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 2014 by Adam Rogers

All rights reserved     , , .    , 2017


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              .               .  Β      ,     ,           .  ,          ,              .  ,          ?

       ,             .         ,    .           ,   ,   -  ,             William Morris Endeavor,      .

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,      ,       .        ,  ,  .        : Keltrol Advance Performance    ,  ?

,         [2 -     ,    .            . . .].  ,        :   Keltrol,    , , ,            .              ,  ,  .       ;  (     )        .  ,             .    ,       .     .  򻠖       ,      .

     ,  .         [3 - ,  ,        . . .],    -,   .    ,  .   ,      ,    .     .

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, , ,    .       ,      , , ,       Cr?me de Violette.         ,       [4 -  1916        Recipes for Mixed Drinks,    .  1917    ,   .     ,     ,           Cr?me de Violette       .          ,      . . .].

         ,        -  .         ,    軠 haute cuisine.        Booker & Dax.       :     ,    .    ,    ,  .          .

,    .  ,      ,  ,             . ,      ,          .           , ,   ,   .       ,    ,    ,  . - ,    Booker & Dax,         ,       . ,         -   .       ,               ,      ,       ,       ,     .

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  .        , 65%           .  1999      38  ,  2010     58 .  2011     465   (1,76  )  () , 836   (3,16  )   6,3   (23,8  ) .         125 [6 - David R. Antonow and Craig J. McClain. Nutrition and Alcoholism. In: Alcohol and the Brain: Chronic Effects. Ralph Tarter and David Van Thiel, eds. (New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1985): 82.],   ,         10%      [7 - Benjamin Buemann and Arne Astrup. How does the body deal with energy from alcohol? Nutrition, 17 (2001): 638.].         ,   ,   ,   ,            ,   .       ,       .      ,    ,            ,    .                ,    ,      .

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1




 -,     .             ,     .           ,    ,      ,   ,  ,        .

,       ,   ,      ,      .       ,      ,     .       ,              .        .

   2009     Jennings          ,          .        -       16 [13 - 40 . . .]  ,               ,          [14 -  3 . . .]  .

  ,  ,    : ,  ,  .      .  Jennings       ,        .  ,       ,         ,     ,     .   , ,   ,            .      .      ,       , .

   Jennings.   .           ,  .       ,     .    ,         .

 ,          ,    ,     .         ,    ,     .    ,      ,            . , ,        .     ,          .                 ,       .    ,         (          , , ,      .     .      , ,   !     [15 - Douglas Adams. The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy (New York: Harmony Books, 1979): 5455.]).       , .       .

  ,     .    200                :  ,  ,  ,       ,    ,        [16 - Walter Isaacson. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003): 374.]. ,   ,     ,        150  . ,   ,   ,       .    ,     .          ,   , -,     .                  .

    ,     ,  ,  ,  .     -      ;         ,   ,    .        ,   ,  ,   .     ,         [17 -        ,        ,          ,     . . .].  ,            .

   ,     ,      [18 - David J. Adams. Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiology 150 (2004): 2029.].              ,     .      , ,   ,     ,    .    ,      , ,    ,  .

     (,     ),    [19 -        (  ), ..   . . .].  1996     ,    ,         .        ,     ,    ,  ,        ,   .         ; ,      ,                  ,            [20 - Jason E. Stajich et al. The Fungi. Current Biology 19 (2009): R843R844.].

      ,          ,        [21 -  ,      ,        ,         . . .].     .          ,         [22 -            ,      -    . . .].

     Jennings    .    ,        ,           ,        (Norwich)  450   -  .        (NCYC)[23 - National Collection of Yeast Cultures. . .]   ,                  , ,  .

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 NCYC      ,       ,    .      ,  -       .  ,   ,      ,    , ,   ,   .

,     ,  -   .        ,        [25 - 5 . . .] .           .    .

      ,     .          ,    : , ,   ,   ,      .         -,          ,   40- ,    ,  . -         Watneys[26 - Watney Combe & Reid    1930-     ,     Watneys Red Barrel.  1958     Mann, Crossman & Paulin Ltd,      Mortlake Brewery.       Mortlake Brewery  1972        Grand Metropolitan,   1979  . . .],        300 .    ,       . ,      ,    -  ,      . -           ,  .

,       .     ,     ,  ,     ,  ,   .        .  ,   ,     ,    .   ,         ,  .      .

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  ,  ,  NCYC,    .   ,     ,  ,     . 2500     .       ,        ,  ,       vis viva     ,        .        ,  ,         ,   [27 - David Dressler and Huntington Porter. Discovering Enzymes (New York: Scientific American Library, 1991): 24.].     1516                Reinheitsgebot,         : ,   .  ,      ,   .       ,      .

        ,  ,   -      ,      ,    ,         [28 - Ibid., 23.].                ,   .      ( levure  hefe)    ,   ,   .   yeast,    gist,    ,  [29 -    ,       ,  , . . .,     1900-      .     . . .].   Getting the gist of smth,      -,      .

       ,     ,        .        Reinheitsgebot                  [30 - Phaff, Life of Yeasts, 3.]    .     (          ,      ).            [31 -               (The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge),       ,       . . .].         ,   ,        .      .

 1794      ,      .     ,      ,   ,         .        ,    ,        [32 - Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 27.].    ,            ,     .       ,  ,        ,     .

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   :       [35 -   ,       .           .                 . ,       . . .].

     1803            ,     [36 - Ibid., 2.].      .         22,5      1820- .      ,   .         .

  1837       [37 - Ibid., 6.] ,     ,       .       ,         ,    .    , ,     ,    ,            .     컠 Zukerpilz,          ,     ,      ,   Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cerveza    ).

   ,   ?      .      .

              .      ,     .                          ,  -    .  ,         ,     ,     .       .

    - .     ,   .   ,     ,    , ,   , ,         ,         , -        .     ,        [38 - Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 40.].         ,    ,     -      .  , , ,      ,     [39 -    .     ,  :      ,       . , ,    ,      ,    . . .].

       .           ,    ,       : ,  ,            ,       [40 - Justus von Leibig and Friedrich W?hler. Chemical Heritage Foundation, accessed September 7, 2013; http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/molecular-synthesis-struc-ture-and-bonding/liebig-and-wohler.aspx].

 , ,     ,    ,   ,      [41 - Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 30.].     ,        . ,   -    ,          ,         ,     .      Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/adam-rodzhers/u-barnoy-stoyki-alkogolnye-napitki-kak-nauka-i-kak-iskusstvo/)  .

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notes








1


15.         30. . .




2


    ,    .            . . .




3


,  ,        . . .




4


 1916        Recipes for Mixed Drinks,    .  1917    ,   .     ,     ,           Cr?me de Violette       .          ,      . . .




5


   .  ,   ,  ,           X , ..  ,      .   ,        XIII . ,  ,       ,      . . .




6


David R. Antonow and Craig J. McClain. Nutrition and Alcoholism. In: Alcohol and the Brain: Chronic Effects. Ralph Tarter and David Van Thiel, eds. (New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1985): 82.




7


Benjamin Buemann and Arne Astrup. How does the body deal with energy from alcohol? Nutrition, 17 (2001): 638.




8


        1920  1933    ,     . . .




9


   ,   . , ,  1994 . . .




10


  . . .




11


Peat and Its Products. Illustrated Magazine of Art, 1 (1953): 374.




12


Naiping Hu et al. Structurability: A Collective Measure of the Structural Differences in Vodkas. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (2010): 7394.




13


40 . . .




14


 3 . . .




15


Douglas Adams. The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy (New York: Harmony Books, 1979): 5455.




16


Walter Isaacson. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003): 374.




17


       ,        ,          ,     . . .




18


David J. Adams. Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiology 150 (2004): 2029.




19


       (  ), ..   . . .




20


Jason E. Stajich et al. The Fungi. Current Biology 19 (2009): R843R844.




21


 ,      ,        ,         . . .




22


           ,      -    . . .




23


National Collection of Yeast Cultures. . .




24


           .      ,          .       ,         .       . . .




25


5 . . .




26


Watney Combe & Reid    1930-     ,     Watneys Red Barrel.  1958     Mann, Crossman & Paulin Ltd,      Mortlake Brewery.       Mortlake Brewery  1972        Grand Metropolitan,   1979  . . .




27


David Dressler and Huntington Porter. Discovering Enzymes (New York: Scientific American Library, 1991): 24.




28


Ibid., 23.




29


   ,       ,  , . . .

,     1900-      .     . . .




30


Phaff, Life of Yeasts, 3.




31


              (The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge),       ,       . . .




32


Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 27.




33


Ibid., 28.




34


James A. Barnett and Linda Barnett. Yeast Research: A Historical Overview (London: ASM Press. 2011): 2.




35


  ,       .           .                 . ,       . . .




36


Ibid., 2.




37


Ibid., 6.




38


Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 40.




39


   .     ,  :      ,       . , ,    ,      ,    . . .




40


Justus von Leibig and Friedrich W?hler. Chemical Heritage Foundation, accessed September 7, 2013; http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/molecular-synthesis-struc-ture-and-bonding/liebig-and-wohler.aspx




41


Dressler, Discovering Enzymes, 30.


