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   , 10  2011  ( 3      Sofitel),         (The Telegraph, CNN Money, ABC News).  -           ,     1944      ,             !      ;     -         7  2011         SDR?.    42    ,   -:



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 1997-   -    -  ;            ,  -      .  1999             ;  -       (        ).  2002  -       , ,  ,        .  2006        ,  -           ,   .

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[-]     ,     2008        ,           .                .       ,      .      2009      (G20)    ,        ,    750 ,             [Institutional Investor, 1  2010].


   ;      ?     :       -                .  - ,  ?!  ,   ,  ,   !  , ,    ?

  Sarcozy dollar reserve currency    ,      13  2008     G20:     ,  ,          养         The Status Quo Crisis,         2008 [4 - Eric Helleiner. The Status Quo Crisis: Global Financial Governance After the 2008 Meltdown.];              .

  Sarkozy new bretton woods    Financial Times,  3         -:               G20        .    ,      G20 2008      - 2.       : , -     - 2   ! 13  2008              ,  15     (      )       .



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,  -      ,       [The Telegraph, 13  2008].


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          :



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      G20,       [Global Research, 18  2009].


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  [  ]     ,       SDR [, The Guardian, 27  2009].


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 ,    -      ,    ,    .             XXI ?             SDR (,  ,   ),  ,  ?            - (     )         ?  ,             , ()      .

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       1944   44    - .            .  ,                  (  bank   or  ):



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 1960        (  Gold and the Dollar Crisis: The future of convertibility)     .      ,         (    ).       ,       ,     ;  ,       ,       :



    ,        .             .      ,     (dollar glut)             [Triffin, 1978].


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 1963                  ,      ,     ,           (  ,   ,    ).            1963-     ,     32   . -,      ,       ,   1964 ,         .       Bellagio Group,    軠       . Bellagio Group       1974  (          ).

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         ,      ,    .   ,           ( ),    ,       .    1964    Bellagio     :



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 ,    (    )    (   )            .       ( )    .   1964                 .   1965    ,      ,      .   1966          SRDR     ,      CRU.   1966        (     ,  ,    ),    1967          . ,   1967   --   ,       Special Drawing Rights, SDR.         (   ,    ..),  28  1969             ,   SDR:



SDR    ,    . , ,            .  SDR         SDR  : -,      -; , -,    -    ,    SDR  -     [IMF, 2  2021].


  ,     - (  50  )     ,  SDR            .           SDR ( ,         ). ,    ,  SDR        ,    50         1970, 1979  2009 .   SDR      ,         1964     .  ,    ,  .

   SDR      . -,    ,  ,      ( 5     CRU     ). -,       (,      )   (,   ). , , , 32  Bellagio Group   ,        .   SRDR,   SDR,    ,          .        :   (    ),       ,  - ;     ,       .     ,   ;         .

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    [6 -  :      -    :       .]       2006  ,      [7 - Morrison Bonpasse. The Single Global Currency  Common Cents for the World.],       .       SDR  Bellagio Group   (1999)                  ,    :      .           1971  1977     ,       Villa Santa Colomba    ().

 1970             ,     1951  1970 .   ,     ,      ,          ,       .  1976-          :   , Reshaping the International Order,  ,       ,   World Treasury Agency,          .

 1984-         (,    ,       )  .                       ,     (Bank of Issue).       ,      25 ,   Bank of Issue  2010 .        ,   1984            Foreing Affairs (      , CFR,       ). ,     ,  19901992         ;  ,           ,    .

 1987                 (  ,   ,    1992 ).         :    ,  .  ,          1982 ,           ,       .   ,      ,                    .       (,       ,        ),         .



.     !



. ,    !  1988     The Economist    Get ready for the world currency;   910   ,      (  Phoenix)  2018 .       񻠖   19  1987 ,    -       22%.      (  ) ,  Economist            , .       ,     ,          ,         .



.  :     ,   .        (      ),                .



.    The Economist,   ,  ,    ,   10        .   ,          .    1990-   ,          2000 ,      International Herald Tribune     (   ) :      ,     .       ,            :     .

   2000      ,  :   ?      .   ( )                  .         .

3  2004     Financial Times      ( ,     , -  ) We need a global currency.       ,      ,   ,          ,   ,     ,      . -,            ,  (23 )       .      ?    ,    ,        EconoMonitor        ,     :              ,               .          ,               .



.   !   ,     (  20072008 )         .  ,       ,  ,        ,      (,  )?



.           (,        1979      1992          ).   ,   -      ,            .  ,   ,   .

 2006        (2 )      (2001 ,   ,     )   Making Globalization Work.   ,    ,       ( , ,     腻     )       ,  global greenback,  (  )      .

1  2007    Foreign Affairs     ,           .    The End of National Currency (  )     .     (  󻠖  ),      :       ,      ,     ,          .            :       ,      . ,   ,      .       (      )   , ,   ,     :    ,  - !



. ,  2007           subprime-,      208 , ,   ,     ,  , ,      ,  . , ., .   .,  .       ,  ,  ,   ,  ,    .

  ,          .   , 7  2007    -    .   208-          '  (     , ,          ,         ).   208- '      Experts of the President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System[8 -          - .]       .   2008     -  ,     ;             ,          (  ,       - 2). , ,   2009  ,                SDR:



   [ ]            SDR,      酠    ,             [],          [Stiglitz, 2010].


          2009 ,             ,          .      ,           :   ,     .



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. ,       (      ,     , ), ,  ,       .  ,  1992  . -     ,   2001  . -        ',       .

 '   ,  ,      -,       ,       .   , ,   , ,  ,   ,           ,        ,     . -   ,      .

  ,  ',  ,    (,  ,        )      ,      .



.           ,    G20   2008 ,    ;           G20     75      (   )   SDR   250 .      ,    2009-,   SDR    ,           . ,    ,         ,  ,        ;       ,          .

  2010   ,       ,       (  ).   2011    -    ,      ,     SDR         ,    .               -       G20,        SDR       .    ,    G20   (2627  2011 )    ,     .

          , :     -?   .     :      ?          (     85% ,    16,52%),     ,     .  ,    -,          ?!

    ,   ,            .

   ,        ,   ,   -: , , .    ,     ,     ,           -100    .          ?

   martin wolf joseph stiglitz paul volcker     ( ) INET     ,   2009    (      5      10 ),     ,    .     ,            ,         .   (         )  ,            : XXX   . ,      ,             .   ,     1980-x     ,    Financial Times 23  2009   :     ,  SDR   ,          .

        .    ,       ,   ,  ,    ,    ,            .                 .      ,       1992 ,      ,  Open Society (   ,  ),      ,          .  ,        ,   ,      .  ,         .



. ,        ,      ,   ,   !



.   , ,     -.      ,       .   -,      (       ),       .  (  1954 )       ( ,          )    ,   ,   .   1959-      500  (!) ,    .  1963  1966       ,  - Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder  - ,     .   (Double Eagle)    1969   250        4,    6         .       ,     ( ,    )     ,       (        ).  1973      Soros Fund,   1979-  Quantum Fund,        .

 1970-       ,         :   .     (    ),       ;          ,     .         Quantum  40% ,         ,      .

       ,  ,     1988  2000          .             ,    .   1984  (     )    - .

 -   ,   -,      .   1984       ,          (        1993  2003 ,   2015-      ).            ,    (       )     ( ).   ,    10     Open Society Institute (1993)        , ,           .             ,      .    -,           ,    ,         2000   2010 .

 2006     (  )       The Shadow Party[9 - David Horowitz. The Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party.].             .        2002  (     )    ,              25  .   2002      ,       ,     -         (  ,   2000 ,     ,   5000 ).    ,      ,        .   ,       (,  10     ACT  America Coming Together, -    ,   2000 ),   .

    :      ,             .      , ,        ; ,      ,    ,  .      (527 organizations,    527,    ),  ACT      ,      .           :       .                   .  ,        ,      .

  2004     (,      ,       )       ,   2004    .         2008 ,    .



.   ,   ,   , ,     ,      ,           ?



.      ,    ,     ,       ,     .    ,        ,        ,        .       ( )  ,    ,    ,  ,   ,      .  :  ,      ,  X.      (. )  .

    :  ,   (,   )     ,   (,  ,    ,  )? ,      ,            .



.       ,       The Shadow Party and The Shadow Government.    ,             ,         ,  ,   . ,  ,     ,        ,        ,          (         ).    (  ,  ,  )               .  ,           ,              .

  :     ,               ?            (       )?              ,          ?

 ,      Double Eagle,    .   2011   -       The Washington Times     :



      ,    Banque Privee          Quantum Fund  1969  [Borchgrave, The Washington Times, 2  2011].


     ,           . ,   1970-           ,      RIT Capital.     Quantum  (    1986 )  ,    N. . Rothschild and Sons Limited (19771993).     Quantum         ,   Union Bancaire Privee.          ,             (,   ,      Hermitage  ).

 ,   (      )       ,      .          ,      ,    ,    ,    .         .



.     ,            - ,     ,     ,   ( )    - ,       .  , ,       .



.       .                ,            ,   ?          ,                (      )?     ,     2011-     !

  ,        .         ,  ?!     , ,    ,           ?



.   ,  ,   . ,     ,  ,        ,        . , ,   ,        ,   ,   :     !



.    ,        SDR     ,        . 25  2009   ,            (, ,  -   ),     :       ,  .              :    (    ,       ).       ,         .

          :    ,     ,        .           208 .  2009-       ,  -   :      ,    .    TARP,         . ,         (   Occupy Wall Street); 2018       ,           208  Firefighting: The Financial Crisis and Its Lessons.

       20062009  (      ).         :   2008       ( ),     (   )      Goldman Sachs (      ,  1974  1998 ).   208    Goldman Sachs   (Lehman Brothers , Merril Lynch   Bank of America),   Goldman Sachs   ,        .

     ?       Kissinger Associates Inc.,       ,         .  19981999         ,  Goldman Sachs ( 1971 ),  Citigroup ( 2007 ),      .          ;                The Death of Money (2014):



       ,      ,  ,  ,     .          .       1995  1999 ,           .         Goldman Sachs;    Citigroup     1999  2009        Citigroup       2007 . , , ,              1990- ,      . ,         Citigroup,       Citigroup.



    1990-     ,       ,  2000-       , ,     ,   -    .            -.     [2014]    .                 2009  2013 ,     .              [, 2015, . 8].


,                     .           ;      ,                .      ,    .

 ,     2006  2014 ,        ,    (19711975)     (Winthrop House),    ,  ,    ,   Goldman Sachs ( 1982-   ).       (-    2014  2017       2005  2013 ),        2001       Citigroup    -,     ,          ( 1999 ).       :       :



 ,    ,          ,      -  Citigroup    ,     Citibank.  Citigroup (  )   ,             .    ,         ,    ? [, 2003]


,  ,           20062009 ,      2002 ,          Citigroup. ,             ,       .          ,    ?    :



 1997  []    -                     .       ,         [ 2000],         [Daily Kos, 27  2014].


    ,   ,   ,          (19981999 ):



    ,              .             :   Goldman Sachs    ? [Daily Kos, 27  2014].


         ,    Goldman Sachs.          ,      .               ,      ,       ,    -  20112012   .        ,      .          Goldman Sachs         ,    .       Citigroup  1999       ,   - Goldman Sachs (    ,     ).       :  ,     ,      .          ,          .

  ,    , .     (    2011 )      .   (,     )   ,     ( 1981  2004    Baker McKenzie  -  )  .    ( , ,   )      ,          (19971998),           Citigroup (2005),       .     ,    : 1) 12  2011         ,         ,   31 ,  2) 14  2011         -.

           ,     -,       .    ,        ,     .     ,        (1974),     1984 .        Salomon Brothers    ,    Lehman Brothers ( Goldman Sachs),        (  ). ,         Salomon Brothers,     ,         .         -         !     ,    ?

       -.           -  -.  ,     ,     .  :   -   -,   (     )   .            :      (1982) -          ,    .         ,       ( 1975  2009 ).      ,      (19341945);  ,            .          ,    - (   )   ,    -  .   2009      ,      ,       (   ).  ,           ,     ,    ,  !

,  -   ,      .    (    , - 65  )  -    :           .       ,      ,    ,                  .             ,       (,    ,   ).      ,           -    , ,   ,    14 .

 ,     ,   ,        ?       :   ,          . ,     ,   -  ,          ,     .   ,   -             (,         -).             . -,  14  2011    -       2012      ,         15 ,      -       .         ,     ( ,     )     . -,   -     ( ),         .     -   ,        . -,       ,       ,       ,      -  .    ,      ,     34 ,  - ? ,           .

      ,  ,             .      ,    (      gi )          ,   -.     ,     ,        :      34      ?!




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/mihail-leonidovich-h/krizis-i-vlast-tom-ii-ludi-vlasti-dialogi-o-velikih-s-68976921/)  .

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notes








1


     ,  ,     ,   ,    ,  ,          .




2


.  . .    .




3


 . The Guardian.      1957     .




4


Eric Helleiner. The Status Quo Crisis: Global Financial Governance After the 2008 Meltdown.




5


.  . - .




6


 :      -    :       .




7


Morrison Bonpasse. The Single Global Currency  Common Cents for the World.




8


         - .




9


David Horowitz. The Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party.


