         . -.   NYPIRG           .],        ,           .

      -    -,   27  2007 ࠖ     PlaNYC.      ,   :   !    ,       ,      .

    -   ,   ,       .        10  ,   ⠖  .      , 12 700  , 315      789 .  22        -    .      ,   ,           [8 - About DOT, New York City Department of Transportation (   4  2015.), http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/about.shtml (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/about.shtml)].     25%  -[9 - New York City Department of Transportation, Street Design Manual (New York, 2009), 21.],           .

      ,                .    -   ⠖ 4500 [10 - About DOT.]      .        -           .    ,   ࠖ    , ,    .          ,      -,      .

          ,    .

      젖   , ,  , ,        .          -      ,        .

 ,      ,           .  ,           ,    ,        .

     :     (  !),     ,    .     ,      ,        .         ,            .

   2007        -,         -.

   ,        ,     ,           .     ,  .     ,     ,   ,   .     ,                ,             .        ,      .

       ,   ,     .      ,      ,     .      ,       ,        .

        ,     ,     .         ,       .      .   ,        .     ,   ,      頖     .   ,        .

  ,      ,               .

    ,      ,               :   ,       ![11 - Jerold S. Kayden, Whats The Mission of Harvards Urban Planning Program?, Harvard Design Magazine 22 (2005) (   5  2015.), http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/images/content/5/3/538187/Kayden-Mission-Urban-Planning.pdf (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/images/content/5/3/538187/Kayden-Mission-Urban-Planning.pdf)]

 ࠖ   ,    .   ,   ,    .     -        .          ,        .           :     -,       --,         -, -  .              ,    :       -,     !




.     







      . , , -ꠖ       ,            .         ,   ,       .       .

             ,     .          .           ,    -       ,        ,    .



       ,      .          35  [12 - Central Intelligence Agency, Country Comparison: Roadways. World Factbook (   5  2015.), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html)]    1,24  [13 - World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013: Supporting a Decade of Action (Geneva, Switzerland, 2013), v.].        ,        ,     .  ,     ,      ,               .

 -      .  XIX           .  XX          ,       .     ,            ,  ,       .   -      ,       .    -    ,    ,      .    , ,     . ,         .

       .       -          ࠖ     [14 -   (. Robert Moses, 18881981)   ,      -   .  50-  XX       -      (. Lower Manhattan Expressway, LOMEX)        .      (. Jane Jacobs, 19162006) - , ,          .       LOMEX     .].           -     ,       [15 - Times Square Alliance, Pedestrian Counts, http://www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx#.VcjjaPljtBE (http://www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx#.VcjjaPljtBE)].  ,  -       ,            .      ,     ,    ,     .    ,      -         [16 - New York City Department of Transportation, New York City Trafc Fatalities by Mode, 19102013 (2014).].

   -         ,       .     :           ,            ࠖ    ,            .           ,          : , , ,    ,     .            ,     .

         ,       ,         .

       ,        [17 - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Afairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (2014), 7 (   5  2015.), http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf)].  ,  2050      66%[18 - United Nations,  World Urbanization Prospects, 1.].  ࠖ   .        . , , ,               ,    ,      ,        ,    .

        ,  -        .              .    ,        頖          ,       , , , ,    .         ,   ,            (         ).

     ,   ,   ,   .             ,    .  ,           ,            .              ,        .

  ,   ,     . -  -, -   , -  -  -  -砖         .     : --       ; -  ,  ,       .       ,     .

   ,         .   ,    ,    ,    ,   ,         堖      .

    -     .         ,         ,         ,      ,    . ,     ,     ,         ,         .     ,        ,        ,    ,        ,     .

        ,       .           .         , , ,  .         ,   ,   ,          .      .     ,       .

         . ,      -       .         ,            .    ,             ,         ,    .

             -,                 .   ,                             , ,    ,        .     ,         ,        ,        ,      .              .

-ꠖ     ,   ,     .     ,         .            ,      .         ,      .    ,      ,  ,             ,       [19 - Dan Amira, Why Conservatives Hate Citi Bike So Much, in One Venn Diagram, New York, June 5, 2013 (   5  2015.), http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/venn-diagram-why-conservatives-hate-citi-bike.html (http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/venn-diagram-why-conservatives-hate-citi-bike.html)]   .              ,    .

          .        ,      .  -     ,    ,   .      堖  ,     ,       ,    .            ,             ,         .      ,      (   ),   ,     ,   -  ,   ,       .   ,      ,     .




1.  







    2010   --        .     ,        :




  =   !





   --      !





  蠖   !





  -  !


      ,         ,            [20 - J.David Goodman, Dueling Protests Over a Brooklyn Bike Lane, The New York Times City Room, October 21, 2010 (   10  2015.), http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/dueling-protests-over-a-brooklyn-bike-lane/ (http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/dueling-protests-over-a-brooklyn-bike-lane/)].     ,    .    ,     ,   .

      -       ,      .       ,  -  ,       .

   -    ,           ,           .

                   .   ,        ?    .

       ,    ,        .                .    ,  ,         -    .

    ,         .  ,   ,      .      ,        ,            [21 - Natalie ONeill, The Prospect Park West bike lane had our presses rolling all year long, The Brooklyn Paper, December 30, 2011 (   10  2015.), http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/52/all_year_bikelane_2011_12_30_bk.html (http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/52/all_year_bikelane_2011_12_30_bk.html)].

      :      ,      .      ,       .  ,      ,    2010 ࠖ    -   City Bike.             ,   ,  ,    .

   -        ,      .       -         .

 ,   --          ࠖ      -.

     -  ,                 - ,  .

 , ,   ,   ,    . ,             ,       -,     .        ,        ,     ,     ,      .

     ,  .        -     -  ,        .         [22 - , .      .  , 2011 (Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961).]    .        ,              ,    .          XX   ,           ,       .         ,      .

   ,             .     ,        .   -[23 - Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 2009), 52.]      .      ,      ,       ,    .            .

           : , , , ꠖ    ,        ,  .       ,     ,      . ,            ,     .    ,      ,    [24 -  , 35.],     ,       .

   ,    ,     ,         ,  [25 -  , 72.].

        .      頖    ,      ,        . ,        ,       -.           ,          .

         .              ,         ,          .

    ,     ,     .    ,        ,    [26 - Jane Jacobs, Downtown is for People, Fortune, 1958 (   5  2015.), http://fortune.com/2011/09/18/downtown-is-for-people-fortune-classic-1958/ (http://fortune.com/2011/09/18/downtown-is-for-people-fortune-classic-1958/)].

       ࠖ ,             .      [27 -   ,           ,           ,         .]     ,      ,     .    ,    ,    ,        .

     ,     -.                .        ,  -      .

         ,            . ,   -,  -,  -  ,     .     : -,    , -, -  -        .         ,    1968 ,    -     .      -       ,    .

    ,                  ! (Not-In-My-Backyard!, NIMBY[28 -  ,    NOPE (Not On Planet Earth    ), CAVEmen .   (Citizens Against Virtually Everything    ), BANANA (Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything        ).]).      ,         ,  ,  ,    .        ,       .       ,         .

          ,    , ,   ,       .      ,  ,     .     -   ,     . ,  ,     .

    -,    .   ,      .       ,      .

                ,  .    -,           ,          ,    .     -  :        New York Post,       ,    .        ,    : , !       .   ,    ,      .

    ,   -    ,   .         砖   .   ?        ,   蠖  ?   ,     ,  ?      ,   ?      ?      ,                   .

     --,          ,               ,       .

          -.         ,    [29 -   (. Clarence Darrow, 18571938)          ,         ,     ,    - , .],    .           ,    .        ,    ,        .      ,         ,      .

      ,        1989 .    ,    !   [30 -   (. Ed Koch; 12  1924 1  2013) 105-  -,     ,  1978  1990 .]     .          -  ,     .

     -    43- ,   .         ,        ,  , ,    .    ,     ,   ,  ,     .   ,   2014     -,    -.     ,         .

  1989  -     :            -  ,    ,       ,     .            -   .        ,      [31 -   (. Rudolph Giuliani; . 28  1944, -)   ,  -  19942001 .        -,        ,       ,     ,    .],        -  .                     ,       .             .

               ,  ,           .   ,    - ,     .   ,   :         ,     :    . ,          -.     ,   .

        -  ,   .         .          ,      蠖                .    -       1975 ,        [32 -    1975     ,       ,      -  -    ,     .     Daily News   :   :   (Ford To City: Drop Dead),        .] (  ,    Daily News,         -[33 - Sam Roberts, Infamous Drop Dead Was Never Said by Ford, New York Times, December 28, 2006 (   5  2015.), http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html)]).       頖       .           ( )  ,         -     -.      ,          ,      . ,           .

  90-   -     ,       ,  ,     -  :   ,    .         ,       -     -.            .         ,    .           .     ,      ,      .       ,   .  1990   -      ꠖ      ,       ,    [34 - New York City Department of Transportation, New York City Trafc Fatalities by Mode.].

          -.           .  ?           ,    ,     .       .     ,     .           .

 -    --,    ,        ,          - .      ,        .  -, -         ,    .      ,      ࠖ   - .        ,   -   .

       26    .                .      ,   ,  -ꠖ  ,   ,        .     ,     .           .       ,                 .      12       [35 - Paul Goldberger, Robert Moses, Master Builder, is Dead at 92, New York Times, July 30, 1981 (   21  2015.), https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1218.html (https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1218.html)]    -          .

           ,      XIX              .

C 1918 ,       ,   1968 ,        ,          .      17   14      [36 - Kenneth T. Jackson, editor, The Encyclopedia of New York City (New York: Yale University Press, 1995), 1131.],        ,   -  -.              [37 - Flint, Wrestling with Moses, Kindle Location 1738.].         - ,   -     ,      ,    ,         ,      .

               -.      ,   ,        .  -             .

   .    ,         ,        .

,    -,        .    1956             .        .       66 000   [38 - Richard F. Weingrof, The Greatest Decade 19561966: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Eisenhower Interstate System, Federal Highway Administration, updated October 15, 2013 (   5  2015.), http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/50interstate.cfm (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/50interstate.cfm)],       .        ,         ,     .

           .   -    ,     : ,          .  ,       ,          ,        .

     ,   ,          .           ,     ,        .

 ,     ,       ,   .    ,            .                .  ,     ,  ,   ,      !     .    .






   19391940   -     -             . ,                ,   ,                . (: Alfred Eisenstaedt, Life)



         ,         -,      .       ,   ,   , ,        .       ,         :     -[39 - Caro, Robert. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. 1974.].

      1974   - . ,    ,      ,   -   70- .   80-     ,   90-        ,   [40 - Jackson, Robert Moses and the Rise of New York, 68.].

      -,    ,        [41 -  .].

        ,   -    .   ,             ,            -[42 - - (. Gotham City)     ,       .    -  .]         ,     [43 -  .].

            .      -       ⠖          ,       ,          .



               ,    ,              .     : , , , , -  .                ,   , , .          , ,     ,    ,         . ,             (!),     ,       ,      (!).

      :  , -,       , -      .  堖    ,       ,     ,        ,         .

 ,        ,    ,        .

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     ,    .     ,  ,        .     ,       .

        ,       .    ,  ,      .       ,        ,    ,           .     ,   ,   .                           .

     ,          .       ,   .   ,  -, -  ,      ,       ,     ,     ,       .  Plages[44 - Paris-Plages (.  )   ,               ---  - .] Promenade Plante, -  -[45 - Promenade Plante    -  -堖    ,             . .  . 5, .  . 103.]           ,      .             .       ,        ,            .         ,             .           .

   ,                 .                          ,     ,   .     ,         ,         .               ,     .

     ,    - ,   ,        .

         ,        .             ,    .          ,     .         ,     ,        ,           .

  2014 ,           ,     -       :  -  -            ,      .  ,   555  -,    .






              555  -      53             ,     . (: Seth Solomonow)



  ,           ,   -   .        ,            .  2007           頖  ,         .                .




2. 







  ,  ,    ,    -! ,        .

      , ,  , ,   .        -,       ࠖ        .

   ,       ,     .        ,            .     ,  -  ,   蠖    ,  , ,     .  ,          ,      .

      ,       ,  -  71%   [46 - David Owen, Greenest Place in the U. S.? Its Not Where You Think, Yale Environment 360, October 26, 2009 (   5  2015.), http://e360.yale.edu/feature/greenest_place_in_the_us_its_not_where_you_think/2203/ (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/greenest_place_in_the_us_its_not_where_you_think/2203/)].   ,      ,           [47 - City of New York, PlaNYC, 9.].

 59% ,   ,    젖      ,     [48 - United States Census Bureau, Census Bureau Reports 1.6 Million Workers Commute into Manhattan Each Day, March 5, 2013 (   5  2015.), http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-r17.html (http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-r17.html)].  -   [49 - Owen, Greenest place in the U.S.?],   ,         ,     ,      .

           ,    12%          [50 - Bruce Katz and Jennifer Bradley, The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013), 1.].  ,   , ,    ,            .

 ,            .    .    -  2007  2030   ,  ,     ,        2050      ⠖          .         ,       ,       . ,     ,       ,       .

      .      ,         .      ,                   .

      ,        ,      ,    ,       ,    .       ,       ,   -         .

         ,      .       ,        .  ,             . ,                .            -.        ,     .         ,            .   ,   ,                   ,                   .

          ,    -    .        ,    ,         .  50-          ,            .     ,        ,     .           ,    ,      .

      -    ,            ,           .

-   , ,        ,        .      , ,     ,      .   ,      [51 - Edward Glaeser, Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier (New York: Penguin Group, 2011), Kindle Edition, Locations 238241.].  ,  -,                .     ࠖ        -.        ,      .  - ,      ,           -   ,       ,    -     .

        .      ,   .     ,          .     .   -    ,          .

        , ,        . ,          ,   .  ,     ,     ,          -  .

       .    ,      ,  .

      ,    [52 - Doug Short, Vehicle Miles Traveled: The Latest Look at Our Evolving Behavior, Advisor Perspectives, July 21, 2015 (   5  2015.), http://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/DOT-Miles-Traveled.php (http://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/DOT-Miles-Traveled.php)]:          70-     .         : 1983     87% 19- ,   2010     70%[53 - Michael Sivaka and Brandon Schoettlea, Update: Percentage of Young Persons With a Drivers License Continues to Drop, Trafc Injury Prevention, Volume 3, Issue 4 (2012): 341. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15389588.2012.696755#.VcKR6_ljtBE (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15389588.2012.696755#.VcKR6_ljtBE)].            : 2007  2012      35    30%[54 - Clif Weathers, 4 Ways Young Americans Are Saying No to Car Ownership, AlterNet, March 10, 2014 (   12  2015.), http://www.alternet.org/environment/4-ways-young-americans-are-saying-no-car-ownership (http://www.alternet.org/environment/4-ways-young-americans-are-saying-no-car-ownership)].

   ,   2014       ,     50- ,    [55 - American Public Transportation Association, Record 10.8 Billion Trips Taken On U. S. Public Transportation In 2014, March 9, 2015 (   5  2015.), http://www.apta.com/mediacenter/pressreleases/2015/Pages/150309_Ridership.aspx (http://www.apta.com/mediacenter/pressreleases/2015/Pages/150309_Ridership.aspx)]. ,              ,   ,              [56 - U. S. Public Interest Research Group, U. S. Dept of Transportation Forecasts of Future Driving vs. Reality, January 7, 2015 (   5  2015.), http://www.uspirg.org/resources/usp/us-dept-transportation-fore-casts-future-driving-vs-reality (http://www.uspirg.org/resources/usp/us-dept-transportation-fore-casts-future-driving-vs-reality)].

          .            .             ,        .              ,    .  1993      18,4 .       ,          11 [57 - USA Today Editorial Board Raise the gas tax: Our view, USA Today, June 17, 2014 (   5  2015.), http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/17/highway-trust-fund-gas-tax-editorials-de-bates/10708791/ (http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/17/highway-trust-fund-gas-tax-editorials-de-bates/10708791/)],       .              .

      ,       ,         .         ,                .  ,      ,          .         .   , ,  ,   ,   ,  .    ,        ,    ,        .

 2015       (Public Interest Research Group, USPIRG)  ,  ,   1947  2012                 ,    ,      [58 - Tony Dutzik and Gideon Weissman, Phineas Baxandall, Ph. D., Who Pays for Roads? How the Users Pay Myth Gets in the Way of Solving Americas Transportation Problems (Frontier Group, U. S. PIRG Education Fund, 2015), 11 (   5  2015.), http://www.uspirg.org/sites/pirg/fles/reports/Who%20Pays%20for%20Roads%20vUS.pdf (http://www.uspirg.org/sites/pirg/fles/reports/Who%20Pays%20for%20Roads%20vUS.pdf)]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/dzhanet-sadik-han/bitva-za-goroda-kak-izmenit-nashi-ulicy-revolucionnye-id/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


. New York City Department of Transportation, . NYC DOT.   ,     , . .




2


   (. David Norman Dinkins, . 1927)   -, 106-  - (19901993),         .




3


City of New York, PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York (New York, 2007), 133.




4


City of New York, PlaNYC, 4.




5


  (. Transportation Alternatives, TransAlt, . T. A.)   1973  - ,     2017   10 000 ,  ,       -     ,    .




6


    (. Tri-State Transportation Campaign, . TSTC)   1993  ,       -, -  ;    TSTC          ,      TSTC               . -.




7


   NYPIRG (. NYPIRG Straphangers Campaign)   1979  -     (. New York Public Interest Research Group; . NYPIRG) ,         . -.   NYPIRG           .




8


About DOT, New York City Department of Transportation (   4  2015.), http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/about.shtml (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/about.shtml)




9


New York City Department of Transportation, Street Design Manual (New York, 2009), 21.




10


About DOT.




11


Jerold S. Kayden, Whats The Mission of Harvards Urban Planning Program?, Harvard Design Magazine 22 (2005) (   5  2015.), http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/images/content/5/3/538187/Kayden-Mission-Urban-Planning.pdf (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/images/content/5/3/538187/Kayden-Mission-Urban-Planning.pdf)




12


Central Intelligence Agency, Country Comparison: Roadways. World Factbook (   5  2015.), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html)




13


World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013: Supporting a Decade of Action (Geneva, Switzerland, 2013), v.




14


  (. Robert Moses, 18881981)   ,      -   .  50-  XX       -      (. Lower Manhattan Expressway, LOMEX)        .      (. Jane Jacobs, 19162006) - , ,          .       LOMEX     .




15


Times Square Alliance, Pedestrian Counts, http://www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx#.VcjjaPljtBE (http://www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx#.VcjjaPljtBE)




16


New York City Department of Transportation, New York City Trafc Fatalities by Mode, 19102013 (2014).




17


United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Afairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (2014), 7 (   5  2015.), http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf)




18


United Nations,  World Urbanization Prospects, 1.




19


Dan Amira, Why Conservatives Hate Citi Bike So Much, in One Venn Diagram, New York, June 5, 2013 (   5  2015.), http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/venn-diagram-why-conservatives-hate-citi-bike.html (http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/venn-diagram-why-conservatives-hate-citi-bike.html)




20


J.David Goodman, Dueling Protests Over a Brooklyn Bike Lane, The New York Times City Room, October 21, 2010 (   10  2015.), http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/dueling-protests-over-a-brooklyn-bike-lane/ (http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/dueling-protests-over-a-brooklyn-bike-lane/)




21


Natalie ONeill, The Prospect Park West bike lane had our presses rolling all year long, The Brooklyn Paper, December 30, 2011 (   10  2015.), http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/52/all_year_bikelane_2011_12_30_bk.html (http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/52/all_year_bikelane_2011_12_30_bk.html)




22


, .      .  , 2011 (Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961).




23


Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 2009), 52.




24


 , 35.




25


 , 72.




26


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27


  ,           ,           ,         .




28


 ,    NOPE (Not On Planet Earth    ), CAVEmen .   (Citizens Against Virtually Everything    ), BANANA (Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything        ).




29


  (. Clarence Darrow, 18571938)          ,         ,     ,    - , .




30


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31


  (. Rudolph Giuliani; . 28  1944, -)   ,  -  19942001 .        -,        ,       ,     ,    .




32


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33


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34


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35


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36


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37


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39


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40


Jackson, Robert Moses and the Rise of New York, 68.




41


 .




42


- (. Gotham City)     ,       .    -  .




43


 .




44


Paris-Plages (.  )   ,               ---  - .




45


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47


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49


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50


Bruce Katz and Jennifer Bradley, The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013), 1.




51


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52


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53


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55


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56


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57


USA Today Editorial Board Raise the gas tax: Our view, USA Today, June 17, 2014 (   5  2015.), http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/17/highway-trust-fund-gas-tax-editorials-de-bates/10708791/ (http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/17/highway-trust-fund-gas-tax-editorials-de-bates/10708791/)




58


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